机械工程专业英语第一课
机械工程专业英语概述
English in Mechanical Engineering
一、专业英语概述
1. 什么是翻译：
翻译就是将一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来。
机械工程英语翻译就是将机械工程学科的英语原著由原作语言(source language)用译文语言(target language)忠实、准确、严谨、通顺、完整地再现出来，使人们能够借助汉语译文准确无误地了解英语机械工程著作所阐述的工程技术内容和科学理论。
机械工程专业英语概述
English in Mechanical Engineering
2. 翻译例句
例1. Control Center, Smoking Free.
例2. The tolerance should not be so big.
例3. A dog driver stop the rotation of the wheel. 例4. Connect the black pigtail with the
dog-house.
例5. The importance of computer in the use of manufacturing can not be overestimated.
机械工程专业英语概述
English in Mechanical Engineering
例1. Control Center, Smoking Free.
错误译法：控制中心，吸烟自由。
正确译法：控制中心，严禁吸烟。
例2. The tolerance should not be so big.
a. 此公差不应给这么大。（机械学）
b. 忍耐力不会有这么大。(关于人体的耐受性)
c. 抗毒性不会有这么强。（医学）
例3. A dog driver stop the rotation of the wheel. 错误译法：狗驾驶员使轮子停转。
专业译法：止动器使轮子停止旋转。
机械工程专业英语概述
English in Mechanical Engineering
例 4. Connect the black pigtail with the dog-house.
错误译法：把黑色的猪尾巴系在狗窝上。
专业译法：将黑色的引出线接在高频高压电源屏罩上。
例5. The importance of computer in the use of manufacturing can not be overestimated.
错误译法：计算机在制造业应用上的重要性不能被估计过高。
正确译法：计算机在制造业应用上的重要性怎么估计也不会过高。
机械工程专业英语概述
English in Mechanical Engineering
3.专业英语与基础英语的不同：
首先，专业英语在词义上具有不同于基础英语的特点和含义。掌握专业词汇是学好专业英语的基础，专业词汇的含义和上下文有关，因此查阅专业书籍的Index并参照课文确定词意是学习和掌握专业词汇的有效方法。
其次，英语科技文章在结构上也具有很多自身的特点，如长句多，被动语态多，大量的名词化结构等，这都给对英文原文的理解和翻译带来了基础英语中很难解决的困难。
机械工程专业英语概述
English in Mechanical Engineering
再者，专业英语对听说读写译的侧重点不同，其主要要求在于“读”和“译”，也就是通过大量的阅读对外文资料进行正确的理解和翻译，在读和译的基础上，对听、说、写进行必要的训练。
此外，专业外文资料由于涉及科技内容而往往极为复杂难以理解，加之这类文章的篇幅通常很长，所以只有经过一定的专业外语训练，才能完成从基础英语到专业英语的过渡，达到英语学以致用的最终目的。
机械工程专业英语概述
English in Mechanical Engineering
作为工程技术人员，阅读专业英语文献的目的是理解掌握文献所叙述的理论或方法，以便在科研或生产实践中实施这些理论方法，或是进一步发展改进这些理论方法。
为了达到这些目的，首先要准确地理解原文。另一方面科技文献的写作特点是严谨，简洁。在论述理论和方法时一般都只给出重要的步骤。对有关的基础知识一般不详细阐述，也不给出公式的详细推导过程。
机械工程专业英语概述
English in Mechanical Engineering
读者往往需要通过认真地思索才能俯所述的关键问题。因此专业英语阅读与普通英语的快速阅读
方法也有所不同，专业英语阅读要把准确理解放在首位，在准确理解的基础上提高阅
读速度。和其他的英语能力一样，专业英语阅读能力，需要通过长期的实践才能获得，不可能一蹴而就，多读多练是提高专业英语阅读能力的最有效的方法。
机械工程专业英语概述
English in Mechanical Engineering
4.学习专业英语翻译技巧与方法的主要内容：(1.介绍和掌握单词与词组的?°对应关系?±?The tube is second to none.
这个管子不亚于任何管子。（首屈一指）?Monel metal is resistant to both fresh and salt water corrosion.
莫耐尔合金能耐淡水和盐水的腐蚀。
(2. 学习普通词汇的专业化译法，避免说“外行话”。
?Heat-treatment is used to normalize, to soften or to harden steels.
直译：热处理用来使钢正常化、软化或硬化。
正译：热处理可用来对钢正火、退火或淬火。
机械工程专业英语概述
English in Mechanical Engineering
(3.学习改变原文的词类和句子成分的规律，使译文通顺。
?Scientific evidence must be gathered in such a way, that other scientists can be sure of its accuracy.
直译：科学的论证必须以这样一种方法收集，因而别的科学家能确信它的精确性。
正译：在收集科学的论证时，应能使别的科学家确信其精确性。
机械工程专业英语概述
English in Mechanical Engineering
(4.学习一些较为特殊的词法和句法，介绍一些值得注意的容易译错甚至完全译反的语法现象，避免一些错译。?Everyone cannot do this test.
错译：每一个人都不能做这个实验。
正译：并非每一个人都会做这一实验。
机械工程专业英语概述
English in Mechanical Engineering
5. 翻译的标准
由于机械工程著作所叙述的内容涉及自然规律的技术概念，具有科学性、严密性等特点、因此，对于机械工程英语著作的翻译质量，人们普遍认为应以“准确”、“简练” “通顺”、这三个方面作为衡量标准。也就是所谓：ABC标准。准确－accuracy；简练－brevity；通顺－clarity
准确：译文要忠实于机械工程英语原著，准确、明白表达原著内容。
简练：译文语言必须力求简洁、精练。
通顺：译文必须符合汉语修辞规则和习惯。
机械工程专业英语概述
English in Mechanical Engineering
6.机械工程专业翻译应具备的能力：
作为机械工程专业领域的翻译，必须具备以下能力：
1) 具有较好的英语基础；
2) 较高的汉语修养；
3) 较为丰富的机械工程专业知识；
4) 懂得翻译的理论、技巧和方法。
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之一
Basic Concepts in Mechanics 1
The branch of scientific analysis which deals with motions, time, and forces is called mechanics and is made up of two parts, statics and dynamics. Statics deals with the analysis of stationary systems, i. e., those in which time is not a factor, and dynamics deals with systems which change with time.
Forces are transmitted into machine members through mating surfaces, e. g., from a gear to a shaft or from one gear through meshing teeth to another gear, from a V belt to a pulley, or from a cam to a follower.
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之一
Words Learning
deal with 涉及，论及，与……打交道
1. The physical and chemical properties of the stainless steel are dealt with in this article.
本文论及了不锈钢材料的物理化学性质。
be made up of 由……组成 / 构成(整体由部分组成)
1. Cast-iron is made up of about six different substances.
铸铁大约由六种不同的物质组成。
be composed of / consist of
1.The machine is composed of several different parts.
这台机器由几种不同的部件组成。
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之一
Words Learning
constitute 构成，组成（部分组成整体）
1. Ferrite and carbon constitute the mild steel.
铁素体和碳组成低碳钢。
be transmitted into / to…through把…通过…传递给…
1. The piston movement is transmitted into / to the wheels through a crankshaft.
活塞的运动通过曲轴传递给轮子。
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之一
Basic Concepts in Mechanics 1
It is necessary to know the magnitudes of these forces for a variety of reasons. The distribution of the forces at the boundaries or mating surfaces must be reasonable, and their intensities must be within the working limits of the materials composing the surfaces.For example, if the force operating on a journal bearing becomes too high, it will squeeze out the oil film and cause metal-to-metal contact, overheating, and rapid failure of the bearing. If the forces between gear teeth are too large, the oil film may be squeezed out from between them. This could result in flaking and spalling of the metal, noise, rough motion, and eventual failure.
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之一
Words Learning
distribute 分布，分配，供给
1. The heat is distributed evenly throughout the material.
热量在整个材料内部均匀分布。
distributed bending moment 分布弯矩distributor 配电器
distributed load 分布载荷 distributed mass 分布质量
be reasonable 合理，合适
1. The distribution of loads over the foundations must be reasonable. 负载在地基上的分布必须合理。
a reasonable moment, 大小合适的力矩
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之一
Words Learning
operate on 作用在…上 ( work on, place on, act on)
1. The moment operating / working / placing /acting on the rotation axis is 20 N-M.
作用在旋转轴上的力矩为20牛-米
result in 导致,引起,产生 …… (结果)
（lead to, bring on, conduce to,）
1. Standardizing the size of the blades result in / lead to / bring on / conduce to/ production costs being lowered.
叶片尺寸的标准化，能使(导致)生产成本不断降低。
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之一
Basic Concepts in Mechanics 1
In the study of mechanics we are principally interested in determining the magnitude, direction, and location of the forces.
Some of the terms used in this phase of our studies are defined below.
Force Our earliest ideas concerning forces arose because of our desire to push, lift, or pull various objects. So force is the action of one body acting on another. Our intuitive concept of force includes such ideas as place of application, direction, and magnitude, and these are called the characteristics of a force.
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之一
Words Learning
define 给…下定义，规定，界定，解释，
1. The boundary conditions should be defined before the electron optics computation.
在进行电子光学计算之前，必须先界定边界条件。
2. The property of this new material is defined in the description.
说明书中解释了这种新材料的特性。
concern 与…有关系，关心，concerning 关于
1. We are very much concern about the property of this new material. 我们非常关心这种新材料的性能。
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之一
Words Learning
act on 作用于… action 作用，reaction 反作用
1. A force which acts on an object is opposed by an equal and opposite reaction.
作用于物体上的力会受到大小相等、方向相反的反作用力。
Include 包括，把…包括在内；(反意词:exclude )
1.The mild steel includes the constituents of ferrite and carbon.
低碳钢包括了铁素体和碳的成分。
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之一
Words Learning
characteristic 特性,特征;characterize 具有…特性
1. Many motors do have a nearly constant torque-speed characteristic during starting.
许多电动机在启动时的扭矩转速特性几乎不变。
2. Many motors are characterized by its constant torque-speed characteristic during starting.
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之一
Basic Concepts in Mechanics 1
Matter is any material or substance; if it is completely enclosed, it is called a body.
Mass is a measure of the quantity of matter that a body or an object contains. The mass of the body is not dependent on gravity and therefore is different from but proportional to its weight. Thus, a moon rock has a certain constant amount of substance, even though its moon weight is different from its earth weight. This constant amount of substance, or quantity of matter, is called the mass of the rock.
Inertia is the property of mass that causes it to resist any effort to change its motion.
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之一
Words Learning
measure 度量，尺寸，措施，测量，量具?All the necessary measures should be taken for the safety in this important experiment.
需采取一切必要的措施保证这次重要实验中的安全。
2. The measures including micrometer, calipers, depth gauge etc.
量具包括千分尺、卡尺、深度尺等。
3. The inch measures length.
英寸是长度的测量单位。
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之一
Words Learning
be dependent on 依靠,依赖，取决于, 与…有关1. The behavior of the entire machine is dependent on the design of the cam motion.
整台机器的特性都取决于凸轮运动的设计。2. The steel will be mild or hard depending on the proportion of carbon it contains.
钢的软硬与它所含碳的比例有关。
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之一
Words Learning
property 特性，性质，所有权characteristic / performance / behavior 特性，性质
1. Tolerances cover dimensional variation and surface-roughness range and also the variation in mechanical properties from heat treatment and other processing operations.
公差这个概念既包括尺寸偏差范围和表面粗糙度范围，也包括由热处理和其它处理操作所引起的机械特性的变化。
2. System calculations is often used in designing cam and follower mechanisms and in analyzing their performance.
系统计算法常常用于设计凸轮和从动件机构以及分析其特性。
机械工程专业英语作业一
English in Mechanical Engineering (home work 1)
一、将下列中文翻译为英文：
作为机械工程专业领域的翻译，必须具备以下能力：
1、具有较好的英语基础；
2、较高的汉语修养；
3、较为丰富的机械工程专业知识；
4、懂得翻译的理论、技巧和方法。
二、阅读课文2并翻译第一段
机械工程专业英语第二课
翻译的基本方法 – 词义的选择
Skills of Translation –acceptation selection
要提高译文的质量，使译文达到“准确”、“简练”、“通顺”这三个标准，就必须学习翻译技巧。翻
译的技巧就是在翻译过程中用词造句的处理方法。
如词的选择、词义的引伸、增词、减词、转换词
类、改变句子结构、变更词序和改换译法等。
一、词义的选择
词义的选择实际就是英语词在特定句子中的
词义的判断和确定。词在特定句子中的确切含义，
在很大程度上取决于上下文。也就是说，词的含义
必须根据词在句子中的作用．词的搭配习惯以及词
的应用场合予以判断和确定。一般可从下列几个方
面去判断。
翻译的基本方法 – 词义的选择
Skills of Translation –acceptation selection
1、根据词类判断词义
英语中，有些词用作不同的词类时，其词义有
时是不相同的。因此我们可根据词类来确定词义。
z Every metal part is of great importance to machines.
每一个金属部件对机器都是很重要的。(n)
z Aluminum machines faster than other metals.
铝加工起来比其它金属快。(v)
z icroprocessors monitor tyre wear and brake power on cars.
微机检测汽车轮胎的耐用性和制动力。(v)
z The patient was connected to a television wave monitor.
病人的情况曾通过波形监视器监视。 (n)
翻译的基本方法 – 词义的选择
Skills of Translation –acceptation selection
2、根据上下文选择词义
严格说来，孤立的一个词很难确定它是什么意思，因为同一个词在不同的场合可能具有不同的意义，因此有些词必须根据上下文来确定其词义。
z The country’s industry has developed quickly in the last decade.
过去十年里，我国工业迅猛发展。
z To develop the instrument, many experts were invited.
在研制这种仪器时请了许多专家。z The function of the engine is to develop the necessary power.
发动机的功用就是产生所需要的动力。
翻译的基本方法 – 词义的选择
Skills of Translation –acceptation selection
z This cooling system failed. 这个冷却系统失效了. z Newton’s laws fail to describe the motion of electrons in atoms.
牛顿的一些定律未能阐述电子在原子里的运动。z If the beam fails, the top layers of the supports will be crushed and the bottom layers torn.
如果桥梁垮断，则支柱的上面几层会压垮，而
下面会破裂。
z Few metals occur free.
金属呈游离状态的很少。
z One of the parts worked free.
有一个部件松了。
翻译的基本方法 – 词义的选择
Skills of Translation –acceptation selection
3、根据专业内容选择词义
英语中，同一个词在不同的专业中往往具有不同的词义。因此，在判断英语词的词义时，必须考虑到英语著作阐述的内容所涉及的概念属于哪个学科、哪个专业的。
例：power
power brake 自动制动器 power stroke 工作行程power shaft 传动轴 rated power 额定功率power source 电源 power fuel 发动机燃料power tool 电动工具 power feed 自动进给power unit 动力头;功率单位 power country 大国
翻译的基本方法 – 词义的选择
Skills of Translation –acceptation selection
z Knowledge is power.
知识就是力量。
z To drive machines requires power.
开动机器需要动力。
z The power of such a battery is therefore about 30 watts.
因而这种电池的功率约为三十瓦。
z China will not be the first to use nuclear weapons although considered one of the nuclear powers.
尽管中国被看作是核大国之一，但中国决不会
首先使用核武器。
翻译的基本方法 – 词义的选择
Skills of Translation –acceptation selection
z We have finished repairing that pump.
我们已经结束了对水泵的修理。
z These workpieces must be finished on a grinder.
这些工件必须在磨床上精加工。
z These methods convert raw plastic into finished products.
这些方法均可把塑料原料变为成品。
z The stock market crash finished many speculators.
股票市场暴跌使许多投机者破产
翻译的基本方法 – 词义的选择
Skills of Translation –acceptation selection
4、根据搭配选择词义
1)形容词与名词的搭配：一个形容词与不同的名词
搭配，可能具有不同的词义。一般来说，可根据与
其搭配的名词来确定形容词的词义。
例：physical: 物质的，物理的，体力的，实际的… physical change ；physical circuit ;physical science
物理变化 实际电路自然科学physical constant; physical contact; physical design
物理常数 直接接触 机械的结构设计physical exercise; physical construction;
体育活动、体操机械结构
physical address
实际地址
翻译的基本方法 – 词义的选择
Skills of Translation –acceptation selection
z Everything in our physical world is continually changing.
我们的物质世界的一切都在不断地变化着。
z A cutaway view showing the physical relationship of these elements is shown in Fig. 2.
表示这些部件的实际关系的剖视图表示于图2
中。
z Relations between physical quantities are usually given in the form of equations.
物理量之间的关系通常用公式表示。
z The job of an engineer is to take knowledge and make physical use of it.
工程师的工作是掌握知识并加以实际的应用。翻译的基本方法 – 词义的选择
Skills of Translation –acceptation selection
2）动词与名词的搭配：
一个动词与不同的名词搭配，可能具有不同的词义。一般来说，要根据名词来确定动词的词义。例：make:做，制造……
make a recording make readings make a circuit 录音 取读数 构成电路,接通电路make a calculation make n turns make a change 进行计算 转ｎ圈 改变
make measurements
进行）测量
翻译的基本方法 – 词义的选择
Skills of Translation –acceptation selection
z This makes a close circuit.
这就构成了一个闭合电路。
z They often make innovations in old machines and equipment.
他们经常对旧机器和旧设备进行革新。
z Scales can also be used to make calculations.
天平也可用来进行计算。
z When your flashlight stops making enough light, what do you do with it?
当你的手电筒不能发出足够亮的光时，你该怎
么办呢？
翻译的基本方法 – 词义的选择
Skills of Translation –acceptation selection
3) 动词与介词（或副词）的搭配：一个动词与不同的介词（或副词）搭配，就具有不同的词义。因此，可根据动词后面的介词（或副词）来确定该动词短语的词义。
例：turn 转动，旋转……
turn on turn off turn up turn over
打开 关闭 举起，占有， 翻转
turn into turn over turn out turn to 把…转化为 接收 生产 变成，转向
翻译的基本方法 – 词义的选择
Skills of Translation –acceptation selection
z Don’t turn off the lamp.
请不要关灯。
z When you turn on the switch, the circuit closes.
当你打开开关时，电路就闭合。
z When heated, water turns into steam.
水受热时变为蒸汽。
z This factory turned out a large horizontal boring mill in 1979.
这家工厂在1979年生产了一种大型卧式镗铣床。
z Please turn to page 5. 请翻到第五页。
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之二
Basic Concepts in Mechanics 2
Weight is the force with which a body is attracted to the earth or another celestial body, equal to the product of the object's mass and the acceleration.
Particle A particle is a body whose dimensions are so small that they may be neglected.
Rigid Body All bodies are either elastic or plastic and will be deformed if acted upon by force． When the deformation of such bodies is small，they are frequently assumed to be rigid．i.e., incapable of deformation，in order to simplify the analysis．
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之二
Words Learning
be attracted to 吸引，有吸引力，引起注意
z Magnetic poles are attracted to their opposites.
正反磁极互相吸引
product 乘积, 产品，产物
z Most of this kind of industrial products are sold abroad.
这种工业产品大部分销往国外。
finished products 成品，
product accumulator 乘积累加器，
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之二
Words Learning
be neglected 忽视，忽略 (ignore , disregard) negligible 微不足道
z The losses due to leakage past the pistons can be neglected ( ignored / disregarded ) since they are
negligible.
由活塞漏气造成的损耗可以忽略不计，因为这
些损耗是微不足道的
deform 变形（deformation）
z There is no material but will deform more or less under the action of force.
在力的作用下，没有一种材料不或多或少产生
一定的变形。机械工程专业英语文献阅读之二
Basic Concepts in Mechanics 2
assume 假定，假设 , 假如（suppose, if）( assumption)
z It is assumed that the gas temperature in the cylinder is constant.
假定气缸中气体的温度不变。
z Suppose / if that “V” is the velocity of the steam, then R is its relative velocity.
假如“V”是蒸气的速度，则“R”就是它的相对速
度。
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之二
Basic Concepts in Mechanics 2
Deformable Body the rigid-body assumption cannot be used when internal stresses and strains due to the applied forces are to be analyzed． Thus we consider the body to be capable of deforming．Such analysis is frequently called elastic-body analysis，using the additional assumption that the body remains elastic within the range of the applied forces．
Newton's Laws Newton's three 1aws are：Law 1 If all the forces acting on a particle are balanced，the particle with either remain at rest or will continue to move in a straight line at a uniform velocity．
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之二
Words Learning
due to 由于，应归于，因为（作为复合介词用）
z The metal rod is bended due to the force action.
由于力的作用，金属杆弯曲了。
表示原因的的词或词组还有：
Because (语气最强，表示直接的原因)
since (语气稍弱，表示已知的原因)
as (语气更弱，表示明显的原因)
In view of / on account of / owing to / seeing that /表示“由于”
起连词作用。上述词或词组引出原因状语从句。
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之二
Words Learning
z Since the compensating jet is larger, it can supply more petrol.
由于补偿喷嘴较大，它能供给较多的汽油。
be analyzed 分析，解析
z The main experimental problems are also analyzed with the method of ultra-low-frequency
measurements.
用这种超低频测量方法分析了主要的实验问
题。
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之二
Words Learning
remain 保持, 保留, 剩余 ( retain , keep)
z Permanent magnets are capable of remaining their magnetism indefinitely.
永久磁铁能够永久保留磁性。
balance 平衡，衡量
z The balance of nature is upsetted through the use of insecticides.
由于杀虫剂的使用破坏了自然界的平衡。
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之二
Basic Concepts in Mechanics 2
Law 2 If the forces acting on a particle are not balanced，the particle will experience an acceleration proportional to the resultant force and in the direction of the resultant force．
Law 3 When two particles react，a pair of interacting forces come into existence；these forces have the same magnitudes and opposite senses，and they act along the straight line common to the two particles．
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之二
Words Learning
experience 经历,体验,经验 (n. vt)
experiment 试验 (n. vi)
z Newton carried out several experiences on light and color. (错)
z Newton carried out several experiments on light and color.(对)
牛顿做过一些关于光和颜色的实验。
z Try some of this perfume, as an experiment.
用点这种香水，作为一种试验吧。
z Try some of this perfume, as an experience.
体验一下这种香水吧。
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之二
Words Learning 几种用法：
experience happiness 体验幸福；
suffer a loss 受到损失；
sustained an injury 遭到伤害；tasted freedom 领略自由；
has undergone a religious conversion 经历一次宗教信仰的转变
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之二
Words Learning
be proportional to 成比例
z The linear speed of rotation of a pulley is proportional to its diameter.
皮带轮旋转的线速度和它的直径成正比。
be directly proportional to 成正比
z The power of an engine is directly proportional to the area of cross-section of the cylinder.
发动机的功率和气缸横断面的面积成正比。
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之二
Words Learning
be inversely proportional to 成反比
z The insulation resistance of a cable is inversely proportional to its length.
电缆的绝缘电阻与它的长度成反比。
common 共同的，公共的，公有的
z Our common problems can be solved by these methods.
用这些方法可以解决我们共同的问题。
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之二
Basic Concepts in Mechanics 2
Mechanics deals with two kinds of quantities: scalars and vectors. Scalar quantities are those with which a magnitude alone is associated. Examples of scalar quantities in mechanics are time, volume, density, speed, energy, and mass. Vector quantities, on the other hand, possess direction as well as magnitude. Examples of vectors are displacement, velocity, acceleration, force, moment, and momentum.
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之二
Words Learning
associate 使发生联系，使联合，与…有关 ( 相关词汇deal with, involve )
z Detonation in a cylinder is associated with
accelerated flame speeds.
气缸中的爆燃与火焰速度加快有关。dissociate 使分离，分裂
z Some molecules dissociate into simpler molecules when they are heated.
有些分子受热时便分离为较简单的分子。possess 具有，掌握，支配
z This new material possess the property of super conduction.
这种新材料具有超导性
机械工程专业英语第三课
翻译的基本方法 – 词义的引伸
Skills of Translation –acceptation development
二、词义的引伸
当英语句子中的某个词按词典的释义直接译出不能符合汉语的修辞习惯或语言规范时，则可以在不脱离该英语词本义的前提下灵活选择恰当的汉语词或词组译出。这种翻译处理方法叫做引伸译法。引伸的目的在于避免由于直译而造成的生硬或离意。引伸的词义应该在意义上与原基本词义相关联，避免歪曲原意。
1. 使基本词义专业化：在专业性文章中，某些生活常用基本词汇已含有专业概念，可根据专业而引伸出词义。
- The independent chuck has four jaws, while the universal chuck has only three.
分动卡盘有四个爪，而万能卡盘只有三个。
independent 独立的－引伸为专业词义分动的翻译的基本方法 – 词义的引伸
Skills of Translation –acceptation development
- The power dissipated by the filament literally boils electrons from the surface of the filament.
灯丝所消耗的功率完全用于从灯丝表面发射电子。
（literally –确实地、简直是，引伸为-完全；boil-沸腾, 引伸为-发射）
- This load is resisted by the tangential stress acting uniformly over the stressed area.
这个载荷由切向应力所平衡，而切向应力则均匀分布在应力作用面积上。
（resist- 抵抗，反抗，阻止，引伸为-平衡）
翻译的基本方法 – 词义的引伸
Skills of Translation –acceptation development
2. 使基本词义明确化：当基本词义在该句中意义含糊或比较费解时，应使其明确化。这时可采用解释性语言。
- Bronze was a better material for many purposes than either of the two metals that composed it.
在许多用途方面，青铜要比构成青铜的锡和铜更好。
（将 “two metals” 明确译为“锡和铜”）
- Note, therefore, that when we calibrate the scale to read in ohms, these calibrations go backward.
因此要注意，当我们把刻度刻成欧姆读数时，这些刻度是从大到小的。
(these calibrations go backward 若译为“这些刻度是向后的”, 就令人费解了。因此backward 在句中应引伸为“从大到小”) 翻译的基本方法 – 词义的引伸
Skills of Translation –acceptation development
3. 使基本词义具体化：英语中有的词意思很笼统，很概括。例如：“good”表示“好”，用得极其广泛，但具体“好”在哪里呢？我们应根据具体情况翻译，使语意更加清晰。
- A good example of a case where electricity is changed to power is the electric streetcar.
电变为动力的典型例子是电车。
- Rivers provide good sources of hydro-power.
河流提供丰富的水力资源。
- The workers gave the machine a good checking.
工人们对机器进行了彻底的检查。
翻译的基本方法 – 词义的引伸
Skills of Translation –acceptation development
- It has long been thought of making good use of the sun’s energy to serve the human being.
人们早就设想过充分利用太阳能来为人类造福。
- Good switches move quickly.
优质开关通断灵活。
- Laser possesses a series of remarkable properties, which make it a better light source in a number of cases. 激光有许多显著的特性，这些特性使它在许多情况下成为一种更理想的光源。
- That engine sounds good.
那台发动机听起来很正常。
翻译的基本方法 – 词义的引伸
Skills of Translation –acceptation development
- A good translator can do perhaps 2000 to 3000 words a day.
一个熟练的翻译人员一天也许能译两千到三千个词。- The tungsten shines and gives a good light.
钨丝发亮而发射出耀眼的光芒。
- Engineers try to reduce friction as much as possible by good design.
工程师们试图通过完美的设计来尽可能地减少摩擦。- The car in front of me suddenly stopped and I missed the green.
我前面的那辆车突然停了，我错过了绿灯。
翻译的基本方法 – 词义的引伸
Skills of Translation –acceptation development
4. 使基本词意抽象化：英语中，有的词意思很具体，但在某些场合，它已经失去原来的具体词义而表示较抽象较笼统的意思，或者被借用来表示另一方面的意思。
- At present coal is the most common food of a steam plant.
目前，煤是蒸汽动力厂的最常用的能源。
- An electric power station is a factory in which energy
is converted from one form or another into electrical energy.
电站是把一种能或另一种能转变成电能的地方。
-The character of these people is a mixture of the tiger and ape.
这些人的性格既残暴，又狡猾。
- Everyone has rain and sunshine in their life.
每个人的生活中都有甜有苦。
翻译的基本方法 – 词义的引伸
Skills of Translation –acceptation development
5. 名词的引伸
- Very often a machine is made in different pieces.
一台机器通常由许多不同的零件组成。（块、片、个）
- Obviously there is much room for improvement in the design.
显然，设计还大有改进的余地。（许多地方）
6. 动词的引伸
- From the district substations the cables run under the pavements to each house and shop.
电缆从区域变电站沿人行道下方铺设至每栋房屋和商店。（跑）
翻译的基本方法 – 词义的引伸
Skills of Translation –acceptation development
- The workpiece is chucked quickly, because the three jaws move in together. （向内运动）
工件迅速卡紧，因为三爪同时收拢。
7. 形容词的引伸
- Atoms are much too small to be seen even through the most powerful microscope. （最强的、最大功率的）
甚至通过最高放大倍数的显微镜，原子也小得看不见。
- One of the remarkable things about it is that the electromagnetic waves can move through great distance.
这里，引人注目的一点是，电磁波可以传播到很远的地方去。（卓越的；大的）
翻译的基本方法 – 词义的引伸
Skills of Translation –acceptation development
8. 副词的引伸
- People who work a great deal with electricity are continually dealing with the measurement of electricity in watts.
成天同电打交道的人们经常用瓦特(单位)来测量电。
- The thicker the wire, the more freely it will carry current.
导线越粗，导电就越容易。9. 词组的引伸
- This current which flows first in one direction and then in the other is called an alternating current.
方向交替变化的电流叫做交流电。
翻译的基本方法 – 词义的引伸
Skills of Translation –acceptation development
-We see that the surface is covered with tiny hills and valleys.
我们看到该表面布满了微小的凸凹不平之处。(丘陵和溪谷)
- The primary and secondary windings are placed one over the other on the center arm of the core.
初级线圈和次级线圈互相重叠地绕在铁芯的中央臂上。（一个在另一个之上）
- Semiconductors are materials that lie midway between insulators and conductors in their ability to pass an electric current.
半导体是一种其通过电流的能力介于绝缘体和导体之间的材料。（lie midway 躺在半路上）
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之三
Fasteners and Springs 1
Fasteners are devices which permit one part to be joined to a second part and, hence, they are involved in almost all designs. The acceptability of any product depends not only on the selected components, but also on the means by which they are fastened together. The principal purposes of fasteners are to provide the following design features:
(1) Disassembly for inspection and repair;
(2) Modular design where a product consists of a number of subassemblies. Modular design aids manufacturing as well as transportation.
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之三
Words Learning
Fasten （ Fastener）
1.普通词义：集中，系紧, (扣件,钮扣)
All eyes fastened on the speaker.所有的眼光都集中在演讲者身上
Belt fastener 皮带扣, paper fastener 书钉
2.专业词义：紧固，栓紧（紧固件,）
The bolt, nut, cotter pin and rivet are all common fastener.
螺栓、螺母、开口销及铆钉都是常用紧固件。
spring fastener 弹簧扣, clamp fastener 夹持器acceptability 可接受性, 合格, 满意(度)
The acceptability of a new machine lies on its function and easy operation.
新机器的可接受性取决于它的功能和可操作性。
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之三
Words Learning
component
1. 普通词义：成分，要素，组成的
Please analyse the component parts of this sentence.
请分析这个句子的成分。
2. 专业词义：零件，部件，元件
This factory supply components for the car industry.
这个工厂为汽车制造业提供零件。
Faulty of control system caused by the failure of a electronic component.
控制系统故障是由于一个电子元件失效引起。
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之三
Words Learning
assembly
1. 普通词义：集会，集合
The national assembly have met to discuss the crisis. 国民大会已对这一危机进行了讨论。
２. 专业词义：装配，安装，装置
Each component is carefully checked before assembly.
每个零件在装配前都经过仔细检查。disassembly 拆卸，拆除，分解，解体
For repairing the transmission system we have to make disassembly to some parts of the lathe .
要对这台车床传动系统进行维修，必须拆卸某些部件。
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之三
Words Learning
modular 组合的，模块化的，组件化的
Modular machine is the modern way of machine design.
标准化组合机床是机床设计的新模式。manufacture 制造，加工，制造业，产品
Most car components are manufactured by standardization manufactory.
大部分汽车零件是由标准化生产厂制造的。
To develop manufactures to the utmost, China must have new markets for her products.
中国若要最大限度地发展制造业就必须拥有销售其产品的新市场。
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之三
Fasteners and Springs 1
There are three main classifications of fasteners, which are described as follows:
(1) Removable. This type permits the parts to be readily disconnected without damaging the fastener. An example is the ordinary nut-and-bolt fastener. (2) Semipermanent. For this-type, the parts can be disconnected, but some damage usually occurs to the fastener. One such example is a cotter pin.
(3) Permanent. When this type of fastener is used, it is intended that the parts will never be disassembled. Examples are riveted and welded joints.
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之三
Words Learning
classification 分类,分级
The classification of machine tool can be based on its function.
机床可按其功能进行分类。
classification of fits security classification
配合类别安全保密级别，密级
describe 描写，描述，阐述，沿着……画，Performance and measuring method of the material are briefly described in the paper.
本文简述了该材料的性能与测量方法。
He describe a circle with a compass.
他用圆规画一个圆。
removable 1. 普通词义:可移动的,可更换的 2.专业词义:可拆卸的
Taper pin is classified as removable component.
锥销属可拆卸零件类。
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之三
Fasteners and Springs 1
The following factors should be taken into account when selecting fasteners for a given application:
(1) Primary function;
(2) Appearance;
(3) A large number of small size fasteners versus a small number of large size fasteners (an example is bolts); (4) Operating conditions such as vibration, loads and temperature;
(5) Frequency of disassembly;
(6) Adjustability in the location of parts;
(7) Types of materials to be joined;
(8) Consequences of failure or loosening of the fastener. 机械工程专业英语文献阅读之三
Words Learning
take into account 重视, 考虑
Security should be taken into account during experiment.
实验期间必须重视安全问题。
given application 特定的应用，指定的应用
This equation can only be used in a given application.
这个公式只能用于指定的应用情况。
operating condition 工作条件，工件环境
Operating condition should be improved for grinding works.
应为磨削工人们改善工作环境。
consequences 结果，后果，影响
A machine without proper oil will cause failure consequences
Lesson 1 力学的基本概念 1、词汇： statics [st?tiks] 静力学；dynamics动力学；constraint约束；magnetic [m?ɡ＇netik]有磁性的；external [eks＇t?:nl] 外面的, 外部的；meshing啮合；follower从动件；magnitude [＇m?ɡnitju:d] 大小；intensity强度，应力；non-coincident [k?u＇insid?nt]不重合；parallel [＇p?r?lel]平行；intuitive 直观的；substance物质；proportional [pr?＇p?:??n?l]比例的；resist抵抗，对抗；celestial [si＇lestj?l]天空的；product乘积；particle质点；elastic [i＇l?stik]弹性；deformed变形的；strain拉力；uniform全都相同的；velocity[vi＇l?siti]速度；scalar[＇skeil?]标量；vector[＇vekt?]矢量；displacement代替；momentum [m?u＇ment?m]动量； 2、词组 make up of由……组成；if not要不，不然；even through即使，纵然； Lesson 2 力和力的作用效果 1、词汇： machine 机器；mechanism机构；movable活动的；given 规定的，给定的，已知的；perform执行；application 施用；produce引起，导致；stress压力；applied施加的；individual单独的；muscular [＇m?skjul?]]力臂；gravity[ɡr?vti]重力；stretch伸展，拉紧，延伸；tensile[tensail]拉力；tension张力，拉力；squeeze挤；compressive 有压力的，压缩的；torsional扭转的；torque转矩；twist扭，转动；molecule [m likju:l]分子的；slide滑动; 滑行；slip滑，溜；one another 互相；shear剪切；independently独立地，自立地；beam梁；compress压；revolve (使)旋转；exert [iɡ＇z?:t]用力，尽力，运用，发挥，施加；principle原则, 原理，准则，规范；spin使…旋转；screw螺丝钉；thread螺纹； 2、词组 a number of 许多；deal with 涉及，处理；result from由什么引起；prevent from阻止，防止；tends to 朝某个方向；in combination结合；fly apart飞散； 3、译文： 任何机器或机构的研究表明每一种机构都是由许多可动的零件组成。这些零件从规定的运动转变到期望的运动。另一方面，这些机器完成工作。当由施力引起的运动时，机器就开始工作了。所以，力和机器的研究涉及在一个物体上的力和力的作用效果。 力是推力或者拉力。力的作用效果要么是改变物体的形状或者运动，要么阻止其他的力发生改变。每一种
英语翻译模拟试题 一、高中英语翻译 1．高中英语翻译题：Translate tbe following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 1．我们打篮球的时间到了。 (time) 2．他设法把游客及时送到了机场。 (manage) 3．你今晚能来参加我的生日聚会? (possible) 4．应该鼓励年轻人按照自己的特长选择职业。(encourage) 5．我对学生所谈的电子产品一无所知，我发现自己落伍了。(ignorant) 6．尽管遭受如重的自然灾害，但只要不灰心，我们终会克服暂时的困难。(Although...) 【答案】 1．It’s time for us to play basketball. 2．He managed to send the tourists to the airport in time. 3．Is it possible for you to attend my birthday party this evening? 4．Young people should be encouraged to choose their careers according to their own strong points. 5．Being ignorant of the electronic products the students are talking about, I find myself left behind. 6．Although we are suffering such a severe natural disaster, we will eventually overcome the temporary difficult as long as we don’t lose heart. 【解析】 1．考查time的用法。分析句子可知，本句为一般现在时，it is time for sb to do sth “该到某人做某事了”。为固定句型。再根据其它提示。故翻译为：It’s time for us to play basketball。2．考查manage的用法和一般过去时。分析句子可知，本句为一般过去时，manage to do sth“设法做某事”为固定短语。in time“ 及时”为介词短语，在句中作状语。再根据其它提示。故翻译为：He managed to send the tourists to the airport in time。 3．考查possible的用法和一般现在时。分析句子可知，本句为一般现在时，it is possible for sb to do sth “ 某人做某事是可能的”，it作为形式主语完成整个句子，不定式作为真正主语。再根据其它汉语提示。故翻译为：Is it possible for you to attend my birthday party this evening? 4．考查encourage的用法。encourage sb. to do sth.的被动语态形式就是sb. be encouraged to do sth.另外，此题还考查短语according to（按照）和strong points(长处，特长)。再根据其它提示。故翻译为：Young people should be encouraged to choose their careers according to their own strong points。 5．考查形容词短语作状语、定语从句以及find的用法。分析句子可知，本句为一般现在时，主语为I ，谓语为find， find oneself done表示“发现自己被…”,left behind是“被落在后面了”作宾语补足语。Being ignorant of the electronic products the students are talking about 为形容词短语作原因状语从句。products 为先行词，在后面的定语从句中，作talk about的
1.机械设计过程 机械设计的最终目标是生产一种满足客户需求的有用产品，而且这种产品安全，高效，可靠，经济，实用。当回答这个问题时，广泛地思考，我将要设计的产品或系统的客户是谁？ 在产品设计之前，了解所有客户的期望和期望是至关重要的。营销专业人员经常被用来管理客户期望的定义，但是设计师可能会把他们作为产品开发团队的一部分。 许多方法被用来确定客户想要什么。一种被称为质量功能部署或QFD的流行方法寻求（1）识别客户期望的所有特征和性能因素，以及（2）评估这些因素的相对重要性。QFD过程的结果是产品的一组详细功能和设计要求。 考虑设计过程如何配合为客户提供令人满意的产品所必须发生的所有功能以及在产品的整个生命周期中为产品提供服务也很重要。事实上，重要的是考虑产品在使用寿命后如何处置。影响产品的所有这些功能的总和有时被称为产品实现过程或PRP。PRP中包含的一些因素如下： ?营销功能来评估客户的要求 ?研究确定可在产品中合理使用的可用技术 ?可以包含在产品中的材料和组件的可用性 ?产品设计和开发 ?性能测试 ?设计文件 ?供应商关系和采购职能 ?考虑全球材料采购和全球营销 参加工作的技能 ?物理工厂和设施可用
?制造系统的能力 生产计划和生产系统的控制 ?生产支持系统和人员 ?质量体系要求 ?销售操作和时间表 ?成本目标和其他竞争性问题 ?客户服务要求 ?产品在生产，操作和处置过程中的环境问题 ?法律要求 ?金融资本的可用性 你可以添加到这个列表吗？您应该能够看到，产品的设计只是综合过程的一部分。在本文中，我们将更加注意设计过程本身，但必须始终考虑设计的可生产性。产品设计和制造过程设计的同时考虑通常被称为并行工程。 2.机械设计所需的技能 产品工程师和机械设计师在日常工作中使用广泛的技能和知识。这些技能和知识包含在以下内容中： ?素描，技术制图和计算机辅助设计 ?材料的性质？材料加工*和制造过程 ?化学的应用，如腐蚀防护，电镀和喷漆 静力学动力学材料的强度，运动学和机制 流体力学，热力学和传热 ?流体动力，电气现象的基本原理和工业控制
外企常见12道英文面试题 外企各大类型题考察意图烂熟于心，英文面试易如反掌。以下举例说明： 1、Tell me about yourself这是面试官惯用的开场白。千万不要长篇大论背诵简历。你可以在这时将最突出的优点概括性地总结，并引导面试官向你早已准备好的方面发问。 -- I studied computer in 1999-2003. After that I joined ... and worked as a ... .I am fluent at oral english... 2、What types of prospective job tasks do you enjoy the most？Which prospective job tasks do you least care to do？主要考察应聘者会否对工作中的很多地方感到厌倦；另外还考察你对自己的喜好是否诚实，你是否了解这份工作的基本职责；你是否认识到任何职业都会包含一些枯燥无味的日常工作。 3、What is your greatest weakness？不要把那些明显是优点的品行当成缺点说，这种落入俗套的方式早已被面试官厌倦。可以说一些对于你应聘这个职位没有影响的缺点，对于那些在面试中已经表现出的明显弱点，你可以利用这个问题加以弥补，显示你早已意识到，并且正在改进，已经取得了较大进展。 4、What do you plan to be doing five years from now？主要考察你的职业目标是否符合公司的要求；这份职业是否是你达到目的的合理选择；你是否有继续发展的热情；你的野心是否和这份职业的要求相契合；你的发展潜力有多大。如果你应聘大企业，千万不要提你想创业，如果应聘小企业，这倒是个合理的回答。 5、What college subjects did you like best and least？ Why？这个
全国2004年4月高等教育自学考试 英语翻译试题与答案详解 课程代码：00087 Ⅰ. Multiple Choice Questions (30 points, 2 points for each) A. Directions: This part consists of ten sentences, each followed by four different versions marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that is the closest equivalent of the original in terms of meaning and expressiveness. 1. Almost all the TV viewers were deeply impressed by Titanic’s huge mass and her ruined splendor of a lost age. 答案：B A. 泰坦尼克号的庞大以及她那昔日辉煌的残毁，给几乎所有的电视观众都留下了十分深刻的印象。 B. 泰坦尼克号船体庞大，虽已损毁，昔日丰采犹存，给几乎所有的电视观众都留下了深刻的印象。 C. 泰坦尼克号无比庞大，往日荣光业已荡然无存，给几乎所有的电视观众都留下了深刻的印象。 D. 泰坦尼克号的庞大船体以及她那失去的昔日光辉，给几乎所有的电视观众都留下了深刻的印象。 2. A truly extraordinary variety of alternatives to the chemical control of insects is available. 答案：C A. 使用化学方法控制昆虫除外，其它有效方法也可使用。 B. 除了不用化学方法控制昆虫外，应该还有其它方法可以使用。 C. 除了使用化学方法控制昆虫以外，还有其它各种奇妙的方法可以使用。 D. 控制昆虫的方法很多，使用化学方法只不过是其中之一也可使用。 3. We talked of our plans to wed and start a family, once we were settled in Los Angeles, and we listened to the rain. 答案：C A. 我们打算一旦在洛杉矶站住脚，就结婚，开始新的生活。我们议论着，外头还下着雨。 B. 一旦在洛杉矶落住脚，我们就打算结婚，开始新的生活。我们议论着，还听着外头的雨声。 C. 我们打算一旦在洛杉矶站住脚，就结婚，组织家庭。我们一面议论，一面听着外头的雨声。 D. 一旦在洛杉矶落住脚，我们就打算结婚，建立家庭。我们一面议论着，而且一面听着外头的雨声。 4. I felt approaching footsteps. I stretched out my hand as I supposed to my mother. 答案：A A. 我感到有人走近，于是伸出了手，以为是把手伸向母亲。 B. 我感到有人走近，我就伸出了手，因为我在等我的母亲。 C. 我感到有人向我走来，我想那是我母亲，她把手伸向我。 D. 我感到有人向我走来，我想那是我母亲，她伸手搂抱我。 1
英文翻译姓名：___________ 1.BENEFICIARY’SDRAFTINDUPLICATEATSIGHTDRAWNONUSANDMARKDRAWNUNDERSHAHJ ALALISLAMIBANKLIMITED,GULSHANBRANCH,DHAKABANGLADESHMENTIONINGL/CNO.XXX DATED 收款人给开证行开立的即期汇票一式两份，注明“UNDERSHAHJALALISLAMIBANKLIMITED,GULSHANBRANCH,DHAKABANGLADESH，信用证号为XXX，开证日期为2013年3月4日的信用证项下要求付款”。 2.BENEFICIARY’SSIGNEDCOMMERCIALINVOICEINQUADRUPLICATECERTIFYINGMERCHANDIS ETOBEOFCHINAORIGIN. 收款人已签字发票一式四份，证明商品是中国原产。 3.DETAILEDPACKINGLISTINFOURFOLDDULYSIGNEDBYTHEBENEFICIARY. 收款人已签字装箱单一式四份，显示全部装箱详情。 4.FULLSETOFORIGINALCLEAN“SHIPPEDONBOARD”OCEANBILLOFLADINGOFAREGULARLINER VESSELDRAWNORENDORSEDTOTHEORDEROFSHAHJALALISLAMIBANKLTD.,GULSHANBRANC H,DHAKA,BANGLADESHSHOWING“FREIGHTPREPAID”MARKEDNOTIFYAPPLICANTANDUS. 全套由正规班轮运输的已装船正本清洁海运提单，做成或背书成TOTHEORDEROFSHAHJALALISLAMIBANKLTD.,GULSHANBRANCH,DHAKA,BANGLADESH,注明“运费预付”，并通知信用证申请人及开证行。 5.INSURANCECOVEREDBYAPPLICANT.ALLSHIPMENTSUNDERTHISCREDITMUSTBEADVISEDB YTHEBENEFICIARYWITHIN7(SEVEN)WORKINGDAYSFROMTHEDATEOFSHIPMENTDIRECTLYTO AGRANTINSURANCECOMPANYLIMITED,DILKUSHABRANCH,44,DILKUSHAC/A(6TH FLOOR),DHA KA-1000,BANGLADESH,APPLICANTANDUSMENTIONINGCOVERNOTENO.AICL/DK/MC-0039/02/20 13DT.ACOPYOFTHEADVICEMUSTACCOMPANYTHEORIGINALDOCUMENTS. 保险由信用证申请人投保。此信用证项下的所有发运情况必须由受益人在发运后7个工作日内直接通知AGRANTINSURANCECOMPANYLIMITED,DILKUSHABRANCH,44,DILKUSHAC/A(6THFLOOR),DHA KA-1000,BANGLADESH，以及开证申请人和开证行，提及预约保险单号COVERNOTENO.AICL/DK/MC-0039/02/2013DT. 6.PRE-SHIPMENTINSPECTIONFORQUANTITY,QUALITY,DESCRIPTION,CLASSIFICATIONANDPRI CESHOULDBECARRIEDOUTBYSOCIETEGENERALEDESURVEILLANCE(SGS).THEFINALINVOICE ANDPACKINGLISTSHOULDBEENDORSEDBYSOCIETEGENERALEDESURVEILLANCE(SGS)WITHT HENUMBERANDDATEOFISSUANCEOFTHECRF. 装船前对数量、质量、内容、等级和价格的检验由SOCIETEGENERALEDESURVEILLANCE(SGS)做。 最终的发票和装箱单友SOCIETEGENERALEDESURVEILLANCE(SGS)背书，并且要有清洁报告书的号码和签发日期。 7.COUNTRYOFORIGINCERTIFICATEMUSTBEISSUEDBYCHAMBEROFCOMMERCEANDINDUSTRY /ANYGOVT.APPROVEDAUTHORITYOFTHEEXPORTINGCOUNTRY. 产地证须由出口国政府授权机构或工商会签署。 8.COUNTRYOFORIGIN,GROSSWEIGHTANDNETWEIGHTMUSTBEMARKEDONALLPACKAGES.AC ERTIFICATETOTHISEFFECTMUSTAPPEARINALLDOCUMENTS. 原产国、毛重及净重必须在所有包装上标注，并将此证明附于装运单据中。 9.IMPORTER’SNAME,ADDRESSANDTAXIDENTIFICATIONNUMBER(TIN)MUSTEITHERBEPRINTE DORBEWRITTENININDELIBLEINKONMINIMUM2PERCENTOFOUTERPACKAGE.ACERTIFICATETO THISEFFECTTOBEACCOMPANIEDWITHORIGINALDOCUMENTS. 进口商名称、地址及纳税标识号须打印或用不褪色墨水写在至少2%面积的外包装位置上，并将此项条款的证明附于正本单据中。
2011--2012学年翻译理论与实践期末考试题 班级＿＿＿姓名＿＿＿学号＿＿＿Ⅰ、Translate the following phases into English(2point*5=10point) 1.覆水难收 ___________________________________________________________ 2.指鹿为马 ___________________________________________________________ 3. 爱屋及乌 ___________________________________________________________ 4条条道路通罗马 ___________________________________________________________ 5有钱能使鬼推磨 ___________________________________________________________ ⅡTranslate the following sentences into English(5point*6=30point) 1.我年轻的日子已经一去不返。 ___________________________________________________________ 2.你别狗咬吕洞宾——不识好人心。 ___________________________________________________________ 3.世界上只有海水取之不尽，用之不竭。 ___________________________________________________________ 4.我们是新雇员，得注意自己的一举一动。 ___________________________________________________________ 5.人民军队离不开人民，就像鱼儿离不开水一样。 ___________________________________________________________ 6.虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。 ___________________________________________________________ ⅢTranslate the following passages into English(10point*2=20point) 1）当前最重要的任务是发展国民经济，提高人民生活水平。为了实现这一目标，我们必须改革旧的经济体制，进一步解放生产水平；我们应当向世界敞开大门，学习其他国家的先进的科学和技术。只要我们坚持改革开放政策，就一定能把我国建设成强大的社会主义国家。 __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ 2)秋天，无论在什么地方的秋天，总是好的；可是啊，北国的秋，却特别地来得清，来得静，来得悲凉。我的不远千里，要从杭州赶上青岛，更要从青岛赶上北平来的理由，也不过想饱尝一尝这“秋”，这故都的秋味。 __________________________________________________________
陶瓷ceramics 合成纤维synthetic fibre 电化学腐蚀electrochemical corrosion 车架automotive chassis 悬架suspension 转向器redirector 变速器speed changer 板料冲压sheet metal parts 孔加工spot facing machining 车间workshop 工程技术人员engineer 气动夹紧pneuma lock 数学模型mathematical model 画法几何descriptive geometry 机械制图Mechanical drawing 投影projection 视图view 剖视图profile chart 标准件standard component 零件图part drawing 装配图assembly drawing 尺寸标注size marking 技术要求technical requirements 刚度rigidity 内力internal force 位移displacement 截面section 疲劳极限fatigue limit 断裂fracture 塑性变形plastic distortion 脆性材料brittleness material 刚度准则rigidity criterion 垫圈washer 垫片spacer 直齿圆柱齿轮straight toothed spur gear 斜齿圆柱齿轮helical-spur gear 直齿锥齿轮straight bevel gear 运动简图kinematic sketch 齿轮齿条pinion and rack 蜗杆蜗轮worm and worm gear 虚约束passive constraint 曲柄crank 摇杆racker 凸轮cams
1.我们可以把钢再次加热到临界温度以下的某一温度，然后在慢慢让其冷却。We can heat the steel again to a temperature below the critical temperature, then cool it slowly. 2.无论任何简单的机床，都是由单一元件即通称为机械零件或部件组成的。However simple, any machine is a combination of individual components generally referred to as machine elements or parts. 3.这些金属不都是好的导体。 All these metals are not good conductors. 4. 在做带电实验的时候，再怎么小心都不为过。 You can't be too careful in performing an experiment. 5.利用发电机可以把机械能转变成电能。 The mechanical energy can be changed back into electrical energy by means of a generator or dynamo. 6.假定电源输入的电压保持不变。 Assume that the voltage input of the power supply remains the same. 7.化石燃料是发电过程中最为频繁使用的能源。 Fossil fuels are most frequently used source daring the power generation process. 8单个机械零件的可靠性成为评估整台机器使用寿命的基本因素。 The individual reliability of machine elements becomes the basis for estimating the overall life 9.说我们生活在一个电子时代，这一点都不夸张。 It's no exaggeration to say that we live in an electronic age. 10.发动机的转速不应超过最大允许值。 Engine revolution should not exceed the maximum permissible. 11.如能从大型核电站获得成本极低的电力，电解氢的竞争能力就会增强。（Electrolytic hydrogen）。 If extremely low-cost power were ever to become available from large nuclear power plants, electrolytic hydrogen would become competitive. 12.电子技术提供了一种新的显示时间的方法。 A new way of displaying time has been given by electronics. 13.远距离输电需要高压，安全用电需要低压。 High voltage is necessary for long transmission line while low voltage for safe use. 14.铝的电阻大约是同等尺寸的铜的1.5倍。 The resistance of aluminum is approximately half again as great as that of copper for the same dimensions = size 15.In fact,it is impossible for no force to be exerted on a body,since in this world everything is subject to the for ce of gravity. 事实上，物体不受外力作用是不可能的，因为在这个世界上任何物体都要受到重力的作用。 16.In a thermal power plant,all the chemical energy is not
英文编辑第一轮笔试 Reading Comprehension In the early 20th century, few things were more appealing than the promise of scientific knowledge. In a world struggling with rapid industrialization, science and technology seemed to offer solutions to almost every problem. Newly created state colleges and universities devoted themselves almost entirely to scientific, technological, and engineering fields. Many Americans came to believe that scientific certainty could not only solve scientific problems, but also reform politics, government, and business. Two world wars and a Great Depression rocked the confidence of many people that scientific expertise alone could create a prosperous and ordered world. After World War Ⅱ, the academic world turned with new enthusiasm to humanistic studies, which seemed to many scholars the best way to ensure the survival of democracy. American scholars fanned out across much of the world—with support from the Ford Foundation, the Fulbright program, etc.—to promote the teaching of literature and the arts in an effort to make the case for democratic freedoms. In the America of our own time, the great educational challenge has become an effort to strengthen the teaching of what is now known as the STEM disciplines (science, technology, engineering, and math). There is considerable and justified concern that the United States is falling behind much of the rest of the developed world in these essential disciplines. India, China, Japan, and other regions seem to be seizing technological leadership. At the same time, perhaps inevitably, the humanities—while still popular in elite colleges and universities—have experienced a significant decline. Humanistic disciplines are seriously underfunded, not just by the government and the foundations but by academic institutions themselves. Humanists are usually among the lowest-paid faculty members at most institutions and are often lightly regarded because they do not generate grant income and because they provide no obvious credentials (资质) for most nonacademic careers. Undoubtedly American education should train more scientists and engineers. Much of the concern among politicians about the state of American universities today is focused on the absence of “real world” education—which means preparation for professional and scientific careers. But the idea that institutions or their students must decide between humanities and science is false. Our society could not survive without scientific and technological knowledge. But we would be equally impoverished (贫困的) without humanistic knowledge as well. Science and technology teach us what we can do. Humanistic thinking helps us understand what we should do. It is almost impossible to imagine our society without thinking of the extraordinary achievements of scientists and engineers in building our complicated world. But try to imagine our world as well without the remarkable works that have defined our culture and values. We have always needed, and we still need, both. 1. In the early 20th century Americans believed science and technology could _______. [A] solve virtually all existing problems [C] help raise people’s living standards [B] quicken the pace of industrialization [D] promote the nation’s social progress 2. Why did many American scholars become enthusiastic about humanistic studies after World WarⅡ? [A] They wanted to improve their own status within the current education system. [B] They believed the stability of a society depended heavily on humanistic studies.
2、应力和应变 在任何工程结构中独立的部件或构件将承受来自于部件的使用状况或工作的外部环境的外力作用。如果组件就处于平衡状态,由此而来的各种外力将会为零,但尽管如此,它们共同作用部件的载荷易于使部件变形同时在材料里面产生相应的内力。 有很多不同负载可以应用于构件的方式。负荷根据相应时间的不同可分为: (a)静态负荷是一种在相对较短的时间内逐步达到平衡的应用载荷。 (b)持续负载是一种在很长一段时间为一个常数的载荷, 例如结构的重量。这种类型的载荷以相同的方式作为一个静态负荷; 然而,对一些材料与温度和压力的条件下,短时间的载荷和长时间的载荷抵抗失效的能力可能是不同的。 (c)冲击载荷是一种快速载荷(一种能量载荷)。振动通常导致一个冲击载荷, 一般平衡是不能建立的直到通过自然的阻尼力的作用使振动停止的时候。 (d)重复载荷是一种被应用和去除千万次的载荷。 (e)疲劳载荷或交变载荷是一种大小和设计随时间不断变化的载荷。 上面已经提到，作用于物体的外力与在材料里面产生的相应内力平衡。因此,如果一个杆受到一个均匀的拉伸和压缩，也就是说, 一个力,均匀分布于一截面,那么产生的内力也均匀分布并且可以说杆是受到一个均匀的正常应力,应力被定义为 应力==负载 P /压力 A, 因此根据载荷的性质应力是可以压缩或拉伸的,并被度量为牛顿每平方米或它的倍数。 如果一个杆受到轴向载荷，即是应力，那么杆的长度会改变。如果杆的初始长度L和改变量△L已知，产生的应力定义如下: 应力==改变长△L /初始长 L 因此应力是一个测量材料变形和无量纲的物理量 ,即它没有单位;它只是两个相同单位的物理量的比值。 一般来说,在实践中,在荷载作用下材料的延伸是非常小的, 测量的应力以*10-6的形式是方便的, 即微应变, 使用的符号也相应成为ue。 从某种意义上说，拉伸应力与应变被认为是正的。压缩应力与应变被认为是负的。因此负应力使长度减小。 当负载移除时，如果材料回复到初始的，无负载时的尺寸时，我们就说它是具有弹性的。一特定形式的适用于大范围的工程材料至少工程材料受载荷的大部分的弹性, 产生正比于负载的变形。由于载荷正比于载荷所产生的压力并且变形正比于应变, 这也说明,当材料是弹性的时候, 应力与应变成正比。因此胡克定律陈述, 应力正比于应变。 这定律服从于大部分铁合金在特定的范围内, 甚至以其合理的准确性可以假定适用于其他工程材料比如混凝土，木材，非铁合金。 当一个材料是弹性的时候，当载荷消除之后，任何负载所产生的变形可以完全恢复,没有永久的变形。
面试英文基本用语 大四的同学已经开始投入激烈的求职竞争了。面对国际大公司、外资企业的优厚条件，很多同学都把目光投向它们，但外语口试是必不可少的一关。我们下面给出一些常见的问答模式 来启发同学们如何从容应付英语面试！ 下面是询问工作情况： What is your job title(工作职位)? What level(级别) is your job with in the company? How many main levels of positions are there at your company? What kind of business is your company in? 下面是一些询问工作地点的方式： Which company do you work for? Who do you work for? Where do you work? 典型的回答是： I work for... I'm employed at... (或者你可以简单地给出你公司的名字) 下面是你如何询问别人做什么样工作的方式： What's your occupation? What's your title? What do you do for aliving? 通常的回答是：
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