Construction of the Project Management of the importa nce of organization design
Abstract: The construction organization is a construction project and guide the important technical and economic documents. Can regulate the construction workers, machinery, raw mate rials, environment, technology, equipment, construction, installation, management, production a nd other conflicts, to supervise the construction and control of organizational design in order to e nsure scientific and rational project high-quality, low cost, less the completion of energy. Keywords: project management; construction organization; design; importance Construction design and project construction is an important document guiding construction, construction ent erprises are able to high-quality, high speed, low cost, low consumption of completed building pr ojects to ensure effective measures, but also strengthen the management, the importance of imp roving economic efficiency means, is also properly handle the construction workers, machinery, r aw materials, methods, environment and technology and equipment, civil works and installation of collaboration, consumption and supply, management and production and other kinds of contra dictions, scientific and rational, planned and orderly , the equilibrium organization of production and an important guarantee for project construction.
With the establishment of socialist market economy, an increasingly competitive construction market, the objective situation of construction enterprises have become increasingly demanding, not only in technology and equipment, personnel quality, the construction put forward higher re quirements of the organizers, and engineering economic management Pre-settlement work in th e project is also facing new challenges. Strict construction market situation, some construction co mpanies are not actively taken measures, professional and technical staff is not updated, training, science and technology management level is very backward, with the preparation of constructio n design review did not attract enough attention, so there will be the following common situation s:
(1) audit is not compiled before the start of construction organization design: not to pursue the construction of floor plans, materials, cluttered, moving out of import of machinery and equipm ent, unplanned demand for labor, quality, security, construction without assurance measures, res ulting in nest Workers serious waste management lower.
(2) whether it is the preparation of construction design professionals: In order to cope with the higher authorities and supervisory agencies, Party member or check the information to the const ruction workers on behalf of the Code construction design, because the data simply do not know right now who is a leading construction management recent arrangements, had casually made up , just go.
(3) the preparation of the low level of construction organization design:
Some construction units, construction organizations do not understand the importance of the co nstruction process, to write about the sub-construction process, draw a floor plan, schedule prog ress, it regarded construction organization design.
(4) to abandon technology economy: a considerable number of construction enterprises in the preparation of construction organization design, construction organization which only concerned the various sub-project of the technical measures, without considering the sub-project aspects of economic indicators, leading to the completion of settlement disputes about economic loss.
[Example 1] in a district of Nanning City, the life of a dormitory building to be a form of water r enovation project, but because the dormitory was built in the eighties, has been twenty years, th e owners between buildings without authorization of their own debris occupied the public space of normal channels, resulting in too narrow passage between two buildings, traffic problems, so t he resulting need for manual handling of construction materials to construction sites, constructio n materials are stated not to enter the venue and request for additional materials secondary tran sportation fee, Party A will not sign recognition, resulting in economic losses. If the construction u nits in the field before the start of the investigation, carefully review the preparation of constructi on design and engineering contract be described in the notes, you can reduce unnecessary troubl e.
[Example 2] of a residential building project excavation, construction site is not large, the const ruction unit construction with construction design, but no earth survey program, no excavation of the slope coefficient of discharge, nor the accumulation of pre-construction earthwork calculatio n, the original machine in the pit excavation uppercut on it, because there is no construction desi gn survey on the ground, resulting in ruptured a nearby residential building to the water, resultin g in increased costs of grading required to show there is no clear , resulting in a Jixietaiban increas e moving away more, but also back when the backfill backfill, resulting in construction enterprise s in the economy by the economic loss in vain.
[Example 3] Construction of a residential building products business in the construction process , when preparing to start construction organization is very simple, even the template sub-project calculations are not, in the basement of the construction of the installation template template ins tallation height of 5 m, maximum beam for the 600 × 1200, thickness 250, in the erection of exp erience by the workers under their erection, supervision and acceptance can not be acceptance o f the results, but also re-checking, the results support the strength of pole did not meet the templ ate requirements of a full return to work. Rework the economic losses can be imagined.
Such as steel is now more fitting to discuss the situation, the tender list or did not say by weldi ng sleeve, you said in the welding construction organization, it can talk with the sleeve constructi on of a visa; Earthwork and temporary facilities in the Shih group calculated as long as the excess of the quota rules set paved the way is part of the claim. The problem is now that this file is isolat ed, not construction, not cost, because it is not targeted.
The above three examples fully show that the construction design in the construction process as well as pre-settlement project plays an important role, not only organized the construction of organizational design, guiding production role in the objective economic management has becom e a very important can not be ignored component.
Construction design is the arrangement of a construction company building a comprehensive tec hnical and economic documentation of construction products. The depth of the content of their p reparation, can be divided into construction design, construction organization design, constructio
n design outline and so on.
Meaning: in order to process the entire project implementation macro-control. Complete th e construction of a sub-organization design should include: project overview, construction metho ds, quality assurance measures, manpower and machinery plan and guarantee measures, constru ction of network diagrams, and bar charts, safety measures, details of resources, energy conserva tion measures, construction period to ensure measures.
Implementation of the project in the construction of the session, the price of construction proj ects through the construction drawings to determine the general preparation of the budget, the determination of the construction contract price, engineering and project final settlement price t o determine price and other processes. Construction design of which is the main factor of the pro ject cost, therefore, project cost management, construction design must pay close attention as an important link in this regard should address the following two aspects of the relations.
Fixed construction budget to reflect the actual construction of each sub-part of the constructio n process of each project component of labor, materials, Jixietaiban consumption standards. It is t o identify and control the construction and installation cost base; is to design technical and econo mic comparison, based on technical and economic analysis; is the construction unit based on the analysis of economic activities; the preparation of bidding price, bidding price of the base; is the preparation of the fixed budget and estimates based on indicators; is construction drawing budge t, project contracts, project budget and project an important basis for final prices, but the budget is fixed under normal construction conditions, the majority of the construction unit to the current level of machinery and equipment, the reasonable construction period , construction technology, labor organizations based on each sub-part of the preparation of the consumption of the project. However, construction of the project there are many special cases in which sub-part of the proje ct construction method is not necessarily the same under a fixed budget, as currently stipulated i n the budget scale, "based on construction design OK" and so on. Such as "consumption of fixed c onstruction Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region", the earth and stone work on the manual calcu lation rules. Trench
digging, earthwork grading time required to "construction design" shall be calculated, "constructi on design" no clearly defined, put the slope coefficient by a fixed proportion of the implementati on of the provisions.
Construction projects with construction design is closely related to project cost. The basic con struction design includes: project overview and analysis of construction conditions, construction programs, construction technology, construction schedule, construction general layout. There are economic analysis and construction preparation work plan. Among them, the construction progr am and construction process is more important to determine, for example: the choice of construc tion machinery, horizontal transport method of choice, moving the main structure of the constru ction methods and construction methods and construction technology of choice, etc., are a direct impact on project budget price changes. In ensuring the quality and meet the owners requireme nts and schedule requirements of the premise, optimize the construction program and constructi on process is to control the cost of investment projects and reduce the importance of measures a nd means.
Construction design is not only an important guiding document production and management a ctivities, preparation of construction plans is an important basis for the budget. Therefore, the co nstruction unit leaders before the start of the unit project to tissue engineering, materials and eq uipment, industrial scale, economic planning, project cost and other personnel to seriously famili ar with the drawings, in-depth on-site field survey of the technical and economic organizational measures. Project cost in the preparation of construction design is directly related to the economi c interests of enterprises, because, in the project cost management and implementation of the pr ovisions of the budget scale, the cost of personnel staff plays the role of business manager in char ge; in the bidding and construction contract, the cost commissioned by the enterprise legal perso n can be used as the legal representative of the agent, the exercise of powers conferred by enterp rise legal person; in the construction and budget work, supervision plays a role in the economy. T herefore, the full cost of in-house staff not only understands technology, understand the policy, b ut also understands the role of legal expertise and is prepared well construction design and impro
ve an important aspect of economic efficiency of enterprises, but also works to overcome and av oid an economic dispute settlement reasonable and effective way.
Finally, the construction organization of this document is very important, it is the technical an d economic documents. Construction of the project, be sure to supervise the construction and co ntrol of organizational design to ensure the project's construction order, to prevent the constructi on design a mere formality. Engineering construction design is the quality, safety, effective measu res to guarantee progress.
浅谈项目管理中施工组织设计重要性
摘要:施工组织是项目建设和指导工程施工的重要技术经济文件。能调节施工中
人员、机器、原料、环境、工艺、设备、土建、安装、管理、生产等矛盾,要对施工组织设计进行监督和控制,才能科学合理的保证工程项目高质量、低成本、少耗能的完成。
关键字:项目管理;施工组织;设计;重要性
施工组织设计是项目建设和指导工程施工的重要文件,是建筑施工企业单位能以高质量、高速度、低成本、少消耗完成工程项目建筑的有力保证措施,也是加强管理、提高经济效益的重要手段,也是很正确处理施工中人员、机器、原料、方法、环境及工艺与设备,土建与安装协作,消耗与供应,管理与生产等各种各样的矛盾,科学合理地、计划而有序地、均衡地组织项目施工生产的重要保障。随着社会主义市场经济的建立,建筑市场的竞争日趋激烈,客观形势对施工企业的要求越来越高,不仅在技术装备、人员素质、施工组织者方面提出较高的要求,而且工程经济管理工作中有关工程预结算也面临新的挑战。严谨建筑市场形势下,有些施工企业没有积极采取应对措施,对员工的专业技术没有更新、培训,科学技术管理水平相当落后,加上对编制审核施工组织设计没有引起足够的重视,因此就会出现以下几种常见的情况: (1)开工前没有编制审核施工组织设计:不搞施工平面布置图,材料乱堆乱放,土方运出运进,机械设备、劳动力需求无计划,工程质量、安全施工无保证措施,造成窝工浪费现象严重,管理水平较低。
(2)是否是专业人员编制施工组织设计:为应付上级部门及监理单位、甲方检查而给施工员或资料员代编施工组织设计,因为资料根本对现在的施工管理不了解而又是领导最近安排的,不得不胡乱编造,应付了事。
(3)施工组织设计编制水平低:有的施工单位,不明白施工组织在施工过程中的重要性,写一写各分项施工工艺、画张平面布置图、工程进度计划表,便认为是施工组织设计了。
(4)要技术弃经济:相当多的施工企业单位在编制施工组织设计时,只重视施工组织当中的各分项工程的技术措施,没有考虑分项工程经济指标方面内容,导致工程竣工结算时纠纷不断,蒙受经济损失。
[例1]南宁市某小区某宿舍楼要对生活用水进行一户一表改造工程,但由于宿舍楼是八十年代建成的,已经有二十几年了,业主擅自在楼与楼之间的自家杂物用房挤占了公用正常的通道,导致两楼之间通道过于狭窄,通车困难,所以造成了施工材料需要人力搬运到施工地点,施工单位则以材料未进入场地而要求增加材料的二次搬运费,甲方不予签认,造成了经济损失。如果施工单位在开工前进行现场勘测,认真编制审核施工组织设计并在工程承包合同中附注加以说明,则可减少不必要的麻烦。
[例2]某住宅楼工程的基坑开挖,施工现场并不宽敞,施工单位施工时有施工组织设计,但是无土方调查方案,没有开挖的放坡系数,也未进行施工前土方堆积计算,原本上勾机在坑上开挖就可以了,就因为施工组织设计中没有对地下调查,导致挖破了附近居民楼的给水管,致使成本增加,对放坡要示也没有明确要求,结果造成了机械台班增加,土方拉走多了,回填时又要拉回回填,造成施工企业在经济上白白受到经济损失。
[例3]某商品住宅楼施工企业在建过程中,开工时编制施工组织很简单,连模板分项工程计算书都没有,在施工中的安装地下室模板时模板安装高度为 5 m,梁最大为600×1200,板厚为250,在搭设时由工人根据经验自己搭设,结果监理验收时无法验收,又重验算,结果立杆没有满足模板支撑强度要求,进行全面返工。返工造成的经济损失可想而知。
比如现在较多的是讨论钢筋接头形势,投标清单没有说采用套筒还是焊接,那你在施工组织里说用焊接,那么施工用套筒就可以商量签证了;土方及临时设施在施组里只要超过定额规则计算部分设下伏笔是可以索赔的。问题是现在这份文件被孤立了,施工不用、造价不用,因为它没有针对性。
以上三个例子充分表明,施工组织设计在施工全过程乃至工程预结算中占有重要地位,组织设计不仅仅是组织施工、指导生产的作用,在客观上已成为经济管理工作中不可忽视的非常重要的组成部分。
施工组织设计是建筑施工企业全面安排某项建筑产品的施工技术经济文件。按其编制内容的深浅，又可分为施工组织设计、施工组织方案设计、施工组织设计纲要等。
意义：以此来对整个工程实施过程中进行宏观控制。一分完备施工组织设计应包括：工程概况、施工方法、质量保证措施、人力、机具计划及其保证措施、施工网络图、横道图、安全措施、资源配置明细、节能措施、工期保证措施等。
在工程建设项目实施的各环节中,工程建设项目的价格确定一般经过施工图预算的编制,施工承包合同价款的确定,工程结算价和工程决算价的确定等过程。其中施工组织设计是影响工程造价的主要因素,因此,工程造价的管理,必须把施工组织设计作为重要环节抓紧抓好,在这方面应处理好以下两个方面的关系。建筑工程预算定额是反映建筑工程实际施工过程每个分部分项工程每一构件的劳动力、材料、机械台班的消耗标准。它是确定和控制建筑安装工程造价的基础;是对设计方案进行技术经济比较、技术经济分析的依据;是施工单位进行经济活动分析的依据;是编制标底、投标报价的基础;是编制概算定额和概算指标的基础;也是施工图预算、工程承包合同、工程预算和工程决算价格计算的重要依据,而预算定额是在正常的施工条件下,以目前多数施工单位机械装备程度、合理的施工工期、施工工艺、劳动力组织为基础编制的每一分部分项工程的消耗量。但项目施工中有许多特殊的情况,即分部分项工程的施工方法不一定与预算定额规定的一模一样,正如目前在预算定额中规定“依据施工组织设计确定”等内容。例如《广西壮族自治区建筑工程消耗量定额》中,关于人工土石方工程量计算规则规定。挖沟槽、土方需放坡时,以《施工组织设计》规定计算,《施工组织设计》无明确规定时,放坡系数按定额规定比例执行。
工程建设项目的施工组织设计与其工程造价有着密切的关系。施工组织设计基本的内容有:工程概况和施工条件的分析、施工方案、施工工艺、施工进度计划、施工总平面图。还有经济分析和施工准备工作计划。其中,施工方案及施工工艺的确定更为重要,如:施工机械的选择、水平运输方法的选择、土方的施工方法及主体结构的施工方法和施工工艺的选择等等,均直接影响着工程预算价格的变化。在保证工程质量和满足业主使用要求及工期要求的前提
下,优化施工方案及施工工艺是控制投资和降低工程项目造价的重要措施和手段。
施工组织设计不仅是指导生产经营活动的重要文件,也是编制施工图预算的重要依据。因此,施工单位领导在单位工程开工前要组织工程技术、材料设备、劳资定额、经济计划、工程造价等人员认真熟读图纸、深入现场进行实地勘察,
The employee’s incentives mechanism in small and medium-sized enterprise Author：Barney J B Abstract："Incentive" is a psychological term, psychologists point out that all behavior is caused by the motivation of associated with it, as one of the person's state of mind, this motive for human behavior has the effect of reinforcement, vertebral move and inspire, known as a motivation. Incentive is mainly to inspire people to inner potential, cause people intelligence, mobilize people's enthusiasm and creativity. In this paper, the construction of small and medium-sized enterprise employees incentive mechanism problem. From the use of different ideas, different angles, for enterprise employees incentive. Staff incentive mechanism is through the system, rational system to reflect the interaction between incentive subjects with incentive object, is the enterprise connect the ideal into reality. Small business managers should learn effective research method for reference, targeted to solve their practical problems, and strive for a breakthrough in terms of theory. In the research and construction of small and medium-sized enterprise incentive mechanism on the road to constantly innovation, divergent thinking, from surface to inside, and realize the goal of research. And summarizes a set of suitable for small and medium-sized enterprises for effective incentive mechanism, to promote the vigorous development of small and medium-sized enterprises. Keywords: small and medium-sized enterprises, incentive mechanism, staff requirements Introduction In the increasingly fierce competition, more and more small and medium-sized enterprises begin to realize enterprise's competition is talented person's competition,actually only attach importance to talents,
1. 原则之一：激励要因人而异 由于不同员工的需求不同，所以，相同的激励政策起到的激励效果也会不尽相同。即便是同一位员工，在不同的时间或环境下，也会有不同的需求。由于激 励取决于内因，是员工的主观感受，所以，激励要因人而异。 在制定和实施激励政策时，首先要调查清楚每个员工真正需要的是什么。将这 些需要整理、归类，然后来制定相应的激励政策帮助员工满足这些需求。 2. 原则之二：奖励适度 奖励和惩罚不适度都会影响激励效果，同时增加激励成本。奖励过重会使员工 产生骄傲和满足的情绪，失去进一步提高自己的欲望；奖励过轻会起不到激励 效果，或者使员工产生不被重视的感觉。惩罚过重会让员工感到不公，或者失 去对公司的认同，甚至产生怠工或破坏的情绪；惩罚过轻会让员工轻视错误的 严重性，从而可能还会犯同样的错误。 3. 原则之三：公平性 公平性是员工管理中一个很重要的原则，员工感到的任何不公的待遇都会影响 他的工作效率和工作情绪，并且影响激励效果。取得同等成绩的员工，一定要 获得同等层次的奖励；同理，犯同等错误的员工，也应受到同等层次的处罚。 如果做不到这一点，管理者宁可不奖励或者不处罚。 管理者在处理员工问题时，一定要有一种公平的心态，不应有任何的偏见和喜好。虽然某些员工可能让你喜欢，有些你不太喜欢，但在工作中，一定要一视 同仁，不能有任何不公的言语和行为。 1. 激励员工从结果均等转移到机会均等，并努力创造公平竞争环境。 举例来说，吴士宏在IBM从一个打扫卫生的人做起，一步一步到销售业务员， 到地区负责人，到中国区总经理，是什么原因呢？除了个人努力，还应该说 IBM良好的企业文化给了一个发展的舞台，那就是每一个人都有无限的发展机会，只要有能力就会有发展的空间，实现自我，这在很多企业是做不到的，这 种体制无疑会给员工莫大的激励作用。 2. 激励要把握最佳时机。 ——需在目标任务下达前激励的，要提前激励。 ——员工遇到困难，有强烈要求愿望时，给予关怀，及时激励。 3. 激励要公平准确、奖罚分明 ——健全、完善绩效考核制度，做到考核尺度相宜、公平合理。 ——克服有亲有疏的人情风。 ——在提薪、晋级、评奖、评优等涉及员工切身利益热点问题上务求做到公平。 4. 推行职工持股计划。
外文文献： Knowledge of the stepper motor What is a stepper motor： Stepper motor is a kind of electrical pulses into angular displacement of the implementing agency. Popular little lesson: When the driver receives a step pulse signal, it will drive a stepper motor to set the direction of rotation at a fixed angle (and the step angle). You can control the number of pulses to control the angular displacement, so as to achieve accurate positioning purposes; the same time you can control the pulse frequency to control the motor rotation speed and acceleration, to achieve speed control purposes. What kinds of stepper motor sub-： In three stepper motors: permanent magnet (PM), reactive (VR) and hybrid (HB) permanent magnet stepper usually two-phase, torque, and smaller, step angle of 7.5 degrees or the general 15 degrees; reaction step is generally three-phase, can achieve high torque output, step angle of 1.5 degrees is generally, but the noise and vibration are large. 80 countries in Europe and America have been eliminated; hybrid stepper is a mix of permanent magnet and reactive advantages. It consists of two phases and the five-phase: two-phase step angle of 1.8 degrees while the general five-phase step angle of 0.72 degrees generally. The most widely used Stepper Motor. What is to keep the torque (HOLDING TORQUE) How much precision stepper motor? Whether the cumulative： The general accuracy of the stepper motor step angle of 3-5%, and not cumulative.
Human resource management more and more drives value. Under the system that economy development mature, human resource management have to match with fight for the best resources performance, if out of character of the manpower form couples out of character of post, the resources performance be not only whole have no, or may have already exhaust. The modern economy stress balance and match, promote management effect and quality vegetable, will human resource match with make balance, the inside contents establish human resource structure frame, use most in keeping with of the person do most in keeping with of work. Establishment human resource terrace is a communication and collection information way, everyone's opinion comprehensive, give up short take long, with processing salary, welfare etc. affair. Human resource most the importance be a training and development, human resource development have to investment at training aspect, with exertive each stratum of human resource potential. 人力资源管理愈来愈被重视。在经济发展成熟的体系下，人力资源管理必须配合以争取最佳的资源效益，若将不适当的人力配对不适当的职位，资源效益不但全无，或可能有损耗。现代经济讲求平衡及配合，提升管理效能和质素，就要人力资源配合以作平衡，其中的内容是设立人力资源架构框架，用最适合的人做最适合的工作。建立人力资源平台，作为沟通及搜集信息管道，将各方意见综合，舍短取长，以处理薪酬、福利等事宜。人力资源最重要是培训及发展，人力资源发展必须投资在培训方面，以发挥各阶层的人力资源潜能。 发展简史 Generally say, the academic circles development of human resource experience: Personal management, human resource management be recently till now rise of manpower capital management. The main dissimilarity namely lay in the principle that company and business enterprise treat an employee of variety and development. 一般说来，人力资源在学术界的发展经历了：人事管理，人力资源管理，到现在新近兴起的人力资本管理。其主要不同即在于公司和企业对待职员的理念的变化和发展。
at89c52单片机简介 中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述 A T89C52 Single-chip microprocessor introduction Selection of Single-chip microprocessor 1. Development of Single-chip microprocessor The main component part of Single-chip microprocessor as a result of by such centralize to be living to obtain on the chip，In immediate future middle processor CPU。Storage RAM immediately﹑memoy read ROM﹑Interrupt system、Timer /'s counter along with I/O's rim electric circuit awaits the main microcomputer section，The lumping is living on the chip。Although the Single-chip microprocessor r is only a chip，Yet through makes up and the meritorous service be able to on sees，It had haveed the calculating machine system property，calling it for this reason act as Single-chip microprocessor r minisize calculating machine SCMS and abbreviate the Single-chip microprocessor。 1976Year the Inter corporation put out 8 MCS－48Set Single-chip microprocessor computer，After being living more than 20 years time in development that obtain continuously and wide-ranging application。1980Year that corporation put out high performance MCS －51Set Single-chip microprocessor。This type of Single-chip microprocessor meritorous service capacity、The addressing range wholly than early phase lift somewhat，Use also comparatively far more at the moment。1982Year that corporation put out the taller 16 Single-chip microprocessor MCS of performance once
员工激励机制外文文献 员工激励机制外文文献 有一个国外民意调查组织在研究以往二十年的数据后发现：在所有的工作分类中，员工们都将工资与收益视为最重要或次重要的指标。工资能极大地影响员工行为--在何处工作及是否好好干。 因此，如何让员工从薪酬上得到最大的满意，成为现代企业组织应当努力把握的课题。应该从以下方面把握： 一、为员工提供有竞争力的薪酬，使他们一进门便珍惜这份工作，竭尽全力，把自己的本领都使出来。 支付最高工资的企业最能吸引并且留住人才，尤其是那些出类拔萃的员工。这对于行业内的领先公司，尤其必要。较高的报酬会带来更高的满意度，与之俱来的还有较低的离职率。一个结构合理、管理良好的绩效付酬制度，应能留住优秀的员工，淘汰表现较差的员工。 二、重视内在报酬。 实际上，报酬可以划分为两类：外在的与内在的。外在报酬主要指：组织提供的金钱、津贴和晋升机会，以及来自于同事和上级的认同。而内在报酬是和外在报酬相对而言的，它是基于工作任务本身的报酬，如对工作的胜任感、成就感、责任感、受重视、有影响力、个人成长和富有价值的贡献等。事实上，对于知识型的员工，内在报酬和员工的工作满意感有相当之大的关系。因此，企业组织可以通过工作制度、员工影响力、人力资本流动政策来执行内在报酬，让员工从工作本身中得到最大的满足。 三、把收入和技能挂钩。
建立个人技能评估制度，以雇员的能力为基础确定其薪水，工资标准由技能最低直到最高划分出不同级别。基于技能的制度能在调 换岗位和引入新技术方面带来较大的灵活性，当员工证明自己能够 胜任更高一级工作时，他们所获的报酬也会顺理成章地提高。此外，基于技能的薪资制度还改变了管理的导向，实行按技能付酬后，管 理的重点不再是限制任务指派使其与岗位级别一致，相反，最大限 度地利用员工已有技能将成为新的着重点。这种评估制度最大的好 处是能传递信息使员工关注自身的发展。 四、增强沟通交流。 现在许多公司采用秘密工资制，提薪或奖金发放不公开，使得员工很难判断在报酬与绩效之间是否存在着联系。人们既看不到别人 的报酬，也不了解自己对公司的贡献价值的倾向，这样自然会削弱 制度的激励和满足功能，一种封闭式制度会伤害人们平等的感觉。 而平等，是实现报酬制度满足与激励机制的重要成分之一。 五、参与报酬制度的设计与管理。 国外公司在这方面的实践结果表明：与没有员工参加的绩效付酬制度相比，让员工参与报酬制度的设计与管理常令人满意且能长期 有效。员工对报酬制度设计与管理更多的参与，无疑有助于一个更 适合员工的需要和更符合实际的报酬制度的形成。在参与制度设计 的过程中，针对报酬政策及目的进行沟通、促进管理者与员工之间 的相互信任，这样能使带有缺陷的薪资系统变得更加有效。 六、增加意外性工资收入。 那什么时候你会感到手头宽松、阔绰?拿红包，还是突然得到一 笔奖金，或是股票赚了?--当你有了”额外″或″意外”收入的时候。 员工对薪酬的感觉同样如此。也就是说，当有了″正常收入以外”收入的时候，他们的满意度最高。 因此，管理者千万不要以为付出了一笔高薪就万事大吉，因为规律性不会提高员工对薪酬的满意度--这钱本来就是我该得的!
1. Introduction America is one of the countries that speak English. Because of the special North American culture, developing history and the social environment, American English has formed its certain unique forms and the meaning. Then it turned into American English that has the special features of the United States. American English which sometimes also called United English or U.S English is the form of the English language that used widely in the United States .As the rapid development of American economy, and its steady position and strong power in the world, American English has become more and more widely used. As in 2005, more than two-thirds of English native speakers use various forms of American English. The philologists of the United States had divided the English of the United States into four major types: “America n creating”; “Old words given the new meaning”; “Words that eliminated by English”;“The phonetic foreign phrases and the languages that are not from the English immigrates”[1]. Compared to the other languages, American English is much simple on word spelling, usage and grammar, and it is one of the reasons that American English is so popular in the world. The thesis analyzes the differences between American English and British English. With the main part, it deals with the development of American English, its peculiarities compared to that of British English, its causes and tendency. 2. Analyses the Differences As we English learners, when we learning English in our junior or senior school, we already came across some words that have different spellings, different pronunciations or different expressions, which can be represented by following contrasted words: spellings in "color" vs. "colour"; pronunciations in "sec-re-ta-ry" vs. "sec-re-try";
MCS-51系列单片机 中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述 Structure and function of the MCS-51 series Structure and function of the MCS-51 series one-chip computer MCS-51 is a name of a piece of one-chip computer series which Intel Company produces. This company introduced 8 top-grade one-chip computers of MCS-51 series in 1980 after introducing 8 one-chip computers of MCS-48 series in 1976. It belong to a lot of kinds this line of one-chip computer the chips have, such as 8051, 8031, 8751, 80C51BH, 80C31BH,etc., their basic composition, basic performance and instruction system are all the same.8051 daily representatives-51 serial one-chip computers. A one-chip computer system is made up of several following parts: (1) One microprocessor of 8 (CPU). ( 2) At slice data memory RAM (128B/256B),it use not depositing not can reading /data that write, such as result not middle of operation, final result and data wanted to show, etc. (3) Procedure memory ROM/EPROM (4KB/8K B ), is used to preserve the
一、激励理论的背景 在经济发展的过程中,劳动分工与交易的出现带来了激励问题。激励理论是行为科学中用于处理需要，动机，目标和行为四者之间关系的核心理论。行为科学认为人的动机来自需要，由需要确定人们的行为目标，激励则作用于人内心活动，激发，驱动和强化人的行为。哈佛大学维廉詹姆士研究表明：在没有激励措施下,下属一般仅能发挥工作能力的20%～30%，而当他受到激励后,其工作能力可以提升到80%～90%，所发挥的作用相当于激励前的3到4倍。日本丰田公司采取激励措施鼓励员工提建议，结果仅1983年一年，员工提了165万条建议，平均每人31条，它为公司带来900亿日元利润，相当于当年总利润的18%。由于激励的效果明显，所以各种组织为了提高生产效率，有些专家学者就开始了对激励理论的研究之中，探索激励的无穷潜力。 二、国外研究现状 国外对于激励理论有了大量的研究并获得了丰硕的成果。总体来说，可以分为两类激励理论。一类是以人的心理需求和动机为主要研究对象的激励理论，熟称“内容型激励理论”。另一类是以人的心理过程和行为过程相互作用的动态系统为研究对象的激励过程理论,它也被称作是“行为型激励理论”。 1 内容型激励理论 1.1 奠瑞的人类人格理论 这种理论认为，在面临着动态且不断变化的环境时，人们都是自适应的。它把需求分成了两种类型，即生理需求和心理需求。前者与人体基本生理过程的满足感有关，而后者所关注的是情绪上和精神上的满足感。 1.2 马斯洛的“需要层次”理论 美国心理学家马斯洛(A.H.Maslow)进一步发展了莫瑞的研究，在1954年出版的《动机与人格》一书中对该理论作了进一步的阐释。马斯洛认为人的需要可以划分为五个层次，从低到高依次为生理需要，安全需要，社交需要，尊熏需要，自我实现需要，且这五个层次的顺序，对每个人都是相同的。只有当较低层次的需要获得了基本满足后，下一个较高层次的需要才能成为主导需要。 1.3 赫茨伯格的激励—保健双因素理论 美国心理学家赫茨伯格因素理论打破了这一假设。他于1959年在《工作的激励》一书中提出了保健——激励因素理论，简称双因素理论。即保健因素和激励因素。保健因素可以用来体现高水平员工的不满意，激励因素可以用来体现高水平员工的满意度。他认为只有激励因素才能促发员工积极性,提高生产效率。 2 行为型激励理论 2.1 洛克的目标设置理论 2O世纪6O年代末，埃德温·A·洛克和他的同事们花了许多年的时间研究目标对于人类行为和绩效的效果。他们的研究导致了目标设置理论的创立并不断地得到验证，提出：指向一共同目标的工作意向是工作效率的主要源泉。他还提出了具体的设置目标的步骤。 2.2 亚当斯的公平理论 美国心理学家亚当斯(J.s.Adams)对员工受激励程度的大小与他人之间的关系进行研究，并在《工人关于工资不公平的内心冲突同其生产率的关系》(1962年与罗森合写)，《工
Advantages of Managed Code Microsoft intermediate language shares with Java byte code the idea that it is a low-level language witha simple syntax , which can be very quickly translated intonative machine code. Having this well-defined universal syntax for code has significant advantages. Platform independence First, it means that the same file containing byte code instructions can be placed on any platform; atruntime the final stage of compilation can then be easily accomplished so that the code will run on thatparticular platform. In other words, by compiling to IL we obtain platform independence for .NET, inmuch the same way as compiling to Java byte code gives Java platform independence. Performance improvement IL is actually a bit more ambitious than Java bytecode. IL is always Just-In-Time compiled (known as JIT), whereas Java byte code was ofteninterpreted. One of the disadvantages of Java was that, on execution, the process of translating from Javabyte code to native executable resulted in a loss of performance. Instead of compiling the entire application in one go (which could lead to a slow start-up time), the JITcompiler simply compiles each portion of code as it is called (just-in-time). When code has been compiled.once, the resultant native executable is stored until the application exits, so that it does not need to berecompiled the next time that portion of code is run. Microsoft argues that this process is more efficientthan compiling the entire application code at the start, because of the likelihood that large portions of anyapplication code will not actually be executed in any given run. Using the JIT compiler, such code willnever be compiled.
中文资料原文 单片机 单片机也被称为微控制器（Microcontroller Unit），常用英文字母的缩写MCU表示单片机，它最早是被用在工业控制领域。单片机由芯片内仅有CPU的专用处理器发展而来。最早的设计理念是通过将大量外围设备和CPU集成在一个芯片中，使计算机系统更小，更容易集成进复杂的而对体积要求严格的控制设备当中。INTEL的Z80是最早按照这种思想设计出的处理器，从此以后，单片机和专用处理器的发展便分道扬镳。 早期的单片机都是8位或4位的。其中最成功的是INTEL的8031，因为简单可靠而性能不错获得了很大的好评。此后在8031上发展出了MCS51系列单片机系统。基于这一系统的单片机系统直到现在还在广泛使用。随着工业控制领域要求的提高，开始出现了16位单片机，但因为性价比不理想并未得到很广泛的应用。90年代后随着消费电子产品大发展，单片机技术得到了巨大提高。随着INTEL i960系列特别是后来的ARM系列的广泛应用，32位单片机迅速取代16位单片机的高端地位，并且进入主流市场。而传统的8位单片机的性能也得到了飞速提高，处理能力比起80年代提高了数百倍。目前，高端的32位单片机主频已经超过300MHz，性能直追90年代中期的专用处理器，而普通的型号出厂价格跌落至1美元，最高端[1]的型号也只有10美元。当代单片机系统已经不再只在裸机环境下开发和使用，大量专用的嵌入式操作系统被广泛应用在全系列的单片机上。而在作为掌上电脑和手机核心处理的高端单片机甚至可以直接使用专用的Windows和Linux操作系统。 单片机比专用处理器更适合应用于嵌入式系统，因此它得到了最多的应用。事实上单片机是世界上数量最多的计算机。现代人类生活中所用的几乎每件电子和机械产品中都会集成有单片机。手机、电话、计算器、家用电器、电子玩具、掌上电脑以及鼠标等电脑配件中都配有1-2部单片机。而个人电脑中也会有为数不少的单片机在工作。汽车上一般配备40多部单片机，复杂的工业控制系统上甚至可能有数百台单片机在同时工作！单片机的数量不仅远超过PC机和其他计算的总和，甚至比人类的数量还要多。 单片机又称单片微控制器,它不是完成某一个逻辑功能的芯片,而是把一个计算机系统集成到一个芯片上。相当于一个微型的计算机，和计算机相比，单片机只缺少了I/O设备。概括的讲：一块芯片就成了一台计算机。它的体积小、质量轻、价格便宜、为学习、应用和开发提供了便利条件。同时，学习使用单片机是了解计算机原理与结构的最佳选择。
（ 本科毕业设计外文文献翻译 学校代码： 10128 学 号： 题 目：Shear wall structural design of high-level framework 学生姓名： 学 院：土木工程学院 系 别：建筑工程系 专 业：土木工程专业（建筑工程方向） 班 级：土木08-（5）班 指导教师： (副教授)
Shear wall structural design of high-level framework Wu Jicheng Abstract: In this paper the basic concepts of manpower from the frame shear wall structure, analysis of the structural design of the content of the frame shear wall, including the seismic wall shear span ratio design, and a concrete structure in the most commonly used frame shear wall structure the design of points to note. Keywords: concrete; frame shear wall structure; high-rise buildings The wall is a modern high-rise buildings is an important building content, the size of the frame shear wall must comply with building regulations. The principle is that the larger size but the thickness must be smaller geometric features should be presented to the plate, the force is close to cylindrical. The wall shear wall structure is a flat component. Its exposure to the force along the plane level of the role of shear and moment, must also take into account the vertical pressure. Operate under the combined action of bending moments and axial force and shear force by the cantilever deep beam under the action of the force level to look into the bottom mounted on the basis of. Shear wall is divided into a whole wall and the associated shear wall in the actual project, a whole wall for example, such as general housing construction in the gable or fish bone structure film walls and small openings wall. Coupled Shear walls are connected by the coupling beam shear wall. But because the
利用单片机的定时器 6.1 前言 这一章包含一个描述的定时器系统微控制器，包括通用定时器，该定时器，和看门狗。 6.2 总体结构和功能，计时器系统 时间是必不可少的操作微控制器系统，可以生成信号的精确确定的期限，或外部事件计数。这原因，定时器子系统，是目前所有的微控制器的实现，和涵盖的范围广泛的功能包括： ?生成精确的时间间隔 ?测量时间的外部事件 ?计数外部事件。 多数微控制器提供专用定时器，或使用通用计时器实现以下功能： ?实时时钟 ?产生的脉冲宽度调制（脉宽调制）信号 ?看门狗检测程序失控情况。 虽然有很大的差异在不同的实现通用定时器在不同的微控制器，有许多相似在操作的原则和结构的定时器子系统。 图6.1显示了一个定时器系统总体框图，说明原则实施最单片机定时器。核心要素的定时器子系统是一个计数器，tcnt（8或16位在长度），这可能是读或写的软件（有时）。时钟tcnt 得到从系统时钟，除以一个可编程分频器，或外部时钟应用到一个单片机引脚。软件控制的计时器68使用6单片机定时器。
采用控制寄存器晶体管和信息方面的各种事件相关的计时器，可以读取状态寄存器tflg。几种工作模式是可能的计时器： 定时器溢出。在这种模式下，如果感兴趣的是当tcnt计数器达到它的最大数量和返回到零在下一个时钟脉冲。溢出信号这标志着这一事件是应用于中断控制逻辑（Ⅱ），这可能产生一个中断请求处理器。之间的时间间隔连续溢出控制通过修改输入时钟频率应用到tcnt，或以书面tcnt 一初始值的计算。 ?输入捕获。在这种经营模式，内容tcnt此刻的发生外部事件，定义边缘的一个输入信号，转移在捕获寄存器（民事），和一个中断请求可能会生成。由比较连续值捕获率，有可能确定之间的时间间隔的外部事件。 ?输出比较。在这种经营模式，内容tcnt不断比较了硬件的内容的光学字符识别（比较寄存器的输出）指数字比较器的比较。当一个寄存器的内容比赛中，一个中断请求可能会生成。或者，可以比较匹配通过编程改变现状的一个或多个输出线。 ?外部事件计数器。在这种经营模式，输入tcnt连接一个单片机输入线，和tcnt计数脉冲与外部事件。该软件是了解记录一些外部通过阅读tcnt事件。 6.3 特点鲜明的通用定时器HC 11 16位tcnt计数器HC 11可以依靠内部时钟，只有向上的。它可以读取软件，但不能被清除或书面。分频器是一个可编程的4位计数器，它将系统时钟的1，4，8，或16。有四个16位输出比较寄存器（光学字符识别），称为toc1，toc2，toc3，和toc4，三输入捕获寄存器（民事），称为tic1，tic2，和tic3，和一个额外的寄存器，可通过软件配置为五分之一 光学字符识别寄存器，笔名TOC五，或作为四分之一个输入捕获寄存器tic4。各种定时器功能相关的输入/输出线端口，如图所示在表6.1。 表6.1 替代功能的输入/输出线端口 1控制和状态寄存器的HC 11定时器虽然反tcnt，和分频器是独一无二的，在场的八民事/光学字符识别寄存器，各有不同的状态标志，相关的输入/输出线，随着可能产生不同的中断请求，