The human spirit
Unit
10
Unit 10?The?human?spirit
Teaching suggestions and answer keys Starting point
Work in pairs. Read the information and discuss the questions.
1 What are the risks involved with each of these expeditions?
For the two seafarers: shipwreck, typhoons, running out of food and water, hostile natives and simply getting lost. Earhart ran a risk of bad weather, engine failure and running out of fuel over water. The mountaineers risked falls, hypothermia, snow storms, and breathing problems. Armstrong was totally dependent on his equipment. Even small failures could rapidly lead to death.
2 What kind of people are motivated to undertake these expeditions? What do you think their motivations
are?
The people must be brave, ambitious and determined. Maybe they need to be a little mad, obsessed with a dream. This may be less true of the first two who had economic and political motives as well. Earhart and Hillary wanted fame. Tenzing was earning his living. Armstrong as a military person also felt it was his duty to his country.
3 What, if any, are the benefits to humanity in general that come from these expeditions? What, if any, are
the harms?
The first three were about communicating across distance and opening up new trade and travel routes.
The modern world arises from such ventures which have brought prosperity to many, but at a great cost in violence, exploitation and disease. The final three opened up new frontiers. The conquest of the mountain has led to some pollution but no serous problems. The effects of space science seem so far to have been benign but it is far too early to tell what will follow.
4 What personal characteristics are necessary for such expeditions? Which of those characteristics do you
possess?
Bravery, determination, stubbornness, ambition, perseverance, arrogance. They are not all good qualities. I think I have a great deal of determination but probably not enough to undertake such dramatic feats. These are exceptional people.
The?human?spirit?Unit 10
Active reading (1)
1 Look at the lines marked on the globe. What purpose do they serve?
They are the lines of longitude and latitude which are used for measuring distance and time around the world,
and locating places on the globe.
2 Look at the title of the passage and answer the questions.
1 What determines where lines of longitude are placed?
One may say lines of longitude are determined by the law of nature, but the passage tells that the placement of the longitude lines is political decision.
2 What determines where lines of latitude are placed?
The law of nature.
3 The invention of what machine was necessary before longitude could be accurately measured?
Accurate clocks.
Longitude
Background information
Longitude is a best-selling book by Dava Sobel on the life of the great British instrument / clock maker John Harrison (1693–1776).
Culture points
Canary Islands and Madeira Islands: The former are Spanish and the latter Portuguese. They lie off the west coast of Africa and are popular holiday destinations owing to their lovely climates.
Azores is another group of islands North West of the previous two.
Cape Verde Islands are a group islands south of the Canaries, an independent state.
Vasco Nunez be Balboa (1474–1519), Spanish explorer, noted as the first European to cross the isthmus of Panama and see the Pacific from that shore.
Ferdinand Magellan (1480–1521), Portuguese explorer, led first circumnavigation of the globe.
Sir Francis Drake (1540–1596), English naval hero in Elizabeth I’s wars with Spain, first Englishman to circumnavigate the Earth.
Language points
1 ... and national boundaries repeatedly redrawn by war and peace. (Para 4)
The borders of countries are changed by war and peace treaties.
2 Ptolemy himself has only an armchair appreciation of the wider world. (Para 6)
Ptolemy had never travelled, his information came from books.
Unit 10?The?human?spirit
3 … assume their positions at the sun’s command. (Para 7)
They have been fixed according to the sun’s motion as seen from Earth. They are fixed, not human choices.
4 The zero-degree parallel of latitude is fixed by the laws of nature, while the zero-degree meridian of
longitude shifts like the sands of time. (Para 9)
The Equator is an objectively calculated line; the prime meridian is a human convention and it has been moved about – at present by international agreement it goes through London, but it can be changed whenever nations wish. The sands of time means the passing of time, a metaphor based on the old timing devices one turned upside down to measure a length of time.
5 … and turns the determination of longitude, especially at sea into an adult dilemma – one that
stumped the wisest minds of the world for the better part of human history. (Para 9)
… and makes it hard to determine the longitude, especially when people are taking navigation at sea.
Stumped the wisest minds of the world means no one could solve it even though some clever people tried.
If a problem stumps someone, they cannot think of a solution. For the better part of human history means for most of human history – indeed until it was solved in the late 18th century.
6 The measurement of longitude meridians, in comparison, is tempered by time. (Para 11)
Tempered by time means reliant on knowing the time.
Reading and understanding
3 Choose the best summary of the passage.
3 Longitude, a great aid to ocean navigators, is more difficult to calculate than latitude because the lines
can be arbitrarily placed. In addition, calculating degrees of longitude depends on having an accurate clock both on land and at sea.
4 Choose the best answer to the questions.
1 What is true about lines of longitude?
(a) They are still changing positions today.
(b) They are parallel to one another.
(c) They are all the same length.
(d) They are no longer used for navigation.
2 What was the importance of Ptolemy to navigation?
(a) He put together the most advanced maps of his time.
(b) He sponsored some important ocean explorations.
(c) He made more accurate maps through his own observations.
(d) He was the first person to draw lines of longitude and latitude.
3 What is the function of the prime meridian?
(a) To mark the movement of the sun and planets.
(b) To set a zero point for the lines of longitude.
(c) To divide the globe into east and west.
(d) To trace a line from the North Pole to the South Pole.
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4 Which of the following CANNOT help a sailor determine latitude?
(a) The length of daytime.
(b) The position of the sun.
(c) The position of the guide stars.
(d) The position of the lines of longitude.
5 What did Christopher Columbus use for navigation?
(a) Lines of latitude.
(b) Lines of longitude.
(c) Both lines of latitude and lines of longitude.
(d) Neither lines of latitude nor lines of longitude.
6 What does one need to accurately determine the longitude while at sea?
(a) The time on board the ship and the latitude.
(b) The time both on board the ship and at a fixed location of known longitude.
(c) The difference between the time the ship left land and the current time at sea.
(d) The distance that the ship sailed in exactly one hour.
7 How many miles does a ship sail to cover 15 degrees of longitude?
(a) 15 miles.
(b) 1,000 miles.
(c) It depends on the speed the ship is sailing.
(d) It depends on the ship’s distance from the Equator.
8 Why did the great captains of the Age of Exploration get lost at sea?
(a) The maps they were using were not correctly drawn.
(b) They didn’t have an efficient way to determine longitude.
(c) The clocks at that time were not accurate so they couldn’t find the correct latitude.
(d) The ships at that time were not easy to navigate.
Dealing with unfamiliar words
5 Match the words in the box with their definitions.
1 a difference between things that should be the same (discrepancy)
2 not obvious, and therefore difficult to notice (subtle)
3 causing a lot of damage or harm (disastrous)
4 in or from the hottest parts of the world (tropical)
5 important and likely to influence future actions or decisions (landmark)
6 to make a judgment or guess about a situation, action, or person based on the information that you have
(gauge)
6 Complete the paragraph with the correct form of the words in Activity 5.
Because there are no written records, not much is known about who first discovered the Hawaiian Islands. Most historians assume that the Islands were reached by explorers from another (1) tropical island such as Tahiti. However, the voyage would have been dangerous in those days before compasses and accurate maps were invented. Early ocean explorers would (2) gauge their position by the stars and
Unit 10?The?human?spirit
(3) landmark discoveries they had made such as islands. They were also skilled at reading (4) subtle
signs from the wind and waves. However, in a rough ocean far from land, even a slight (5) discrepancy in navigation could be (6) disastrous. We know that the Hawaiian Islands were eventually discovered and populated, but we will never know how many previous voyages failed.
7 Replace the underlined words with the correct form of the words in the box.
1 Early sailors used tree logs that were empty in the middle as boats. (hollow)
2 Most explorers didn’t believe the Earth was a ball until Magellan first sailed all round the Earth in the
early 1500s. (sphere)
3 Ship hulls need to be strong and waterproof both on the sides and on the bottom. (underneath)
4 An interest in exploration has to come together with advances in technology to advance the science of
navigation. (converge)
5 We tend to credit one person with a major invention or discovery, although in fact that person was
helped by many people who lived and worked in the same areas before. (predecessors)
6 The Spanish Armada attempted to invade England in 1588, but they were stopped when the English
fleet commanded by Sir Francis Drake came and disrupted their plans. (intervened)
8 Answer the questions about the words and expressions.
1 If two lines intersect, do they (a) cross each other, or (b) lie parallel to each other?
2 I f someone moves haphazardly, do they move (a) without any planning or direction, or (b)
dangerously?
3 If a boat is adrift in the water, is it (a) sinking, or (b) floating with no fixed direction?
4 I s a misconception (a) an incorrect direction that results in someone getting lost, or (b) a mistaken idea?
5 D oes a deformity refer to (a) a change of original plans, or (b) a physical or structural change from
what is normal?
6 If someone acts arbitrarily, do they act (a) without plans, or (b) angrily and fearfully?
7 I f your question stumps someone, are they (a) irritated or annoyed, or (b) confused or unable to
answer?
8 If a mapmaker is worth his salt, is he (a) being paid as much as he asked, or (b) doing his job well?
9 I f one course is a prerequisite for a second one, is it one that (a) you must take in advance of the second
one, or (b) is essentially the same as the second one?
10 I f some travellers are en route to China, are they (a) lost or off course from their original plans, or
(b) on their way to their destination in China?
Reading and interpreting
9 Work in pairs and check (?) the tone of the passage.
√light, friendly, and humorous
√serious and informative, but not too formal
academic and somewhat technical
persuasive, with a clear point of view
The passage certainly opens in a light and friendly way with childhood memories, and there are touches of humour (the classical geographer in his armchair), but there are also some rather technical paragraphs (see
The?human?spirit?Unit 10 Paragraphs 5, 7, 11, 12). These are serious and informative, but the tone we have mentioned stops it from being very formal or academic. The passage is informing us, not trying to persuade us. It is in fact a good example of popular science writing, presenting something technical in a manner suited to ordinary readers.
10 Answer the questions.
1 Why does the writer describe the toy she had as a child?
It eases us gently into the topic and gives us a clear visual image.
2 Why does the writer mention the statue of Atlas?
The writer is American and the reference would be helpful to many readers who know the statue of
Atlas. The parallel between the girl on her father’s shoulders and the world on Atlas’ is amusing.
3 Why does the writer discuss Ptolemy and his prime meridian?
She wishes to tell us some of the history of the concepts of longitude and latitude. This builds up to the
life of her hero in her book and shows how great his achievement was.
4 What is the voyage of Christopher Columbus an example of?
Sailing with knowledge only of one’s latitude.
5 What does the writer refer to with “15 degrees”?
The apparent motion of the sun across the sky in one hour.
6 Why does the writer mention da Gama, de Balboa, Magellan, and Drake?
These are famous explorers whose names are familiar in a general way among Western readers. These
early voyagers had to manage without being able to determine their longitude.
Developing critical thinking
11 Work in pairs and discuss the questions.
1 What are some dangers for navigators in not being able to accurately judge longitude?
Without a way of measuring longitude, sailors do not know where they are in the ocean and they might
be sailing into dangerous waters far from where they actually want to be.
2 What are some results of the explorers of the Age of Exploration sailing around the Earth?
The decline of the land routes [such as the Silk Road] between East and West. The rise of the Eastern
Atlantic states. The building of colonial empires in South East Asia.
3 Do you think many people today can work out directions without a map? For those who can, how do
they do it?
Some people do orienteering courses and use compasses. Of course, there are now GPS systems. Some
people seem to have an in-built sense of direction.
4 What other changes came about when people were able to make accurate, portable time pieces such as
watches and small clocks?
Time could be scheduled so appointments and fixed work hours became possible. Transport systems
could become far more efficient too.
Unit 10?The?human?spirit
Talking point
1 Work in pairs. Discuss what the following inventions have made possible.
?paper – books, letters, easy note-taking, money
?the telescope – violence at greater distances, observation of the skies around, astronomy
?the bicycle– faster travel for individuals, greater range of movement
?the automobile – leisure driving, movement of goods, suburbs and commuting, better communications ?the radio – coordination of activities, ability to communicate over distance, growth of music industry with increased leisure time listening, public education
?the airplane – the tourist industry, ease of long distance movement and communication, movement of perishable cargo, bombing
?the mobile phone – ability to be in touch all the time, greater safety, ease of arranging events and meetings and adjusting to problems and delays
?the personal computer – access to huge quantities of information, e-communication, e-trade, instant access to news, leisure activities and games
2 Work in pairs and discuss the questions.
1 Which of the inventions in Activity 1 do you use the most in your daily life?
I use my bicycle to get around, but I certainly spend more time on my phone than on my bicycle. I check
messages and call friends whenever I have a spare moment. Then in the evening I use my computer for hours when I am studying and preparing assignments. As for paper, I guess life would be unthinkable without it. After all, I need money and we are not a cashless society yet!
2 Are there any inventions in Activity 1 that you could live without?
I have never actually used a telescope. I am sure they have many uses but for me personally a
telescope is completely unnecessary. And since I bought my first car, my bicycle has become pretty useless too!
3 What other inventions are important in your daily life?
Let’s think our way through the day. Air-conditioners, fans and heaters are all great. All the kitchen equipment too – kettles, stoves, rice cookers, refrigerators, microwaves and so on. Then I travel to college by train so add all the different types of rail transport to the list. While travelling I listen to my ipod. Next, I use the escalator and lift. For some classes we use LCD projectors, televisions or VCD / DVD players. Later on in the day I need a water heater for my shower. The list gets longer and longer!
4 What do you think might be invented in the next ten years? What would you like to see invented?
I expect us to be able to have amazing virtual reality experiences. It will be just like entering a
film or walking down a street thousand of miles away. That will be great. But most of all I hope we can find a source of clean energy. If we could find a way to fuel all the things we want to do without polluting the air and land or causing climate change, that would be the greatest invention ever.
The?human?spirit?Unit 10
Active reading (2)
1 Work in pairs and look at the photo. What are the water conditions like? How safe would you feel in a boat in those conditions?
Those waves are enormous. I would be scared stiff. I don’t think many ships could survive seas like that. I would be getting ready to drown.
2 Read the title of the passage. Check (?) the dangers that you think the writer describes.
√strong winds
an unsafe boat
rain
dangerous companions
his own lack of skill
another boat
√ a sudden calm
√wild waves
sharks
√physical exhaustion
The storm
Language points
1 As a result, the Petite Jeanne rode bow on to the wind and to what sea there was. (Para 5)
As a result, the boat is in an unnatural position pointing into the wind and as a result the waves which move in the same direction.
2 … and made a raffle of our running gear, but still we would have come through nicely had we not
been square in front of the advancing storm center. (Para 6)
The wind destroyed our running gear, but if we had not been hit directly by the storm center, we would have avoided our ship being smashed into pieces. In the story the narrator advises the captain to run with the wind and hope to be blown through and beyond the storm, but instead he chooses to stay where he is with the result the storm hits them directly from in front and smashes the ship to tiny pieces.
3 That was what fixed us. (Para 6)
That was what settled our fate.
4 In the absence of the wind and pressure the sea rose. (Para 8)
As was described in Paragraph 4, the wind held the sea down by blowing across it with such force, so
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when the eye of the storm passes over them suddenly the pressure and wind which had been keeping the sea almost smooth is removed and the water leaps up in great fountains around them.
5 But there I was, with nothing to do but make the best of it, and in that best there was little promise.
(Para 10)
To make the best of a situation is to try to save something from a bad state of affairs. The narrator is in the water with a typhoon around him, so he does not expect even the best he can do will be of much use. Reading and understanding
3 Choose the best way to complete the sentences.
1 The writer says that the wind (b).
(a) was not as strong as the waves
(b) was unbelievably strong
(c) killed one of his companions
(d) contained sand and mud
2 The writer believes they would have sailed well except that (d).
(a) they were on the most dangerous side of the hurricane
(b) the Petite Jeanne had an unreliable anchor
(c) the wind was too strong and cold
(d) they were directly in front of the hurricane’s center
3 When they reached the centre of the hurricane, the winds (b).
(a) became stronger
(b) stopped completely
(c) changed direction
(d) became weaker
4 Passing through the centre of the hurricane caused (a).
(a) enormously large and dangerous waves
(b) fierce wind and rain
(c) a large number of smaller waves
(d) the Petite Jeanne to turn the wrong way
5 The writer says that (c).
(a) he doesn’t know where the Petite Jeanne is
(b) he doesn’t know how the Petite Jeanne survived
(c) the Petite Jeanne was broken into pieces
(d) he fell off the Petite Jeanne
4 Look at the sentences from the passage. Decide what the underlined pronouns refer to.
1 Wind? Out of all my experience I could not have believed it possible for the wind to blow as it did.
There is no describing it. How can one describe a nightmare?
(a) The wind.
(b) A nightmare.
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(c) All of the writer’s experience.
2 It was the same way with that wind. It tore the clothes off our bodies. I say tore them off, and I mean it.
(a) The clothes.
(b) Our bodies.
(c) The wind.
3 Language may be adequate to express the ordinary conditions of life, but it cannot possibly express any
of the conditions of so enormous a blast of wind.
(a) Language.
(b) Life.
(c) A blast of wind.
4 It was a conical canvas bag, the mouth of which was kept open by a huge loop of iron.
(a) The bag.
(b) The mouth.
(c) A loop.
5 The blow we received was an absolute lull. There was not a breath of air. The effect on one was
sickening.
(a) The blow.
(b) A breath of air.
(c) A person on the ship.
6 In the absence of the wind and pressure the sea rose. It jumped, it leaped, it soared straight toward the
clouds.
(a) The wind.
(b) Pressure.
(c) The sea.
7 The result was that the seas sprang up from every point of the compass. There was no wind to check
them.
(a) The seas.
(b) Every point of the compass.
(c) Corks.
8 The Petite Jeanne? I don’t know. The heathen told me afterwards that he did not know. She was literally
torn apart, ripped wide open, beaten into a pulp, smashed into kindling wood, annihilated.
(a) The Petite Jeanne. (Ships are commonly referred as feminine. Here the name also is a woman’s.)
(b) The heathen.
(c) The seas.
Dealing with unfamiliar words
5 Match the words in the box with their definitions.
1 relating to muscles (muscular)
2 the sound of liquid hitting something, or the sound of something falling into a liquid (splash)
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Unit 10?The?human?spirit
1
3 a violent storm with extremely strong winds and heavy rain (hurricane)
4 the border along the side of a road (verge)
5 to break something noisily into many pieces by dropping or hitting it with a lot of force (smash)
6 used to emphasize that something is very strong or especially large (terrific)
7 to pull something suddenly using a lot of force (jerk)
6 Complete the paragraph with the correct form of the words in Activity 5.
The word tsunami, from Japanese, means “harbour wave”, and refers to a large wave or series of waves that hit the shore with a (1) terrific force. Most people have seen the (2) splash of high waves during bad weather, but tsunamis are strong enough to (3) smash houses and other buildings along the shore, and can (4) jerk people and animals off their feet and carry them out to sea. Even a (5) muscular person is probably not strong enough to resist the force of a tsunami by holding onto a tree or other support. People sometimes mistakenly think that tsunamis are caused by (6) hurricanes or other storms, but that is actually not true. Instead, tsunamis are usually caused by earthquakes, usually at sea. If you ever suspect you are in an area that is on the (7) verge of being hit by a tsunami, you should move to higher land as quickly as possible.
7 Replace the underlined words with the correct form of the following words.
1 One of the pleasures of deep-sea diving is swimming through schools of countless colourful fish.
(multitudinous)
2 The drinking fountain shot up a stream of water that splashed my face. (spout)
3 Flying a kite takes practice. For a beginner, it is not easy to control it. (bridle)
4 The ladder was set at a right angle to the side of the ship. (perpendicular)
5 When the airplane descended too quickly, the effect was stomach-turning and made me feel ill.
(sickening)
6 Cautiously, the explorers passed through the mouth of the enormous cave. (maw)
8 Answer the questions about the words and expressions.
1 I f something is impalpable, does that mean that it (a) cannot be felt, or (b) is impossible to
understand?
2 I f you have an inkling of a situation, do you have (a) a small, partial understanding of it, or (b) a
mysterious bad feeling about it?
3 If you are numbed, are you (a) very confused, or (b) unable to feel anything?
4 If someone is paralyzed, are they (a) extremely ill, or (b) completely unable to move?
5 I f there is a lull in a storm, is there (a) a period of calm and stillness, or (b) a sudden change in wind
direction?
6 I f someone demonstrates maniacal behaviour, do they act like (a) an arrogant or conceited person, or
(b) a crazy, irrational person?
7 I f you accidentally jostle someone, do you (a) insult them, or (b) physically bump or push against
them?
8 If a situation confounds you, does it (a) completely confuse you, or (b) totally bore you?
9 If you annihilate something, do you (a) destroy it, or (b) protect it?
10 If you have a poor recollection of events, do you have a bad (a) understanding, or (b) memory of them?
The?human?spirit?Unit 10
Reading and interpreting
9 Work in pairs. Identify the real items in the passage which the writer compares with the objects below.
? a nightmare – the confusion and horror of the wind
? a kite – wind
?sand – wind
?corks – the arrangement and action of the sea anchor
?mud – the waves / spouts of water and their motion
?explosions – splashes of water / waves
10 Check (?) the type of book you think the passage is taken from. Give reasons for your choice.
√ a travel magazine
√ a short story
an autobiography
a book about learning to sail
a history book
A short story. It is possible it is from an exciting autobiography though the focus is less on the writer than on
the storm itself. It could also be from a travel magazine but their focus is more on pleasurable experiences than deadly storms. The descriptive style creates excitement, suspense and even fear in the reader – the
sort of effects adventure stories seek to induce. Extreme experiences would fit badly into a book of sailing instruction. History is not normally written in the first person.
Developing critical thinking
11 Work in pairs and discuss the questions.
1 Why does the writer spend three paragraphs describing the wind, and then say that the wind is
impossible to describe?
The less something can be described adequately, the more different ways we need to use to try. Perhaps
by amassing words and comparisons we can go some way towards achieving a description.
2 How can sailors avoid such experiences as this one?
The passage comes from a century ago. Ships can now receive constant weather updates and should be
able to avoid tropical storms.
3 What types of extreme weather make unsafe travelling conditions?
Almost all – too much rain leads to slippery surfaces and the risk of landslips and flooding. Dust
storms reduce visibility. Snow and ice make road surfaces dangerous with cars skidding out of control.
High winds endanger large vehicles. And extreme weather at sea may be dangerous to ships.
4 What types of extreme weather have you experienced?
? I live near a major river which some summers turns into a frightening torrent.
? My part of the country has deep snow and intense cold. Travel has to be planned very carefully.
?I n Fujian we experience super typhoons with winds like those described in the passage, and rain
which is more like a waterfalls from the sky than normal rain.
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Unit 10?The?human?spirit
1 Talking point
1 Work in pairs. Look at the online news article and the readers’ comments. Now discuss the questions.
1 Which of the comments do you agree with?
I am going to choose the second one. Reading about the climbers does make me angry that people
can be so irresponsible, but then I read the third. It is a very good point. I cannot agree with the fourth comment. We cannot just leave people to die because they make mistakes, but there should be some penalty. It should be enough to make people careful without stopping them from asking for help. I know that is difficult to calculate. Maybe we should accept the final comment as the wisest.
2 Should there be any rules or restrictions on rescues of people who do extreme sports?
Yes, but they should be practical ones. If you say, we have no helicopters available in this area, so if you get into trouble on a mountain, there’s not much we can do, I think that is reasonable. But if there are helicopters available they should be used. We cannot provide for every emergency and if people do some things, they must take the consequences. But if rescue is possible, we must do it and not refuse simply because of a rule.
3 Who should pay for rescue operations?
I guess it has to be the government in most cases though perhaps they should find ways to get donations
from companies, organizations or other sources.
4 Do you think people should be allowed to decide for themselves whether to participate in extreme
sports, or do you think there should be laws that restrict people from accessing dangerous areas?
A balance needs to be struck, but it is hard to find it. I certainly would not allow people to climb down
active volcano craters and if they did, they would certainly have to accept whatever happened to them, but we must not stop all adventure. Surfing is acceptable, but not during a typhoon. Where the danger is known and experts are involved I think we should allow risk-taking, like for example extreme water-rafting.
2 Work in pairs. Think of a dangerous area that people who do extreme sports might like to visit. Make
a list of rules and warnings to give visitors of that area. Decide if you will charge any money and if so, under what conditions.
?Anyone wishing to travel in the desert must first obtain permission.
? A licence will only be issued to those who pass fitness tests and satisfy the authorities they know what they are doing and have made adequate preparations of the trip.
? A fee will be charged for the tests and licence.
?Travellers in the desert must carry communications equipment and report in once a day to the Desert Warden’s Office. They will be asked to report on their position and the state of their water supplies.
?While every effort will be made to help travellers in trouble, they must realize that the Desert Warden’s Office has limited resources and owing to the size of the area, rescue could take days.
?As it is important to maintain the desert’s ecosystem in a pure state, all rubbish must be packed and carried by the travelers. Leaving any behind is a serious offence.
The?human?spirit?Unit 10
Language in use
word formation: -age
1 Complete the chart with the collective noun forms.
2 Complete the sentences with a collective noun from Activity 1.
1 How much postage do I need to send this letter to Germany?
2 A percentage of all of the company’s profits are sent to non-profit environmental agencies.
3 The crew examined the wreckage of the ship after the storm.
4 Do not exceed the recommended dosage for these sleeping pills.
5 Smaller cars typically get better gas mileage than larger ones.
6 In summer, electricity usage is higher in the city because so many houses and businesses are using air
conditioners.
very
3 Rewrite the sentences using very.
1 He asked her to marry him in the park where they first met.
He asked her to marry him in the very park where they first met.
2 I was dismayed to see her turn up at the party wearing the same dress I had on.
I was dismayed to see her turn up at the party wearing the very same dress I had on.
3 The professor was suspicious when two students turned in the same research paper.
The professor was suspicious when two students turned in the very same research paper.
4 Unfortunately, the Christmas gift she bought me was the one I bought for her.
Unfortunately, the Christmas gift she bought me was the very same one I bought for her.
5 The phone rang at the same moment I was leaving the apartment.
The phone rang at the very moment I was leaving the apartment.
6 He graduated from high school the year that the war began.
He graduated from high school the very year that the war began.
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Unit 10?The?human?spirit
1 out of
4 Rewrite the sentences using out of.
1 I spent seven years at my school but nothing exciting ever happened.
Out of seven years at school I was at school, nothing exciting ever happened.
2 I have a lot of friends and she is the kindest.
Out of my many friends, she is the kindest.
3 There are many cafés in Paris but I could not have believed I would see my friend Natalie in this one.
Out of all the cafés in Paris, I could not have believed I would see my friend Natalie in this one.
4 He has plenty of travel books on his shelves but this is my favourite.
Out of all the travel books he has on his shelf, this is my favourite.
5 I met a lot of people in Australia but Mike is the only one I’ve kept in touch with.
Out of all the people I met in Australia, Mike is the only one I’ve kept in touch with.
collocations
5 Complete the sentences with suitable expressions from the collocation box. Sometimes more than one collocation is possible.
1 The Supreme Court’s ruling in the Loving v. Virginia case was a landmark decision that made it legal
for black and white citizens to marry in the US.
2 We didn’t bother to read the directions – which led to disastrous results / effects.
3 Since ancient times, dogs have been working for people.
4 The runners got in position behind the starting line.
5 Weather has had a powerful effect on shaping civilization.
6 My original intention was just to have a small garden, not start a farm. However, that’s not where I
ended up.
7 We didn’t have favourable conditions for sailing, but we went out anyway.
8 Mark made a very favourable impression in his interview and was offered the job as a tour guide.
9 A national flag is recognized as a powerful symbol of a country’s character and influence around the
world.
6 Translate the paragraphs into Chinese.
1 Those same 15 degrees of longitude also correspond to a distance traveled. At the Equator, where the
girth of the Earth is greatest, 15 degrees stretch fully one thousand miles. North or south of that line, however, the mileage value of each degree decreases. One degree of longitude equals four minutes of time the world over, but in terms of distance, one degree shrinks from 68 miles at the Equator to virtually nothing at the Poles.
与此类似，15度的经度也相应地对应一定的航行距离。在赤道，地球的周长最长，15度的经度代表长达1,000英里的航行距离。但是在赤道以南或赤道以北，经度每增加1度，就意味着航行的距离就相应地缩短一点。在地球上的任何地方，就时间而言，1度的经度相当于4分钟，但就距离而言，1度的经度所对应的距离是从赤道开始，向南、向北逐渐递减的。在赤道上，1度的经度相当于68英里的航行距离，但在两极，其相应的距离几乎为零。
The?human?spirit?Unit 10 2 Precise knowledge of the hour in two different places at once – a longitude prerequisite so easily
accessible today from any cheap pair of wristwatches – was utterly unattainable up to and including the era of pendulum clocks. On the deck of a rolling ship, such clocks would slow down, or speed up, or stop running altogether. Normal changes in temperature encountered en route from a cold country of origin to a tropical trade zone thinned or thickened a clock’s lubricating oil and made its metal parts expand or contract with equally disastrous results. A rise or fall in barometric pressure, or the subtle variations in the Earth’s gravity from one latitude to another, could also cause a clock to gain or lose time.
现在任何便宜的腕表都可以精确地告诉人们两个不同地理位置的地点的时间，这是计算经度的先决
条件。但这在人类使用摆钟以及之前的时代是根本不可能的。在一艘颠簸的船上，这样的摆钟会走
慢或走快，或者干脆就停了。船只在从一个寒冷的国家出发开往一个热带信风区的途中，任何正常
的升温或降温都会使钟表的润滑油变稀或者变稠，并且使金属零件膨胀或收缩，这两种情况都会造
成灾难性的后果。气压的升降，或者从一个纬度到另一纬度地球重力的细微变化，都会使钟表走快
或者走慢。
7 Translate the paragraphs into English.
1 去年8月，当一场热带飓风侵袭这个偏远渔镇的时候，一群在这儿工作的年轻志愿者竭尽全力帮助当
地人。当时电讯几乎中断，这个镇子与外界的交通也瘫痪了。如果他们只是等待地方政府救援而不
采取措施的话，那就太晚了。这些志愿者为失去房屋的人找到了庇护之所，为伤者提供了基本的医
疗救助。他们使镇上的居民避免了更大的灾难。
In the August of last year when a tropical hurricane hit this remote fishing town, a group of young volunteers who had been working here did all they could to help the local people. As telecommunication was on the verge of breaking down and the traffic between the town and the outside world completely paralyzed, it would have been too late if they did nothing but wait for the local government’s help. The volunteers found shelter for those who lost their houses and provided basic medical service for the wounded. Their work had prevented this storm from having more disastrous effects on the town and its residents.
2 他们的努力也打消 (dispel) 了当地人对他们的怀疑。大多数人觉得这些志愿者帮助他们应对这场灾
难，干得非常出色。这些志愿者也证明了自己是称职的。他们虽然不像那些渔民一样身体健壮，
但是他们有坚强的意志和决心。他们在飓风面前显示出来的勇气表明，要衡量一个人的力量，你不
仅要看他是否有强健的体格，还要看他是否有坚强的意志。(on the verge of; paralyzed; disastrous;
worth one’s salt; gauge)
Their efforts also dispelled local people’s doubts about them, as most of them felt that these volunteers had done a terrific job in helping them cope with the disaster. These volunteers have proved that they were worth their salt. Although they didn’t have a muscular body as the local fishermen did, they had strong will and determination. Their bravery in the face of hurricane showed that when gauging one’s strength you should look at not only the physical shape but also what is underneath.
Reading across cultures
Apollo 13
1 Read the passage and answer the questions.
1 Why was the Apollo 11 mission important?
It was the first time people had been on the Moon.
1
Unit 10?The?human?spirit
1
2 What were the people on Apollo 1
3 supposed to do?
To land on the moon, collect samples of material and explore the Moon’s surface.
3 When was pilot Swigert chosen for the mission?
Three days before the mission.
4 How did Apollo 13 lose two oxygen tanks?
An explosion destroyed them.
5 Did Apollo 13 land on the moon?
No.
6 What supplies were the men lacking?
They were short of oxygen, water and food.
7 How did the men use the lunar module?
As a place of shelter, a sort of lifeboat.
8 Where did the crew land?
In the Pacific Ocean.
9 How many of the crew survived?
All three.
10 What is meant by the phrase successful failure?
It failed as a Moon mission, but the astronauts did get back safely to Earth.
2 Work in pairs and discuss the questions.
1 What do you know about China’s space programme? Can you name any Chinese astronauts?
Scientist Qian Xuesen started it working at the Jiuquan Space Centre in Gansu. The first Chinese satellite was launched in 1970. In 2003 Yang Liwei was the first Chinese in space. China’s Lunar Exploration Programme got underway with Chang E 1 in 2007.
2 What benefits to China can be achieved by exploring space?
There have been many technical spin-offs of materials and technology. Having such a big research programme employs scientists and encourages breakthroughs. There are military reasons for keeping up with space technology in case of the use of weapons in space. In time, we may need materials from other planets.
3 Are there any disadvantages of running a space programme?
Yes, its great expense.
4 Do you think in the future China should expand its space programme, or spend money in other areas?
Space science and exploration is so costly and the risks of an arms race in space so serious that the world needs to come together and join its resources. Then China, as well as Europe, Russia and the US, can continue to advance without having to neglect spending on other important programmes for their people.
The?human?spirit?Unit 10
Guided writing
Writing about a challenge
1 Look at the sentences from the passage in Reading across cultures and decide which stages of the challenge they describe.
1 The three men aboard the rocket … also planned to land on the moon …
Giving the reason for the challenge.
2 The astronauts chosen were not the originally scheduled crew …
Giving background information.
3 Two days after the rocket was launched … An electrical problem caused an explosion on board …
Describing the events leading to the challenge.
4 It was clear that the low oxygen and power supplies made a moon landing impossible …
Describing the problems posed by the challenge.
5 The men decided to use the lunar module as a sort of lifeboat.
Describing how the problems were solved or what happened.
6 But the risks to the astronauts were so great, that … the Apollo moon missions came to an end.
Saying how the challenge ended.
2 Look at the sentences from the passage in Reading across cultures and answer the questions.
1 If these complications were not enough, disaster struck two days after the rocket was launched …
(a) What were the complications?
Last minute changes to the crew.
(b) What was the disaster?
An onboard explosion.
2 But what was even more worrying was that the crew was now unsure if they could even manage to
return to Earth safely.
(a) What circumstance was more worrying?
That they might not be able to return to Earth.
(b) Why was it more worrying?
It would lead to death.
(c) What effect does the use of manage to have?
It suggests difficulty.
3 If that wasn’t enough, they had to cope with extreme cold and short supply of oxygen.
(a) If what wasn’t enough?
The difficulty of being short of food and water.
(b) What effect does the use of cope with have?
It suggests the unpleasantness of the situation.
1
Unit 10?The?human?spirit
4 Things began to go better when the command module succeeded in landing …
(a) How many things had gone wrong before this event?
Quite a few: the child’s illness, change of crew, electrical problem, explosion, loss of two oxygen tanks, loss of electrical power in command module, abortion of the mission, return in cramped lunar module/ extreme cold with shortage of food, water and oxygen.
(b) What might have happened if they hadn’t succeeded in landing 6.5 kilometres from the recovery
ship?
They might have died waiting for the recovery ship to make contact.
4 Write a description of your personal challenge. Make sure you use verbs or fixed expressions to describe difficulty, success or failure, and to increase the dramatic effect of the narrative. Example:
I noticed the sky was growing darker. I realized a storm was blowing in off the sea. I was a good swimmer and had won a few medals at school swimming galas, but I was beginning to realize this swim might be more than I could handle and it was not going to get any easier if the seas got rough. But that, of course, is exactly what they did as the wind increased and the rain lashed down. I was also beginning to feel very cold and my muscles were starting to hurt. I could even feel a current moving me further out to sea. I was beginning to despair. I did not think I could cope with so many problems all at once. I was making less and less progress. Staying afloat was challenge enough. Just then I thought I heard a cry. I made a great effort and tried to swim in its direction. Yes, it was a human voice. For a moment the impossible became possible and I put all my strength into swimming alongside a small boat. Soon arms were reaching out to help me and pulling me over the side. I was safe.
Half an hour later I was on shore, wrapped in a blanket, drinking hot soup, and feeling very grateful and very, very stupid. Only total idiots start swimming a long way in unknown conditions and with no one with them.
Other ideas:
?taking part in a difficult sport
? a game the team nearly lost
? appearing in a play with things going wrong
? getting lost on a hike
? being threatened by some terrible people
? losing something important
? being on a falling bridge
? climbing accident
? falling through ice on a lake / river
? getting stuck in a tree
? being on a sinking boat
Unit 1 Part Ⅱ Reading Task Vocabulary Ⅰ1. 1)respectable 2)agony 3)put down 4)sequence 5)hold back 6)distribute 7)off and on 8)vivid 9)associate 10)finally 11)turn in 12)tackle 2. 1)has been assigned to the newspaper’s Paris office. 2)was so extraordinary that I didn’t know whether to believe him or not. 3)a clear image of how she would look in twenty years’time. 4)gave the command the soldiers opened fire. 5)buying bikes we’ll keep turning them out. 3. 1)reputation; rigid; to inspire 2)and tedious; What’s more; out of date ideas 3)compose; career; avoid showing; hardly hold back Ⅱviolating Ⅲ;in upon Comprehensive Exercises ⅠCloze back; tedious; scanned; recall; vivid; off and on; turn out/in; career ; surprise; pulled; blowing; dressed; scene; extraordinary; image; turn; excitement ⅡTranslation As it was a formal dinner party, I wore formal dress, as Mother told me to. 2)His girlfriend advised him to get out of /get rid of his bad habits of smoking before it took hold. 3)Anticipating that the demand for electricity will be high during the next few months, they have decided to increase its production. 4)It is said that Bill has been fired for continually violating the company’s safety rules. /Bill is said to have been fired for continually violating the company’s safety rules. 5)It is reported that the government has taken proper measures to avoid the possibility of a severe water shortage. /The local government is reported to have taken proper measures to avoid the possibility of a severe water shortage. 2.Susan lost her legs because of/in a car accident. For a time, she didn’t know how to face up to the fact she would never (be able to) walk again. One day, while scanning (through) some magazines, a true story caught her eye/she was attracted by a true story. It gave a vivid description of how a disabled girl became a writer. Greatly inspired, Susan began to feel that she, too, would finally be able to lead a useful life. Unit 2 Part ⅡReading Task Vocabulary Ⅰ1. 1)absolutely 2)available 3)every now and then 4)are urging/urged 5)destination 6)mostly 7)hangs out 8)right away 9)reunion 10)or something 11)estimate 12)going ahead 2. 1)in the examination was still on his mind. 2)was completely choked up by the sight of his team losing in the final minutes of the game. 3)was so lost in study that she forgot to have dinner. 4)has come up and I am afraid I won’t be able to accomplish the project on time. 5)of equipping the new hospital was estimated at﹩2 million. 3. 1)were postponed; the awful; is estimated 2)reference; not available; am kind of 3)not much of a teacher; skips; go ahead Ⅱ;on Ⅲor less of/sort of 4. kind of/sort of 5. more or less 6. or something Comprehensive Exercises ⅠCloze up; awful; practically; neighborhood; correspondence; available; destination; reunion; Mostly; postponing; absolutely ; savings; embarrassment; phone; interrupted; touch; envelope; signed; message; needed ⅡHalf an hour had gone by, but the last bus hadn’t come yet. We had to walk home. 2)Mary looks as if she is very worried about the Chinese exam because she hasn’t learned the texts by
Unit 4 Fresh Start In-Class Reading Fresh Start 新的开端 1当我父母开车离去，留下我可怜巴巴地站在停车场上时，我开始寻思我在校园里该做什么。我决定我最想做的就是平安无事地回到宿舍。我感到似乎校园里的每个人都在看着我。我打定主意：竖起耳朵，闭上嘴巴，但愿别人不知道我是新生。 2第二天早上我找到了上第一堂课的教室，大步走了进去。然而，进了教室，我又碰到了一个难题。坐哪儿呢？犹豫再三，我挑了第一排边上的一个座位。3“欢迎你们来听生物101 课，”教授开始上课。天哪，我还以为这里是文学课呢！我的脖子后面直冒冷汗，摸出课程表核对了一下教室——我走对了教室，却走错了教学楼。 4怎么办？上课途中就站起来走出去？教授会不会生气？大家肯定会盯着我看。算了吧。我还是稳坐在座位上，尽量使自己看起来和生物专业的学生一样认真。 5下了课我觉得有点饿，便赶忙去自助食堂。我往托盘里放了些三明治就朝座位走去，就在这时，我无意中踩到了一大滩番茄酱。手中的托盘倾斜了，我失去了平衡。就在我屁股着地的刹那间，我看见自己整个人生在眼前一闪而过，然后终止在大学上课的第一天。 6摔倒后的几秒钟里，我想要是没有人看见我刚才的窘相该有多好啊。但是，食堂里所有的学生都站了起来，鼓掌欢呼，我知道他们不仅看见了刚才的情景，而且下决心要我永远都不会忘掉这一幕。 7接下来的三天里，我独自品尝羞辱，用以果腹的也只是些从宿舍外的售货机上买来的垃圾食品。到了第四天，我感到自己极需补充一些真正意义上的食物。也许三天时间已经足以让校园里的人把我忘在脑后了。于是我去了食堂。 8我好不容易排队取了食物，踮脚走到一张桌子前坐下。突然我听到一阵熟悉的“哗啦”跌倒声。抬头看见一个可怜的家伙遭遇了和我一样的命运。当人们开始像对待我那样鼓掌欢呼的时候，我对他满怀同情。他站起身，咧嘴大笑，双手紧握高举在头顶上，做出胜利的姿势。我料想他会像我一样溜出食堂，可他却转身重新盛一盘食物。就在那一刻，我意识到我把自己看得太重了。
3.Many products for sale seem to scream at us, "Buy me! Buy me!" Advertising is a big busin ess in our world with many products competing for our attention. Think of the last time you boug ht clothes. You probably noticed the variety of colors, patterns, fabrics and brands you could choo se from. Which kind of soft drink would you like to have today or what kind of computer do you want? Advertisers are skilled in the art of making their products look the best to appeal to our se nses. But products aren't always what they seem. Sometimes advertising is deceptive and as cons umers ,we must be careful about what we choose to buy. It is important to learn to compare prod ucts and identify our purpose in purchasing the things we need. But the good thing about advertising is that it helps people to make decisions and refine thei r choices. In the United States, the Ad Council creates timely public service messages to the nation. Th eir purpose is to raise awareness of public problems that citizens can respond to. Inspiring ads ca use individuals to take action and even save lives. Pollution in America, for example has been red uced over the years because of the creative Public Service advertisements that the council provid es" Please, please don't be a litter bug, 'cause every 'litter bit' hurts." Many families have taught t heir children to place litter in the trash can in response to this catchy phrase, which has affected g enerations as each succeeding generation has taught their children not to litter. 4.Nature imposes difficult conditions upon the earth from time to time . The tornado and fo rest fire destroy natural resources ,homes and other structures ,and very often harm or kill peopl e . Technological tragedies happen with little or no warning as we see trains crash and airplanes f all from the sky shortly after take-off. As tragic as calamities are , they seem to bring out the best in human nature . people trained in em ergency care arrive at the scene and begin assisting the inj ured .Others come with equipment to remove debris. Men , women ,and young people willingly c ome to the scene of an accident , hoping to be of help in some way . These selfless acts of kindne ss make our world a better place . compassion eases the wounds of calamities. American Airlines flight number 587 crashed less than three minutes after taking off from JF K Airport in New York in November,2001. Witnesses s aw an engine fire develop on the plane’s nu mber one engine located under the left wing of the aircraft .seconds later ,the airliner crashed int o eight homes ,completely destroying four of them .All 260 people aboard the airplane were kille d along with six people at the crash site ,leaving many people to mourn the loss of their loved on es .the residents (people who live in the area of the crash ) rallied together to comfort those griev ing, while others removed bodies from the wreckage and did the necessary clean-up. 工程实施困难的条件下在地上的时候。龙卷风和森林火灾破坏自然资源,房屋和其他建筑物,和经常伤害或杀死人。技术的悲剧发生在很少或没有预警,因为我们看到火车事故,飞机起飞后不久就从天空坠落。一样悲惨的灾难,他们似乎显示出人性中最好的。在急诊受训的人到达现场并开始帮助受伤的人则跟设备清除残骸。男人,女人,和年轻人自愿来到事故现场,希望能有帮助。这些无私的善举让我们的世界变得更美好。同情减轻灾害的伤口。 美国航空公司587号航班坠毁不到三分钟后从纽约肯尼迪机场起飞,11月2001。目击者看到一个引擎火灾发展在飞机上的1号引擎位于下飞机的左翼,接着后,客机坠毁八家,完全摧毁了四个260名乘客的飞机遇难连同6人在事故现场,造成许多人悼念失去的亲人,居民(住在崩溃的面积)聚集在一起,安慰那些悲伤,而另一些人则从残骸,并把尸体移走必要的清理。 5.Success can be reached in different ways by people in different careers. Bill Gates began at age to program computers,His vision for personal computing has been central to the success of M icrosoft Corporation, the company he founded with his childhood friend in 1975 . The former CEO of General Electric, Jack Welch, is a business legend. A famous quote by Mr. Welch is,” Chang before you have to. ”He believes in leading by example and encourages his empl oyees to do their best every day. Michael Jordan s aid,”I accept failure, but I can’t accept not trying.” He is one of the best athl etes to ever play team sports. His great smile, athletic achievements, and pleasant personality ha ve made him one of the most famous athletes in the world. Michael Jordan spent a lot of time pla ying basketball as a child but in senior middle school he was taken off the team . Instead of giving up , he worked through adversity and became the greatest basketball player yet .
One way of summarizing the American position is to state that we value originality and independence more than the Chinese do. The contrast between our two cultures can also be seen in terms of the fears we both harbor. Chinese teachers are fearful that if skills are not acquired early, they may never be acquired; there is, on the other hand, no comparable hurry to promote creativity. American educators fear that unless creativity has been acquired early, it may never emerge; on the other hand, skills can be picked up later. However, I do not want to overstate my case. There is enormous creativity to be found in Chinese scientific, technological and artistic innovations past and present. And there is a danger of exaggerating creative breakthroughs in the West. When any innovation is examined closely, its reliance on previous achievements is all too apparent (the "standing on the shoulders of giants" phenomenon). But assuming that the contrast I have developed is valid, and that the fostering of skills and creativity are both worthwhile goals, the important question becomes this: Can we gather, from the Chinese and American extremes, a superior way to approach education, perhaps striking a better balance between the poles of creativity and basic skills?
1. Complete each of the following sentences with an appropriate form of the word in brackets. 1. (attention) Correct answer inattention 2. (qualify) Correct answer qualified Correct answer Navigation 4. Correct answer participants 5. Correct answer unconscious 6. Correct answer competence 7. Correct answer inequalities 8. morning. (request) Correct answer
requested 9. Correct answer varied 10. Correct answer partners 2. Fill in each of the blanks with an appropriate preposition or adverb. 11. Correct answer in 12. Correct answer of 13. Correct answer to 14. accident. Correct answer at 15. Correct answer beyond 16.
Your answer Correct answer from from 17. Your answer Correct answer to to 18. Your answer Correct answer on on 19. Your answer Correct answer in in Your answer Correct answer On On 3. Complete each of the following sentences by choosing the best answer from the choices given. 21. The buses, ___________ were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd. A. most of which B. both of which C. few of them D. those of which 22. There's only one man ____________ the job. A. qualified for
Key to Exercises Opener Mary is thinking of getting a tattoo tomorrow afternoon. She asks Mel to join her, but Mel cannot because she has to work tomorrow. And then Mary invites Mel to go to a party tomorrow night. Mel hesitates at first, but finally decides to go with Mary. They will meet at eight o’clock. Abbreviation Meaning 1. TGIF Thank God it’s Friday 2. AMA Ask me anything 3. OMG Oh my God! 4. YOLO You only live once 5. FOMO Fear of missing out 6. FYI For your information 7. LOL Laugh out loud 8. TBH To be honest 9. PPL People 10. ETA Estimated time of arrival Transcript: A: Hey, Mary. B: Hey, Mel. A: TGIF.
B: TGIF. A: Mel, I need some advice on something. B: AMA A: Yeah, thanks. I’m thinking of getting a tattoo. B: OMG! Really Are you serious A: Well, YOLO. B: That’s true. A: Well. B: When are you going to do it A: I’m thinking tomorrow afternoon. Do you want to come B: Oh, I’d love to come, but I’ve got to work tomorrow. Oh, major FOMO. A: What a shame! B: Yeah, A: Well, FYI, there’s a party tomorrow night. And if you are not busy, you can come to that instead. B: I’m not busy, but TBH I really need to take it easy this weekend. A: What That’s so not like you. B: LOL, that’s true. A: Party is in Hackney Wick. It’s gonna be good, good music, good PPL. B: Oh, major FOMO again. Oh, what the hell Yes, why not I’ll go.
BOOK2课文译文 UNIT1 TextA 中国式的学习风格 1987年春，我和妻子埃伦带着我们18个月的儿子本杰明在繁忙的中国东部城市南京住了一个月，同时考察中国幼儿园和小学的艺术教育情况。然而，我和埃伦获得的有关中美教育观念差异的最难忘的体验并非来自课堂，而是来自我们在南京期间寓居的金陵饭店堂。 我们的房门钥匙系在一块标有房间号的大塑料板上。酒店鼓励客人外出时留下钥匙，可以交给服务员，也可以从一个槽口塞入钥匙箱。由于口子狭小，你得留神将钥匙放准位置才塞得进去。 本杰明爱拿着钥匙走来走去，边走边用力摇晃着。他还喜欢试着把钥匙往槽口里塞。由于他还年幼，不太明白得把钥匙放准位置才成，因此总塞不进去。本杰明一点也不在意。他从钥匙声响中得到的乐趣大概跟他偶尔把钥匙成功地塞进槽口而获得的乐趣一样多。 我和埃伦都满不在乎，任由本杰明拿着钥匙在钥匙箱槽口鼓捣。他的探索行为似乎并无任何害处。但我很快就观察到一个有趣的现象。饭店里任何一个中国工作人员若在近旁，都会走过来看着本杰明，见他初试失败，便都会试图帮忙。他们会轻轻握牢本杰明的手，直接将它引向钥匙槽口，进行必要的重新定位，并帮他把钥匙插入槽口。然后那位“老师”会有所期待地对着我和埃伦微笑，似乎等着我们说声谢谢——偶尔他会微微皱眉，似乎觉得我俩没有尽到当父母的责任。 我很快意识到，这件小事与我们在中国要做的工作直接相关：考察儿童早期教育（尤其是艺术教育）的方式，揭示中国人对创造性活动的态度。因此，不久我就在与中国教育工作者讨论时谈起了钥匙槽口一事。 两种不同的学习方式
我的中国同行，除了少数几个人外，对此事的态度与金陵饭店工作人员一样。既然大人知道怎么把钥匙塞进槽口——这是走近槽口的最终目的，既然孩子还很年幼，还没有灵巧到可以独自完成要做的动作，让他自己瞎折腾会有什么好处呢？他很有可能会灰心丧气发脾气——这当然不是所希望的结果。为什么不教他怎么做呢？他会高兴，他还能早些学会做这件事，进而去学做更复杂的事，如开门，或索要钥匙——这两件事到时候同样可以（也应该）示范给他看。 我俩颇为同情地听着这一番道理，解释道，首先，我们并不在意本杰明能不能把钥匙塞进钥匙的槽口。他玩得开心，而且在探索，这两点才是我们真正看重的。但关键在于，在这个过程中，我们试图让本杰明懂得，一个人是能够很好地自行解决问题的。这种自力更生的精神是美国中产阶级最重要的一条育儿观。如果我们向孩子演示该如何做某件事——把钥匙塞进钥匙槽口也好，画只鸡或是弥补某种错误行为也好——那他就不太可能自行想方设法去完成这件事。从更广泛的意义上说，他就不太可能——如美国人那样——将人生视为一系列 的情境，在这些情境中，一个人必须学会独立思考，学会独立解决问题，进而学会发现需要创造性地加以解决的新问题。 把着手教 回想起来，当时我就清楚地意识到，这件事正是体现了问题的关键之所在——而且不仅仅是一种意义上的关键之所在。这件事表明了我们两国在教育和艺术实践上的重要差异。 那些善意的中国旁观者前来帮助本杰明时，他们不是简单地像我可能会做的那样笨拙地或是犹犹豫豫地把他的手往下推。相反，他们极其熟练地、轻轻地把他引向所要到达的确切方向。 我逐渐认识到，这些中国人不是简单地以一种陈旧的方式塑造、引导本杰明的行为：他们是在恪守中国传统，把着手教，教得本杰明自己会愉快地要求再来一次。
Unit 1 Personal Relationship In-Class Reading The Gift of Life 以生命相赠 1 炸弹落在了这个小村庄里。在可怕的越南战争期间，谁也不知道这些炸弹要轰炸什么目标，而它们却落在了一所由传教士办的小孤儿院内。 2 传教士和一两个孩子已经丧生，还有几个孩子受了伤，其中有一个小女孩，8岁左右，双腿被炸伤了。 3 几小时后，医疗救援小组到了。医疗小组由一名年轻的美国海军医生和一名同样年轻的海军护士组成。他们很快发现有个小女孩伤势严重。显然，如果不立即采取行动，她就会因失血过多和休克而死亡。 4 他们明白必须给小女孩输血，但是他们的医药用品很有限，没有血浆，因此需要匹配的血型。快速的血型测定显示两名美国人的血型都不合适。而几个没有受伤的孤儿却有匹配的血型。 5 医生会讲一点越南语，护士会讲一点法语，但只有中学的法语水平。孩子们不会说英语，只会说一点法语。医生和护士用少得可怜的一点共同语言，结合大量的手势，努力向这些受惊吓的孩子们解释说，除非他们能输一些血给自己的小伙伴，否则她将必死无疑。然后他们问孩子们是否有人愿意献血来救小女孩。 6 对医生和护士的请求，孩子们瞪大眼睛，一声不吭。此时小病人生命垂危。然而，只有这些受惊吓的孩子中有人自愿献血，他们才能够得到血。过了好一会儿，一只小手慢慢地举了起来，然后垂了下去，一会儿又举了起来。 7 “噢，谢谢，”护士用法语说。“你叫什么名字？” 8 “兴，”小男孩回答道。 9 兴很快被抱到一张床上，手臂用酒精消毒后，针就扎了进去。在整个过程中，兴僵直地躺着，没有出声。 10 过了一会儿，他发出了一声长长的抽泣，但立即用那只可以活动的手捂住了自己的脸。 11 “兴，疼吗？”医生问。 12 兴默默地摇了摇头，但一会儿忍不住又抽泣起来，并又一次试图掩饰自己的哭声。医生又问是不是插在手臂上的针弄疼了他，兴还是摇了摇头。 13 但现在，偶尔的抽泣变成了持续无声的哭泣。他紧紧地闭着眼睛，用拳头堵住嘴，想竭力忍住哭泣。 14 医疗小组此时非常担忧，因为针不会使他们的小输血者一直感到疼痛。一定是哪里出了问题。恰好这时，一名越南护士前来帮忙。看到小男孩在哭，她用越南话很快地问他原因。听了小男孩的回答后，又立即作了回答。护士一边说，一边俯身轻轻拍着小男孩的头，她的声音亲切柔和。 15 一会儿，小男孩不再哭了，他睁开眼睛，用质疑的目光看着越南护士。护士点了点头，小男孩的脸上马上露出了宽慰的神色。 16 越南护士抬起头平静地对两名美国人说: “他以为自己快死了。他误解了你们。以为你们要他献出所有的血，小女孩才能活下来。” 17 “那他为什么还愿意这么做呢?”海军护士问。 18 越南护士把这个问题向小男孩重复了一遍。小男孩简单地回答道: “她是我的朋友。” 19 他为了朋友甘愿献出自己的生命，没有比这更伟大的爱了。
Unit 1 Living in Harmony Enhance Your Language Awareness 1. Text A amaze bunch bundle capacity commerce conquer display drop roast rob style symbol vague figure Text B appreciate participate shift slip 1)My neighbours are a friendly bunch of people. 2)Dave amazed his friends by leaving a well-paid job to travel around the world. 3)The employees in this company work an eight-hour shift . 4)The professor came to the classroom with a bundle of newspapers under his arm. 5)A passenger asked the driver: “Could you drop me off near the post office? I'd like to post a letter.” 6)The little girl's capacity for learning languages astonished me. 7)How many countries will be participating in the Olympic Games? 8)I like the typically French style of living. It is so romantic. 9)They have made their fortunes from industry and commerce . 10)They threatened to shoot him and rob him of all his possessions.
Globalization is sweeping aside national borders and changing relations between nations. What impact does this have on national identities and loyalties? Are they strengthened or weakened? The author investigates. 全球化正在扫除国界、改变国与国之间的关系。这对国家的认同和对国家的忠诚会带来什么影响呢？它们会得到加强还是削弱？作者对这些问题进行了探讨。 In Search of Davos ManPeter Gumbel 1. William Browder was born in Princeton, New Jersey, grew up in Chicago, and studied at Stanford University in California. But don't call him an American. For the past 16 of his 40 years he has lived outside the ., first in London and then, from 1996, in Moscow, where he runs his own investment firm. Browder now manages $ billion in assets. In 1998 he gave up his American passport to become a British citizen, since his life is now centered in Europe. "National identity makes no difference for me," he says. "I feel completely international. If you have four good friends and you like what you are doing, it doesn't matter where you are. That's globalization." 寻找达沃斯人 彼得·甘贝尔 威廉·布劳德出生于新泽西州的普林斯顿，在芝加哥长大，就读于加利福尼亚州的斯坦福大学。但别叫他美国人。他今年40岁，过去16年来一直生活在美国以外的地方，先是在伦敦，1996年后在莫斯科经营他自己的投资公司。布劳德如今掌管着价值16亿美元的资产。1998年，他放弃美国护照，成为英国公民，因为他现在的生活中心在欧洲。“国家认同对我来说不重要，”他说，“我觉得自己完全是个国际人。如果你有四个朋友，又喜欢你所做的事情，那么你在哪儿无关紧要。这就是全球化。” 2. Alex Mandl is also a fervent believer in globalization, but he views himself very differently. A former president of AT&T, Mandl, 61, was born in Austria and now runs a French technology company, which is doing more and more business in China. He reckons he spends about 90% of his time traveling on business. But despite all that globetrotting, Mandl who has been a . citizen for 45 years still identifies himself as an American. "I see myself as American without any hesitation. The fact that I spend a lot of time in other places doesn't change that," he says. 亚历克斯·曼德尔也是全球化的狂热信徒，但他对自己的看法与布劳德不同。61岁的曼德尔曾任美国电报电话公司总裁。他出生于奥地利，现在经营着一家法国技术公司，该公司在中国的业务与日俱增。他估计自己几乎90%的时间都花在出差上。然而，尽管曼德尔全球到处跑，已经做了45年美国公民的他还是认为自己是个美国人。“我毫不迟疑地把自己当作美国人。我在其他地方度过很多时间，但是这一事实不能改变我是美国人，”他说。 3. Although Browder and Mandl define their nationality differently, both see their identity as a matter of personal choice, not an accident of birth. And not incidentally, both are Davos Men, members of the international business élite who trek each year to the Swiss Alpine town for the annual meeting of the World Economic Forum, founded in 1971. This week, Browder and Mandl will join more than 2,200 executives, politicians, academics, journalists, writers and a handful of Hollywood stars for five days of networking, parties and endless earnest discussions about everything from post-election Iraq and HIV in Africa to the global supply of oil and the implications of nanotechnology. Yet this year, perhaps more than ever, a hot topic at Davos is Davos itself. Whatever their considerable differences, most Davos Men and