Wage cycle Dec 2008
wage system - Dec 2008 Q1 Introduction
Blake Co assembles specialist motor vehicles such as lorries, buses and trucks. The company owns four assembly plants to which parts are delivered and assembled into the motor vehicles.
The motor vehicles are assembled using a mix of robot and manual production lines. The ‘human’workers normally work a standard eight hour day, although this is supplemented by overtime on a regular basis as Blake has a full order book. There is one shift per day; mass production and around the clock working are not possible due to the
specialist nature of the motor vehicles being assembled.
wage system - Dec 2008 Q1
Wages system – shift workers
Shift-workers arrive for work at about 7.00 am and ‘clock in’using an electronic identification card. The card is scanned by the time recording system and each production shift-worker’s identification number is read from their card by the scanner. The worker is then logged in as being at work. Shift-workers are paid from the time of logging in. The logging in process is not monitored as it is assumed that shift-workers would not work without first logging in on the time recording system.
Shift-workers are split into groups of about 25 employees, with each group under the supervision of a shift foreman. Each day, each group of shift-workers is allocated a specific vehicle to manufacture. At least 400 vehicles have to be manufactured each day by each work group. If necessary, overtime is worked to complete the day’s quota of vehicles. The shift foreman is not required to monitor the extent of any overtime working although the foreman does ensure workers are not taking unnecessary or prolonged breaks which would automatically increase the amount of overtime worked. Shift-workers log off at the end of each shift by re-scanning their identification card
wage system - Dec 2008 Q 1
Payment of wages
Details of hours worked each week are sent electronically to the payroll department, where hours worked are allocated by the computerised wages system to each employee’s wages records. Staff in the payroll department compare hours worked from the time recording system to the computerised wages system, and enter a code word to confirm the accuracy of transfer. The code word also acts as authorisation to calculate net wages. The code word is the name of a domestic cat belonging to the department head and is therefore generally known around the department .
wage system - Dec 2008 Q 1
Each week the computerised wages system calculates:
(i) gross wages, using the standard rate and overtime rates per hour for each employee,
(ii) statutory deductions from wages, and
(iii) net pay.
The list of net pay for each employee is sent over Blake’s internal network to the accounts department. In the accounts department, an accounts clerk ensures that employee bank details are on file. The clerk then authorises and makes payment to those employees using Blake’s online banking systems. Every few weeks the financial accountant reviews the total amount of wages made to ensure that the management accounts are accurate.
wage system - Dec 2008 Q 1
Termination of employees
Occasionally, employees leave Blake. When this happens, the personnel department sends an e-mail to the payroll department detailing the employee’s termination date and any unclaimed holiday pay. The receipt of the e-mail by the payroll department is not monitored by the personnel department .
Salaries system – shift managers
All shift managers are paid an annual salary; there are no overtime payments. Salaries were increased in July by 3% and an annual bonus of 5% of salary was paid in November
wage system - Dec 2008 Q 1
Required:
(a) List FOUR control objectives of a wages system. (2 marks)
(b) As the external auditors of Blake Co, write a management letter to the directors in respect of the shift-workers wages recording and payment systems which:
(i) Identifies and explains FOUR weaknesses in that system;(ii) Explains the possible effect of each weakness;
(iii) Provides a recommendation to alleviate each weakness.Note up to two marks will be awarded within this requirement for presentation. (14 marks)
wage system - Dec 2008 Q 1
wage system
Background control
weakness
Explanation
Implication/Possible
effect:
Recommendation
control
The logging in process for employees is not monitored.Employees could bring
cards for absent
employees to the
assembly plant and scan
that card for the employee;
absent employees would
effectively be paid for
work not done
The shift manager should
reconcile the number of
workers physically present
on the production line with
the computerised record of
the number of employees
logged in for work each
shift.
wage system
Background control weakness
Explanation
Implication/Possible
effect:
Recommendation
control
Overtime is not authorised by a responsible official.Employees may get
paid for work not done
e.g. they may clock-off
late in order to receive
‘overtime’ payments.
All overtime should be
authorised, either by the shift
manager authorising an
estimated amount of
overtime prior to the shift
commencing or by the
manager confirming the
recorded hours in the payroll
department computer system
after the shift has been
completed.
Background control weakness
Explanation
Implication/Possible
effect:
Recommendation
control
The code word authorising the accuracy of time worked to the wages system is the name of the cat of the department head.The code word is not
secure and could be
easily guessed by an
employee outside the
department (names of
pets are commonly used
passwords).
The code word should
be based on a random
sequence of letters
and numbers and
changed on a regular
basis.
wage system
Background control weakness
Explanation
Implication/Possible
effect:
Recommendation
control
Details of
employees leaving the company are sent on an e-mail from the personnel department to payroll.There is no check to
ensure that all e-mails
sent are actually
received in the payroll
department.
There needs to be a control
to ensure all e-mails are
received in personnel
–prenumbering of e-mails
or tagging the e-mail to
ensure a receipt is sent back
to the personnel department
will help meet this objective.
wage system
Background control weakness
Explanation
Implication/Possible
effect:
Recommendation
control
In the accounts department, the accounts clerk authorises payment of net wages to employees.It is inappropriate that a
junior member of staff
should sign the payroll; the
clerk may not be able to
identify errors in the
payroll or could even have
included ‘dummy
employees’ and is now
authorising payments to
those‘people’
The payroll should be
authorised by a senior
manager or finance
director.
wage system
1.1界面 模型操作工具栏选择当前操作的选项，模型输入工具栏输入相应的数据。 1.2系统模式System Modes in RecurDyn 四种： 1. Model-Editing ，允许你在模型层次上对建立新的对象。Recurdyn 默认为该模式 2. Subsystem-Editing -Work on the all of the entities in a subsystem. Lets you createobjects in your model that belong to a logical subsystem in your model. A subsystemcan contain a group of entities that are created using the process automation of aRecurDyn toolkit, such as a belt, chain, or track assembly. 3. Body-Editing - Edit a particular entity in your model, such as ground, a link, orforce. 4. Profile-Editing -Change the properties associated with a particular entity in yourmodel. 你可以通过以下操作切换到body 或property-editing 1. 在模型数据库区右击实体（entity ），在出现的menu 中选择Edit 2. 在模型窗口，双击目标。 3. Click on one of the mode tools on the toolbar. 1.3 改变重力 主菜单——>Settings ——>Gravity . 工具区 工具栏 模型窗口 模型数据库数 模型操作 输入 提示区
现在分词主动式与被动式用法对比 一、现在分词的主动式 现在分词的主动式表明它与其逻辑主语之间为主动关系。如：Nodding, I went to get my purse. 我点了点头就去拿钱包。 Hearing the news, she broke into tears. 听到这个消息，她就哭了起来。 Walking on tiptoe, I approached the little window. 我踮着脚，走近那个小窗户。 Considering everything, it wasn’t a bad holiday. 考虑到各种情况，这次假期过得不错。 Taking everything into consideration, they ought to ge t another chance. 考虑到各种因素，应该再给他们一次机会。 Writing hurriedly as she was, sh e didn’t notice the sp elling errors. 因为写得仓促，她没有注意其中的拼写错误。 同样，现在分词主动式的完成式也表示它与其逻辑主语之间为主动关系，但动作的完成时间要先于谓语动词。如： Having bought the house, they couldn’t afford to fur nish it. 买了房子之后，他们没钱配家具。 Having found a hotel, we looked for somewhere to ha ve dinner. 在找好旅馆之后，我们就去找吃饭的地方。
Having increased our manufacturing facilities, we are advertising to obtain more users. 增加了生产设备以后，我们做广告争取更多的用户。 Having compared the new dictionary with [to, and] th e old one, he found the new one more helpful. 将新旧词典比较之后，他发现新词典更有用。 Having noted down our names and addresses, the poli ceman dismissed us. 那警察把我们的姓名和地址记下之后就让我们走了。 二、现在分词的被动式 现在分词的被动式表明它与其逻辑主语之间为被动关系。如：Being given a chance, she immediately jumped at it. 给了她这个机会，她立刻抓住。 Being well taken care of, she recovered quickly. 她受到很好的照顾，身体恢复得很快。 Being written in haste, the composition is full of mista kes. 这篇文章仓促写成，故错误百出。 Being protected by a wall, he felt quite safe. 有一堵墙保护，他感到很安全。 同样，现在分词被动式的完成式也表示它与其逻辑主语之间为被动关系，但动作的完成时间要先于谓语动词。如： Having been warned about the bandits, he left his valu ables at home. 听到关于强盗出没的警告，他把贵重物品都留在家里了。
RecurDyn常见问题及解答 目录 安装和帮助 (2) 概念理解 (3) Recurdyn导入和导出 (4) 基本操作 (6) 技术问题 (8) 约束和接触 (8) 柔性体 (8) 履带 (9) 链 (9) 带 (10) 分析计算 (10) 其他 (11)
安装和帮助： Q：RecurdynV7R2正式版和试用版的安装讲解？ A：参考我们的安装文件。 Q：我可以获得哪方面的技术支持？ A：使用版和正式版得到的技术支持不同。根据购买技术服务与否，分别可以获得简单问题咨询、复杂问题咨询、模型调试、客户化定制等不同等级的技术支持。 Q：帮助文档有中文版的吗？ A：目前只有英文的帮助文档，中文帮助文档正在进行中，将来会有。 Q：练习模型在哪个文件夹？ A：C:\Program Files\FunctionBay, Inc\RecurDyn V7R2\Help\Manual\Tutorials\Basic Tutorial Q：Tut1_Crank Slider 3D文件夹怎么没有任何模型？ A：模型都是自己按照Tut1_Crank Slider建立的，文件夹里没有CAD模型。
概念理解： Q：SYSFNC的第2，3个参数是什么意思？ A：第2个参数指坐标信息，第3个参数指坐标数量。比如DX，DX有I，J坐标系也可以是I，J，K坐标系。 Q：rotational spring force中spring coefficient 和damping coefficient两个参数各自对扭矩的影响是什么？ A：前者是弹簧刚度，乘上变形角度得到扭矩；后者是阻尼，乘上旋转速度得到扭矩。 Q：ExtendedSurfaceToSurface参数在实际运用中的对分析结果的影响 A：法向力可表示为-k*(abs(delt))^m1-c*((abs(delt))^m3)*(dot(delt))^m2 其中m1对应刚度指数；m2对应阻尼指数；m3对应渗透指数。各量取值的多少，要看你定义的是线性或非线性。 Q：用F-Flex导入recurdyn中的柔性体的各向同性材料属性中的阻尼率是什么意思？ A：Damping Ratioζ：Structural damping ratio of the element and the damping matrix of is C computed from the following equation.C=ζ* K 它是振动力学中一个重要的系数，是阻尼与刚度的比值 Q：YAW，PITCH，ROLL是姿态角度吗？ A：yaw，pitch，roll分别返回坐标系marker1相对于参考坐标系marker2按照321旋转序列的第1，2，3个转角。 Q：313 Euler angle 是个啥意思？和321是怎么区别的呢? A：先绕z轴旋转，再绕x轴旋转，再绕z轴旋转。 Q：请问仿真环境中End Time,Step,Plot Multiplier Step Factor 的定义和设置大小的区别？ A：end time ：最终仿真时间；step： 步数；最后一个参数乘以步数就是后期plot中点的数目。 Q：仿真完成后plot对话框中的参数定义 A：Vel _TM, 速度大小，标量； Vel _TX, X方向的速度； Vel _TY, Y方向的速度； Vel _TZ, Z方向的速度； ACC_RM 角加速度大的大小，标量； ACC_RX X方向的角加速度； ACC_RY Y方向的角加速度； ACC_RZ Z方向的角加速度； Q：join,contact,force的区别？ A：force 就是力,也就是 F。在RecurDyn 中力可以用公式或者方程来表示。force 中有各种各样的力，例如spring ,bushing等。 Joint 就是约束，限制物体的自由度。 contact 是力的一种。物体接触时候产生的力。 例如小球掉到地面上。 force 和 Joint 在一些极端的条件下可以等价的。 例如，绞结，你就可以用bushing 来代替，把绞结相应的刚度定义的非常大就可以了。例如球绞结，他限制了物体连接处的 x,y,z 三个方向不能运动。如果用bushing 来代替，你可以把bushing 的X,Y,Z 的刚度都定义到很大（10E9），这样，物体在x,y,z 方向的位移非常小了-〉0 。相当于把x,y,z 都给限制住了。
现在分词和过去分词的用法及实例分析 现在分词和过去分词主要差别在于：现在分词表示“主动和进行”，过去分词表示“被动和完成”(不及物动词的过去分词不表示被动，只表示完成)。分词可以有自己的状语、宾语或逻辑主语等。 1)分词作状语分词在句子中作状语，可以表示时间、条件、原因、结果、让步、伴随等。分词做状语时，它的逻辑主语与句子的主语一致。作状语的分词相当于一个状语从句。 【例如】 Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy. Using what you know of word stems and word formations, you can make a guess at the meaning of a new word. The students went out of the classroom, laughing and talking. Accompanied by his friend, he went to the railway station.Given better attention, the plants could grow better. He looked tired and depressed, visibly disturbed by the news of his mother's illness. 分词在句子中作状语，使用何种分词，要取决于分词与句子主语的关系：主谓关系用现在分词，动宾或被动关系用过去分词。 【例如】 Not having enough hands, we turned to them for help. (We don't have enough hands). Taught by mistakes and setbacks, we have become wiser and handled our affairs better. (we are taught/teach us) .Inspired by the International, the working people of all countries have been fighting for their final liberation. (the working people were inspired/ inspire the working people)____the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge. (CET-4 1996,6) A) Having believed B) Believing C) Believed D) Being believed 本句意思为：相信地球是平的，许多人担心哥伦布会从边上掉下去。许多人与相信之间是主谓关系，及分词与主语之间为主谓关系。因此，应用现在分词，答案为B. No matter how frequently ____, the works of Beethoven always attract large audiences. (CET-4 1995,6) A) performing B) performed C) to be performed D) being performed 本句中贝多芬的作品被反复表演，可见分词与句子的主语之间是被动关系，应该用过去分词，故答案为B.
1.创建轮胎力 注意点：（1）生成轮胎力时，重力方向必须要在Z轴方向 （2）必须在XZ平面建立轮胎模型 （3）轮胎力的Z轴是轮胎的旋转轴 （4）轮胎模型和轮胎力的方向必须一致 （5）轮胎中心点方向必须与轮胎力的运动marker点方向一致 步骤：（1）将重力方向设为Z轴，将工作平面改为XZ平面 （2）创建轮胎几何模型 （3）将工作平面改为XY平面（为了创建轮胎力） （4）单击FORCE下的轮胎力图标 （5）单击2点，轮胎力Z轴方向由这2点决定 （6）打开轮胎力属性对话框，将connector选项卡中的欧拉角复制到剪贴板 （7）打开轮胎几何模型属性对话框 （8）将材料输入方式由library改为user input （9）单击CM，在弹出的对话框中选择origin&orientation选项卡，在欧拉角一栏中粘贴，将轮胎几何模型的质心marker点方向修改为轮胎力的action marker 的欧拉角方向一致。 可以通过设置轮胎属性参数来建立不同轮胎模型。 2.路面 轮胎需要和路面接合起来进行仿真，提供了4中创建路面的方式： Outline road ：轮廓线路面 Spline road ：样条曲线路面 Face road ：面路面 Import road ：导入路面文件 步骤：（1）单击body下的ground按钮，进入ground编辑界面 （2）通过curve and surface 创建2条样条曲线或2条轮廓线 （3）单击spline road 或是outline road （4）选择样条曲线，右击在快捷菜单中选择fininsh operation 确认生成路面。 面路面，事先创建一个面，其他步骤和线路线相同。
文章编号:1002-6886(2008)06-0010-03 基于R ecurDyn 的履带车辆高速转向动力学仿真研究 3 卢进军1,魏来生1,赵韬硕2 (1.中国北方车辆研究所车辆传动国家重点实验室, 北京 100072;2.中国北方车辆研究所, 北京 100072) 3基金项目:坦克传动国家重点实验室项目资金(编号9140C3401010601)。 作者简介:卢进军(1980— ),男,河北人,中国北方车辆研究所研究生。魏来生(1959— ),男,陕西人,中国北方车辆研究所研究员级高级工程师。赵韬硕(1978— ),男,汉族,北京人,硕士研究生,北方车辆研究所工程师。 收稿日期:2007-6-20 摘要:采用多体动力学仿真软件RecurDyn 的履带车辆子系统Track (HM ),建立某型履带车辆多体动力学模型,对履带车辆在硬、软两种地面的高速转向过程进行动力学仿真和对比分析,着重讨论履带车辆在软地面高速转向的动力学特性,为履带车辆转向性能的研究与高速转向的正确操作提供指导。关键词:履带车辆 地面力学 转向 动力学仿真 Dynamic Simulation of T racked V ehicle Turning at H igh Speed B ased on R ecurDyn L U Jinjun ,WEI Laisheng ,ZHAO T aoshuo Abstract :A 3D dynamical model of a certain tracked vehicle is created based on t he multi 2body dynamic software RecurDyn/Track (HM ).The simulations of t he tracked vehicle turning on hard and soft terrain are implemented respectively ,and the re 2sult s are analyzed and compared.The steering properties of tracked vehicle turning on soft terrain at a high speed are empha 2sized.The simulation results can provide some t heoretical guidance for studying t he steering characteristics of tracked vehicles at a high speed. K ey w ords :tracked vehicle ;terramechanics ;turning ;dynamic simulation 0 引言 转向能力是车辆改变运动方向的一种性能[1]。转向 的灵活性和可控性是反映军用履带车辆机动能力的重要战技指标之一,研究其性能对于车辆的合理设计和正确使用具有重要意义[2,3]。J.Y Wong 等[4]基于车辆与地面的滑动摩擦理论对履带车辆在硬地面上的稳定转向原理作了较深入的研究。Anh Tuan Le 等[5]分析了履带车辆在软地上低速稳定转向的特性。国内对履带车辆转向的研究也有很大进展,文献[6,7]在履带车辆简化模型的基础上建立了考虑履带滑转滑移条件的滑动模型,并分别对履带车辆在低、高速下的稳定转向过程作了分析。文献[3,8]对履带车辆在坚实地面的瞬态转向过程进行了研究。 由于地面性质的特殊性,以往研究都假设履带车辆在刚体路面上转向,而对履带车辆在软地面上的高速转向的研究却很少。履带车辆一般在越野条件下行驶。近年来随着地面力学以及多体动力学的发展和完善,为解决履带车辆自身复杂性的问题提供了理论与技术支持。动力学分析软件RecurDyn 中含有履带车辆子系统Track (HM ),可以实现履带系统全三维建模,分析不同类型的履带系统、全动态的履带模型以及与软、硬土壤的相互作用,是进行履带车辆复杂动力学系统分析的有力工具,有助于深入 研究履带车辆性能、降低研究成本、缩短研制周期。 1 系统模型的建立 应用多体动力学仿真分析软件RecurDyn 自带的履带车辆子系统Track (HM ),建立含两条履带系统的履带车辆三维多体动力学模型,如图1 所示。 1.1车辆模型 RecurDyn 通过建立车体、地面和各类车轮及履带各 个子系统来建造履带式车辆模型。车体是建立履带车辆模型的基本实体,所有车轮和履带组成履带子系统,每个履带系统可以独立设置自己的路面和路面参数。通过定义驱动轮的旋转速度或转矩来实现车辆的运动。托带轮以一个转动副与车体相连。负重轮与车体之间配置悬挂装置。诱导轮通过张紧装置连到车体上以保持履带的张紧力。该履带车每侧履带系统有5个负重轮、3个托带轮、96块履带板,驱动轮前置,履带的着地长l =3.36m ,履带中心距B =2.06m ,履带板宽度b 为0.23m 。 ? 01?现代机械 2008年第1期
现在分词 一、现在分词的定义 现在分词是动词的另一种非限定形式。它兼有动词、副词和形容词的特征，可以带宾语或受状语修饰。现在分词和宾语或状语一起构成现在分词短语。 二、现在分词的基本形式 现在分词由动词原形加词尾-ing构成。现在分词有一般式和完成式，及物动词的现在分词有 注意：现在分词的否定形式：not放在分词的前面，构成“not + 分词”结构。 三、现在分词的句法功能 现在分词在句中可以作定语、表语、补足语和状语。 1. 作定语 a burning candle 一只燃烧的蜡烛 a moving report 一场动人的报告 the teacher teaching physics 教物理的老师 注意：（1）单个的现在分词作定语通常放在被修饰词的前面；现在分词短语作定语通常放在被修饰词的后面。 This is a very interesting book. The girl standing there is our English teacher. (2 ) 及物动词的现在分词一般含有主动的意义。不及物动词作谓语没有被动语态，其现在分词通常不表示主动的概念，而是强调动作正在进行. The boy standing under the tree is a classmate of mine. = The boy who is standing under the tree is a classmate of mine. The girl playing the piano every day teaches himself English. =The girl who plays the piano every day teaches himself English. (3) 现在分词短语作定语时，所表示的动作不能先于谓语所表示的动作，也不可以表示将来。另外，一般不用现在分词的完成式作定语，所以，下列句子都是错的： Here is Mr. Li coming from Beijing. (应改为who has come from Beijing) Those having finished their work can go home now. (应改为who have finished) The man giving us a lecture last week left for Shenzhen this morning. (应改为who gave us) (4) 系动词的现在分词形式不可用作后置定语，此时要用从句来表示，如： Those being busy don’t have to go. (应改为Those who are busy don’t have to go.) His brother being a PLA man is 18 years old. (应改为who is) 2. 作表语 现在分词作表语时，多表示主语所具有的特征。一般接在连系动词be﹑get﹑become﹑ look﹑sound﹑feel﹑keep﹑remain﹑seem﹑appear等后面。 The story sounds moving. The question is puzzling.这个问题不好解答。 现在分词作表语，常见的有：interesting, moving, disappointing, encouraging, exciting, frightening, pleasing, puzzling, surprising, tiring，amazing, boring, discouraging等。
现在分词被动式与过去分词的区别 过去分词和现在分词的被动式都表示被动意义，那么在实际使用中怎样才能准确而迅速地确定用哪一种表达式呢？本文就这个问题用比较法谈谈几点看法。 分词的三种被动形式是： A：过去分词done B：现在分词被动语态一般式being done C：现在分词被动语态完成式having been done 过去分词表示（1）被动动作，（2）动作完成。现在分词被动语态一般式表示（1）被动动作，（2）动作正在进行或与谓语动词同时进行。现在分词被动语态完成式表示（1）被动动作，（2）动作已在谓语动词的动作之前发生或完成。 三者的共同点都是表示被动，而不同点是时间内含不同；过去分词的时间指的是自身动作已完成，不与谓语动词动作的时间相比孰前孰后，而现在分词被动一般式的时间指的是分词的动和正在进行或与谓语动词同时进行。现在分词被动完成式的时间则强调动作已在谓语动词的动作之前发生或完成。很明显，后两者都是以谓语动词的动作时间为参照物，在着它们与谓语动词动作的孰前孰后的问题。上述时间上的差异正是我们用以下判断解题的关键。以下分析几个实例： 一、用过去分词。 这是去年引进的一条先进的生产线。 This is an advanced production line introduced last year. 如果加热水就会汽化。 If heated, water is changed into vapour. 上两句中的introduced，heated都是指动作是被动的，与谓语动词不在时间上比较。 因此可以说我们只强调动作的被动性而不侧重于分词动作与谓语动词之动作的时间关系的话，就用过去分词。 Led by the Party, the Chinese people stood up in 1949 and have been marching from victory to victory. 本句中led就只强调被动，与时间无关。 Educated by the teachers, all the boys and girls have learned a lot these years. 本句中的educated的时间性显然是淡化了，而着力于“教育”这个动作。 二、用现在分词被动语态一般式。 正在建设中的电力工程将会在今后的工农业生产中发挥重要作用。 The power project being constructed now will play an important part in agriculture and industry in the future.(being constructed强调被动动作正在进行，因此带了时间概念很强的状语now。) 现在大会上讨论的问题与人人密切相关。 The question being discussed here is closely connected with everyone. （此句中的being discussed这个正在进行的被动动作的时间性是通过here来突出的。） 三、用现在分词被动语态完成式。 客人们参观完了实验室后又被带去看图书馆。 Having been shown around the lab, the guests were taken to see the library. 句中having been shown意在强调它发生于谓语动词were taken之前。 同样，下一句“文件打好了以后就发出去了。”只能译成：Having been typed, the papers were sent out.若译成“Being typed, the papers were sent out”就意味着“边打边发”；若译成“Typed, the papers were sent out”又意味着“凡是打好文件，它们就被发出去。”都背离了愿意。
现在分词的七种用法 （一）作定语 1. 动词现在分词单独作定语，通常放在所修饰词前。The sleeping boy is Tom. 2. 现在分词短语作定语放在所修饰词的后面，意思同定语从句差不多。例如： Tell the children playing outside not to make too much noise. = Tell the children who are playing outside not to make too much noise. 3. 现在分词可相当于非限制性定语，常用逗号分开。 Tom, wearing beautiful clothes, followed me down the hill. = Tom, who is wearing beautiful clothes, followed me down the hill. 4. 有时现在分词可以和副词或名词构成复合词作定语。This is an English-speaking country. （二）作表语 现在分词作表语多表示主语的特征。如amusing, discouraging, puzzling, refreshing, astonishing, exciting 等。The story is moving. （三）现分在句中作宾语补足语，这时现在分词和前面的宾语有逻辑上的“主表”关系或“主谓”关系。We all found his equipment interesting. (主表关系) I saw Mary going upstairs then. (主谓关系) （四）作状语现在分词作状语，其逻辑主语一般是句中的主语，如果不是，需在V-ing 形式前加名词或代词主格作逻辑主语。 1. 作原因状语，相当于原因状语从句。Being ill, Mary didn't come to school yesterday. 2. 作时间状语，相当于时间状语从句。Seeing their teacher coming, the students stopped talking. 如果现在分词表示的动作与谓语表示的动作同时发生，常在现在分词前加上when或while。 While waiting for the plane, I had a long talk with Simon. 3. 作条件状语。 V-ing 形式作条件状语时，相当于一个条件状语从句。Working harder, you'll be No. 1 in your class. 4. 作让步状语，相当于让步状语从句。Weighing almost two hundred jin, the stone was moved by him alone. 5. 作结果状语。He died, leaving nothing but debts. 6. 作伴随状语或方式状语。He sat by the roadside, begging. （五）现在分词的完成式表示它发生在主句谓语动词表示的动作之前。 Having finished his homework, he left the classroom. （六）现在分词的被动式 当句子的主语是动作的承受者时，用V-ing 形式的被动式The factory being built now is a big one. （七）现在分词的否定形式是由“not + 现在分词”构成。 Not having been invited to the party, she had to stay home. 过去分词的用法 一．1. 及物动词的过去分词作表语,与句子主语是被动关系,表示主语的状态,既表示被动,又表示完成. (1)_ The cup is broken. 茶杯破了. 2. 不及物动词的过去分词作表语,与句子主语是主动关系,表示主语的状态,只表示动作的完成. (2) He is retired. 他已退休. 3. 有些过去分词作表语时,构成的谓语很接近被动结构. (3)_The city is surrounded on three sides by mountains. 这座城市三面环山. 过去分词作表语 【注意】过分词作表语与被动语态的区别:过去分词作表语,主要是表示主语的状态,而被动语态则表示动作. (1) The cup was broken by my little sister yesterday. 茶杯是昨天我小妹打碎的.(是被动语态,表示动作) (2) The library is now closed. 图书馆关门了.(过去分词作表语)
新一代的系统级多体动力学分析软件 —虚拟产品设计开发工具 RecurDyn (Recursive Dynamic)是由韩国FunctionBay公司基于其划时代算法——递归算法开发出的新一代多体系统动力学仿真软件。它采用相对坐标系运动方程理论和完全递归算法，非常适合于求解大规模及复杂接触的多体系统动力学问题。 传统的动力学分析软件对于机构中普遍存在的接触碰撞问题解决得远远不够完善，这其中包括过多的简化、求解效率低下、求解稳定性差等问题，难以满足工程应用的需要。基于此，韩国FunctionBay 公司充分利用最新的多体动力学理论，基于相对坐标系建模和递归求解，开发出RecurDyn软件。该软件具有令人震撼的求解速度与稳定性，成功地解决了机构接触碰撞中上述问题，极大地拓展了多体动力学软件的应用范围。RecurDyn不但可以解决传统的运动学与动力学问题，同时是解决工程中机构接触碰撞问题的专家。 RecurDyn 借助于其特有的MFBD(Multi Flexible Body Dynamics)多柔体动力学分析技术，可以更加真实地分析出机构运动中的部件的变形，应力，应变。RecurDyn 中的MFBD技术用于分析柔性体的大变形非线性问题，以及柔性体之间的接触，柔性体和刚性体相互之间的接触问题。传统的多体动力学分析软件只可以考虑柔性体的线型变形，对于大变形，非线性，以及柔性体之间的相互接触就无能为力了。 RecurDyn 中为用户提供了完整的解决方案，包含控制，电子，液压以及CFD，为用户的产品开发提供了完整的产品虚拟仿真、开发平台。 RecurDyn 的专业模块还包括，送纸机构模块，齿轮元件模块，链条分析模块，皮带分析模块，高速运动履带分析模块，低速运动履带分析模块，轮胎模块，发动机开发设计模块。 鉴于RecurDyn的强大功能，软件广泛应用航空、航天、军事车辆、军事装备、工程机械、电器设备、娱乐设备、汽车卡车、铁道、船舶机械及其它通用机械等行业。 多学科，多物理场一体化的仿真平台 RecurDyn 给用户提供了一套完整的虚拟产品解决方案，可以和控制，流体，液压等集合在一起进行分析。形成，机、电、液一体化分析。 Functionbay 公司简介 成立于1997年，创办人为Dr. J.H. Choi 和Dr. D.S. Bae，这两位分别为世界知名多体动力学大师Prof. A.A.Shabana 和Prof. E. J. Haug 的门徒。RecurDyn 是FunctionBay Inc.所研发和行销产品名称。目前业务行销总部设置于日本东京，技术研究总部设置于韩国汉城。结合世界各地一流专家共同研发新一代多刚柔体动力学的计算核心，目前共有全球7所大学共10个研究实验室共同参加，这样的技术整合也是前所未有，胜过以往软体研发团队阵容，全球的市场布局也遍及五大洲，目前设有分公司区域有日本、韩国、美国、中国、德国、印度等。
现在分词和过去分词的用法 1)As Lily missed the bus, she was late for the class. Missing the bus, she was late for the class. 2)As the student was scolded by the teacher, she felt unhappy. scolded by the teacher, she felt unhappy. 一、现在分词 （一）现在分词的定义： 现在分词（Present Participle）(又称-ing形式、现在进行式) ，是分词的一种，由动词原形+ing形式组成。具有双重性，一面具有动词的特征，可以有自己的宾语和状语；另一面具有形容词和副词的特征，可以充当表语，定语，状语，补足语，可以表示主动或正在进行的动作，是非谓语动词的一种。 （二）现在分词的功能与用法： 1. 作定语 单个分词作定语时放在所修饰的名词前，分词短语作定语时放在后，并且名词与现在分词之间存有逻辑上的主谓关系。一般都可以转化为一个进行时的定语从句。 e.g. a running boy→ a boy who is running an old man standing there →an old man who is standing there 例如： The report indicated that 45% of students were in jobs not specific qualifications. A. requiring B. to be required C. being required D. to have required 2. 作补语 只有两类动词可以加现在分词作宾补: 1）感官动词：see hear watch feel notice observe find listen to look at 2）使役动词：have get make 注意：要想用现在分词来作宾补,只能是用于这些词后,但是并不代表这些动词后的宾补形式都要用现在分词（有些后面可以加不带to的不定式作宾补）。 eg. I saw Thomas playing computer games. Don’t have the students studying all day. 注意：宾语与作宾补的现在分词之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系，即宾语是现在分词动作的发出者。 3. 作表语 (1) 分词作表语有两种情况，一种是现在分词作表语，一种是过去分词作表语，究竟是用现在分词还是用过去分词作表语是学生们经常困惑的地方。一般来说，表示心理状态的动词如excite，interest等都是及物动词，汉语意思不是“激动”，“高兴”，而是“使激动”、“使高兴”，因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴的”，过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。所以，凡表示“令人……的”都是－ing形式，凡是表示“感到……”都用－ed形式。这类词常见的有： interesting 使人感到高兴— interested感到高兴的 exciting令人激动的— excited感到激动的
ing的被动语态用法 下面是为你整理的ing的被动语态，希望大家喜欢!ing的被动语态动词ing的被动语态也叫进行时态的被动语态，它的结构是：助动词be +being +及物动词的过去分词。 如The bridge is being built by the workers now .工人们正在建一座桥。 The trees are being cut by them .他们正在砍树。 The wall is being painted by us .我们正在涂墙壁。 动名词的被动形式 1.当动名词的逻辑主语是这个动名词所表示的动作的承受者时，动名词一般要用被动形式。 Being exposed to the nuclear radiation for long will do great harm to one’s health. 长时间暴露在核辐射下会对人体健康造成很大的伤害。 The girl was annoyed by being left alone.让她一个人待着，这个女孩很恼火。 2.句法作用(1)作主语Being killed by sharks at that time was a common occurrence. 那是被鲨鱼吃掉是常有的事。 Missing the target again made the coach annoyed.又脱靶了，这使得教练很恼火。 (2)作宾语V.-ing 的被动形式既可以作及物动词的宾语，又可以作介词的宾语。 I appreciate having been given the chance to achieve my target.我很
现在分词的被动式_一般现在时 一、概念理解 现在分词的被动式可根据英语被动语态推出将被动语态be+过去分词中的助动词be改为现在分词being即可，即改为being+过去分词，如being taken, being given, being found, being studied等。 二、用法说明 当我们要表示一个被动动作时，现在分词就用被动形式。该结构主要用于表示正在进行的被动动作。从意义上看，现在分词的被动式具备现在进行时和被动语态两个特点，即既具有进行的意味，同时又具有被动意味。如： The building being repaired is our library. 正在维修的那座楼是我们的图书馆。 句中用作定语的being repaired有两层意思：一是指图书馆正在修建，二是指图书馆是被修建，而不是自动地自己建。 I saw the man being taken away by the police. 我看到那个人正被警察带走。 句中的being taken away也有两层意思：一是指当时警察带走那个人一事正在发生，二是指那个人是被警察带走的，而不是自己走的。 三、现在分词的完成被动式 由于现在分词有一般式和完成式两种形式，如taking为一般式，
having taken为完成式。我们上面讲的现在分词的被动式being+过去分词其实是现在分词一般式的被动式，所以这里我们再来看看现在分词完成式的被动式，该用法尽管不是很常见，但了解它还是有用的。 现在分词完成的被动式由having been+过去分词构成，它主要有两层意思：一方面它是完成式，它表示的动词通常应先于谓语动作而发生；另一方面，它又是被动式，它具有被动意味，它表明相应的逻辑主语与它是被动关系。如： Having been asked to stay, I couldn’t very well leave. 既然要我留下，我就不好走了。 句中的having been asked to stay有两层意思：一是要我留下在先，我不好离开在后，这是使用现在分词完成式的原因；二是我与要求之间为被动关系，即我是被要求留下的，而不是我自动留下的，这说明这里应该用被动式。 Having been bitten twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we chained our dog up. 邮递员被狗咬了两次之后要我们把狗拴起来，不然就不给我们送信了。 句中的having been bitten twice也有两层意思：一是邮递员被狗咬在先，他要求把狗拴起来在后，有明显的先后关系，所以要用完成式；二是由于邮递员与狗咬之间为被动关系，即邮递员被狗咬了，故要用被动式。