Regional container port competition and co-operation:the case
of Hong Kong and South China
Dong-Wook Song
*
Department of Shipping and Transport Logistics,The Hong Kong Polytechnic University,Hung Hom Kowloon,Hong Kong
Abstract
As the entrep ^o
t to the Chinese mainland,the economy of Hong Kong has enjoyed a high growth rate of economic development.When Hong Kong developed its container ports in order to accommodate the regional economic boom,its counterparts in China were left far behind;there was no serious port competition from China.However,as China develops its economy,the port of Hong Kong faces real challenges from Chinese ports,particularly from southern ones.Interestingly,the handover of its sovereignty to China in 1997caused an issue of competition and co-operation between these ports.This paper aims to examine the possible competition and co-operation of the adjacent container ports in Hong Kong and South China from a strategic perspective.ó2002Elsevier Science Ltd.All rights reserved.
Keywords:Competition;Co-operation;Container port;Hong Kong;South China
1.Introduction
The fact that the global economy is shifting towards the newly industrialising countries in Asia and that greater seaborne trade links exist between Asian nations is resulting in fast regional economic development and growth.Since international trade is carried predomi-nantly by sea transport,major container ports play a crucial role in regional economies.The latest available statistics (Port Development International,2000)show that,in terms of annual container throughputs,10Asian ports are ranked among the top 20container ports in the world,including the top four –Hong Kong,Singapore,Kaohsiung and Pusan.
Amongst Asian economies,the Chinese economy is arguably regarded as the world’s most fascinating in the
modern era.As the entrep ^o
t to the Chinese mainland,the economy of Hong Kong has enjoyed a high rate of economic development until the Asian ?nancial turmoil that broke out at the end of 1997.When the Hong Kong economy commenced its dramatic economic growth with the other ‘tiger economies’and developed its con-tainer ports in order to accommodate the regional container tra?c accordingly,its counterparts in China were left far behind.Consequently,there has been no
serious port competition from the Chinese mainland in the last 20years,and the role of Hong Kong ports as a regional hub has been aggrandised.
Since China has,however,been developing its econ-omy at a two digit growth rate since the early 1990s,the port of Hong Kong faces real challenges from ports in the Chinese mainland,in particular from southern ones such as Chiwan,Shekou and Yantian (see Map 1for the geographical location).Furthermore,the historical handover of sovereignty to China in the middle of 1997caused the issue of competition and co-operation be-tween the ports to be more momentous.Even after the handover in mid-1997,when Hong Kong became o?-cially a part of China,Hong Kong still remains an in-dependent customs territory according to the Basic Law.With this context in mind,this paper aims to review the current and prospective status of those ports and to prescribe the possible competition and co-operation of the adjacent container ports in Hong Kong and South China from a strategic perspective.
2.Trade patterns between Hong Kong and South China Since maritime transport is derived from interna-tional trade,it is logical to examine the trade patterns between the two regions before moving on to the main theme.Hong Kong has always been open to China,and
*
Tel.:+852-2766-7397;fax:+852-2330-2704.
E-mail address:stldsong@https://www.doczj.com/doc/513408130.html,.hk (D.-W.Song).
Journal of Transport Geography 10(2002)
99–110
Hong Kong businessmen currently receive no special treatment from the Chinese mainland compared to other foreign business people.Due to geographical proximity,extended family relationships and linguistic closeness,however,Hong Kong businesses often get informal ex-tra incentives,particularly from local authorities in Guangdong (Fung,1996).
Thanks to its strategic location,its modern facilities in banking,?nance,and insurance systems,and its modern telecommunication and transportation net-work,Hong Kong remains the Chinese mainland’s main gateway to the rest of the world.On the other hand,to a large extent,the world continues to view Hong Kong as the main entrance to the Chinese mainland (Sung,1998).A large volume of trade in both countries is the so-called
entrep ^o
t trade.In other words,the role of Hong Kong in China’s trade is by and large as an intermediary.In this respect,two notable trade patterns between the Chinese mainland and Hong Kong are worth discussing:that is,re-exports and outward processing.2.1.Re-exports trade pattern
Over the last few years,the Chinese mainland has been the largest market for Hong Kong’s total exports,followed by the United States,Japan,Taiwan and Sin-gapore.Domestic exports from Hong Kong to the Chinese mainland were HK$314,651million in 1998,up 6.3%compared to the previous year in terms of real value (Table 1).On the import trade,the Chinese mainland also remained the most important partner of Hong Kong imports,accounting for approximately 38%of their total value in 1998.
Re-exports take place when imports to Hong Kong are consigned to a buyer in Hong Kong,who takes legal possession of these cargoes.Re-exports are also required to clear customs.The buyer in Hong Kong carries out a value-added economic activity,then re-exports the goods elsewhere.The value-added activity may include grading,packaging,bottling,assembling,and types of minor manufacturing functions,which do not,however,change the basic nature of the goods.Hong Kong origin is not,therefore,supposed to be conferred by the Hong Kong government body.If the process alters substan-tially the nature of the products,then the goods are entitled to be named as goods ‘made in Hong Kong’.Exports of goods ‘made in Hong Kong’are classi?ed as domestic exports rather than as re-exports (Sung,1991).Overall,re-exports via Hong Kong have registered a signi?cant growth in recent years.In 1998alone,the value of re-exports to all markets was HK$718,631million,which is more than 18%higher than in the previous year (Census and Statistics Department,1999).In general,the value of re-exports has been growing rapidly and become a more and more important wealth-creating trade pattern to the Hong Kong economy,while the value of domestic exports has been shrinking.In 1998,re-exports accounted for 83%of the total in-ternational trade,up from 79%in 1997and from 75%in 1996.The Chinese mainland is the most crucial
source
Map 1.
100 D.-W.Song /Journal of Transport Geography 10(2002)99–110
of goods re-exported through the Hong Kong border:Chinese goods re-exported via the territory of Hong Kong amounted to HK$276,012million,which was more than a third of total re-exports handled in 1998.2.2.Outward processing trade pattern
Outward processing arrangements are made if com-panies subcontract all or part of their production pro-cesses.These trading patterns often occur between Hong Kong companies and manufacturing entities in China.Raw materials or semi-manufactures are exported to China for further processing.The Chinese mainland entities engaged can be local enterprises,joint ventures,or some other form of business involving foreign in-vestment (Hong Kong Government,1994).About four-?fths of Hong Kong manufacturers have transferred production to China,and 25,000factories in the Pearl River Delta (PRD)region of Guangdong are engaged in outward processing for Hong Kong companies (Hong Kong Government,1995).Table 2shows the extent of domestic exports and imports associated with Hong Kong processing in the Chinese mainland.
In summary,both re-exports and outward-processing business activities are substantial characteristics of the trade between Hong Kong and the Chinese mainland.It is moreover speculated that Hong Kong’s trade pattern
with China will continue to grow over the next years.Given its geographical location and its know-how in banking and ?nance,insurance,and telecommunication and transportation,Hong Kong is expected to continue to serve as the gateway to and from the Chinese main-land,which bene?ts each side via trade,so as to create and sustain economic synergy in the region.
3.The container ports in Hong Kong and South China 3.1.Seaborne container cargo tra?c
The port of Hong Kong has been the world’s busiest container port for the last decade,with remarkable TEU throughputs as shown in Fig.1.An exception was the year 1998,when the number one position was taken over by the port of Singapore (Lloyd’s List Maritime Asia,1999).This was due partly to Singapore’s major e?orts to become a hub port in the region,and partly to the southern Chinese ports’successful e?orts to compete directly with Hong Kong.
Historically,Hong Kong’s port has expanded along with the fast economic development in Southeast Asian countries and China,and greater international trade connections between these areas and the rest of the world.Rimmer (1996)points out the role of Hong Kong in global as well as regional container transport,and views Hong Kong as a regional hub port or load centre,which cannot be separated from the regional hub in Southeast Asia and South China.Today Hong Kong’s port,however,faces more severe competitive circum-stances,particularly the challenges from regional ports such as Singapore and Yantian,located in southern China.This problem is well documented recently:for example,Wong and Beresford (1996a),Bangsberg (1998),Wong (1999),and Mooney (2000).
As a consequence,Hong Kong’s position as a leading load centre and transhipment centre for China-bound cargoes is under threat from a number of developments.These include its reversion to China in 1997,port de-velopment in China itself,speculation on the opening of direct shipping links between Taiwan and the Chinese mainland,and the easing of restrictions on access to
Table 2
Domestic exports and imports concerning outward processing (unit:%)Year Hong Kong exports to China Hong Kong imports from China 199079.061.8199176.567.6199274.372.1199374.073.8199471.475.9199571.474.4199672.874.9199775.675.21998
76.8
76.6
Note:Figures indicate ‘percentages’of total Hong Kong domestic exports to and imports from China.
Source:Census and Statistics Department (1999).
Table 1
Hong Kong’s top 5trading partners (as of 1998)(unit:Million HK$)Ranking
Major Partners
Total trade Total exports Re-exports Value
Share (%)Value Share (%)Value Share (%)1China 1,116,11736.3314,65135.2276,01235.92USA 441,82614.4205,96823.0170,09922.13Japan 310,01110.146,756 5.242,224 5.54Taiwan 161,158 5.222,658 2.518,350 2.45
Singapore
116,975
3.8
19,730
2.2
16,190
2.1
Source:Census and Statistics Department (1999).
D.-W.Song /Journal of Transport Geography 10(2002)99–110
101
Chinese ports for foreign shipping lines(Drewry Ship-ping Consultants,1995).To make the situation worse, Hong Kong faces congestion problems at its ports which distract from its competitiveness.
Almost every major international container shipping company is now engaged in trade with China and op-erates direct line services to an increasing number of Chinese ports.The occurrence of the direct services by major lines has only been within the last few years.In the past,the largest proportion of container trade with China was transhipped via Hong Kong,Taiwan and Korea.In spite of the fact that a signi?cant amount of container trade bound for China is still transhipped through these three territories,mainly Hong Kong,the Chinese government is operating a deliberate policy to reduce the ratio(Drewry Shipping Consultants,1999). Table3shows the steady but sharply increasing pro-portion of direct callings by major container shipping companies at Chinese ports,with the portion at Hong Kong’s port becoming relatively less signi?cant.
One point to be mentioned in Table3is that the number of direct callings at the three South Chinese ports–Yantian,Shekou and Chiwan–have escalated, particularly since the handover in1997:19lines calling directly to those container ports in1998compared with 14in1997and only5in1996.Table4shows the details of the direct ocean container services o?ered by Yantian, Shekou and Chiwan.As shown in Tables3and4,among the three promising ports,Yantian is largely considered as the front runner against its Hong Kong counterpart, through attracting many major international shipping lines to use its services for Trans-Paci?c and Euro-Asia routes.Yantian also provides frequent feeder services to Hong Kong and other major Chinese coastal ports.
Yantian is located in the eastern part of the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone,which is one of the
major Table3
Direct calls to Chinese ports(from1990to1998)(unit:no.of lines calling)
Port199019911992199319941995199619971998 Shanghai41913131317152019
Tianjin81918181818181818
Dalian312111199101010 Qingdao6999911101010 Yantian000001169 Shekou000003376 Chiwan000001114
Others71011121218161415
Total(of above)286962636178748691
Hong Kong554648484544394747 Source:Drewry Shipping Consultants(1999,p.63).
102 D.-W.Song/Journal of Transport Geography10(2002)99–110
economic powerhouses in China.The port of Yantian commenced its operation in1994and currently has Maersk/Sealand,COSCO and the members of Global Alliance https://www.doczj.com/doc/513408130.html,ing the current facilities,the port handled1.59million TEUs in1999alone,an increase of 54%on1998.The port capacity will be up to1.7million TEUs with the completion of the planned Phase Two development scheme.According to the long-term plan set up by the Chinese government,up to four ship berths can be constructed in the future(Shippers Today,1997).
Moreover,the geographical condition of the port of Yantian puts an additional strength to its potential to be a major competitor against the port of Hong Kong. The speed of Yantian’s potential development,how-ever,depends largely on the pace of cargo expansion created in the surrounding region.To generate more cargo?ow,Yantian International Container Terminals Company has been connected to Hong Kong and coastal cities in northern Guangdong and Fujian Provinces by feeder services to supplement its imme-diate cargo base in Shenzhen and the adjacent areas.It is expected that many Chinese cities will be linked to Yantian through a connecting line of the Beijing–Kowloon Railway.These overall features imply that the port of Yantian has the highest potential among southern Chinese ports to develop into a major con-tainer port in the near future.
3.2.Administrative and ownership structures
The administrative and ownership structures of the principal ports in the region provide an aspect of the competition and co-operation which takes place be-tween the two neighbouring areas.
3.2.1.Hong Kong
The administrative and ownership structure of Hong Kong’s container terminals can be depicted as a three-tiered hierarchy.Since it maintains ownership over the land upon which the container terminals are built,the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region(HKSAR)constitutes the highest tier in the administrative structure.Under the HKSAR Govern-ment,the Marine Department acts in the capacity of port authority and deals with all navigational matters of the regional port.It has responsibility for vessel tra?c management,the safety standards of all classes and types of vessels and other regulatory matters,and is involved in the strategic planning of port developments. The Hong Kong Port and Maritime Board is also in-volved in the planning of new port developments,but itself is not a governmental body.Rather,it comprises representatives of Hong Kong’s private sector shipping and port interests as well as from government.It is constituted as an advisory body to the HKSAR Gov-ernment.
The HKSAR Government is the lessor of land sites to the private terminal operating companies.Neither the Government nor the Marine Department owns or op-erates container terminal facilities.These are all pri-vately owned and operated by four private companies: Modern Terminals Limited(MTL),Sea-Land Orient Terminals Limited(hereafter referred to as‘SLOT’), Hongkong International Terminals Limited(HIT)and
Table4
Shipping companies calling at Shenzhen ports
Port Route Frequency Shipping line Ship slot
(TEU)Commencing time
Yantian North America Once a week Maersk/Sea-Land3932–6000March1995 North America Once a week New Global Alliance4800January1996
North America Once a week New Global Alliance4300January1996
North America Once a week K-line3720March1998
North America Once a week Grand Alliance4830February1998
North America Once a week Grand Alliance2900–3600February1998
Europe Once a week Maersk/Sea-Land2959–4300July1994
Europe Once a week New Global Alliance3980January1996
Europe Once a week Grand Alliance4600February1998
Australia Once a week Far East Transportation(HK)Limited1274July1998
North America Once a week Evergreen5346October1998
Europe Once a week CMA3501June1998
Shekou Europe Once a week Grand Alliance4000June1996 North America Once a week ZIM3500July1997
North America Once a week COSCO5250October1997
Europe Once a week ZIM3500February1998
Australia Once a week P&O N/OOCL/ZIM2300May1998
Chiwan Europe Once a week North EuroAsia/Mediterranean3066May1996 Australia Once a week Mediterranean1100August1997 Source:Ministry of Transport(1998).
D.-W.Song/Journal of Transport Geography10(2002)99–110103
COSCO-HIT Terminals(HK)Limited(hereafter re-ferred to as‘COSCO-HIT’).The overall administrative structure of the container port of Hong Kong is illus-trated in Fig.2.
MTL has provided services since September1972, with terminals1,2and5,and two berths at terminal8 (west).MTL will be o?ering a new facility at terminal9 (south)with a1210m quay and a throughput capacity of4.45million TEU when the on-going construction is completed.SLOT is the operator of terminal3in the Kwai Chung Container Terminal.The company was established in1981to develop a comprehensive cargo handling and distribution facility as a dedicated terminal within the port of Hong Kong.In January1987,it opened Asia’s largest container freight station at berth3 of Hong Kong’s Kwai Chung Container Terminal.HIT, a member of the Hutchison Port Holdings Group,was set up in1969and now operates container terminals4,6 and7.In1996,HIT was o?ered the right to develop and operate two berths in container terminal9.COSCO-HIT was formed in1991by the joint venture of HIT and China Ocean Shipping Company(COSCO),and is currently the terminal operator of terminal8(East)in Kwai Chung.
3.2.2.South China:Shenzhen
The administrative and ownership structure of the Shenzhen port is shown in Fig.3.The port of Yantian is operated by Yantian International Container Terminals Limited(hereafter referred to as‘YICT’),established in 1993,which is a joint venture between the Hutchison Ports Yantian Limited(73%),itself shared by the Hutchison Port Holdings Group(63%)and Maersk–Sea Land(10%),and the Shenzhen Yantian Port Group (27%).YICT is equipped with advanced port facilities and is well served by inland transport links.
Shekou port lies on the east bank of the Pearl River. Similar to Yantian,it is well positioned geographically to take advantage of the business?owing to and from the Pearl River estuary.Its development potential will be enhanced by the opening of the Tonggu Waterway. The container terminal is owned by Shekou Container Terminal Limited,opened in1991,which is a joint venture between China Merchants(SCT)Holdings, P&O Ports,Swire Paci?c and COSCO.The terminal has been jointly managed by P&O Ports and Modern Ter-minals Limited as from May1998.
Chiwan is relatively a small port when compared to Yantian and Shekou.With its continuous development in container handling facilities,it can act as a sub-dis-tribution centre for the container business in Hong Kong.The terminal operator is the Shenzhen
Chiwan
104 D.-W.Song/Journal of Transport Geography10(2002)99–110
Kaifeng Container Terminal Company,which is jointly invested by Chiwan Wharf Holdings Limited(55%), Kerry Holdings(HK)Limited(25%),China Merchants Holding(International)Company,and Modern Termi-nals Limited(20%).
3.3.Inter-relationship
Based on a review of each port’s organisational structures,it is found that the ports in the region are competing against each other,but,at the same time, they are working in a co-operative form for mutual bene?ts.The inter-relationship between the ports can be simpli?ed by the illustration of Fig.4in terms of their inter-,intra-competition and co-operation.
On the Hong Kong side,HIT,MTL,COSCO-HIT and SLOT compete against each other for container operations within Hong Kong territory.However,only HIT and MTL are in real competition,since SLOT is a dedicated terminal for its mother liner company Sea Land(before the merger with Maersk);COSCO-HIT mainly deals with COSCO’s cargoes.More importantly, COSCO-HIT and HIT have the Hutchison Port Hold-ings Group as their common owner,which means,for the sake of its interests,that co-operation is facilitated through personnel sharing between them in order to combat the other two players in the market.
On the other side,in Shenzhen,local competition exists between the three ports:Yantian,Shekou and Chiwan.Due to the port ownership pattern,competition is especially keen between Yantian and the other two ports.There may be some form of co-operation between Shekou and Chiwan through the common ownership of the China Merchants Holding(International)Company. This can be further supported by the fact that MTL,one of the shareholders of Chiwan port,was awarded the management contract for Shekou Container Terminals when it extended its operations to the Chinese mainland in May1998.
Today the Hong Kong operators have control,to some extent,of the operation of key ports in South China through a variety of co-operative measures such as joint ventures.This phenomenon intensi?es and ex-tends the competition between the container port oper-ators from local competition to regional competition, while greatly enhancing the co-operation between the port of Hong Kong and its counterparts in South China. The two major players in Hong Kong,the Hutchison Port Holdings Group and MTL,are also involved to a great extent in Yantian and Chiwan,respectively.The two companies compete locally within Hong Kong and Shenzhen,and also regionally between the ports of Hong Kong and Shenzhen.
In spite of such?erce competition,there also exists some form of co-operation between these ports.As shown in Fig.4,the Hutchison Port Holdings Group is particularly active in the private sector in the Chinese ports.
4.Port co-opetition:a new strategic option?
Co-operation exists between Hong Kong and Yan-tian through the Hutchison Port Holdings Group’s common ownership.Co-operation exists between Hong Kong and Shekou through COSCO’s common owner-ship.Co-operation exists between Hong Kong and Chiwan through MTL’s common ownership.In this respect,Hong Kong and South China should take into serious consideration a new strategic approach–‘co-opetition’,a term coined by Brandenburger and Nalebu?(1996).The term‘co-opetition’is a mixture of compe-tition and co-operation,thus having a strategic impli-cation that those engaged in the same or similar market should‘collaborate to compete’as a win–win strategy, rather than a win–lose one.If business is regarded as a game,who are the players and what are their roles in the market?There are several parties involved in the market: customers and suppliers.Business cannot be carried
out D.-W.Song/Journal of Transport Geography10(2002)99–110105
without them.As a result,naturally,there exist com-petitors.However,there is one more important group which is often overlooked but equally important–those who provide complementary rather than competing services.Brandenburger and Nalebu?(1996)name this group as‘complementors’,a counterpart to the term ‘competitors’.This relatively new concept stems from an idea initiated by Jorde and Teece(1989,p.25),who note that
whereas co-operation among?rms was once a sub-ject con?ned to anti-trust case books,it is increas-ingly a topic for discussion....Indeed,ways in which?rms can‘co-operate to compete’are receiv-ing considerable attention....
This argument is in line with the current phenomenon in the liner shipping industry,which can be character-ised by a movement towards strategic alliances between major international companies.In fact,Juhel(2000) initiates a co-operative concept between ports in order for them to adapt themselves to a?exible tra?c distri-bution pattern through several port outlets.Again, Avery(2000)proposes strategic alliances between adja-cent container ports–‘port strategic alliances’–as a counter-strategic option in order to survive the ever-in-creasing competitive business environment.
On the other hand,a perspective from economics, market power theory,provides a useful tool by which we can explain the current situation and predict the future trend of container ports in the region.In a broad sense, market power is the ability of a market participant or group of participants(i.e.,persons,?rms and partner-ships,etc.)to in?uence price,quality,and the nature of the product or service in the marketplace(Shepherd, 1970).The fact that a terminal operator has a high degree of market power,with this de?nition,means the operator has high degree of control over pricing and services de-cisions in a port service market.Under the assumption that the container port operators in this region are pro?t maximisers,they attempt to improve their competitive-ness by securing stronger positions in their market,so that they can increase their market power.
It is also claimed that the relative position which ?rms occupy in their markets determines the generic strategies which are the most viable and pro?table for their business(Porter,1980).Rather than utilising competitive strategies alone,the terminal operators may adopt a co-operative strategy as a useful option to de-velop a stronger position in their market.In other words,a co-operative strategy may o?er a mutually bene?cial opportunity for collaborating units to reshape their positions in the industry;it may allow them to increase their market power as well.
The easing of the restrictions on access to Chinese ports for foreign shipping lines encourages more and more shipping liners to call directly at container termi-nals in China,thereby threatening Hong Kong’s posi-tion as a leading load centre and transhipment centre for China-bound cargoes.Moreover,mergers and alliances among large shipping lines are attributed to the trans-formation of some feeder ports in China into regional hub ports.Due to the furious competition in the con-tainer shipping market over the last decade,ocean container carriers are focussing on pursuing maximum market share and minimum running costs.Mergers, take-overs and alliances among large shipping compa-nies have become prevalent for consolidation of these large shipping liners’ruling role in the market(Ryoo and Thanopoulou,1999).As a result,some feeder con-tainer ports have gradually changed into regional hub ports.Shenzhen is a typical example.As the competi-tiveness of the Chinese ports is greatly enhanced,Hong Kong faces much more rivalry than ever before.
The rationalisation of container line services has re-sulted in the greater market power of the alliances and consortia(Heaver et al.,2000).As international ship-ping lines have more choices of port,they can call at Shenzhen rather than Hong Kong.Shenzhen port is particularly attractive in that it o?ers shipping lines a new way to open up direct connections with the vast market in South China,an economic powerhouse in China.On the other hand,under alliances and mergers and acquisitions,several shipping companies can col-lectively negotiate with terminal operators for favour-able service charges and conditions.If a terminal operator loses one of the alliances,it may lead to a substantial reduction in sales.
The larger size of vessels and intermodality also in-?uence the competition between https://www.doczj.com/doc/513408130.html,rger container ships are built to achieve economies of scale(Cullinane and Khanna,1999;Cullinane et al.,1999).Due to the depth limits of container ports,fewer ports are served directly by transoceanic vessels.Moreover,inland in-termodal hubs enable containers to be shipped longer distances across continents to make connections with ports.Hence,the hinterland and foreland of the port are expanded.As a consequence,ports compete locally as well as regionally against other ports,even long-dis-tance,serving the same inland areas(McCalla,1999). The players in the container port market realise this inevitable trend of industry rivalry.They react by forming strategic alliances with their competitors as a co-operative strategy.
4.1.Joint venture as a co-opetitive strategy
All the various factors discussed above are acceler-ating the competition between the container ports in China.Referring to Porter’s(1980)?ve competitive forces model,industry rivalry becomes more intense and the bargaining power of the shipping lines,which are the
106 D.-W.Song/Journal of Transport Geography10(2002)99–110
customers of the container ports,is strengthened.This threatens the pro?tability of the container ports and weakens the ?rm’s market power.The suggested chan-ges are shown in Figs.5(A)and (B).The responses of the port operators in Hong Kong to this unfolding trend is to increase their market power through collaboration.As shown in Fig.5(C),co-operation between two ?rms through joint venture enhances the competitiveness and market power of the ?rm.
Table 5shows various ways of forming co-operative units,ranging from the lowest to the highest extent of inter-organisational dependence.The bene?t/cost framework proposed by Contractor and Lorange (1988b)can be used for choosing between these co-op-erative arrangements.The major players of container
port operation in the Chinese market have chosen equity joint venture as their strategic tool in formulating co-operative strategies.As Shepherd (1979)suggested,many joint ventures have been created by competing ?rms,thereby coalescing interests and inhibiting com-petition.As Hong Kong and Shenzhen are both im-portant ports for the Chinese market,a co-operative strategy will o?er a mutually bene?cial opportunity for these ports to reshape their positions in the industry.Moreover,co-ordination through joint venture yields ?exibility in responding to competitors,by enabling the ?rm to di?erentially respond across di?erent regions (Porter,1986).In addition,Starr (1991)con?rms that joint ventures can provide access to power without los-ing the ?exibility and speed required to become a global competitor.Therefore,a joint venture is an appropriate strategic form for the port operators in Hong Kong to enter the new markets of the Chinese mainland.5.Three scenarios
In simple terms,port competition refers to commer-cial port rivalries and to the competitive e?orts these rivalries induce (Fleming,1997).South China needs additional ports;these ports will stimulate economic growth,which is good for the Chinese economy and,to some extent,good for Hong Kong as well.The addi-tional container tra?c in this area will increase the op-portunity for additional shipping calls at Hong Kong and enhance maritime support services.Wong and Beresford (1996b)stress that any additional spur to competition can be good for the Hong Kong –more competition will improve the standard of services
provided.
Table 5
Types of co-operative arrangement Arrangements
Extent of
inter-organisational dependence Technical training/start-up assistance agreements Negligible Patent licensing
Negligible Production/assembly/‘‘buyback’’agreements Low Franchising
Low ‘‘Know-how’’licensing
Low Management/marketing service agreement
Low
Non-equity cooperative agreements in Exploration
Moderate Research partnership
Moderate Development/co-production Moderate Equity joint venture
High
Source :Contractor and Lorange (1988a).
D.-W.Song /Journal of Transport Geography 10(2002)99–110107
Relative to the port of Hong Kong,however,Yantian port enjoys two major advantages for cargoes originat-ing in or bound for South China (Cheng and Wong,1997,p.64):
?shorter trucking time due to not having to cross the Shenzhen–Hong Kong border;and
?lower tari?s –the factory-to-ship costs incurred by shippers are lower when using these ports than when using the port of Hong Kong.
The above relative advantages are even enforced by re-cent transportation trends in the regions in terms of route choices of cargoes.Fig.6illustrates that the highest annual growth rate in 1999–56%compared with the previous year –is of land transport modes be-tween power houses in the PRD region and their local container ports in Shenzhen.In contrast,the annual growth rate of truck transport between the PRD region and Hong Kong dropped to 44%in 1999.
The port of Yantian has,however,an equal disad-vantage in that much of the region’s industrial output is created in the western PRD region.The Port Develop-ment Board (1995)points out that,as Hong Kong is well connected with the PRD by river,and Yantian is not,the river trade represents a major advantage to Hong Kong in competition with Yantian.The growth of the river transport between the two areas continues to experience marginal increases.
At present,however,port planning in Hong Kong cannot be implemented without taking into account Chinese issues (Tupper,1998).While Hong Kong tries to remain the global and regional hub port for South China in the future,it is also important that Hong Kong recognises the importance of regular contacts and co-operation with the Shenzhen Port Authority through information exchange on port development strategies,and understand what facilities are required to optimally provide for the needs of its customers in the region.Turning to the area in question,Fung (1995)estab-lishes a long-term strategic plan called the ‘Territorial Development Strategy (TDS)’using a scenario ap-proach.Table 6shows a framework applicable to the port industry in Hong Kong and South China under this scenario.
With economic trends and visions,Table 6indicates two development scenarios postulated for the formula-tion of the TDS development options.Scenario A as-sumes the PRD region as Hong Kong’s primary economic hinterland.Two sub-scenarios have been de-veloped under Scenario A:that is,steady growth and high growth.On the other hand,Scenario B includes both the PRD and the inner provinces in China as Hong Kong’s economic hinterland.
Scenario AI assumes a partnership relationship be-tween Hong Kong and the PRD in their development,
Hong Kong retaining its traditional role as an entrep ^o
t but likely to experience a slower rate of growth.Higher growth under Scenario A (AII)assumes that Hong Kong will be the primary centre of development of the PRD,being the key trading outlet,service and ?-nancing centre for the region.Finally,extra high growth under Scenario B assumes that Hong Kong’s in?uence will reach the inner provinces of China.These two scenarios are not mutually exclusive.Scenario B can be regarded as the long-term logical extension of Scenario A.
It can be said that the current economic situation in the area falls into Scenario AI –a slow and steady re-covery period out of the ?nancial crisis.Hence,a form of partnership or collaboration between the two parties is likely to be
inevitable.
108 D.-W.Song /Journal of Transport Geography 10(2002)99–110
6.Concluding remarks
This paper can conclude by stating the rationales for the current and prospective collaborating pattern within the container ports of the region.In general,organisa-tions that involve co-operation can achieve at least seven more-or-less overlapping objectives,which are risk re-duction,economies of scale,rationalisation,technology exchanges,co-opting or blocking competition,over-coming government-mandated trade or investment barriers,facilitating the initial international expansion of inexperienced?rms,and vertical quasi-integrated advantages of linking the complementary contributions of the partners in a value chain(Contractor and Lor-ange,1988a).The objective of co-opting or blocking competition is particularly true for the current situation of the container ports in Hong Kong and South China. Potential competition can be co-opted by forming a strategic alliance with the competitor,a way of‘collab-orating to compete’(i.e.,co-opetition).Furthermore,a co-opetitive alliance can strengthen both partners against outsiders even as it may weaken one partner against the other(Hamel et al.,1989).
The Hutchison Port Holdings Group realises that the port of Yantian is a major competitor against the port of Hong Kong.In order to avoid the severe rivalry between the ports,the Hutchison Port Holdings Group decided to invest in Yantian for collaboration.The ports can co-operate in a win–win strategy against outsiders,like MTL,rather than compete against each other in a win–lose strategy.MTL also realises that the South Chinese port is threatening the competitiveness of the port of Hong Kong.Consequently,MTL has invested in Chi-wan and gained the management contract for Shekou in order to form co-opetitive alliances and block the competition.More importantly for MTL,the Hutchison Port Holdings Group has strengthened its market power through collaboration.In order to compete with the Hutchison Port Holdings Group,MTL must also strengthen its market power through some e?ective means.
A recent report(China Ports,1999)estimates that less than20%of China’s cargoes are containerised,com-pared with the global average of45–50%(Containeri-sation International Yearbook,1999),which re?ects,on one hand,the potential for the growth of containerised cargoes in China and,on the other,the bottleneck of infrastructure for container transportation.Moreover, the demand for container transportation will increase tremendously after China’s entry into the WTO in the near future;the co-operative strategies between the ports of Hong Kong and South China will be extremely cru-cial in facing all these challenges.
Given the aforementioned discussion,it can be con-cluded that,as a result of the rapid integration between Hong Kong and South China in the last decade,a structural transformation has already unfolded in the territory’s economy.The mutual bene?ts have been enormous,but negative problems are equally visible. Therefore,important challenges lie ahead.
As far as the port industry is concerned,Hong Kong is at the moment handling a very large share of China’s external trade–the‘China factor’is undoubtedly the major driving force for the further development of the Hong Kong economy.China,however,is catching up fast as it begins the development of the economy’s in-frastructure.including its port facilities.
The main concern is not the resulting form of the integrated port system,but the process of its formation. The possible evolution of the regional container trans-port system can be regarded as a logistics approach (Wang,1997;Wang and Slack,2000)which focuses on the importance of‘soft integration’rather than hard-ware consolidation.Hong Kong people should focus on getting the best out of combining the territory’s exper-tise with the huge market and resources of the Chinese mainland.
Acknowledgements
The author would like to extend his gratitude to all the port operators who made contributions to this work. Also,the author would like to acknowledge the Hong Kong Polytechnic University Grant G-T172for the?-nancial support which has allowed the further develop-
Table6
A framework of TDS options for ports
Scenario A Scenario B
I(Steady growth)II(High growth)(Extra high growth)
Ports?Container hub ports at Hong Kong
and Yantian
?Bulk cargo port at Yantian
?Feeder ports at Shekou,Macau,
Zhuhai and Pearl River towns ?Container hub port at Hong Kong
?Bulk cargo port at Yantian
?Feeder ports at Shekou,Macau,
Zhuhai and Pearl River towns
?Container hub ports at Hong Kong,
Yantian,and Gaolan
?Bulk cargo ports at Yantian and
Gaolan
?Feeder ports at Shekou,Macau,
Zhuhai and Pearl River towns
Source:Extracted from Fung(1995,pp.301–302).
D.-W.Song/Journal of Transport Geography10(2002)99–110109
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安装配置指南 (第二版) ROSE
目录 第一章绪论 windows NT 版 ROSEHA 软件 特点 灵活的配置 ROSEHA 硬件部分 ROSEHA软件示意图 第二章准备工作 资源对象的属性 设置cluster的过程 卷标 安装应用软件 第三章安装和卸载 开始安装之前 安装 ROSEHA 获得 ROSEHA 认证号 卸载 ROSEHA 第四章 ROSEHA 管理工具 预览 私有网络管理 GUI（图形化界面） 资源对象管理 GUI 菜单条 工具条 cluster 可视面板 消息面板 状态条 第三方管理工具 控制面板 文件管理 磁盘管理 事件查看 磁盘阵列管理 私有网络管理
资源对象管理 Cluster 操作 Cluster 操作参数选择 开始 cluster 操作 停止 cluster 操作 第五章私有网络管理 私有网络下拉菜单 TCP/IP socket 私有网络 RS-232 串口私有网络 公用驱动器私有网络 工具条按钮 删除私有网络 查看私有网络 私有网络和服务器状态 第六章资源对象管理 创建资源对象 服务器属性表 配置卷对象属性表 配置IP 地址对象属性表 配置共享文件对象属性表 配置LAN 管理对象属性表 配置Microsoft SQL Server 对象属性表 配置Sybase SQL server 对象属性表 配置NT 服务对象属性表 配置用户自定义对象属性表 查看资源对象 删除资源对象 绑定到 cluster 撤消绑定到 cluster 资源切换 资源接管 服务器切换 服务器接管 资源对象分类 资源对象状态
附录1 MSSQL SERVER 实例 附录2 . WWW资源层次实例 附录3 FAQ 附录4 NT Cluster 软件维护信息
Top、vmstat、w、uptime、 ps 、 free、iostat、sar、mpstat、pmap、 netstat and ss、 iptraf、tcpdump、strace、 /Proc file system、Nagios、Cacti、 KDE System Guard、 Gnome System Monitor https://www.doczj.com/doc/513408130.html,stat -a列出所有正在运行程序的端口如下: Active Connections Proto Local Address Foreign Address State TCP 0.0.0.0:90 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING TCP 0.0.0.0:135 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING TCP 0.0.0.0:445 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING TCP 0.0.0.0:1110 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING TCP 0.0.0.0:1433 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING TCP 0.0.0.0:8009 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING TCP 0.0.0.0:19780 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING TCP 127.0.0.1:1052 127.0.0.1:1110 ESTABLISHED TCP 127.0.0.1:1110 127.0.0.1:1052 ESTABLISHED TCP 127.0.0.1:1141 127.0.0.1:1433 ESTABLISHED TCP 127.0.0.1:1143 127.0.0.1:1433 ESTABLISHED https://www.doczj.com/doc/513408130.html,stat -ano列出所有正在运行程序的端口及PID 如下: Active Connections Proto Local Address Foreign Address State PID TCP 0.0.0.0:90 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING 3468 TCP 0.0.0.0:135 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING 1120 TCP 0.0.0.0:445 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING 4 TCP 0.0.0.0:1110 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING 1680 TCP 0.0.0.0:1433 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING 2880 TCP 0.0.0.0:8009 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING 3468 TCP 0.0.0.0:19780 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING 1680 TCP 127.0.0.1:1052 127.0.0.1:1110 ESTABLISHED 3368 TCP 127.0.0.1:1110 127.0.0.1:1052 ESTABLISHED 1680 TCP 127.0.0.1:1141 127.0.0.1:1433 ESTABLISHED 3468 TCP 127.0.0.1:1143 127.0.0.1:1433 ESTABLISHED 3468 TCP 127.0.0.1:1433 127.0.0.1:1141 ESTABLISHED 2880 TCP 127.0.0.1:1433 127.0.0.1:1143 ESTABLISHED 2880 TCP 127.0.0.1:8005 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING 3468 UDP 0.0.0.0:445 *:* 4 https://www.doczj.com/doc/513408130.html,stat -anb列出所有正在运行程序的端口,PID及使用这个端口的进程( ):
标题：常用协议对应的端口号 由Anonymous 于星期日, 04/01/2007 - 01:28 发表 DHCP：服务器端的端口号是67 DHCP：客户机端的端口号是68 POP3：POP3仅仅是接收协议，POP3客户端使用SMTP向服务器发送邮件。POP3所用的端口号是110。 SMTP：端口号是25。SMTP真正关心的不是邮件如何被传送，而只关心邮件是否能顺利到达目的地。SMTP具有健壮的邮件处理特性，这种特性允许邮件依据一定标准自动路由，SMTP具有当邮件地址不存在时立即通知用户的能力，并且具有在一定时间内将不可传输的邮件返回发送方的特点。 Telnet：端口号是23。Telnet是一种最老的Internet应用，起源于ARPNET。它的名字是“电信网络协议（Telecommunication Network Protocol）”的缩写。 FTP：FTP使用的端口有20和21。20端口用于数据传输，21端口用于控制信令的传输，控制信息和数据能够同时传输，这是FTP的特殊这处。FTP采用的是TCP连接。 TFTP：端口号69，使用的是UDP的连接。 端口号的作用及常见端口号用途说明 IP协议是由TCP、UDP、ARP、ICMP等一系列子协议组成的。其中，主要用来做传输数据使用的是TCP和UDP协议。在TCP和UDP协议中，都有端口号的概念存在。端口号的作用，主要是区分服务类别和在同一时间进行多个会话。 举例来说，有主机A需要对外提供FTP和WWW两种服务，如果没有端口号存在的话，这两种服务是无法区分的。实际上，当网络上某主机B需要访问A的FTP服务时，就要指定目的端口号为21；当需要访问A的WWW服务时，则需要将目的端口号设为80，这时A根据B访问的端口号，就可以区分B的两种不同请求。这就是端口号区分服务类别的作用。 再举个例子：主机A需要同时下载网络上某FTP服务器B上的两个文件，那么A需要与B同时建立两个会话，而这两个传输会话就是靠源端口号来区分的。在这种情况下如果没有源端口号的概念，那么A就无法区分B传回的数据究竟是属于哪个会话，属于哪个文件。而实际上的通信过程是，A使用本机的1025号端口请求B的21号端口上的文件1，同时又使用1026号端口请求文件2。对于返回的数据，发现是传回给1025号端口的，就认为是属于文件1；传回给1026号端口的，则认为是属于文件2。这就是端口号区分多个会话的作用。 如果说IP地址让网络上的两个节点之间可以建立点对点的连接，那么端口号则为端到端的连接提供了可能。理解端口号的概念，对于理解TCP/IP协议的通信过程有着至关重要的作用。 端口号的范围是从1～65535。其中1～1024是被RFC 3232规定好了的，被称作“众所周知的端口”(Well Known Ports)；从1025～65535的端口被称为动态端口（Dynamic Ports），
RoseHA 8.9 for Windows配合SQL Server 2008 R2配置文档 2013年7月27日
目录 一、文档说明 (3) 二、安装部署要求 (3) 1、集群环境拓扑结构 (3) 2、基础环境部署 (3) 三、安装配置SQL Server 2008 R2 (14) 1、安装SQL Server 2008 R2的先决条件 (14) 2、安装SQL Server 2008 R2 (16) 3、配置SQL Server的远程连接功能 (22) 4、安装SQL Server客户端 (25) 四、安装配置RoseHA (29) 五、测试 (39) 1、集群资源测试 (39) 2、集群切换测试 (40) 六、使用RoseHA工具 (42) 1、帮助文档 (42) 2、命令行管理工具 (42) 3、查看日志 (43)
一、文档说明 本文档主要介绍了在VMware8虚拟机环境中使用RoseHA8.9配合SQL Server 2008 R2的配置过程，对如何虚拟磁盘阵列以及两台虚拟机之间如何用RS232串口线连接和挂载虚拟存储也做了介绍。使用此文档，大家可以在自己的电脑上利用虚拟环境搭建RoseHA高可用集群测试系统。 二、安装部署要求 1、集群环境拓扑结构 2、基础环境部署 本实验集群拓扑实现目标如上图所示，以宿主机作为客户端，宿主机安装VMware8虚拟机，虚拟机中安装Windows server 2008 R2操作系统，并将系统的防火墙关闭；在虚拟机操作系统中安装SQL Server 2008 R2和RoseHA；按照RoseHA的配置规则，两台服务器之间至少有两条心跳线，可以使用两条以太网线作为心跳，如果条件允许，还可以使用RS232串行端口线作为心跳，以实现不同类型的心跳通信，加强心跳通信的可靠性。本实验采用以太网和RS232串行端口两种方式作为心跳；宿主机安装SQL Server 2008 R2客户端，使用此
编号：_______________本资料为word版本，可以直接编辑和打印，感谢您的下载 常见网络协议端口号 甲方：___________________ 乙方：___________________ 日期：___________________
常见网络协议端口号 篇一：常见网络端口和网络协议 常见网络端口和网络协议 常见端口号： hTTp——80 FTp——21 TeLneTt ——23 smTp ---- 25 Dns——53 TFTp——69 snmp ---- 161 RIp ——520 查看端口状况： netstat - n 应用层、表示层、会话层（telnet、ftp、snm^ smtp、rpc ） 传输层、网络层（Ip、Tcp、ospF、RIp、ARp RARp
booTp、Icmp) 端口号的范围： 0~255公共应用 255~1023商业公司 1024~65535没有限制 或： 1-1023众所周知端口 >=1024随机端口 下面介绍的这些端口都是服务器默认的端口，所以认 识这些服务器端口对我们学习，和故障排错时很有帮助的。 下面列出了这些服务所对应的端口。 ftp-data20/tcp#FTp,data ftp21/tcp#FTp.control telnet23/tcp smtp25/tcpmail#simplemailTransferprotocolpop3110/tc p#postofficeprotocol-Version3domain53/udp#Domainnam eserver tftp69/udp#TrivialFileTransfer http80/tcpwwwwww-http#worldwideweb https443/tcp ms-sql-s1433/tcp#microsoft-sQL-server ms-sql-m1434/udp#microsoft-sQL-monitor
在对系统连续运营要求较高的系统中，我们通常有RAID、hot spare来保障存储系统以及数据的安全性，但是仅仅存储系统的安全就足够了么？为了防止服务器应用程序的意外宕机，我们通常还会通过两台服务器冗余，且互为备份共同执行同一任务的架构模式来防止服务器错误的发生。这种架构也就是我们通常所说的双机热备的架构模式。 在众多对系统可靠性要求较高的业务环境中，双机热备系统都得到了广泛的应用，并发挥着重要的作用，为企业构筑高可用性系统提供了一种较为安全且成本相对较低的后台环境构架。 双机系统的基本构成通常包括了2台互为备份的服务器，后台往往公用一台存储系统，两台互为备份的服务器之间一般有心跳线连接，用以监控另一台服务器的运行状态，同时2台服务器上还需要运行双机热备的系统软件。任何导致系统当机或服务中断的故障，都会自动触发双机热备的系统软件流程来进行错误判定、故障隔离，并通过联机恢复来继续执行中断的服务。这样，预先指定的备份服务器将首先接管被中断的服务，并继续提供原有的服务。在这个过程中，用户所感受的只是需要经受一定程度可接受的时延，而能够在最短的时间内继续访问服务。 Rose HA是目前市面上应用非常广泛的一种双机HA软件，他由美国ROSE Datasystem Inc.提供，能够和windows操作平台无缝集成，因而并被多家服务器或者存储厂商以OEM 的形式销售提供给大家，被广泛用于在X86服务器基础上构架双机热备系统，拥有较大规模的市场基础和使用人群。但是双机软件的安装是比较容易出问题的环节，下面我们将以SQL Server数据库平台为例，介绍如何在win 2000，SQL Server的环境下构筑Rose HA。 安装环境： 双机环境的基本构成包括：两台服务器（以下分别称为“服务器1”和“服务器2”），一套磁盘整列柜，我们这里以SQL Server数据库软件为例，服务器采用win 2000的操作系统，采用Rose HA软件。软硬件都准备好了以后，我们先进行双机热备环境配置的准备工作。 1. 安装win 2000
常用端口号大全（详细） [ 2007-7-23 22:42:00 | By: 梦精灵] ?21/tcp FTP 文件传输协议 ?22/tcp SSH 安全登录、文件传送(SCP)和端口重定向 ?23/tcp Telnet 不安全的文本传送 ?25/tcp SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (E-mail) ?69/udp TFTP Trivial File Transfer Protocol ?79/tcp finger Finger ?80/tcp HTTP 超文本传送协议(WWW) ?88/tcp Kerberos Authenticating agent ?110/tcp POP3 Post Office Protocol (E-mail) ?113/tcp ident old identification server system ?119/tcp NNTP used for usenet newsgroups ?220/tcp IMAP3 ?443/tcp HTTPS used for securely transferring web pages 端口：0 服务：Reserved 说明：通常用于分析操作系统。这一方法能够工作是因为在一些系统中“0”是无效端口，当你试图使用通常的闭合端口连接它时将产生不同的结果。一种典型的扫描，使用IP地址为0.0.0.0，设置ACK位并在以太网层广播。 端口：1 服务：tcpmux 说明：这显示有人在寻找SGI Irix机器。Irix是实现tcpmux的主要提供者，默认情况下tcpmux在这种系统中被打开。Irix机器在发布是含有几个默认的无密码的帐户，如：IP、GUEST UUCP、NUUCP、DEMOS 、TUTOR、DIAG、OUTOFBOX等。许多管理员在安装后忘记删除这些帐户。因此HACKER在I NTERNET上搜索tcpmux并利用这些帐户。 端口：7 服务：Echo 说明：能看到许多人搜索Fraggle放大器时，发送到X.X.X.0和X.X.X.255的信息。 端口：19 服务：Character Generator 说明：这是一种仅仅发送字符的服务。UDP版本将会在收到UDP包后回应含有垃圾字符的包。TCP连接时会发送含有垃圾字符的数据流直到连接关闭。HAC KER利用IP欺骗可以发动DoS攻击。伪造两个chargen服务器之间的UDP包。
RoseHA 8.5 快速安装指南 一第一部分RoseHA运行所需条件和环境及安装 1． RoseHA支持的系统环境（独立域，主备域，AD服务器） RoseHA支持Windows 2000 系列以及Windows 2003。RoseHA的光盘安装介质可用于Windows 2000及Windows 2003系统中HA的安装。RoseHA 支持独立域、主备域、以及Windows 2000和Windows 2003的AD服务器。两台主机的系统管理员的账号和密码必须一致。 2． RoseHA对网络配置的需求及要求 在安装RoseHA之前，系统的所有网卡应该已经全部驱动并设置了正确的IP地址等相关设置，并规划好公网和私网IP资源的分配。避免在安装了RoseHA 之后，再对系统的网络设置进行修改。 3． RoseHA心跳线需求 HA支持网卡类型和RS232类型的私网，对于配置RS232类型的心跳线，需要准备RS232串口线，配置好com口参数（通常按照系统默认值配置）。在HA中，建议配置两条以上的心跳线（Socket 类型或是RS232 类型，也可以混合使用），保证HA的正常运作。 关于RS232串口线的做法是：如果两端都是9 pin 的接头, 则pin 2 (RD), pin 3 (TD) 交叉反接, pin 5 (GND)直连, 其它pin 不连接: DB9 DB9 1 GND --------- 1 GND 2 RD --------- 3 TD 3 TD --------- 2 RD 5 GND --------- 5 GND 4． RoseHA对共享卷配置的需求及要求 共享磁盘阵列的准备，首先保证两台主机都已经正确连接并能正确访问到盘阵。其次，对于Windows 2000和Windows 2003系统，还必须确认操作系统中看到的磁盘阵列上的共享设备的类型，在磁盘管理器中将共享设备（disk）必须设置为基本卷，而不能是动态卷。两台主机系统缺省对于计划中将要使用的共享磁盘设备上的分区的设置需要保持一致。对于共享磁盘设备上各个分区的盘符的设定要保持一致性。对共享卷的文件系统推荐采用NTFS类型。另外，推荐使用有硬件锁功能的盘阵。这样确保在双机时只能有一边能访问到磁盘设备。5． RoseHA对应用程序配置的需求及要求 在安装RoseHA之前，应先安装需要由HA来监控管理的应用，并且将应用（或与应用有关）的数据创建到共享的盘阵上。然后修改需要由HA监控的服务的启动方式，在服务管理中将其改动为手动启动方式，并停止服务。
如何查看端口号被哪个程序占用了? 一， 1，Cmd输入netstat–ano可以看到 2， 例如我查80端口被什么占用了对应的进程id是 3600 再输入tasklist来查看pid 3600是哪个进程什么程序在跑 3， 可以很快看到是tomcat6在用pid 3600 也即此占用了80端口 此时可以用taskkill /pid 3600 /t /f 快速关闭此进程 或者 二。 开始--运行--cmd进入命令提示符输入netstat -ano即可看到所有连接的PID 之后在任务管理器中找到这个PID所对应的程序如果任务管理器中没有PID这一项,可以在任务管理器中选"查看"-"选择列" 经常，我们在启动应用的时候发现系统需要的端口被别的程序占用，如何知道谁占有了我们需要的端口，很多人都比较头疼，下面就介绍一种非常简单的方法。假如我们需要确定谁占用了我们的9050端口 1、Windows平台 在windows命令行窗口下执行： C:\>netstat -aon|findstr "9050" TCP 127.0.0.1:9050 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING 2016 看到了吗，端口被进程号为2016的进程占用，继续执行下面命令： C:\>tasklist|findstr "2016" tor.exe 2016 Console 0 16,064 K 很清楚吧，tor占用了你的端口。 taskkill /f /pidXXX linux下：lsof -i :80 三、Linux $netstat -pan|grep 2809 tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:2809 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 9493/java https://www.doczj.com/doc/513408130.html, Tags: aix,windows,tips
TCP 1=TCP Port Service Multiplexer TCP 2=Death TCP 5=Remote Job Entry,yoyo TCP 7=Echo TCP 11=Skun TCP 12=Bomber TCP 16=Skun TCP 17=Skun TCP 18=消息传输协议,skun TCP 19=Skun TCP 20=FTP Data,Amanda TCP 21=文件传输,Back Construction,Blade Runner,Doly Trojan,Fore,FTP trojan,Invisible FTP,Larva, WebEx,WinCrash TCP 22=远程登录协议 TCP 23=远程登录(Telnet),Tiny Telnet Server (= TTS) TCP 25=电子邮件(SMTP),Ajan,Antigen,Email Password Sender,Happy 99,Kuang2,ProMail trojan,Shtrilitz,Stealth,Tapiras,Terminator,WinPC,WinSpy,Haebu Coceda TCP 27=Assasin TCP 28=Amanda TCP 29=MSG ICP TCP 30=Agent 40421 TCP 31=Agent 31,Hackers Paradise,Masters Paradise,Agent 40421 TCP 37=Time,ADM worm TCP 39=SubSARI TCP 41=DeepThroat,Foreplay TCP 42=Host Name Server TCP 43=WHOIS TCP 44=Arctic TCP 48=DRAT TCP 49=主机登录协议 TCP 50=DRAT TCP 51=IMP Logical Address Maintenance,Fuck Lamers Backdoor TCP 52=MuSka52,Skun TCP 53=DNS,Bonk (DOS Exploit) TCP 54=MuSka52 TCP 58=DMSetup TCP 59=DMSetup TCP 63=whois++ TCP 64=Communications Integrator TCP 65=TACACS-Database Service TCP 66=Oracle SQL*NET,AL-Bareki TCP 67=Bootstrap Protocol Server TCP 68=Bootstrap Protocol Client
利用命令查看端口及对应程序 利用 netstat 命令查看本机开放端口 netstat 是 windows 自带命令，用于查看系统开放的端口，主要参数只有 -a 和 -n ，前者表示显示所有连接和侦听端口，而后者表示以数字格式显示地址和端口号。 在“ 命令提示符” 中输入“ netstat -an ”, 即可显示本机所有开放端口。 其中 active connections 是指当前本机活动连接， proto 是指连接使用的协议名称 local address 是本地计算机 IP 地址和连接正在使用的端口号 foreign address 是指连接此端口的远程计算机的 IP 地址与端口号 state 则表示 TCP 连接状态 注意如果后面的 UDP 协议有异常连接，则可能有木马正使用端口号，正处于监听状态，如冰河木马的默认监听端口号是 7626 利用 netstat 命令查找打开可疑端口的恶意程序 先用命令提示符 " netstat -ano " 命令显示端口状态，再在结果中找到可疑端口，然后根据其 PID 在输入“ tasklist ” 命令显示中查找其对应程序，就可知道其程序名，进而查明程序的来源，采取适当的措施。 直接查看端口与程序 ( 以上两个命令的结合效果 ) 在命令提示符后输入“ netstat -anb ” 回车，即可显示所有端口及所对应的进程信息，用来查找木马非常方便 用第三方端口查看工具 FPORT fport 是 foundstone 出品的一个用来查看系统所有打开 TCP/IP 和 UDP 端口，及它们对应程序的完整路径， PID 标识，进程名称等信息的小工具
一、安装前的准备 1、硬件环境：服务器两台(每台服务器要求两块网卡,每个服务器的两个网卡一个做心跳用，一个连接到局域网上)、磁盘阵列一台、SCSI线两条。 2、软件环境：Windows200 3、Sqlserver 2000 for Windows2003、Rose HA6.0 For Windows。 3、注意：在连接SCSI线时，必须把主机和磁盘阵列断电。连接完成后，先开启磁盘阵列，后开启主机。将两台服务器的BIOS选择中Start Option选择改为Slot 5,(Slot 5是服务器RAID卡所在的槽位) 4、两台服务器：以下分别称为“服务器1”和“服务器2”。 二、安装Rose HA的过程 (一)硬件安装 1．用Rose软件所带的RS232串口线将服务器1和服务器2的COM口连接起来。 2．用交叉双绞线（一头是568A，一头是568B）连接服务器的网卡(专门做心跳用) 3．分别通过服务器的另外一块网卡将两台服务器连接到交换机上，分配ip地址（一般是用户内网网段地址），保证相互可以ping通。 注：建议使用两根心跳线，如果要通过网卡建立第二根心跳线，可用以下方法连接： 4．将心跳线的网卡Ip设置为200.200.200.109,200.200.200.110，子网掩码255.255.255.0(不能跟局域网在同一个网段)，测试ping。 (二)安装SqlServer2000 1、关闭服务器2，在服务器1上进行安装，进入SqlServer2000安装界面 2、当选择Data路径时，程序文件存放位置可以不做修改，Data文件夹可选为 Z:\Sqlserver_data(注：Sqlserver_data是手工建在磁盘阵列上的文件夹，Z盘为磁盘阵列的逻辑盘符) 3、安装完毕后，需要打SqlServer2000 Sp3补定 4、重启服务器，在数据库管理器里将SqlServer2000的服务，改为手动；手工启动数据库， 确保工作正常。 5、在服务器1上操作：关闭SqlServer数据库，删除Z:\Sqlserver_data文件夹，关闭服 务器1 6、启动服务器2，重复上述步骤2，3，4 7、启动服务器1，关闭服务器2上的SqlServer数据库，在服务器1上启动SqlServer数 据库，要保证启动各项服务都正常 8、进行Rose HA的安装和配置。 (三)RoseHA软件安装 进入光盘上软件所在的目录，运行SETUP程序，按照默认方式安装，当出现提示输入LOCAL 和REMOTE的主机名时，将本地服务器的主机名输入LOCAL栏里，将另一台服务器的主机名输入REMOTE。 三、配置Rose HA
常用端口命令以及关闭方法 一、常用端口及其分类 电脑在Internet上相互通信需要使用TCP/IP协议，根据TCP/IP协议规定，电脑有256×256(65536)个端口，这些端口可分为TCP端口和UDP端口两种。如果按照端口号划分，它们又可以分 为以下两大类: 1.系统保留端口(从0到1023) 这些端口不允许你使用，它们都有确切的定义，对应着因特网上常见的一些服务，每一个打开的此类端口，都代表一个系统服务，例如80端口就代表Web服务。21对应着FTP，25 对应着SMTP、110对应着POP3等。 2.动态端口(从1024到65535) 当你需要与别人通信时，Windows会从1024起，在本机上分配一个动态端口，如果1024端口未关闭，再需要端口时就会分配1025端口供你使用，依此类推。 但是有个别的系统服务会绑定在1024到49151的端口上，例如3389端口(远程终端服务)。从49152到65535这一段端口，通常没有捆绑系统服务，允许Windows动态分配给你使用。 二、如何查看本机开放了哪些端口 在默认状态下，Windows会打开很多“服务端口”，如果你想查看本机打开了哪些端口、有哪些电脑正在与本机连接，可以使用以下两种方法。
1.利用netstat命令 Windows提供了netstat命令，能够显示当前的TCP/IP 网络连接情况，注意:只有安装了TCP/IP 协议，才能使用netstat命令。 操作方法:单击“开始→程序→附件→命令提示符”，进入DOS窗口，输入命令netstat -na 回车，于是就会显示本机连接情况及打开的端口。其中Local Address代表本机IP地址和打开的端口号，Foreign Address是远程计算机IP地址和端口号，State表明当前TCP的连接状态，LISTENING是监听状态，表明本机正在打开135端口监听，等待远程电脑的连接。 如果你在DOS窗口中输入了netstat -nab命令，还将显示每个连接都是由哪些程序创建的。 本机在135端口监听，就是由svchost.exe程序创建的，该程序一共调用了5个组件(WS2_32.dll、RPCRT4.dll、rpcss.dll、svchost.exe、ADVAPI32.dll)来完成创建工作。如果你发现本机打开了 可疑的端口，就可以用该命令察看它调用了哪些组件，然后再检查各组件的创建时间和修改 时间，如果发现异常，就可能是中了木马。 2.使用端口监视类软件 与netstat命令类似，端口监视类软件也能查看本机打开了哪些端口，这类软件非常多，著名的有Tcpview、Port Reporter、绿鹰PC万能精灵、网络端口查看器等，推荐你上网时启动Tcpview，密切监视本机端口连接情况，这样就能严防非法连接，确保自己的网络安全 三、关闭本机不用的端口 默认情况下Windows有很多端口是开放的，一旦你上网，黑客可以通过这些端口连上你的 电脑，因此你应该封闭这些端口。主要有:TCP139、445、593、1025 端口和UDP123、137、138、445、1900端口、一些流行病毒的后门端口(如TCP 2513、2745、3127、6129 端口)， 以及远程服务访问端口3389。关闭的方法是:
Ethereal支持的常用协议端口号 TCP协议支持 协议名称TCP端口号协议名称解释 ACAP 674 AIM 5190 BEEP 10288 CAST 4224 CMP 829 COPS 3288 PKTCABLE_COPS 2126 PKTCABLE_MM_COPS 3918 DAAP 3689 DHCP FO 519 DIAMETER 3868 DISTCC 3632 DLSW 2065 NP 20000 NS 53 DNS5353 DSI 548 FTP DATA 20 FTP21 GIFT 1213 CS 1720 HTTP 80
PROXY_HTTP 3128 PROXY_ADMIN_HTTP 3132 HKP 11371 DAAP 3689 SSDP 1900 IB 3050 ICAP 1344 IMAP 143 IRC 6667 ISAKMP 500 JABBER 5222 KERBEROS 88 LAPLINK 1547 LDAP 389 GLOBALCAT_LDAP 3268 LDP 646 PRINTER 515 MB TCP502 MSNMS 1863 MSRP 0 MySQL 3306 NBSS 139 CIFS 445 NCP 524 NDMP 10000 PA 0x0d44
BROKER 0x0bc6 SRS 0x0bca ENS 0x0bc8 RMS 0x0bcb NOTIFY_LISTENER 0x0bc9 NETSYNC 5253 NNTP 119 NTP 123 POP 110 PPTP 1723 PVFS2 3334 RMI 1099 RSH 514 RSYNC 873 RTSP 554 SIP 5060 SKINNY 2000 SLSK_1 2234 SLSK_2 5534 SLSK_3 2240 SMRSE 4321 SMTP25 SNMP161 SNMP_TRAP 162 SMUX 199 SOCKS 1080
Roseha的安装配置 1．两台服务器：whjkapp和jkcti，都使用两个网卡，其中内网卡作为心跳线连接使用，外网卡用来连接交换机。首先分别在两台服务器上配置HOSTS文件，路径为：c:\windows\system32\driver\etc 配置如下： 100.100.100.10 whjkapp 100.100.100.20 jkcti 10.64.41.115 whjkapp 10.64.41.111 jkcti 10.64.41.120 roseserver 2．把两台服务器分别连接上存储，让它们可以正常访问存储上的分区。 3．先启动其中一台服务器如whjkapp，在它上面安装SQL SERVER 2005，新建个数据库，把数据库文件放在存储的分区上，测试能否正常访问。如果不能访问，查看网络、存储的配置。确定可以访问后，把数据库关闭，并在服务里把SQLSERVER的主服务停掉，启动方式改为手动，然后关闭whjkapp服务器。 启动jkcti服务器，在其上安装SQL数据库，可以附加之前的那个数据库文件，测试能否正常访问。同样把SQLSERVER主服务改为手动。 4．接下来配置ROSEHA双机软件 4.1 登陆whjkapp服务器，点击ROSEHA安装文件，开始安装。整个安装过程，很简单，一直下一步即可。有一点要注意就是：其中有一项在Local computer name中填入本地机名称：如whjkapp。Remote computer name中输入要做双机的服务器名称，如jkcti 同样进入jkcti服务器，安装ROSEHA文件。 4.2RoseHa 安装完成后，根据两台服务器的hostid 号码来申请授权文件， 添加正确的授权文件之后才能配置双机。（此授权文件都已copy至两台 服务器里） 4.3进入whjkapp服务器，打开ROSEHA软件，点击三角形开始按钮，在弹 出的Connect Cluster界面点击OK 4.4进入Tools-License Information，根据host id，输入Serial No、Data及 License，申请许可 4.5同样进入jkcti服务器，申请许可 4.6进入whjkapp服务器roseha配置界面，配置私有网络。也可以继续在jkcti 服务器上配置，目前我们是在whjkapp上配置主节点的。 点击Private Net-TCP/IP Socket，在弹出来的界面里，输入服务器相对应 的IP，如： whjkapp对应的ip是100.100.100.10 jkcti对应的ip是100.100.100.20 配置完，点击Add，添加 同样在jkcti服务器上添加私有网络 4.7 在配置Rosource资源之前，需要在两台服务器上分别点击Tools-Get NIC Information获取NIC信息，之后点击确定。 4.8 在whjkapp服务器ROSEHA配置界面下，点击resource-create-volume建
10.常见端口号对照表
常见端口号对照表 端口：0 服务：Reserved 说明：通常用于分析操作系统。这一方法能够工作是因为在一些系统中“0”是无效端口，当你试图使用通常的闭合端口连接它时将产生不同的结果。一种典型的扫描，使用IP地址为0.0.0.0，设置ACK位并在以太网层广播。 端口：1 服务：tcpmux 说明：这显示有人在寻找SGI Irix机器。Irix 是实现tcpmux的主要提供者，默认情况下tc pmux在这种系统中被打开。Irix机器在发布是含有几个默认的无密码的帐户，如：IP、G UEST UUCP、NUUCP、DEMOS 、TUTOR、DIAG、OUTOFBOX等。许多管理员在安装后忘记删除这些帐户。因此HACKER在INT ERNET上搜索tcpmux并利用这些帐户。 端口：7
服务：Echo 说明：能看到许多人搜索Fraggle放大器时，发送到X.X.X.0和X.X.X.255的信息。 端口：19 服务：Character Generator 说明：这是一种仅仅发送字符的服务。UDP版本将会在收到UDP包后回应含有垃圾字符的包。TCP连接时会发送含有垃圾字符的数据流直到连接关闭。HACKER利用IP欺骗可以发动DoS攻击。伪造两个chargen服务器之间的UDP包。同样Fraggle DoS攻击向目标地址的这个端口广播一个带有伪造受害者IP的数据包，受害者为了回应这些数据而过载。 端口：21 服务：FTP 说明：FTP服务器所开放的端口，用于上传、下载。最常见的攻击者用于寻找打开anonymo us的FTP服务器的方法。这些服务器带有可读写的目录。木马Doly Trojan、Fore、Invisi ble FTP、WebEx、WinCrash和Blade Runn
RoseHA for Windows常见问题解答 （FAQ） 一、RoseHA for Windows的安装部署 1、RoseHA的私网心跳配置 答：建议至少配置两条心跳线以上，以避免私网心跳的单点故障，对于配置的心跳类型（Socket、RS232）可以自由组合。例如：如果配置两条心跳，可以都为Socket类型、也可以都为RS232类型、也可以为一个Socket和一个RS232。 2、网络IP的配置方式 答：主机的IP必须是手动指定方式配置，不支持通过DHCP方式获取的IP。 3、主机的计算机名称 答：在安装RoseHA的过程中，本地主机和远程主机的计算机名称必须与实际的计算机名称一致，不能是自定义的名称标识或主机的IP等。 4、RoseHA双机部署的步骤 答：① 分别在两台主机上部署应用，并将应用的数据存放在共享磁盘上。 ② 分别在两台主机上手动测试应用服务是否能够正常启停和应用。 ③ 安装RoseHA，创建应用服务的高可用资源，带入资源测试。 RoseHA for Windows详细的部署安装步骤，请参阅RoseHA for Windows快速安装文档。 二、RoseHA for Windows的配置 1、创建心跳时，报告License无效 答：检查已注册的License是否输入完整。 2、创建心跳完成后，心跳无法正常通信 答：① 检查两台主机上是否安装防火墙等网络安全类软件，如有，则修改网络安全的配置，允许心跳端口通信。 ② 两台主机的心跳配置是否一致；心跳UDP端口是否与其他应用端口冲突，如有端口冲突，修改心跳UDP端口的配置。 3、创建文件共享资源时，没有显示共享目录 答：先将共享磁盘中需要共享的目录配置共享之后，才能在创建文件共享的窗口中看到共享目录资源。 4、创建NT Server资源时，无法找到应用的服务 答：检查两台主机上的应用服务名称是否完全一致，以及应用服务的启动方式是否都改成手动。 5、RoseHA中提供的6种高可用资源是否都需要配置 答：不是，配置高可用资源的种类和数量是根据实际的应用环境而定的，比如：在信息应用系统中，一般不需要配置主机别名和文件共享资源。 三、RoseHA for Windows的维护 1、双机正常运行过程中，心跳通信异常中断 答：① 检查两台主机心跳的IP通信是否正常。
查看window的端口号命令 Windows有很多端口是开放的，在你上网的时候，网络病毒和黑客可以通过这些端口连上你的电脑。 为了让你的系统变为铜墙铁壁，应该封闭这些端口，主要有：TCP 135、139、445、593、1025 端口和UDP 135、137、138、445 端口，一些流行病毒的后门端口(如TCP 2745、3127、6129 端口)，以及远程服务访问端口3389。 查看端口 在Windows 2000/XP/Server 2003中要查看端口，可以使用Netstat命令： 依次点击“开始→运行”，键入“cmd”并回车，打开命令提示符窗口。在命令提示符状态下键入“netstat -a -n”，按下回车键后就可以看到以数字形式显示的TCP 和UDP连接的端口号及状态。 小知识：Netstat命令用法 命令格式：Netstat -a -e -n -o -s－an -a 表示显示所有活动的TCP连接以及计算机监听的TCP和UDP端口。 -e 表示显示以太网发送和接收的字节数、数据包数等。 -n 表示只以数字形式显示所有活动的TCP连接的地址和端口号。 -o 表示显示活动的TCP连接并包括每个连接的进程ID（PID）。 -s 表示按协议显示各种连接的统计信息，包括端口号。 -an 查看所有开放的端口 关闭/开启端口 先介绍一下在Windows中如何关闭/打开端口的简单方法，因为默认的情况下，有很多不安全的或没有什么用的端口是开启的，比如Telnet服务的23端口、FTP服务的21端口、SMTP服务的25端口、RPC服务的135端口等等。为了保证系统的安全性，我们可以通过下面的方法来关闭/开启端口。 关闭端口 比如在Windows 2000/XP中关闭SMTP服务的25端口，可以这样做：首先打开“控制面板”，双击“管理工具”，再双击“服务”。接着在打开的服务窗口中找到并双击“Simple Mail Transfer Protocol （SMTP）”服务，单击“停止”按钮来停止该服务，然后在“启动类型”中选择“已禁用”，最后单击“确定”按钮即可。这样，关闭了SMTP服务就相当于关闭了对应的端口。 开启端口 如果要开启该端口只要先在“启动类型”选择“自动”，单击“确定”按钮，再打开该服务，在“服务状态”中单击“启动”按钮即可启用该端口，最后，单击“确定”按钮即可。 提示：在Windows 98中没有“服务”选项，你可以使用防火墙的规则设置功能来关闭/开启端口。 如何在WinXP/2000/2003下关闭和开放网络端口的详细方法 第一步，点击开始菜单/设置/控制面板/管理工具，双击打开本地安全策略，选中IP 安全策略，在本地计算机，在右边窗格的空白位置右击鼠标，弹出快捷菜单，选择创建IP 安全策略(如右图)，于是弹出一个向导。在向导中点击下一步按钮，为新的安全策略命名；再按下一步，则显示安全通信请求画面，在画面上把激活默认相应规则左边的钩去掉，点击完成按钮就创建了一个新的IP 安全策略。 第二步，右击该IP安全策略，在属性对话框中，把使用添加向导左边的钩去掉，然后单击添加按钮添加新的规则，随后弹出新规则属性对话框，在画面上点击添加按钮，弹出IP筛选器列表窗口；在列表中，首先把使用添加向导左边的钩去掉，然后再点击右边的添加按钮添加新的筛选器。 第三步，进入筛选器属性对话框，首先看到的是寻址，源地址选任何IP 地址，目标地址选我的IP 地址；点击协议选项卡，在选择协议类型的下拉列表中选择TCP，然后在到此端口下的文本框中输入135，点击确定按钮(如左图)，这样就添加了一个屏蔽TCP 135(RPC)端口的筛选器，它可以防止外界通过135端口连上你的电脑。 点击确定后回到筛选器列表的对话框，可以看到已经添加了一条策略，重复以上步骤继续添加TCP 137、139、445、593 端口和UDP 135、139、445 端口，为它们建立相应的筛选器。 重复以上步骤添加TCP 1025、2745、3127、6129、3389 端口的屏蔽策略，建立好上述端口的筛选器，最后点击确定按钮。 第四步，在新规则属性对话框中，选择新IP 筛选器列表，然后点击其左边的圆圈上加一个点，表示已经激活，最后点击筛选器操作选项卡。在筛选器操作选项卡中，把使用添加向导左边的钩去掉，点击添加按钮，添加阻止操作(右图)：在新筛选器操作属性的安全措施选项卡中，选择阻止，然后点击确定按钮。 第五步、进入新规则属性对话框，点击新筛选器操作，其左边的圆圈会加了一个点，表示已经激活，点击关闭按钮，关闭对话框；最后回到新IP安全策略属性对话框，在新的IP筛选器列表左边打钩，按确定按钮关闭对话框。在本地安全策略窗口，用鼠标右击新添加的IP 安全策略，然后选择指派。 重新启动后，电脑中上述网络端口就被关闭了，病毒和黑客再也不能连上这些端口，从而保护了你的电脑。目前还没听说有补丁下载。