Unit One Legal System
Listening
I. c a d a b
II. statutes, constitutions, cite, interpreted, civil, cases, liability, created, modified, repealed
Text A.
Building up your vocabulary
I. Match the items in the following two columns
A-civil law b-code c-validity d-jurisdiction e-cluster
f-decree g-codification h-statute i-parliament j-legislature
II. Fill in the blanks:
1. subdivision
2. maxim
3. federal
4. enforcement
5. statutes
6. precedent
7. Legislation
8.Stare decisis
9. legal ,legal 10. judicial , judicial
Cloze
Documents lawsuit trial attorneys advisors,
Clients juries alternative practice representation
Translation
1. 根据美国宪法，联邦政府分为行政、立法和司法三大部门，每个部门都被认为是独立的，并且能够相互制衡。
2. 通常有三类案件可以到达最高法院，即：牵涉到诉讼当事人分属不同的州的案件，牵涉到解释联邦法案的案件和解释美国宪法的案件。
3. 大律师事务所的律师平均收入最高；他们常常代理那些最有钱且最有社会地位的当事人；而且同高层次的法官和政府官员有着密切的联系。个人执业者和小律师事务所的律师收入最低，代理那些既没钱又没社会地位的当事人，而且主要同最低级别的法院和行政机构打交道。
4. 州立大学的法学院倾向于集中在一些传统的法律课程上：契约、侵权行为、宪法、诉讼程序、财产、遗嘱、信托与遗产、公司、合伙、代理、国际法、海商法、劳动法、行政法；私立法学院由于规模略小且师生人数比例一般较大，故有条件开设品种更多的课程，在新的、开拓中的领域尤其如此。这些私立法学院的课程目录中都列有诸如精神病学与法学、法学与社会学、城市法、贫困法、环境法、城市财政、土地规划等方面的课程或研讨班。
5. 英美法系的法官比起他们大陆法系的同行们来威信更高，其部分原因在于人们一般都觉得只有较优秀的律师才能当得上法官。尽管任命和遴选有其政治背景，这一结论恐怕还是大致符合实际情况的。
Text B
Check Your Understanding.
1. T
2. F
3. F
4.T
5.F
6.T
7.T
8.F
9.F 10.T
Building up your vocabulary.
I. Give the corresponding translation of each of the following terms.
English Chinese
jurisdiction 司法权
writ of certiorari 诉讼文件[案卷]调取令
session 开庭
Circuit court 巡回法庭
Claims Court 求偿法院
petition 诉状
arbiter 仲裁者
felony 重罪
Appellate Courts 上诉法院
conviction 定罪
misdemeanors 轻罪
II. Put the following terms into Chinese.
Probate or surrogate’s courts遗嘱检验法庭juvenile courts少年法庭
Tax Court税务法院Court of International Trade国际贸易法院Bankrupcy Courts破产法院appellate court巡回法院
Attorney General司法部长Court of Military Appeals军事上诉法院
The Corut of Veterans Appeals退伍军人上诉法院Trial court受理法院
Translation
1.The National People's Congress (NPC) is the highest institution of state power and together
with its permanent body --- the Standing Committee of the NPC, exercises the legislative power of the state.
2.The NPC Standing Committee's power of legislation is not without restraints. Compared with
the legislative power of the NPC, the Standing Committee may not amend the Constitution. But it is authorized:
(1) to interpret the Constitution and supervise its enforcement;
(2) to enact and amend laws, with the exception of those which should be enacted by
the NPC;
(3) to partially supplement and amend, when the NPC is not in session, laws enacted
by the NPC provided that the basic principles of these laws are not contravened;
(4) to interpret laws.
3.In accordance with the structure of the lawmaking powers, Chinese law can be divided
into four levels, i.e., the Constitution, laws adopted by the NPC and its Standing Committee, administrative regulations adopted by the State Council and local regulations by the people's congresses of provinces, autonomous regions and cities.
4.General laws include the Constitution, the General Principles of Civil Law, the Ci vil
Procedure Law, and the Criminal Law etc. Special legislation include legislation dealing with foreign investments, such as the Joint Venture Law, the Wholly Foreign-owned Enterprises Law, the Foreign Economic Contract Law, and legislation governing matters such as registration of business, labor and management, taxation, exchange control, financial matters, customs duties etc.
Unit Two CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
Listening
I.Spot dictation.
Declaration, human, political, assume, nature, impel, self-evident,
Creator, unalienable, institute, Prudence, abolishing , throw off , usurpations
II. Compound dictation.
a fundamental right
the right to be left alone
no explicit guarantee of privacy in the Constitution
source of privacy secured by the First Amendment
unreasonable searches and seizures
TEXT A
Building up your vocabulary
I. Match the items in the following two columns.
1.k
2..g
3.b
4.f
5.j
6.l
7.h
8.a
9.e 10.d 11.c 12.i
II.Fill in the blanks
1. ascertaining,
2. statutory interpretation.
3. prolixity, a ready solution
4. power of the purse, commander-in-chief
5. checks and balances
6. unreasonable searches and seizures
7. standing
8. elimination of racial discrimination, accommodation, badges of servitude
Cloze
commitment, majority, To that end, .a democratic society,
Litigants, preferential treatment, strict neutrality,
at taxpayer expense, violating, state legislatures, ruled
Translation
任何人恶意或故意地以过高或异常的噪音，以喧闹或无理的行为，以威胁、诽谤、争吵、挑衅、斗殴行为扰乱周围地区或个人的宁静或平静；或在非自治乡镇的街道或公路上为赌博或娱乐进行赛马，在这样的乡镇开枪，在妇女儿童面前或可听到的范围内大声使用粗俗、亵渎、或不雅的语言，均构成轻罪。经由有资格管辖的法院判决，应处以不超过200元的罚金，或不超过90天的县监狱监禁，或者可并处罚金与监禁，或由法院自由裁量，二择其一。
TEXT B
Check your understanding
1．T
2．F
3．T
4．T
5．F
6．F
7．F
8．T
9．T
10．F
11．F
12．T
Building up your vocabulary
I. Give the English Version to the following legal terms.
English Chinese
Freedom of speech, press, and assembly 言论、出版、与集会自由
Right of privacy 隐私权
Racial discrimination 种族歧视
The right to trial by jury 接受陪审团审判的权利
Judicial review 司法审查
Minority right 少数民族的权利
Right to legal equality 平等权
racial diversity种族的多样性
Freedom of religious exercise 宗教信仰自由
Right to counsel / an attorney 聘请律师辩护的权利
Unlawful detention, deprivation, or restriction 非法拘禁、剥夺或者限制
Civil rights 公民权利
personal dignity 人格尊严
constitutionality 合宪性
suffrage 选举权；投票权
privilege against self-incrimination 反对自我归罪的权利
association, procession and demonstration 结社、游行、示威权
The Bill of Rights 权利法案
unlawful search of the person of citizens 非法搜查公民的身体
amendment 修正案
2. Put the following terms into Chinese:
direct democracy 直接民主
checks and balances相互制衡
voting qualifications投票资格
amending process of the Constitution宪法的修正程序
due process正当程序
the right to bear arms持枪权
the doctrine of constitutional supremacy 宪法至上原则
process of impeachment 弹劾程序
personal stake 个人利害关系
two-chamber legislature 两院立法机构
judiciary司法制度；司法体系；司法机构
the separation of legislative, executive and judicial powers 立法、行政、司法权的分立
Translation
1.Article 33 Anybody who holds the nationality of the People's Republic of China is a citizen
of the People's Republic of China. All citizens of the People's Republic of China are equal before the law. Every citizen has the rights and at the same time shall perform the duties prescribed by the Constitution and the laws.
2.Article 34 Citizens of the People's Republic of China whoever have reached the age of 18
have the right to vote and stand for election, regardless of ethnic status, race, sex, occupation, family background, religious belief, education, property status or length of residence, except persons deprived of political rights according to law.
3.Article 35 Citizens of the People's Republic of China enjoy freedom of speech, of the press,
of assembly, of association, of procession and of demonstration.
4.Article 36 Citizens of the People's Republic of China enjoy freedom of religious belief. No
state organ, public organization or individual may compel citizens to believe in, or not believe in, any religion; nor may they discriminate against citizens who believe in, or do not believe in, any religion. The state protects normal religious activities. No one may make use of religion to engage in activities that disrupt public order, impair the health of citizens or
interfere with the educational system of the state. Religious bodies and religious affairs are not subject to any foreign domination.
5.Article 37 Freedom of the person of citizens of the People's Republic of China is inviolable.
No citizens may be arrested except with the approval or by decision of a people's procuratorate or by decision of a people's court, and arrests must be made by a public security organ. Unlawful detention or deprivation or restriction of citizens' freedom of the person by other means is prohibited, and unlawful search of the person of citizens is prohibited.
6.Article 38 The residences of citizens of the People's Republic of China are inviolable.
Unlawful search of, or intrusion into, a citizen's residence is prohibited.
Unit Three Criminal Law
Warming-up Exercises.
I.F, T, T, F, T, F, F
II．criminal, damages, distinction, wrong, prosecution,
victim, against, difference, as, civil
Text A
Build up your vocabulary
I.Match the items in the following two columns.
1. E
2.G
3. D
4. F.
5.A
6. H
7. I
8. J
9. B 10. C
II.Fill in the Blanks .
1.unishable
2.statutes
3.imposition
4. violation
5. committed
6.prosecution
7.substantive
8.felonies
9.jurisdiction 10.liable
Cloze
statut, accused, jurisdiction, property, fraud, constitute,
offense, commit, criminal, enactment, prosecution
Translation
1．根据《标准刑法典》的规定，故意的意思是：当（1）若一个要件含有行为人行为的性质或结果，他的主观目的则是从事该性质的行为或造成该结果；以及（2）
若一个要件含有若干伴随情形，他则意识到该等情形的存在并且相信或希望该等
情形存在时，一个人的行为构成针对一重要要件的行为意图。
2．布莱克斯通把重罪仅仅界定为一种由社会共同承担抓捕罪犯责任的制度，该制度是威廉一世为保护入侵敌对国家的诺曼第人而设立，在英国一直持续到17世纪。3．同一行为常常同时构成刑事犯罪和民事不法行为，最突出的表现是，在控告不成或作出不控告决定后，受害人或其家庭会对所指称的加害人提出民事诉讼要求损
害赔偿；但我们仍然可以提出将一个行为作为刑事犯罪加以定义和对待和将其作
为民事不法行为加以定义和对待的区别是什么。
4．对犯罪定义的规定的一般目的是：
(1) 禁止和阻止对个人或公共利益的不正当和没有理由的侵害或潜在的实质性的损害的行为；
(2) 置行为显示其有可能犯罪的人于公众监控之下；
(3) 保证无过错行为不被宣判刑事违法；
(4) 对公布构成犯罪的行为的性质给予合理的提示；
(5) 合理区分重罪和轻罪。
Text B
Check Your Understanding
1．T 2. T 3. T 4. T 5. T 6. F 7. F 8.T
Build up Your Vocabulary
I Give the corresponding translation of each of the following terms:
English Chinese
legal consequence 法律后果
strict liability 严格责任
mistake of fact 事实错误
minor 未成年人
crime of negligence 过失犯罪
civil damages 民事损害赔偿
motive 动机
material matter 重要事项
Guilty minds 犯意
specific intent 特定故意
II. Put the following terms into Chinese:
1.grading systems 分级制
2.first degree murder 一级谋杀
3.retributive sentence 惩罚性刑法
4.aggravated assault 严重伤害
5.peremptory challenges 绝对回避
6.presumption of innocence 无罪推定
7.case at bar 正在审理中的案件
8.case of first impression 未有先例的案件
9.verdict of acquittal 无罪裁决
10.verdict of guilty 有罪裁决
Translation
1.Under Article 231 of Criminal Law of the People’s Republic of China, whoever uses on
identical commodities the trademark which is identical to the registered trademark without the permit of the registrant shall be sentenced to up-to-three-year imprisonment or criminal detention, or may be concurrently or exclusively be sentenced to a fine if the circumstances are serious, and shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of more than three years but not more than seven years and a fine concurrently if the circumstances are particularly serious.
2．If an act in fact results in harmful consequences due to unavoidable or unforeseeable causes rather than intent or negligence, it shall not be deemed a crime.
3．Whoever takes public or private property by force, threat or other methods shall constitute the crime of property violation and whoever, by means of force or threat, obstructs a state functionary from carrying out his functions according to law shall constitute the crime of disturbing public order.
4．A criminal who is liable for civil damages and is at the same time sentenced to a fine and whose property is not sufficient to pay the civil damages in full or sentenced to a confiscation of property shall first undertake his liability to the victim for civil compensation
Unit Four Criminal Procedure Law
Listening
I.
sentences, conduct, abuse and unfairness, maximum and minimum, penalty, inmate behavior, liberal and conservative, draft legislation, abandoned.
II.
(1)Substantive penal law and constitutional law.
(2)There is no one single system.
(3)Each of the 50 states, as well as the District of Columbia and the central federal government, has its own legislature, penal laws, and criminal justice system
(4)The primary responsibility of controlling criminality and defining crime.
Text A
Building up you vocabulary.
I.March the items in the following two columns
1-o, 2-c, 3-p, 4-n , 5- e, 6-a , 7-f , 8- b, 9-m, 10-g , 11-j, 12-i , 13-l , 14-d , 15-h , 16-k
II.Fill in the Blanks with the words or expressions given below. Changing the form if necessary:
1.defendant
2.jurisprudence
3.grand jury, government tyranny.
4.prosecution
5.the capital punishment
6.conviction, proceeding
7.self-incrimination,
8.the nature of criminality
https://www.doczj.com/doc/593393166.html,ernmental searches and seizures,
10.adversarial
Cloze
civil liberty, searches and seizures, vague and broad, government conduct, unlawful, proof, provides, violation, inadmissible, prosecution, coupled, witness, appeared
Translation
重要证人的释放或羁押
如果一方递交的正式书面陈述中显示某人的证词在刑事诉讼程序中很重要，而且如果情况表明发传票无法保证该人能出庭作证，审判人员可下令逮捕该人，并依照本章的3142款处置。如果能充分保证该证人能通过庭外作证提供证言，而且如果延时羁押并不一定能防止不公正，那么任何重要证人不得因未满足释放条件而被羁押。遵照《联邦刑事诉讼规则》，重要证人的释放可适当延期直到获得该证人的庭外作证。
TEXT B
Check Your Understanding
1. F
2. T
1.T
2. F
3.T
4.T
5. F
6.T
7. F
8. F
Build Up Your Vocabulary
I.Give the corresponding translation of each of the following terms:
English Chinese
Guilty verdict 有罪裁定
Criminal procedure 刑事诉讼程序
Double jeopardy 双重危险
Beyond a reasonable doubt 排除合理怀疑Arraignment 提审，传讯
Right to remain silent 沉默权
Right to speedy trial 快速审判权
Death sentence with a reprieve/ death sentence
死刑缓期执行
with a say of execution
V oir dire
选陪审员，预先审核陪审员
Termination of action
诉讼终结
Hearing 听审，听证
Presumption of innocence 无罪推定
Guilty plea 认罪，有罪答辩
II.Put the following terms into Chinese.
dismissing an appeal驳回上诉
appeal against conviction 不服定罪的上诉
counter action 反诉
effect of appeal上诉效力
principal action/ action in chief主诉
private prosecution/oneself action自诉
appellant上诉人
counter-charge/protest抗诉
protestant抗诉人
complaint/ caption起诉书/（起诉书上的）案件说明
custody/ detention羁押/拘留
inquisitorial system纠问制度
appeal for mercy诉请宽刑
instituting prosecution提起公诉
bill of prosecution公诉书
dossier案卷
brief案情摘要
major case主案件
pending case待决案件
adversary system抗辩制度
defeat suit败诉案件
hot criminal被警方通缉的罪犯
commitment/commital/detention/custody关押监禁/拘留/羁押
evidentiary presumption证据推定
Translation
1．The aim of the Criminal Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China is: to ensure accurate and timely ascertainment of facts about crimes, correct application of law, punishment of criminals and protection of the innocent against being investigated for criminal responsibility; to enhance the citizens' awareness of the need to abide by law and to fight vigorously against criminal acts in order to safeguard the socialist legal system, to protect the citizens' personal rights; their property rights, democratic rights and other rights; and to guarantee smooth progress of the cause of socialist development.
2．The public security organs shall be responsible for investigation, detention, execution of arrests and preliminary inquiry in criminal cases. The People's Procuratorates shall be responsible for procuratorial work, authorizing approval of arrests, conducting investigation and initiating public prosecution of cases directly accepted by the procuratorial organs. The People's Courts shall be responsible for adjudication. Except as otherwise provided by law, no other organs, organizations or individuals shall have the authority to exercise such powers.
3．Defence lawyers may, with the consent of the witnesses or other units and individuals concerned, collect information pertaining to the current case from them and they may also apply to the People's Procuratorate or the People's Court for the collection and obtaining of evidence, or request the People's Court to inform the witnesses to appear in court and give testimony.
4．During a trial, the defendant may refuse to have his defendant continue to defend him and may entrust his defence to another defender.
Unit Five Civil procedural Law
Listening
I.
1.T,
2.F,
3.T,
4. F,
5.T
II. the adversary, shaping, investigating, guiding, arise,
manifold, contest, resolution, determination, battle
Text A
Build up your vocabulary
I.Match the items in the following two columns.
1-c 2-e 3-a 4-g 5-h 6-b 7-d 8-f 9-i 10-j
II.Fill in the blanks
1. issue
2.dismissed
3.claim
4.represent
5.hearing
6.file
7.violation
8.substantive
9. entitled 10. remedy, remedies
Cloze
reflective, randomly, panel, criminal, plea, trial, Sitting, duty, contempt, justice
Translation
1. 民事案件是民事法院管理的因民事侵权行为而要求得到损害赔偿金的诉讼案件或法律诉讼。
2. 如果被告声称彻底解决争议还必须有其他当事人，他可以将其他人作为第三人被告纳入该案。
3. 民法调整的是涉及财产所有权、土地所有权、订立契约和履行契约、组织企事业、雇用劳力、买卖货物、结婚离婚、继承财产等人和人之间的主要社会关系。
4. 当法院收到原告的起诉书以后，就会通知被告人已经有人对他提起法律诉讼，并指示被告人提交答辩书。
5. 当辩论程序开始时，双方律师作首次发言，并通过安排自己一方的证人作证，展示物证和相互盘问对方证人等方式，分别为自己的一方提出证据，最后作结束性发言。
Text B
Check your understanding
1.T,
2. F,
3.T,
4.F,
5. T,
6.T,
7.T,
8.F,
9. F, 10.T
Building up your vocabulary
I. Give the corresponding translation of each of the following terms.
English Chinese
summary judgment即决判决
litigation process诉讼程序
procedural device程序性手段
jurisdictions管辖权
testimony证词
allegation指控
deposition 作证
affidavits宣誓书
The court of Appeal上诉法院
II. Put the following terms into Chinese. Some of them are not present in the text.
affidavit宣誓书injunction禁令
affirmative defense积极抗辩compensatory damages补偿性损害赔偿
cross cllaim相互提出诉讼请求declaratory judgment宣告式判决
jurisdiction管辖权，审判权negligence过失
punitive damages惩罚性的损害赔偿费sanction制裁
voir dire预先审核directed verdict直接裁决
Translation
1．The Civil Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China aims to protect the exercise of the litigation rights of the parties and ensure the ascertaining of facts by the people's courts, distinguish right from wrong, apply the law correctly, try civil cases promptly, affirm civil rights and obligations, impose sanctions for civil wrongs, protect the lawful rights and interests of the parties, educate citizens to voluntarily abide by the law, maintain the social and economic order, and guarantee the smooth progress of the socialist construction.
2．The people's conciliation committees shall be mass organizations to conduct conciliation of civil disputes under the guidance of the grass- roots level people's governments and the basic level people's courts. The people's conciliation committee shall conduct conciliation for the parties according to the Law and on a voluntary basis. The parties concerned shall be bound by the settlement agreement reached through conciliation; those who refuse conciliation or those for whom conciliation has failed or those who have backed out of the settlement agreement may file a suit in a people's court. If a people's conciliation committee, in conducting conciliation of civil disputes, acts against the law, rectification shall be made by the people's court.
3．A civil lawsuit brought against a citizen shall be under the jurisdiction of the people's court of the place where the defendant has his domicile; if the place of the defendant's domicile is different from that of his habitual residence, the lawsuit shall be under the jurisdiction of the people's court of the place of his habitual residence. A civil lawsuit brought against a legal person or any other organization shall be under the jurisdiction of the people's court of the place where the defendant has his domicile. Where the domiciles or habitual residences of several defendants in the same lawsuit are in the areas under the jurisdiction of two or more people's courts, all of those people's courts shall have jurisdiction over the lawsuit.
4．In applying for the withdrawal, the party shall state the reason and submit the application at the beginning of the proceedings; the application may also be submitted before the closing of arguments in court if the reason for the withdrawal is known to him only after the proceedings begin. Pending a decision by the people's court regarding the withdrawal applied for, the judicial officer concerned shall temporarily suspend his participation in the proceedings, with the exception, however, of cases that require the taking of emergency measures.
Unit Six Tort Law
1.Spot dictation.
1) Torts are civil wrongs recognized by law as grounds for a lawsuit. These wrongs result in an injury or harm constituting the basis for a claim by the injured party. While some torts are also crimes punishable with imprisonment, the primary aim of tort law is to provide relief for the damages incurred and deter others from committing the same harms. The injured person may sue for an injunction to prevent the continuation of the tortious conduct or for monetary damages. Among the types of damages the injured party may recover are: loss of earnings capacity, pain and suffering, and reasonable medical expenses. They include both present and future expected losses.
2) There are numerous specific torts including trespass, assault, battery, negligence, products liability, and intentional infliction of emotional distress. Torts fall into three general categories: intentional torts; negligent torts; and strict liability torts. Intentional torts are those wrongs which the defendant knew or should have known would occur through their actions or inactions. Negligent torts occur when the defendant's actions were unreasonably unsafe. Strict liability wrongs do not depend on the degree of carefulness by the defendant, but are established when a particular action causes damage.
2. Why do we need tort law?
What if we had no legal system to deal with injuries like these? First, people would have less incentive to avoid injuring other people. Sometimes injuries would occur intentionally; more often, the injuries would be accidental, because people would have less incentive to be careful. An auto manufacturer would have an incentive to cut back on safety measures if it knew it would have an incentive to cut back on safety measures if it knew it would not be liable for injuries that were caused by defective cars. Drivers might be less careful, and property owners might be less inclined to repair their sidewalks. Conversely, businesses and individuals who did act safely would be penalized for their good behavior because it is often more expensive to act carefully with no corresponding reduction in liability.
Second, the victims of accidents would be left to their own resources to pay for medical expenses, lost wages, property damage, and other consequences of injuries they suffer. For most victims the cost would be significant; for the unlucky few, the cost would be catastrophic. Stella Liebeck’s misadventure with hot coffee, for example, would cost her tens of thousand of dollars in hospitalization and doctor bills.
Third, it just would not seem fair that people could freely inflict harm on other people, either intentionally or carelessly. The careless driver would get away with acting wrongfully if he did not have to pay for his actions, and the innocent victim would have to suffer the consequences.
2. Listern to the passage again and complete the chart.
Actors Acts
People would have less incentive to avoid injuring other people
Auto manufacturers Would have an incentive to cut back on safety measures.
drivers might be less careful
Property owners might be less inclined to repair their sidewalks
would be penalized for their good behavior
Businesses and
individuals who did act
safely
Text A
Build up your vocabulary
I. Match the items in the following two columns
1. c,
2. g,
3. a,
4. h,
5. b,
6. e,
7. i,
8. j
9. d, 10.f
II. Fill in the blanks.
1.negligent
2. fault
3. intentional tort
4. offensive
5. battery
6. trespass
7. breached their duty
8. misconduct
9. Strict liability 10. cause
Cloze
harm, conduct, risks. actor, risk of harm, intentionally, Motive, foreseen, unreasonable, wrongful, burden, fault
Translation
1.一般原则
（1）侵犯他人隐私权的人对给他人的权益造成的损害承担责任。
（2）侵犯隐私权的形式有：
A 如652条b款规定的情形，不合理地入侵他人的私密住所，；或者
B 如652条c款规定的情形，使用他人的姓名或明星人身权；或者
C 如652条d款规定的情形，不合理地公开他人的隐私；或者
D 如652条e款规定的情形, 公开行为不合理地致使他人给公众留下错误印象。
2．食品出售人或分销商，若出售或分销第2、3、4条中规定的有缺陷的食品，则对该缺陷造成的人身或财产损害承担责任。根据第2条a款，食品中的致害成分，若为理性消费者不能预见该食品中会含有该成分的，则构成缺陷。
3．《侵权法重述》对“侵入”的普通法诉因做如下界定：
入侵他人财产者，无论是否因此行为给他人的合法权益造成损害，只要发生下列故意情形之一，均应承担责任：
A 进入他人土地，或使一物品或第三人进入他人土地；或者
B 在该土地上停留；或者
C 未将有义务移走的物品从该土地上移走。
4．《侵权法重述（二）》第525条规定：
对事实、意见、意图或法律进行虚假陈述，以诱使他人因此作为或不作为的人，对于该被欺骗者因合理信赖该虚假陈述而遭受的金钱损失，应当承担责任。
Text B
Check your understanding
1. F
2. F
3.T
4.F.
5. T
6.T
7. T
8. T
9. F 10. F
Build up your vocabulary
I. Give the corresponding translation of each of the following terms.
English Chinese
prescriptive right 因时效而取得的权利
interference with the interest of another 干预他人的权益
redress 赔偿，救济
enjoyment of land 土地享用权
concurrent remedy 共同救济
exclusive possession 独占权
a wrong 违法行为
omission 不作为
assumption of risk 危险推定
personal injury 人身损害
II.Put the following terms into Chinese:
public nuisance 公害private nuisance 私人妨害
basis of liability 承担责任的根据consequential injury 继起的伤害
a tort action 侵权诉讼cause of action 诉因
cause in fact 事实原因proximate cause 近因
remote cause 远因intervening cause 介入原因
superseding cause 替代原因per se 本质的
reasonable care 合理注意feasibility 可行性
de facto tort 事实上的侵权行为illegal omission 违法的不作为
Translation
1．When a civil act is determined null and void or is rescinded, the party who obtained the property as a result of the act shall return it to the party who suffered a loss. The erring party shall compensate the other party for the losses incurred as a result of the act; if both parties are in error, they shall each bear their proper share of the responsibility.
2．One who is engaged in the businesses of manufacturing or selling products is subject to liability to the other for the injury to property or person caused by its defective products. The manufacturers or sellers shall have a claim for damages to the transporter or storekeeper who is liable for the injury.
3．One who feeds or keeps an animal shall be subject to liability for the injury caused by the animal to another, unless the injury is caused due to the fault of the victim, or a third party where the third party shall be liable.
4．The General Principles of Civil Law of the PRC provides both fault liability and no-fault liability. Under the doctrine of fault liability, a wrongdoer(tortfeasor) shall be found liable on the basis of his fault. The tort which is determined under the doctrine shall satisfy the four requirements: the wrongdoer’s fault and the illegalit y of his act, the certainty of injury, the
causation between the tortious act and the injury. Under the doctrine of no-fault liability, the wrongdoer shall be liable if his act is what is prescribed by the law and there is injury incurred regardless of the wrongdoer’s fault.
5．If the defect of a product causes personal injury or damage to other's property, the injured or damaged person may claim compensation from the producer of the product or may also claim compensation from the seller of the product. If the compensation lies to the liability of the producer of the product but the seller of the product has made the compensation, the seller of the product has the right to seek the compensation from the producer of the product. If it lies to the liability of the seller of the product but the producer of the product has made the compensation, the producer of the product has the right to seek the compensation from the seller of the product.
Unit Seven Contract Law
Listening
I. 1.F 2. T 3. F 4. T 5.T
II. .promise consideration offer acceptance written express oral conduct implied enforced
Text A
Build up your vocabulary
I.Match the items in the following two columns.
1-b 2-j 3-c 4-h 5-g 6-a 7-f 8-d 9-k 10-e
II.Filling the blanks
1.Expectation damages
2.specific performance
3.counteroffer
4.revocation
5.restitution
6. misrepresentation
7.Mutual assent
8. rejection
9. minors 10.impossibility
Cloze
consideration offer meeting of the minds promise unilateral contract performance bilateral contract oral contract counteroffers option
Translation
1．如果商人在签名的书面函件中提出购买或出售货物的要约，且函件保证该要约将保持有效，则即使无对价，在要约规定的有效时间内，或如果未规定时间，在合理时间内，要约不可撤销。在任何情况下，此种要约不可撤销的时间都不超过３个月。而且，如果此种保证条款载于受要约人所提供的表格上，则该条款必须由要约人另加签名。
2．如果法院在法律上发现合同或合同的任何条款在制定时显失公平，法院可以拒绝强制执行，或仅执行显失公平部分之外的其它条款，或限制显失公平条款的适用以避免显失公平的后果。
3．受要约人用信函或电报发出的拒绝要约或反要约，在要约人收到时方可终止承诺权，但仍可对受约人的承诺权形成限制，因此受要约人在发出否则有效的拒绝要约或反要约之后发出的承诺信函或电报只能作为反要约，除非要约人在收到拒绝要约或反要约之前收
到该承诺。
4．允诺人在作出允诺时应该合理预见其允诺可能导致受允诺人或第三方作为或不作为，且该允诺确实导致了该作为或不作为的，若只有通过法律强制履行其诺言方能避免不公正，则该允诺具有约束力，但救济只限于公正所需。
Text B
Checking your understanding
1.T
2. F
3. F
4. F
5. T
6. T
7.T
8.F
9. T 10. F
Build up your vocabulary
I.Give the corresponding translation of each of the following terms.
Adhesion contract –附意合同；格式合同
sufficiency of consideration –对价的充分性
adequacy of consideration –对价的适当性
undue influence –不正当影响
illusory promises –虚假允诺
past consideration –过去的对价
detrimental reliance –不利益的信赖；致人损害的信赖
promisor –允诺人
unconscionable –显失公平的
rescission –解除（合同）；撤销（合同）
injunction –禁止令
II. Put the following terms into Chinese
express contract 明示合同liquidated damages 约定违约金
implied contract 默示合同unjust enrichment 不当得利
executory contract 待履行的合同reliance damages 基于信赖利益的损害赔偿金executed contract 已履行的合同quantum meriut 合理金额
void contract 无效合同substantial performance 实质履行
voidable contract 可撤销的合同material breach 重大违约；实质性违约
unenforceable contract 不可强制执行的合同nominal consideration 名义对价；象征性对价anticipatory repudiation 预期违约constructive condition 推定条件
Translation
1.The terms of the acceptance shall be identical to those of the offer. A purported acceptance
dispatched by the offeree which materially alters the terms of the offer constitutes a new offer.
A change in the subject matter, quantity, quality, price or remuneration, time, place and
method of performance, liabilities for breach of contract or method of dispute resolution is a material change to the terms of the offer.
2.The parties may prescribe that effectiveness of a contract be subject to certain conditions. A
contract subject to a condition precedent becomes effective once such condition is satisfied. A contract subject to a condition subsequent is extinguished once such condition is satisfied.
Where in order to further its own interests, a party improperly impaired the satisfaction of a condition, the condition is deemed to have been satisfied; where a party improperly facilitated
the satisfaction of a condition, the condition is deemed not to have been satisfied.
3.The parties shall fully perform their respective obligations in accordance with their contract.
The parties shall abide by the principle of good faith, and perform obligations such as notification, assistance, and confidentiality, etc. in light of the nature and purpose of the contract and in accordance with the relevant usage.
4.Where a party breached the contract, the other party shall take the appropriate measures to
prevent further loss; where the other party sustained further loss due to its failure to take the appropriate measures, it may not claim damages for such further loss. Any reasonable expense incurred by the other party in preventing further loss shall be borne by the breaching party.
Unit Eight Property Law
Listening
I. Listen to the passage, and then answer the questions according to what you hear on the tape.
1.Both tangible and intangible things.
2.Copyright and financial instruments such as stocks, bonds and mutual fund shares.
2.Relationships among people with respect to valuable resources.
3. A bundle of rights.
4. A bundle of sticks.
5.Liberty to use, right to exclude, power to transfer, immunity from damage.
6.The right to exclude.
II. Spot dictation.
center trespass property invasion exclude
unreasonable nuisances things allocation qualifies
Text A
Build up your vocabulary
I. Match the items in the following two columns.
1-f 2-e 3-d 4-g 5-g 6-c 7-i 8-b 9-j 10-k
II. Fill in the blanks
1.fee simple
2.Real property
3. life estate
4. Tenancy by the entirety
5. joint tenancy
6. right of survivorship
7. tenancy in common
8. Personal property
9. lateral support
10. subjacent support
Cloze
nuisance easements run with the land servitudes life estate air rights condominium joint ownership future interest land use Zoning
Translation
1．共有就是由两人或更多的人平等享有的财产权益，该共有权可以是由单独一份遗嘱或转让产生，并且在该遗嘱或转让契约中明确表明该财产为共有；或由独一所有人转让给他自己与他人共有；或是普通共有人或共同占有人转让给自己或其中一部分共有人共有，
或全体共有人或其中任何共有人与其他人共有；或由夫妻作为共同财产或其他形式财产所有权人将财产转让给他们自己共有或他们自己与他人共有，或者其中一人与给他人共有，并且在转让契约中明确表明是共有，或让与或遗赠给遗嘱执行人或信托人共有。2．任何制作、印刷或出版，或致使制造、印刷或出版任何有关出售、出租住房的通知、声明或广告的行为，且该通知、声明或广告含有对种族、肤色、宗教、性别、生理缺陷、婚姻状况、民族等的偏好、限制或歧视，或有该偏好、限制或歧视的意图，均为非法。3．共同占有财产与普通共有财产的分割。有管辖权的法院（适格法院）在利害关系人提出衡平法上的救济请求时，可以命令共同财产所有人对共同占有的地产进行分割，并可为此目的指定一个委员会，还可以同样方式分割限嗣继承地产保有人占有的地产；分割地产的法令对所有当事人以及作为继承人而随后主张权利的所有共有人都具有约束力。4．要求获得地产所有权或占有权的诉讼得在诉因产生之日起21年内提起，但是如果有权提起该诉讼的当事人在诉因产生时未成年、有智障或被监禁，则该当事人可在诉因产生21年期满后，在该种无能力解除后10年内提起该诉。
Text B：
Checking your understanding
1.F
2. F
3.F
4. T
5. F
6. F
7. F
8. T
9. T 10. T
Build up your vocabulary
I.Give the corresponding translation of each of the following terms.
adverse possession –逆占有；实效占有
permanent injunction –长期禁止令
premises –房屋
mortgage –抵押权人
constructive possession –推定占有
Statute of Limitations/ Law of Limitations/ Limitation Act –诉讼时效法
Power of attorney –授权书；委托书
tenant –承租人
lien –留置权
grantee –受让人
II. Put the following trms into Chinese.
freehold estate 自有保有地产（权）
partition 分割
eminent domain 国家征用权
condemnation 征用（补偿）
zoning 分区；分区制
takings 没收；征用
marketable title 可转让的产权
warranty of habitability 可居住性担保
accessions 添附物；添附
improvements 不动产的改进
reversion 归复（权）；土地归复（权）；财产归复（权）
alienability 可转让性；可流通性
Unit 1 1.他对这次面试中可能提到的问题作好了准备。（confront） He has prepared answers to the questions that he may confront during the interview. 2.他悲惨的遭遇深深打动了我们，使我们几乎哭出声来。（touch） His sad experience touched us so deeply that we nearly cried. 3.他们俩手挽着手沿着河边散步，有说有笑。(hand in hand) The two of them are walking hand in hand along the riverbank, chatting and laughing. 4.听到这令人激动的消息之后，他眼睛里涌出欢乐的泪水。(well up) When he heard the exciting news, tears of joy welled up in his eyes. 5.上海人容易听懂苏州话，因为上海话和苏州话有许多共同之处。(in common) People from Shanghai can understand Suzhou dialect with ease, for Shanghai dialect and Suzhou dialect have much in common. 6.亨利和妻子正在考虑能不能在3年内买一幢新房子。(look into) Henry and his wife are looking into the possibility of buying a new house within three years. 7.女儿再三请求到国外去深造，他最终让步了。（give in to） He finally gave in to his daughter’s repeated requests to further her education abroad. 8.我们在动身去度假之前把所有的贵重物品都锁好了。（lock away） We locked all our valuables away before we went on holiday. 9.虽然咱们分手了，但我希望咱们依然是好朋友，像以前一样互相关心，互相帮助。(part) Although we have parted from each other, I hope that we will remain good friends and that we will care for and help each other just as we used to. 10.在紧急关头，军长召集全体军官开会，制定新的克敌战略战术。（summon） At the critical moment, the army commander summoned all the officers to work out new strategies and tactics to conquer the enemy. Unit 2 1.一个由外交部长率领的政府代表团昨天抵达南非，开始对该国进行为期3天的友好访问。（head） A government delegation headed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs arrived in South Africa yesterday, starting a three-day friendly visit to the country. 2.看看这些讽刺社会弊端的漫画实在好笑。（awfully funny） It is awfully funny to look at these caricatures which satirize social ills. 3.计算机是最有用的教学工具之一，所有的功课以及所有的问题和答案都可在屏幕上显示出来。（show on a screen） Computers are one of the most useful teaching tools, for all your lessons as well as all the questions and all the answers can be shown on a screen. 4.张利的母亲前天突然病倒，他赶紧派人请来医生。（send for） Zhang Li’s mother fell ill the day before yesterday, so he sent for a doctor immediately.
这是我整理的，希望对大家有用。蓝色部分是重点词汇。 第一课 1、一条蜿蜒的小路隐没在树荫深处。 A winding path loses itself in the shadowy distance of the woods. 2、集市上有许多小摊子，出售的货物应有尽有。 At the bazaar, there are many stalls where goods of every conceivable kind are sold. 3、我真不知道到底是什么事让他如此生气。 I really don’t know what it is that has made him so angry. 4、新出土的铜花瓶造型优美，可有精细、复杂的传统图案。 The newly unearthed bronze vase is pleasing in form and engraved with delicate and intricate traditional designs. … 5、在山的那一边是一望无际的大草原。 Beyond the mountains there is a vast grassland that extends as far as the eye can see. 6、他们决定买那座带有汽车房的房子。 They decided to buy that house with a garage attached. 7、教师们坚持对学生严格要求。 The teachers make a point of be ing strict with the students. 8、这个小女孩很喜欢她的父亲。 The girl is very much attached to her father. 9、为了实现四个现代化，我们认为有必要学习国外的先进科学技术。 To achieve the four modernization, we make a point of learn ing from the advanced science and technology of other countries. | 10、黄昏临近时，天渐渐暗下来了。 As dusk fell, daylight faded away. 11徒工仔细地观察他的师傅，然后照着干。 The apprentice watched his master carefully and then followed suit. 12、吃完饭弗兰克常常帮助洗餐具。 Frank often took a hand in the washing-up after dinner.
1.该公司否认其捐款有商业目的。 2.The company denied that its donations had a commercial purpose. 3.每当她生气的时候，他说话就有一点结巴。 4.Whenever he was angry, he would begin to stammer slightly. 5.教育是我们家庭最看重的传统，这就是为什么我父母从不带我到昂贵的饭店吃饭，却送我到最 好的私立学校上学。 https://www.doczj.com/doc/593393166.html,cation is the most cherished tradition in our family. That’s why my parents never took me to dinner at expensive restaurants, but sent me to the best private school. 7. 8.another 9. 些由他自己造成的痛苦经历 20.I find it ironic that Tom has a selective memory --- he does not seem to remember painful experiences in the past, particularly those of his own doing. 21.背离传统需要极大勇气 22.It takes an enormous amount of courage to make a departure from the tradition. 23.汤姆过去很腼腆，但这次却非常勇敢能在大庭广众面前上台表演了 24.Tom used to be very shy, but this time he was bold enough to give a performance in front of a large audience. 25.很多教育家认为从小培养孩子的创新精神是可取的
Lesson 1 1) Little donkeys thread their way among the throngs of people. little donkeys went in and out among the people and from one side to another 2) Then as you penetrate deeper into the bazaar, the noise of the entrance fades away, and you come to the muted cloth-market. Then as you pass through a big crowd to go deeper into the market, the noise of the entrance gradually disappear, and you come to the much quieter cloth-market. 3) they narrow down their choice and begin the really serious business of beating the price down they drop some of items that they don't really want and begin to bargain seriously for a low price. 4) he will price the item high, and yield little in the bargaining He will ask for a high price for the item and refuse to cut down the price by any significant amount. 5) As you approach it, a tinkling and banging and clashing begins to impinge on your ear As you get near it, a variety of sounds begin to strike your ear. X．1)一条蜿蜒的小路淹没在树荫深处 A zig-zag path loses itself in the shadowy distance of the woods. 2)集市上有许多小摊子，出售的货物应有尽有 At the bazaar there are many stalls where goods of every conceivable kind are sold. 3) 我真不知道到底是什么事让他如此生气。 I really don't know what it is that has made him so angry. 4)新出土的铜花瓶造型优美，刻有精细、复杂的传统图案。 The newly unearthed bronze vase is pleasing in form and engraved with delicate and intricate traditional designs. 5)在山的那边是一望无际的大草原。 Beyond the mountains there is a vast grassland that extends as far as the eye can see. 6)他们决定买那座带有汽车房的房子。 They decided to buy that house with. a garage attached. 7）教师们坚持对学生严格要求。 The teachers make a point of being strict with the students. 8）这个小女孩非常喜欢他的父亲。 This little girl is very much attached to her father.
法律文件严谨，采取各种语言手段防止误解或歧义；其内容必须字面化、外部化，说一是一，说二是二。含蓄的表达、深层的蕴涵在法律文件中无施展的余地。 在用词方面，法律文件除了专门术语外，还常用一部分古词、旧词。特别是here，there，where加介词构成的复合副词，如：hereto，herein，hereunder，hereinabove，thereon，therein，thereof，thereat，therethrough，wherein，whereby，whereof，wherefor等等。古体副词的大量使用提高法律文件的正式程度，也形成了法律文件特有的稳定性和保守性。 在句法方面，法律文件长句多，几十字、上百字的长句司空见惯。为
了把话说得天衣无缝，不惜运用各种附加语、修饰语、说明语，以致句法成分前后编插、枝权横生，句子结构膨胀，语法关系复杂，读来不畅。行文中少用代词，宁可重复名词。 在篇章结构方面，有的甚至通篇不用逗号表示停顿。但是，为了突出内容要点和逻辑程序，法律文件也采用一定的版面手段，如大小写，变换字体、序列和布局等。 根据法律文件的特征，翻译上有如下要求： Legal Document Translation From stylistic point of view, the legal document is rigorous, so it adopts every language method to prevent misunderstanding or ambiguity. Its content must be literally clear and outspoken. The
全新版大学英语综合教程正确的课后翻译 -CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1
一 我认为总结一下英语学习的经验是值得一试的。这里，我想谈谈三个相关的问题。 首先，大量阅读应被视作学习过程中的重点，因为我们是通过阅读获取最大量语言输入(language input)的。其次，尽可能多背一些好文章也十分重要。一方面，死记硬背(rote learning)确实无甚裨益，但另一方面，在真正理解基础上的熟记肯定对我们有好处。大脑中存储了大量很好的文章，我们在用英语表达自己思想的时候，就会觉得容易多了。最后，我们应该把所学到的东西用到实践中去，这是至关重要的。通过多读、多写、多听、多说，我们就能完成提高英语水平的任务。 I consider it worthwhile trying to summarize our experience in learning English. Here I would like to make three relevant points. First, wide reading should be taken as a priority in the learning progress, because it is through reading that we get the most language input. Next, learning by heart as many well-written essays as possible is also very important. On the one hand, rote learning/learning by rote is indeed of little help, but on the other hand, memorization/learning by heart with a good understanding will certainly be of benefit /do good to us. With an enormous store of excellent essays in our heads, we will find it much easier to express us in English. Finally, it's critical that we should put what we have learned into practice. By doing more reading, writing, listening and speaking, we will be able to the task of perfecting our English. 自从他加盟以来，乔治从早忙到晚。他总是乐呵呵的，一直全身心地扑在工作上。由于表现出色，他被提升为执行总裁（CEO=CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER）.从那以后，他尽力和工人打成一片，从不盛气凌人。另外，他制定了一些奖励制度，鼓励工人们努力工作。他相信忠诚和勤劳会大大促使公司获得成功。人们都说他是位出色的执行总裁。 George was on the run since the moment he came aboard. He was always cheerful and devoted himself heart and soul to his work. Because of his excellent performance he was promoted to CEO. From then on he tried hard to blend in with other workers and never threw his weight around. He also laid down/introduced a reward system to encourage the workers to work hard. He believed that loyalty and hard work would greatly contribute to the success of the company. By all accounts he was an outstanding chief executive officer. 也许你羡慕我，因为我可以借助计算机在家里工作。我也这么想，互联网使我的工作方便多了。我可以通过电子邮件撰写、编辑并交出我的文章，在网上与我的同事聊天，与老板讨论工作。我用鼠标一击，马上就能拿到我要的一切资料，获得最新的消息。可是，另一方面，用网络通信有时也令人沮丧。系统有可能瘫痪，更糟的是，因为没有面对面交谈的情感提示，键出的词有时候似乎很难理解。 Perhaps you envy me for being able to work from home on the computer . I agree that the Internet has made my job a lot easier. I can write, write and edit articles via email, chat with my colleagues on line and discuss work with my boss. With a click of
II . 1) little donkeys thread their way among the throngs of people. little donkeys went in and out among the people and from one side to another 2) Then as you penetrate deeper into the bazaar, the noise of the entrance fades away, and you come to the muted cloth-market. Then as you pass through a big crowd to go deeper into the market, the noise of the entrance gradually disappear, and you come to the much quieter cloth-market. 3) they narrow down their choice and begin the really serious business of beating the price down they drop some of items that they don't really want and begin to bargain seriously for a low price. 4) he will price the item high, and yield little in the bargaining He will ask for a high price for the item and refuse to cut down the price by any significant amount. 5) As you approach it, a tinkling and banging and clashing begins to impinge on your ear As you get near it, a variety of sounds begin to strike your ear. X．1) 一条蜿蜒的小路淹没在树荫深处 A zig-zag path loses itself in the shadowy distance of the woods. 2) 集市上有许多小摊子，出售的货物应有尽有At the bazaar there are many stalls where goods of every conceivable kind are sold. 3) 我真不知道到底是什么事让他如此生气。I really don't know what it is that has made him so angry. 4) 新出土的铜花瓶造型优美，刻有精细、复杂的传统图案。The newly unearthed bronze vase is pleasing in form and engraved with delicate and intricate traditional designs. 5) 在山的那边是一望无际的大草原。Beyond the mountains there is a vast grassland that extends as far as the eye can see. 6) 他们决定买那座带有汽车房的房子。They decided to buy that house with. a garage attached. 7 )教师们坚持对学生严格要求。The teachers make a point of being strict with the students.
Legal English (revised version for the students) Ch.1 The Main Features of Legal English 一、法律英语的英译： David Mellinkoff（加州大学洛杉矶分校法学院教授）：《The Language of the Law》1963 1.legal English---Lawful English Legal parlance（说法、用语）/legal lingo（行话、隐语）/legal jargon（行话、黑话）/legalese( 法律八股文)/language of jurisprudence(法理语言) 2. the English Language of the Law or shortened as “the language of the law” 3. 法律英语与法学英语 二、法律英语的范围： 是否凡是涉及法律的英语（词汇、表达方法、句子结构……）都是法律英语？ 英美法学界所公认的法律英语主要是指普通法国家（common-law countries）的法律人所用的习惯语言（customary language），包括某些词汇、短语，或具有特色的一些表达方法(mode of expressions)。 三、法律英语的主要特点： I. precise or exact (准确) 正常情况下，起草法律文件时，用词造句务必十分精准（with great exactness），因为一旦笔者的思想、观点、企图落实成文字，即成为法庭判断是非的重要依据，因为按严格解释原则(principle of strict construction)或唯名论原则(principle of nominalism)，尽管实践中还存在推测意图原则(principle of presumed intent)，但其不占主导地位，书面文字仍然是法官解释法律文件的唯一依据。 实务中鉴于对法律文件中文字的理解不一，也是常有纠纷出现： e.g. The Charter required that directors “shall be elected on a vote of the stockholders representing not less than two-thirds of outstanding capital st ock of the corporation.” 甲方理解成：被选上董事的人需三分之二的股东投票赞成(a candidate to be elected needs the votes of two-thirds of the stockholders ) 乙方则认为：选董事时须有三分之二的股东出席(two-thirds of the stockholders must be present at the meeting at which the election is held) What’s the judge’s opinion? e.g. 一个阿肯色州的美国人临终前写了一个遗嘱，遗嘱写道： The remainder of the testator’s property should be “divided equally between all of our nephews and nieces on my wife’s side and my niece.” 问题出在对“between”一词的理解上。立遗嘱人妻子一边的外甥和外甥女加在一起共有22个。这句话是指立遗嘱人的遗产的一半归其妻子方的22个外甥和外甥女，另一半归其本人一方的外甥女？还是指将遗产在双方的外甥外甥女中平均分配呢？ 为达准确之目的，常使用下列招法： 1. 使用专门术语（下文有述） 2. 重复使用具有绝对含义的词汇，如all , none, perpetuity, never, unavoidable; 3. 使用具有绝对限制含义的短语：
实用法律英语中英对照版 ——民事 civil ——民事 civil affairs;affairs relating to civil law ——民事上的占有 civil possesion ——民事上的没收 civil forfeiture ——民事上诉 civil appeal ——民事主体 civil subject ——民事法律关系 civil legal relationship ——民事活动 activity relating to civil law ——民事纠纷 civil dispute ——民事客体 civil object ——民事原告 civil plaintiff ——民事被告 civil defendant ——民事指控 civil charge ——民事案件 civil case ——民事过失 civil negligence ——民事责任事故 accident involving civil liability ——民事补偿 civil remedy ——民事诉讼 civil action ——民事损害 civil injury
——民事债务 civil debt ——民事管辖 civil jurisdiction ——民事制裁 civil sanction ——民事审判 civil trial ——民事调解 civil mediation ——民事罚款 civil penalty ——民事权利争议 dispute concerning private rights ——民事权利剥夺 deprived of private rights ——民事权利请求 civil claim ——民事权利变更 alternation of private right ——民政 civil administraion ——民事权利与责任 civil right and liability ——民事权利 civil right ——人身权利 jura personarum; rights of the person ——人格权 right of personality ——上诉权 right of appeal ——不受时效限制权 imprescriptible right ——立遗嘱权 right to make a will ——合法权利 legal right ——共有权 communal tenure
Unit 1 Growing Up Ⅱ. Translation 1.那是个正规宴会，我照妈妈对我讲的那样穿着礼服去了。（formal） As it was a formal dinner party, I wore formal dress, as Mother told me to. 2.他的女朋友劝他趁抽烟的坏习惯尚未根深蒂固之前把它改掉。（take hold） His girlfriend advised him to get out of/get rid of his bad habit of smoking before it took hold. 3.他们预料到下几个月电的需求量很大，决定增加生产。（anticipate） Anticipating that the demand for electricity will be high during the next few months, they have decided to increase its production. 4.据说比尔因一再违反公司的安全规章而被解雇。（violate） It is said that Bill has been fired for continually violating the company’s safety rules. / Bill is said to have been fired for continually violating the company’s safety rules. 5.据报道地方政府已采取适当措施避免严重缺水（water shortage）的可能性。 （avoid, severe） It is reported that the government has taken proper measures to avoid the possibility of a severe water shortage. /The local government is reported to have taken proper measures to avoid the possibility of a severe water shortage. 苏珊（Susan）因车祸失去了双腿。有一段时间，她真不知如何面对自己再也不能行走的事实。 一天，苏珊在浏览杂志时，被一个真实故事吸引住了。那个故事生动地描写了一个残疾（disabled）姑娘是如何成为一位作家的。苏珊读后深受鼓舞，开始相信她最终会成为一个有用的人生活下去。 Inspire vivid scan face up with finally Susan lost her legs because of / in a car accident. For a time, she didn’t know how to face up to the fact that she would never (be able to) walk again. One day, while scanning (through) some magazines, a true story caught her eye /she was attracted by a true story. It gave a vivid description of how a disabled girl became a writer. Greatly inspired, Susan began to feel that she, too, would finally be bale to lead a useful life. Unit 2 Friendship II. Translation 1)半个小时过去了，但末班车还没来。我们只好走路回家。（go by） Half an hour had gone by, but the last bus hadn’t come yet. We had to walk home.
第一课美国法律制度介绍 第一部分特征与特点 美国既是一个非常新的国家也是一个非常老的国家。与许多别的国家相比它是一个新的国家。同时，它还因新人口成分和新州的加入而持续更新，在此意义上，它也是新国家。但是在其它的意义上它是老国家。它是最老的“新”国家——第一个由旧大陆殖民地脱胎而出的国家。它拥有最古老的成文宪法、最古老的持续的联邦体制以及最古老的民族自治实践。 美国的年轻（性）有一个很有意思的特点就是它的历史肇始于印刷机发明之后。因此它的整个历史都得以记录下来：确实可以很有把握地说，任何其它国家都没有像美国这样全面的历史记录，因为像在意大利、法国或者英国过去的传说中湮没的那样的事件在美国都成了有文字记载的历史之一部分。而且其记录不仅全面，还非常浩繁。不仅包括这个国家自1776年以来的殖民时期的记录，还有当前五十个州以及各州和联邦（nation）之间错综复杂的关系网络的历史记录。因此，据一个非常简单的例子，美国最高法院判例汇编有大约350卷，而一些州的判例汇编也几乎有同样多的卷数：想研究美国法律史的读者要面对的是超过5000巨卷的司法案例。 我们不能说一个文件或几个文件就能揭示出一国人民或其政府的特性。但如果横跨一百多年的千百万个文件敲出始终如一的音调，我们就有理由说这就是其主调。当千百万个文件都以同样的方式去解决同样的中心问题，我们就有理由从中得出可以被称为国民特定的确定结论。 第二部分普通法和衡平法 同英国一样，美国法律制度从方法论上来说主要是一种判例法制度。许多私法领域仍然主要是由判例法构成，广泛而不断增长的制定法一直受制于有约束力的（解释制定法的）判例法。因此，判例法方法的知识以及使用判例法的技巧对于理解美国法律和法律方法是极其重要的。 从历史的角度来看，普通法就是由英国皇家法院的巡回法官的判决所得出的普通的一般法——优于地方法。采纳或执行某项诉讼请求是以存在法院令状这种特殊形式的诉为前提的，而这就使最初的普通法表现为由类似于古罗马法的“诉”所构成的体系。如果存在令状（于1227年），诉讼请求就可以被采纳或执行；没有法院令状（为前提）的诉讼请求就没有追索权，因而该诉讼请求也不存在。“牛津条例”（1285年）禁止创设除了“个案令状”之外的新令状，这种“个案令状”使该制度变得较为灵活了，而且导致了后来合同和侵权法的发展。 对于诉的形式的严格限制及由此产生的对追索权的限制导致了衡平法和衡平判例法的发展。“衡平”的一般意义就是寻求“公平”，即公平且善良地裁决，它最初是由国王，后来由作为“国王良知守护人”的大法官颁行，以便在艰难的案件中提供救济。但是到了十四世纪，衡平法和衡平判例法发展成了一个独立的法律制度和与一般的普通法法院一争高下的司法系统（衡平法院）。其规则和格言变得非常固定而且在某种程度上不像在其它法律制度中一样灵活。衡平法的特点有：以特定履行（或实际履行）的方式提供救济（与普通法提供补偿性损害赔偿金的救济方式形成对照）；强制令（为或者不为某项具体行为的临时或者最终法令）；渗透了整个法律制度并且能在许多场合下揭示现代法律概念的起源的所谓的衡平法格言的发展。不过，一般都是只有在普通法救济不充分时，才会出现衡平法救济。比如，优于普通法损害赔偿金被认为是不充分的，这是因为考虑到不动产所具有的唯一性，这些赔偿金无法补偿不动产购买人（的损失），就可能判以特定履行购买不动产。 与普通法一样，衡平法通过司法接纳或通过明确的制定法条款，成了美国法律的一部分。目前，这两个法律制度在许多美国司法管辖区中得以融合（始于1848年的纽约），因而，在这些司法管辖区以及联邦的实践中只存在一种形式的民事诉讼。只有为数很少的州还保留着单独的衡平法院。尽管如此，提及这一历史演变仍然是很重要的，因为它一方面解释了许多当代法律概念（如财产法中的所有权分割）的起源和意义，另一方面，它仍然与做出某些裁决有一定的关联，比如是否有权获得陪审团的审理（这仅发生与普通法的讼案中，在其它案件中仅由法官审理）。另外，这种区别将决定“通常的”普通法赔偿金救济是否适用或者是否可以使用“特别的”衡平法特定履行救济。 “判例法”代表了整个的法官造法体系，而且在现代还包括了普通法和衡平法先例。在不准确的和令人迷惑的用法中，“普通法”和“判例法”这两个术语通常被当作同义词来使用，在这里，“普通法”这个术语一般代表着法官制定的法，以示区别制定法。“判例法”总是代表着法官制定的法律，而“普通法”则相对来说，根据想表达的意思不同，要么代表普通法主题事项（即具体问题）上法官制定的法律，要么在更广范围内指所有法官制定的法律。 第二课法律职业 第一部分律师协会 法律职业的规范主要是各州的事务，每一各州对于执业许可都有其自己的要求。大多数州都要求三年的学业和法律学位。各州自行管理本州申请律师资格的书面考试。不过，几乎所有的州都利用“多州律师资格考试”，这是一种长达一天的多项选择测试，在这项考试之外，各州还会再增加一次主要是关于其本州法律的时长一天的论文考试。大多数申请人都可以通过第一次考试，而且许多失败者都会在下一次考试中通过。每年有四万多人通过这些考试，在经过人品调查之后，他们便可获准在相应的州执业许可。在获得许可之前或之后都不要求实习。到各联邦法院执业的许可规则互不相同，但一般来讲，那些获准在州最高法院执业的律师在办理一些无关紧要的手续之后即可获准在联邦法院执业。 律师执业范围通常仅限于一个地区，因为尽管律师可以代表当事人到其它地区办理事务，但是一个人只能在其获得许可的州内执业。人们习惯雇用本州的律师办理其它洲的事务。但是，只要一个人已经在其获得职业资格的州执业达一定时间（通常是五年），那么他移居到另外一个州时通常无需考试便可获得执业许可。 律师不仅可以从事法律事务，还允许从事任何其他公民能从事的事务。执业律师在企业客户的董事会中工作、从事商业或者积极参与公共事务都是很平常的事情。律师即使在成为法官、政府或者私人企业集团的雇员或者法律教师之后仍然是律师协会的会员，他们可以辞掉这些其它事务，回头开始私人执业。为了在工商业中担任重要的执行职务而放弃执业的律师人数相对较少。这一职业中的流动性和公共责任感的一个例证是哈兰·菲斯克的职业生涯，他曾多次成为一名纽约州律师、一名教授和哥伦比亚法学院院长、美国总检察长和美国最高法院首席大法官。 律师并不按照职责进行正式的划分。在英国对诉讼律师和非诉律师的区分并没有移植到美国，既不存在拥有特别或者专有出庭权的职业群体，也没有专门制作法律文书的职业群体。美国律师的业务范围包括出庭辩护、咨询和起草文书。另外，在被广泛地成为“法律执业”的范围之内，律师的业务范围是专有性的，不对其他人开放。在出庭辩护领域，这种规则非常清楚：任何个人都可以代表其自己出庭，但除了一些基层法院之外，只有律师可以代表他人出庭。不过，律师不得代表他人参与一些行政机关设立的具有司法性质的正式程序当中。在咨询和起草法律文书领域的界限并不是太清晰，比如在在联邦所得税领域的法律执业和会计执业之间就是如此。但是，纽约最高法院的一个裁决表明了大多数美国法院的严格标准，该裁决认为，一个获准在外国执业单位获准在纽约执业的律师不得在纽约对客户提供法律咨询，即使该意见仅限于该律师获准执业的该外国的法律。但是，一个外国律师可能获准在一个州执业，而且无需获得许可便可以以一个外国法律顾问的身份向美国律师提供法律咨询。 1
Unit 1 1. sentences 1) It takes an enormous amount of courage to make a departure from the tradition. 2) Tom used to be very shy, but this time he was bold enough to give a performance in front of a large audience. 3) Many educators think it desirable to foster the creative spirit in the child at an early age. 4) Assuming (that) this painting really is a masterpiece, do you think it’s worthwhile to buy/ purchase it? 5) If the data is statistically valid, it will throw light on the problem we are investigating. 2. passage translation To improve our English, it is critical to do more reading, writing, listening and speaking. Besides, learning by heart as many well-written essays as possible is also very important. Without an enormous store of good English writing in your head you cannot express yourself freely in English. It is also helpful to summarize our experience as we go along, for in so doing, we can figure out which way of learning is more effective and will produce the most desirable result. As long as we keep working hard on it, we will in due course accomplish the task of mastering English. Unit 2 1. Translate the Sentences 1) The company denied that its donations had a commercial purpose. 2) Whenever he was angry, he would begin to stammer slightly. 3) Education is the most cherished tradition in our family. That’s why my parents never took me to dinner at expensive restaurants, but sent me to the best private school. 4) Shortly after he recovered from the surgery, he lost his job and thus had to go through another difficult phase of his life. 5) In contrast to our affluent neighbors, my parents are rather poor, but they have always tried hard to meet our minimal needs. 2. Translate the passage With more and more donations coming in, our university will be much better off financially next year. We will thus be able to focus on the most important task that we, educators, must take on: to encourage students to attain their scholarly/academic goals,