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数字信号处理的简单介绍文献翻译及英文原文

数字信号处理的简单介绍文献翻译及英文原文
数字信号处理的简单介绍文献翻译及英文原文

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学号070110105

分类号

密级

文献翻译

数字信号处理的简单论述

院(系)名称信息工程学院

专业名称通信工程

学生姓名徐治明

指导教师赵春雨

2011年 4 月 5 日

英文译文

数字信号处理的简单论述

冈萨雷斯(美国)

一、数字信号处理的概述

数字信号处理是将信号以数字方式表示并处理的理论和技术。数字信号处理与模拟信号处理是信号处理的子集。

数字信号处理的目的是对真实世界的连续模拟信号进行测量或滤波。因此在进行数字信号处理之前需要将信号从模拟域转换到数字域,这通常通过模数转换器实现。而数字信号处理的输出经常也要变换到模拟域,这是通过数模转换器实现的。

数字信号处理的算法需要利用计算机或专用处理设备如数字信号处理器(DSP)和专用集成电路(ASIC)等。数字信号处理技术及设备具有灵活、精确、抗干扰强、设备尺寸小、造价低、速度快等突出优点,这些都是模拟信号处理技术与设备所无法比拟的。

数字信号处理的核心算法是离散傅立叶变换(DFT),是DFT使信号在数字域和频域都实现了离散化,从而可以用通用计算机处理离散信号。而使数字信号处理从理论走向实用的是快速傅立叶变换(FFT),FFT的出现大大减少了DFT的运算量,使实时的数字信号处理成为可能、极大促进了该学科的发展。

世界上三大DSP芯片生产商:1.德克萨斯仪器公司(TI) 2.模拟器件公司(ADI) 3.摩托罗拉公司(Motorola).这三家公司几乎垄断了通用DSP芯片市场。

数字信号处理的经典书籍是麻省理工学院奥本海姆编著的《Discrete Time Signal Processing》,有中译本《离散时间信号处理》由西安交通大学出版。现在是第二版。

二、特征和分类

信号(signal)是一种物理体现,或是传递信息的函数。而信息是信号的具体内容。

模拟信号(analog signal):指时间连续、幅度连续的信号。

数字信号(digital signal):时间和幅度上都是离散(量化)的信号。

数字信号可用一序列的数表示,而每个数又可表示为二制码的形式,适合计算机处理。

一维(1-D)信号: 一个自变量的函数。

二维(2-D)信号: 两个自变量的函数。

多维(M-D)信号: 多个自变量的函数。

系统:处理信号的物理设备。或者说,凡是能将信号加以变换以达到人们要求的各种设备。模拟系统与数字系统。

信号处理的内容:滤波、变换、检测、谱分析、估计、压缩、识别等一系列的加工处理。

多数科学和工程中遇到的是模拟信号。以前都是研究模拟信号处理的理论和实现。

模拟信号处理缺点:难以做到高精度,受环境影响较大,可靠性差,且不灵活等。

数字系统的优点:体积小、功耗低、精度高、可靠性高、灵活性大、易于大规模集成、可进行二维与多维处理

随着大规模集成电路以及数字计算机的飞速发展,加之从60年代末以来数字信号处理理论和技术的成熟和完善,用数字方法来处理信号,即数字信号处理,已逐渐取代模拟信号处理。

随着信息时代、数字世界的到来,数字信号处理已成为一门极其重要的学科和技术领域。

三、应用

广义来说,数字信号处理是研究用数字方法对信号进行分析、变换、滤波、检测、调制、解调以及快速算法的一门技术学科。但很多人认为:数字信号处理主要是研究有关数字滤波技术、离散变换快速算法和谱分析方法。随着数字电路与系统技术以及计算机技术的发展,数字信号处理技术也相应地得到发展,其应用领域十分广泛。

四、数字滤波器

数字滤波器的实用型式很多,大略可分为有限冲激响应型和无限冲激响应型两类,可用硬件和软件两种方式实现。在硬件实现方式中,它由加法器、乘法器等单元所组成,这与电阻器、电感器和电容器所构成的模拟滤波器完全不同。数字信号处理系统很容易用数字集成电路制成,显示出体积小、稳定性高、可程控等优点。数字滤波器也可以用软件实现。软件实现方法是借助于通用数字计算机按滤波器的设计算法编出程序进行数字滤波计算。

离散傅里叶变换的快速算法

1965年J.W.库利和T.W.图基首先提出离散傅里叶变换的快速算法,简称快速傅里

叶变换,以FFT表示。自有了快速算法以后,离散傅里叶变换的运算次数大为减少,使数字信号处理的实现成为可能。快速傅里叶变换还可用来进行一系列有关的快速运算,如相关、褶积、功率谱等运算。快速傅里叶变换可做成专用设备,也可以通过软件实现。与快速傅里叶变换相似,其他形式的变换,如沃尔什变换、数论变换等也可有其快速算法。

六、谱分析

在频域中描述信号特性的一种分析方法,不仅可用于确定性信号,也可用于随机性信号。所谓确定性信号可用既定的时间函数来表示,它在任何时刻的值是确定的;随机信号则不具有这样的特性,它在某一时刻的值是随机的。因此,随机信号处理只能根据随机过程理论,利用统计方法来进行分析和处理,如经常利用均值、均方值、方差、相关函数、功率谱密度函数等统计量来描述随机过程的特征或随机信号的特性。

实际上,经常遇到的随机过程多是平稳随机过程而且是各态历经的,因而它的样本函数集平均可以根据某一个样本函数的时间平均来确定。平稳随机信号本身虽仍是不确定的,但它的相关函数却是确定的。在均值为零时,它的相关函数的傅里叶变换或Z变换恰恰可以表示为随机信号的功率谱密度函数,一般简称为功率谱。这一特性十分重要,这样就可以利用快速变换算法进行计算和处理。

在实际中观测到的数据是有限的。这就需要利用一些估计的方法,根据有限的实测数据估计出整个信号的功率谱。针对不同的要求,如减小谱分析的偏差,减小对噪声的灵敏程度,提高谱分辨率等。已提出许多不同的谱估计方法。在线性估计方法中,有周期图法,相关法和协方差法;在非线性估计方法中,有最大似然法,最大熵法,自回归滑动平均信号模型法等。谱分析和谱估计仍在研究和发展中。

数字信号处理的应用领域十分广泛。就所获取信号的来源而言,有通信信号的处理,雷达信号的处理,遥感信号的处理,控制信号的处理,生物医学信号的处理,地球物理信号的处理,振动信号的处理等。若以所处理信号的特点来讲,又可分为语音信号处理,图像信号处理,一维信号处理和多维信号处理等。

七、数字信号处理系统

无论哪方面的应用,首先须经过信息的获取或数据的采集过程得到所需的原始信号,如果原始信号是连续信号,还须经过抽样过程使之成为离散信号,再经过模数转换得到能为数字计算机或处理器所接受的二进制数字信号。如果所收集到的数据已是离散

数据,则只须经过模数转换即可得到二进制数码。数字信号处理器的功能是将从原始信号抽样转换得来的数字信号按照一定的要求,例如滤波的要求,加以适当的处理,即得到所需的数字输出信号。经过数模转换先将数字输出信号转换为离散信号,再经过保持电路将离散信号连接起来成为模拟输出信号,这样的处理系统适用于各种数字信号处理的应用,只不过专用处理器或所用软件有所不同而已。

八、语音信号处理

语音信号处理是信号处理中的重要分支之一。它包括的主要方面有:语音的识别,语言的理解,语音的合成,语音的增强,语音的数据压缩等。各种应用均有其特殊问题。语音识别是将待识别的语音信号的特征参数即时地提取出来,与已知的语音样本进行匹配,从而判定出待识别语音信号的音素属性。关于语音识别方法,有统计模式语音识别,结构和语句模式语音识别,利用这些方法可以得到共振峰频率、音调、嗓音、噪声等重要参数,语音理解是人和计算机用自然语言对话的理论和技术基础。语音合成的主要目的是使计算机能够讲话。为此,首先需要研究清楚在发音时语音特征参数随时间的变化规律,然后利用适当的方法模拟发音的过程,合成为语言。其他有关语言处理问题也各有其特点。语音信号处理是发展智能计算机和智能机器人的基础,是制造声码器的依据。语音信号处理是迅速发展中的一项信号处理技术。

九、图像信号处理

图像信号处理的应用已渗透到各个科学技术领域。譬如,图像处理技术可用于研究粒子的运动轨迹、生物细胞的结构、地貌的状态、气象云图的分析、宇宙星体的构成等。在图像处理的实际应用中,获得较大成果的有遥感图像处理技术、断层成像技术、计算机视觉技术和景物分析技术等。根据图像信号处理的应用特点,处理技术大体可分为图像增强、恢复、分割、识别、编码和重建等几个方面。这些处理技术各具特点,且正在迅速发展中。

十、振动信号处理

机械振动信号的分析与处理技术已应用于汽车、飞机、船只、机械设备、房屋建筑、水坝设计等方面的研究和生产中。振动信号处理的基本原理是在测试体上加一激振力,做为输入信号。在测量点上监测输出信号。输出信号与输入信号之比称为由测试体所构成的系统的传递函数(或称转移函数)。根据得到的传递函数进行所谓模态参数识别,从而计算出系统的模态刚度、模态阻尼等主要参数。这样就建立起系统的数学模型。进

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fpga英文文献翻译

Field-programmable gate array (现场可编程门阵列) 1、History ——历史 FPGA业界的可编程只读存储器(PROM)和可编程逻辑器件(PLD)萌芽。可编程只读存储器(PROM)和可编程逻辑器件(PLD)都可以分批在工厂或在现场(现场可编程)编程,然而,可编程逻辑被硬线连接在逻辑门之间。 在80年代末期,为海军水面作战部提供经费的的史蒂夫·卡斯尔曼提出要开发将实现60万可再编程门计算机实验。卡斯尔曼是成功的,并且与系统有关的专利是在1992年发行的。 1985年,大卫·W·佩奇和卢文R.彼得森获得专利,一些行业的基本概念和可编程逻辑阵列,门,逻辑块技术公司开始成立。 同年,Xilinx共同创始人,Ross Freeman和Bernard Vonderschmitt发明了第一个商业上可行的现场可编程门阵列——XC2064。该XC2064可实现可编程门与其它门之间可编程互连,是一个新的技术和市场的开端。XC2064有一个64位可配置逻辑块(CLB),有两个三输入查找表(LUT)。20多年后,Ross Freeman进入全国发明家名人堂,名人堂对他的发明赞誉不绝。 Xilinx继续受到挑战,并从1985年到90年代中期迅速增长,当竞争对手如雨后春笋般成立,削弱了显著的市场份额。到1993年,Actel大约占市场的18%。

上世纪90年代是FPGA的爆炸性时期,无论是在复杂性和生产量。在90年代初期,FPGA的电信和网络进行了初步应用。到这个十年结束时,FPGA行业领袖们以他们的方式进入消费电子,汽车和工业应用。 1997年,一个在苏塞克斯大学工作的研究员阿德里安·汤普森,合并遗传算法技术和FPGA来创建一个声音识别装置,使得FPGA的名气可见一斑。汤姆逊的算法配置10×10的细胞在Xilinx的FPGA芯片阵列,以两个音区分,利用数字芯片的模拟功能。而今,该遗传算法应用到FPGA中设备的配置上被称为演化硬件。 2、Modern developments ——现代的发展 最近的趋势是通过组合逻辑块和嵌入式微处理器和相关外设传统的FPGA 互连,形成一个完整的“可编程片上系统”,采取粗粒度的架构方法实现了这一步。这项工作反映了由宝来先进系统集团的Ron Perlof 和Hana Potash在单一芯片SB24上结合可重构CPU架构的体系结构。这项工作是在1982年完成的,这种混合动力技术可以在Xilinx公司的Virtex-II Pro和Virtex-4设备中看到,包括嵌入式FPGA的逻辑结构中的一个或多个PowerPC处理器。Atmel 的FPSLIC是另一个这样的设备,它使用的是组合了Atmel可编程逻辑架构的AVR处理器。Actel的SmartFusion器件集成了配置有Cortex-M3硬处理器内核(最大闪存和512KB为64KB RAM)的ARM架构和模拟外设,如多通道ADC和DAC的基于闪存的FPGA架构。 使用硬宏处理器的另一种方法是利用在FPGA逻辑中实现的软核处理器。

计算机网络-外文文献-外文翻译-英文文献-新技术的计算机网络

New technique of the computer network Abstract The 21 century is an ages of the information economy, being the computer network technique of representative techniques this ages, will be at very fast speed develop soon in continuously creatively, and will go deep into the people's work, life and study. Therefore, control this technique and then seem to be more to deliver the importance. Now I mainly introduce the new technique of a few networks in actuality live of application. keywords Internet Network System Digital Certificates Grid Storage 1. Foreword Internet turns 36, still a work in progress Thirty-six years after computer scientists at UCLA linked two bulky computers using a 15-foot gray cable, testing a new way for exchanging data over networks, what would ultimately become the Internet remains a work in progress. University researchers are experimenting with ways to increase its capacity and speed. Programmers are trying to imbue Web pages with intelligence. And work is underway to re-engineer the network to reduce Spam (junk mail) and security troubles. All the while threats loom: Critics warn that commercial, legal and political pressures could hinder the types of innovations that made the Internet what it is today. Stephen Crocker and Vinton Cerf were among the graduate students who joined UCLA professor Len Klein rock in an engineering lab on Sept. 2, 1969, as bits of meaningless test data flowed silently between the two computers. By January, three other "nodes" joined the fledgling network.

10kV小区供配电英文文献及中文翻译

在广州甚至广东的住宅小区电气设计中,一般都会涉及到小区的高低压供配电系统的设计.如10kV高压配电系统图,低压配电系统图等等图纸一大堆.然而在真正实施过程中,供电部门(尤其是供电公司指定的所谓电力设计小公司)根本将这些图纸作为一回事,按其电脑里原有的电子档图纸将数据稍作改动以及断路器按其所好换个厂家名称便美其名曰设计(可笑不?),拿出来的图纸根本无法满足电气设计的设计意图,致使严重存在以下问题:(也不知道是职业道德问题还是根本一窍不通) 1.跟原设计的电气系统货不对板,存在与低压开关柜后出线回路严重冲突,对实际施工造成严重阻碍,经常要求设计单位改动原有电气系统图才能满足它的要求(垄断的没话说). 2.对消防负荷和非消防负荷的供电(主要在高层建筑里)应严格分回路(从母线段)都不清楚,将消防负荷和非消防负荷按一个回路出线(尤其是将电梯和消防电梯,地下室的动力合在一起等等,有的甚至将楼顶消防风机和梯间照明合在一个回路,以一个表计量). 3.系统接地保护接地型式由原设计的TN-S系统竟曲解成"TN-S-C-S"系统(室内的还需要做TN-C,好玩吧?),严格的按照所谓的"三相四线制"再做重复接地来实施,导致后续施工中存在重复浪费资源以及安全隐患等等问题.. ............................(违反建筑电气设计规范等等问题实在不好意思一一例举,给那帮人留点混饭吃的面子算了) 总之吧,在通过图纸审查后的电气设计图纸在这帮人的眼里根本不知何物,经常是完工后的高低压供配电系统已是面目全非了,能有百分之五十的保留已经是谢天谢地了. 所以.我觉得:住宅建筑电气设计,让供电部门走!大不了留点位置,让他供几个必需回路的电,爱怎么折腾让他自个怎么折腾去.. Guangzhou, Guangdong, even in the electrical design of residential quarters, generally involving high-low cell power supply system design. 10kV power distribution systems, such as maps, drawings, etc. low-voltage distribution system map a lot. But in the real implementation of the process, the power sector (especially the so-called power supply design company appointed a small company) did these drawings for one thing, according to computer drawings of the original electronic file data to make a little change, and circuit breakers by their the name of another manufacturer will be sounding good design (ridiculously?), drawing out the design simply can not meet the electrical design intent, resulting in a serious following problems: (do not know or not know nothing about ethical issues) 1. With the original design of the electrical system not meeting board, the existence and low voltage switchgear circuit after qualifying serious conflicts seriously hinder the actual construction, often require changes to the original design unit plans to meet its electrical system requirements (monopoly impress ). 2. On the fire load and fire load of non-supply (mainly in high-rise building in) should be strictly sub-loop (from the bus segment) are not clear, the fire load and fire load of non-qualifying press of a circuit (especially the elevator and fire elevator, basement, etc.

文献翻译英文原文

https://www.doczj.com/doc/527072390.html,/finance/company/consumer.html Consumer finance company The consumer finance division of the SG group of France has become highly active within India. They plan to offer finance for vehicles and two-wheelers to consumers, aiming to provide close to Rs. 400 billion in India in the next few years of its operations. The SG group is also dealing in stock broking, asset management, investment banking, private banking, information technology and business processing. SG group has ventured into the rapidly growing consumer credit market in India, and have plans to construct a headquarters at Kolkata. The AIG Group has been approved by the RBI to set up a non-banking finance company (NBFC). AIG seeks to introduce its consumer finance and asset management businesses in India. AIG Capital India plans to emphasize credit cards, mortgage financing, consumer durable financing and personal loans. Leading Indian and international concerns like the HSBC, Deutsche Bank, Goldman Sachs, Barclays and HDFC Bank are also waiting to be approved by the Reserve Bank of India to initiate similar operations. AIG is presently involved in insurance and financial services in more than one hundred countries. The affiliates of the AIG Group also provide retirement and asset management services all over the world. Many international companies have been looking at NBFC business because of the growing consumer finance market. Unlike foreign banks, there are no strictures on branch openings for the NBFCs. GE Consumer Finance is a section of General Electric. It is responsible for looking after the retail finance operations. GE Consumer Finance also governs the GE Capital Asia. Outside the United States, GE Consumer Finance performs its operations under the GE Money brand. GE Consumer Finance currently offers financial services in more than fifty countries. The company deals in credit cards, personal finance, mortgages and automobile solutions. It has a client base of more than 118 million customers throughout the world

数字信号处理英文文献及翻译

数字信号处理 一、导论 数字信号处理(DSP)是由一系列的数字或符号来表示这些信号的处理的过程的。数字信号处理与模拟信号处理属于信号处理领域。DSP包括子域的音频和语音信号处理,雷达和声纳信号处理,传感器阵列处理,谱估计,统计信号处理,数字图像处理,通信信号处理,生物医学信号处理,地震数据处理等。 由于DSP的目标通常是对连续的真实世界的模拟信号进行测量或滤波,第一步通常是通过使用一个模拟到数字的转换器将信号从模拟信号转化到数字信号。通常,所需的输出信号却是一个模拟输出信号,因此这就需要一个数字到模拟的转换器。即使这个过程比模拟处理更复杂的和而且具有离散值,由于数字信号处理的错误检测和校正不易受噪声影响,它的稳定性使得它优于许多模拟信号处理的应用(虽然不是全部)。 DSP算法一直是运行在标准的计算机,被称为数字信号处理器(DSP)的专用处理器或在专用硬件如特殊应用集成电路(ASIC)。目前有用于数字信号处理的附加技术包括更强大的通用微处理器,现场可编程门阵列(FPGA),数字信号控制器(大多为工业应用,如电机控制)和流处理器和其他相关技术。 在数字信号处理过程中,工程师通常研究数字信号的以下领域:时间域(一维信号),空间域(多维信号),频率域,域和小波域的自相关。他们选择在哪个领域过程中的一个信号,做一个明智的猜测(或通过尝试不同的可能性)作为该域的最佳代表的信号的本质特征。从测量装置对样品序列产生一个时间或空间域表示,而离散傅立叶变换产生的频谱的频率域信息。自相关的定义是互相关的信号本身在不同时间间隔的时间或空间的相关情况。 二、信号采样 随着计算机的应用越来越多地使用,数字信号处理的需要也增加了。为了在计算机上使用一个模拟信号的计算机,它上面必须使用模拟到数字的转换器(ADC)使其数字化。采样通常分两阶段进行,离散化和量化。在离散化阶段,信号的空间被划分成等价类和量化是通过一组有限的具有代表性的信号值来代替信号近似值。 奈奎斯特-香农采样定理指出,如果样本的取样频率大于两倍的信号的最高频率,一个信号可以准确地重建它的样本。在实践中,采样频率往往大大超过所需的带宽的两倍。 数字模拟转换器(DAC)用于将数字信号转化到模拟信号。数字计算机的使用是数字控制系统中的一个关键因素。 三、时间域和空间域 在时间或空间域中最常见的处理方法是对输入信号进行一种称为滤波的操作。滤波通常包括对一些周边样本的输入或输出信号电流采样进行一些改造。现在有各种不同的方法来表征的滤波器,例如: 一个线性滤波器的输入样本的线性变换;其他的过滤器都是“非线性”。线性滤波器满足叠加条件,即如果一个输入不同的信号的加权线性组合,输出的是一个同样加权线性组合所对应的输出信号。

变电站_外文翻译_外文文献_英文文献_变电站的综合概述

英文翻译 A comprehensive overview of substations Along with the economic development and the modern industry developments of quick rising, the design of the power supply system become more and more completely and system. Because the quickly increase electricity of factories, it also increases seriously to the dependable index of the economic condition, power supply in quantity. Therefore they need the higher and more perfect request to the power supply. Whether Design reasonable, not only affect directly the base investment and circulate the expenses with have the metal depletion in colour metal, but also will reflect the dependable in power supply and the safe in many facts. In a word, it is close with the economic performance and the safety of the people. The substation is an importance part of the electric power system, it is consisted of the electric appliances equipments and the Transmission and the Distribution. It obtains the electric power from the electric power system, through its function of transformation and assign, transport and safety. Then transport the power to every place with safe, dependable, and economical. As an important part of power’s transport and control, the transformer substation must change the mode of the traditional design and control, then can adapt to the modern electric power system, the development of modern industry and the of trend of the society life. Electric power industry is one of the foundations of national industry and national economic development to industry, it is a coal, oil, natural gas, hydropower, nuclear power, wind power and other energy conversion into electrical energy of the secondary energy industry, it for the other departments of the national economy fast and stable development of the provision of adequate power, and its level of development is a reflection of the country's economic development an important indicator of the level. As the power in the industry and the importance of the national economy, electricity transmission and distribution of electric energy used in these areas is an indispensable component.。Therefore, power transmission and distribution is critical. Substation is to enable superior power plant power plants or power after adjustments to the lower load of books is an important part of power transmission. Operation of its functions, the capacity of a direct impact on the size of the lower load power, thereby affecting the industrial production and power consumption.Substation system if a link failure, the system will protect the part of action. May result in power outages and so on, to the production and living a great disadvantage. Therefore, the substation in the electric power system for the protection of electricity reliability,

英文论文及中文翻译

International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials Volume 17, Number 4, August 2010, Page 500 DOI: 10.1007/s12613-010-0348-y Corresponding author: Zhuan Li E-mail: li_zhuan@https://www.doczj.com/doc/527072390.html, ? University of Science and Technology Beijing and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 Preparation and properties of C/C-SiC brake composites fabricated by warm compacted-in situ reaction Zhuan Li, Peng Xiao, and Xiang Xiong State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China (Received: 12 August 2009; revised: 28 August 2009; accepted: 2 September 2009) Abstract: Carbon fibre reinforced carbon and silicon carbide dual matrix composites (C/C-SiC) were fabricated by the warm compacted-in situ reaction. The microstructure, mechanical properties, tribological properties, and wear mechanism of C/C-SiC composites at different brake speeds were investigated. The results indicate that the composites are composed of 58wt% C, 37wt% SiC, and 5wt% Si. The density and open porosity are 2.0 g·cm–3 and 10%, respectively. The C/C-SiC brake composites exhibit good mechanical properties. The flexural strength can reach up to 160 MPa, and the impact strength can reach 2.5 kJ·m–2. The C/C-SiC brake composites show excellent tribological performances. The friction coefficient is between 0.57 and 0.67 at the brake speeds from 8 to 24 m·s?1. The brake is stable, and the wear rate is less than 2.02×10?6 cm3·J?1. These results show that the C/C-SiC brake composites are the promising candidates for advanced brake and clutch systems. Keywords: C/C-SiC; ceramic matrix composites; tribological properties; microstructure [This work was financially supported by the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China (No.2006AA03Z560) and the Graduate Degree Thesis Innovation Foundation of Central South University (No.2008yb019).] 温压-原位反应法制备C / C-SiC刹车复合材料的工艺和性能 李专,肖鹏,熊翔 粉末冶金国家重点实验室,中南大学,湖南长沙410083,中国(收稿日期:2009年8月12日修订:2009年8月28日;接受日期:2009年9月2日) 摘要:采用温压?原位反应法制备炭纤维增强炭和碳化硅双基体(C/C-SiC)复合材

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