100句搞定雅思阅读长难句——练习版

【最新】雅思阅读长难句100句及翻译(2)-范文word版本文部分内容来自网络整理，本司不为其真实性负责，如有异议或侵权请及时联系，本司将立即删除！== 本文为word格式，下载后可方便编辑和修改！ ==雅思阅读长难句100句及翻译(2)21. As my own studies have advanced ， I have been increasingly impressed with the functional similarities between insect and vertebrate societies and less so with the structural differences that seem ， at first glance ， to constitute such an immense gulf between them . 随着我的研究不断深入，我对昆虫和脊椎动物群落之间的功能类似性印象愈来愈深刻，而对结构上的差异印象愈发淡漠，虽然这些结构上的差异初看上去似乎构成了二者间一条无法愈越的鸿沟。

22. Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances ， its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological ， and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of thefictional enterprise . 虽然小说无疑起源于政治情状，但其作者则是以非意识形态的方式对这些政治情状作出反应的，而将小说和故事主要地当作意识形态的工具来探讨，会在相当程度上阻碍小说事业。

【高分秘籍】100个雅思阅读长难句翻译练习51~60常常有同学会发出这样的疑问：“为什么每个单词都认识，却偏偏读不懂在说什么？”雅思阅读中的长难句一直是大家高分路上的绊脚石，如果分析不好，很可能会发生误判而导致题目做错。

所以，大家平时在备考雅思的时候一定要认识到翻译长难句练习的重要性。

在翻译的时候，要利用语法知识，仔细地去分析句子结构，准确把握该句话的含义。

所以，雅思学科频道为大家整理了100个长难句及其翻译，相信会对大家有所帮助！今天继续为大家带来10个长难句翻译：51. The best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is the well-establishedfact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands，islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle，are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the mid-ocean ridge system， whosesource，most geologists contend，is the upper mantle.对于地幔分层论点来说，最好的证据乃这样一个确认的事实，即在那些海洋岛屿——这些岛屿据信是源于由下层地幔升上来的地幔柱状溶岩流(mantleplume)——上发现的火山岩石，是由与海洋中部山脊系统的物质根本不同的物质构成的，而这一海洋中部山脊系统的成因，大多数地质学家论辩道，为上部地幔。

52. Some geologists，however，on the basis of observations concerning mantlexenoliths， argue that the mantle is not layered，but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in “incompatible elements” (elements tending toward liquid rather than solid state)percolating upward and transforming portions of the upper mantle irregularly，according to the vagaries of the fluids’pathways.但是，某些地质学家，以对地幔捕虏岩体(xenolith)所作的观察为依据，指出地幔并非是分层排列的，相反，地幔的异质性是由那些富含”不相容成分”的流质构成的，这些成分趋向于流体而非固体的状态，自下而上渗透扩散，并依照这些流质流向的任意性，不规则地将上部地幔的某些部分予以改变。

100句搞定雅思阅读长难句1. Typical of the grassland dwellers of the continent is the American antelope, or pronghorn.1.美洲羚羊，或称叉角羚，是该大陆典型的草原动物。

2. Of the millions who saw Haley’s comet in 1986, how many people will live long enough to see it return in the twenty-first century.2. 1986年看见哈雷慧星的千百万人当中，有多少人能够长寿到足以目睹它在二十一世纪的回归呢？3. Anthropologists have discovered that fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise are universally reflected in facial expressions.3.人类学家们已经发现，恐惧，快乐，悲伤和惊奇都会行之于色，这在全人类是共通的。

4. Because of its irritating effect on humans, the use of phenol as a general antiseptic has been largely discontinued.4.由于苯酚对人体带有刺激性作用，它基本上已不再被当作常用的防腐剂了。

5. In group to remain in existence, a profit-making organization must, in the long run, produce something consumers consider useful or desirable.5.任何盈利组织若要生存，最终都必须生产出消费者可用或需要的产品。

6. The greater the population there is in a locality; the greater the need there is for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse.6.一个地方的人口越多，其对水，交通和垃圾处理的需求就会越大。

雅思阅读难点200句长难句雅思200句长难句1.Wearing a seat belt saves lives; it reduces your chance of death or serious injury by more than half.2. But it will be the driver’s responsibility to make sure that children under 14 do not ride in the front unless they are wearing a seat belt of some kind.3. However, you do not have to wear a seat belt if you are reversing your vehicle; or you are making a localdelivery or collection using a special vehicle; or if you have a valid medical certificate which excuses you from wearing it.4. Remember you may be taken to court for not doing so, and you may be fined if you cannot prove to the court that you have been excused from wearing it.5. Professor Taiju Matsuzawa wanted to find out why otherwise healthy farmers in northern Japan appeared to be losing their ability to think and reason at a relatively early age, and how the process of ageing could he slowed down.6. With a team of colleagues at Tokyo National University, he set about measuring brain volumes of a thousand people of different ages and varying occupations.7. Computer technology enabled the researchers to obtain precise measurements of the volume of the front and side sections of the brain, which relate to intellect （智能）and emotion, and determine the human character.8. Contraction of front and side parts as cells die off was observed in some subjects in their thirties, but it was still not evident in some sixty and seventy-year-olds.9. The findings show in general terms that contraction of the brain begins sooner in people in the country than in the towns.10. White collar workers doing routine work in government offices are, however, as likely to have shrinking brains as the farm worker, bus driver and shop assistant.11. We know that you have a high opinion of the kind of learning taught in your colleges, and that the costs of living of our young men, while with you, would be very expensive to you.12. But you must know that different nations have different ways of looking at things, and you will therefore not be offended if our ideas of this kind of education happen not to be the same as yours.13. We are, however, not the less obliged by your kind offer, though we refuse to accept it; and, to show our grateful sense of it, if the gentlemen of Virginia will send us a dozen of their sons, we will take care of their education, teach them in all we know , and make men of them.14. In what now seems like the prehistoric times of computer history,the earth’s postwar era, there was quite a wide-spread concern that computers would take over the world from man one day.15. Already today, less than forty years later, as computers are relieving us of more and more of the routine tasks in business and in our personal lives. We are faced with a less dramatic but also less foreseen problem.16. Obviously, there would be no point in investing in a computer if you had to check all its answers, but people should also rely on their own internal computers and check the machine when they have the feeling that something has gone wrong.17. Certainly Newton considered some theoretical aspects of it in his writings, but he was reluctant to go to sea to further his work.18. For most people the sea was remote, and with the exception of early intercontinental travellers or others who earned a living from the sea, there was little reason to ask many questions about it , let alone to ask what lay beneath the surface.19. The first time that the question “ What is at the bottom of the oceans?” had to be answered with any commerc ial consequence was when the laying of a telegraph cable from Europe to America was proposed.20. At the early attempts, the cable failed and when it was taken out for repairs it was found to be covered in living growths, a fact which defied contemporary scientific opinion that there was no life in the deeper parts of the sea.21. For every course that he follows a student is given a grade, which is recorded, and the record is available for the student to show to prospective employers.22. All this imposes a constant pressure and strain of work, but in spite of this some students still find time for great activity in student affairs.23. The effective work of maintaining discipline is usually performed by students who advise the academic authorities.24. Much family quarrelling ends when husbands and wives realize what these energy cycles mean, and which cycle each member of the family has.25. Whenever possible, do routine work in the afternoon and save tasks requiring more energy or concentration for your sharper hours.26. We also value personal qualities and social skills, and we find that mixed-ability teaching contributes to all these aspects of learning. 27. They also learn how to cope with personal problems as well as learning how to think, to make decisions, to analyse and evaluate, and to communicate effectively.28. The problem is, how to encourage a child to express himself freely and confidently in writing without holding him back with thecomplexities of spelling?29. It may have been a shar p criticism of the pupil’s technical abilities in writing, but it was also a sad reflection on the teacher who had omitted to read the essay, which contained some beautiful expressions of the child’s deep feelings.30. The teacher was not wrong to draw attention to the errors, but if his priorities had centred on the child’s ideas, an expression of his disappointment with the presentation would have given the pupil more motivation to seek improvement.31. Given the nature of government and private employers, it seems most likely that discrimination by private employers would be greater.32. The release of the carbon in these compounds for recycling depends almost entirely on the action of both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and certain types of fungi.33. A spirited discussion springs up between a young girl who says that women have out grown thejumping-on-a-chair-at-the-sight-of-a mouse era and a major who says that they haven’t.34. They are trying to find out whether there is something about the way we teach language to children which in fact prevents children from learning sooner.35. Mathematicians who have tried to use the computers to copy the way the brain works have found that even using the latest electronic equipment they would have to build a computer which weighed over 10,000 kilos.36. Since different people like to do so many different things in their spare time, we could make a long list of hobbies, taking in everything from collecting matchboxes and raising rare fish, to learning about the stars and making model ships.37. They know that a seal swimming under the ice will keep a breathing hole open by its warm breath, so they will wait beside the hole and kill it.38. We may be able to decide whether someone is white only by seeing if they have none of the features that would mark them clearly as a member of another race.39. Although signs of dishonesty in school , business and government seem much more numerous in years than in the past, could it be that we are getting better at revealing such dishonesty?40. It is not quite a matter of disagreeing with the theory of independence, but of rejecting its implications: that the romances may be taken in any or no particular order, that they have no cumulative effect, and that they are as separate as the works of a modern novelist.41. His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against Blacks in the United States, but his definition of racial prejudice as “ racially-based negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competition,” can be interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews in medieval Europe.42. Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged the transmission of and so was crucial in sustaining —the Black heritage of folklore, music, and religious expression from one generation to another, a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences.43. Even the folk knowledge in social systems on which ordinary life is based in earning, spending, organizing, marrying, taking part in political activities, fighting and so on , is not very dissimilar from the more sophisticated images of the social system derived from the social sciences, even though it is built upon the very imperfect samples of personal experience.44. There are several steps that can be taken, of which the chief one is to demand of all the organizations that exist with the declared objectives of safeguarding the interests of animals that they should declare clearly where they stand on violence towards people.45. It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types, however, proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its conduction was influenced by these differences, which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits.46. According to this theory, it is not the quality of the sensory nerve impulses that determines the diverse conscious sensations they produce, but rather the different areas of the brain into which they discharge , and there is some evidence for this view.47. The result of attrition is that, where the areas of the whole leaves follow a normal distribution, a bimodal distribution is produced, one peak composed mainly of fragmented pieces, the other of the larger remains.48. The Bible does not tell us how the Roman census takers made out, and as regards our more immediate concern, the reliability of present day economic forecasting, there are considerable difference of opinion.49. A survey conducted in Britain confirmed that an abnormally high percentage of patients suffering from arthritis of the spine who had been treated with X rays contracted cancer.50. Yet across the gulf of space, minds that are to our minds as ours are to those of the beasts that perish, intellects vast and cool andunsympathetic, regarded this earth with envious eyes, and slowly and surely drew their plans against us.51. Even the doctoral degree, long recognized as a required “ union card” in the academic world, has come under severe criticism as the pursuit of learning for its own sake and the accumulation of knowledge without immediate application to a professor’s classroom duties.52. While a selection of necessary details is involved in both, the officer must remain neutral and clearly try to present a picture of the facts, while the artist usually begins with a preconceived message or attitude which is then transmitted through the use of carefully selected details of action described in words intended to provoke associations and emotional reactions in the reader.53. Articles in the popular press even criticize the Gross National Production (GNP) because it is not such a complete index of welfare, ignoring, on the one hand, that it was never intended to be, and suggesting, on the other, that with appropriate changes it could be converted into one.54. Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size, number, arrangement, and interconnection of the nerve cells, but as far as psychoneuaral correlations were concerned, the obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences.55. The Chinese have distributed publications to farmers and other rural residents instructing them in what to watch for their animals so that every household can join in helping to predict earthquakes. 56. Supporters of the Star Wars defense system hope that this would not only protect a nation against an actual nuclear attack, but would be enough of a threat to keep a nuclear war from ever happening. 57. Neither would it prevent cruise missiles or bombers, whose flights are within the Earth’s atmosphere, from hitting their targets.58. Civil rights activists have long argued that one of the principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics, and other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselves in business is that they lack access to the sizable orders and subcontracts that are generated by large companies.59. During the nineteenth century, she argues, the concept of the “useful” child who contributed to the family economy gave way gradually to the present day notion of the “useless” child who, though producing no income for, and indeed extremely costly to its parents, is yet considered emotionally “ priceless”.60. Well established among segments of the middle and upper classes by the mid-1800’s, this new view of childhood spread throughout society in the late nineteenth and early twentiethcenturies as reformers introduced child labor regulations and compulsory education laws predicted in part on the assumption thata child’s emotional value made child labor taboo.61. Of course, it would be as dangerous to overreact to history by concluding that the majority must now be wrong about expansion as it would be to re-enact the response that greeted the suggestion that the continents had drifted.62. While the fact of this consumer revolution is hardly in doubt, three key questions remain: who were the consumers? What were their motives? And what were the effect of the new demand for luxuries?63. Although it has been possible to infer from the goods and services actually produced what manufacturers and servicing trades thought their customers wanted, only a study of relevant personal documents written by actual consumers will provide a precise picture of who wanted what.64. With respect to their reasons for immigrating, Grassy does not deny their frequently noted fact that some of the immigrants of the 1630’s, most notably the organizers and clergy, advanced religious explanations for departure, but he finds that such explanations usually assumed primacy only in retrospect.65. If we take the age-and sex-specific unemployment rates that existed in 1956 (when the overall unemployment rate was 4.1 percent) and weight them by the age- and sex-specific shares of the labor force that prevail currently, the overall unemployment rate becomes 5 percent.66. He was puzzled that I did not want what was obviously a “ step up” toward what all Americans are taught to want when they grow up: money and power.67. Unless productivity growth is unexpectedly large, however, the expansion of real output must eventually begin to slow down to the economy’s larger run growth potential if generalized demand pressures on prices are to be avoided.68. However, when investment flows primarily in one direction, as it generally does from industrial to developing countries, the seemingly reciprocal source-based restrictions produce revenue sacrifices primarily by the state receiving most of the foreign investment and producing most of the income—namely ,the developing country partner.69. The pursuit of private interests with as little interference as possible from government was seen as the road to human happiness and progress rather than the public obligation and involvement in the collective community that emphasized by the Greeks.70. The defense lawyer relied on long-standing principles governingthe conduct of prosecuting attorneys: as quasi-judicial officers of the court they are under a duty not to prejudice a party’s case through overzealous prosecution or to detract from the impartiality of courtroom atmosphere.71. No prudent person dared to act on the assumption that, when the continent was settled, one government could include the whole; and when the vast expense broke up, as seemed inevitable, into a collection of separate nations, only discord, antagonism, and wars could be expected.72. If they were right in thinking that the next necessity in human progress was to lift the average person upon an intellectual and social level with the most favored, they stood at least three generations nearer than Europe to that goal.73. Somehow he knows that if our huckstering civilization did not at every moment violate the eternal fitness of things, the poet’s song would have been given to the world, and the poet would have been cared for by the whole human brotherhood, as any man should be who does the duty that every man owes it.74. The instinctive sense of the dishonor which money-purchase does to art is so strong that sometimes a man of letters who can pay his way otherwise refuses pay for his work, as Lord Byron did, for a while, from a noble pride, and as Count Tolstoy has tried to do, from a noble conscience.75. Perhaps he believed that he could not criticize American foreign policy without endangering the support for civil rights that he had won from the federal government.76. Abraham Lincoln, who presided in his stone temple on August 28, 1963 above the children of the slaves he emancipated (解放), may have used just the right words to sum up the general reaction to the Negroes’ massive march on Washington.77. In the Warren Court era, voters asked the Court to pass on issues concerning the size and shape of electoral districts, partly out of desperation because no other branch of government offered relief, and partly out of hope that the Court would reexamine old decisions in this area as it had in others, looking at basic constitutional principles in the light of modern living conditions.78. Some even argue plausibly that this weakness may be irremediable : in any society that, like a capitalist society, seeks to become ever wealthier in material terms disproportionate rewards are bound to flow to the people who are instrumental in producing the increase in its wealth.79. This doctrine has broadened the application of the Fourteenth Amendment to other, nonracial forms of discrimination, for while some justices have refused to find any legislative classification otherthan race to be constitutionally disfavored, most have been receptive to arguments that at least some nonracial discriminations, sexual discrimination in particular, are “suspect” and deserve this heightened scrutiny by the courts.80. But as cameras become more sophisticated, more automated, some photographers are tempted to disarm themselves or to suggest that they are not really armed, preferring to submit themselves to the limits imposed by premodern camera technology because a cruder, less high-powered machine is thought to give more interesting or emotive results, to have more room for creative accident.81. Both novelists use a storytelling method that emphasizes ironic disjunctions between different perspectives on the same events as well as ironic tensions that inhere in the relationship between surface drama and concealed authorical intention, a method I call an evidentiary narrative technique.82. When black poets are discussed separately as a group, for instance, the extent to which their work reflects the development of poetry in general should not be forgotten, or a distortion of literacy history may result.83. These differences include the bolder and more forthright speech of the later generation and its technical inventiveness.84. But black poets were not battling over old or new rather, one accomplished Black poet was ready to welcome another, whatever his or her style, for what mattered was racial pride.85. Tolstoy reversed all preconceptions and in every reversal he overthrew the “ system”, the “ machine”, the externally ordained belief, the conventional behaviour in favor of unsystematic, impulsive life, of inward motivation and the solutions of independent thought.86. It was better covered by television and press than any event here since President Kennedy’s inauguration (就职) , and , since indifferent is almost as great a problem to the Negro as hostility, this was a plus.87. But do not the challenge and the excitement of the critical problem as such lie in that ambivalence of attitude which allows us to recognize the intelligence and even the splendor of Meredith’s work, while, at the same time, we experience a lack of sympathy, a failure of any enthusiasm of response?88. In this respect she resembled one of her favourite contemporaries, Mary Brunton, who would rather have “ glided through the world unknown” than been suspected of literary airs—to be shunned, as literary women are, by the more pretending of their own sex, and abhorred, as literary women are, by the more pretending of the other!89. From those sounds which we hear on small or on coarse occasions, we do not easily receive strong impressions, or delightful images; and words to which we are nearly strangers, whenever they occur, draw that attention on themselves which they should transmit to things.90. To proceed thus is to set up a fivefold hypothesis that enables you to gather from the innumerable items cast up by the sea of experience upon the shores of your observation only the limited number of relevant data—relevant, that is, to one or more of the five factors of your hypothesis.91. As an author, I am naturally concerned that a surprisingly large percentage of the population of the United States is functionally illiterate; if they can’t read or cannot understand what they read, they won’t buy books, or this magazine.92. They do not know those parts of the doctrine which explain and justify the remainder ; the considerations which show that a fact which seemingly conflicts with another is reconcilable with it, or that, of two apparently strong reasons, one and not the other ought to be preferred.93. Quite apart from the logistic problems, there existed a well-established tradition in Britain which refused to repatriate against their will people who found themselves in British hands and the nature of whose reception by their own government was, to say the least, dubious.94. An obsession with the exact privileges of a colonial legislature and the precise extent of Britain’s imperial power, the specifics of a state constitution and the absolute necessity of a federal one, all expressed this urge for a careful articulation as proof that the right relationship with external powers did indeed prevail.95. One encyclopaedia tells us that intelligence is related to the ability to learn, to the speed with which things are learned, to how well and how long ideas are remembered, to the ability to understand those ideas and use them in problem-solving, and to creativity.96. The event marked the end of an extended effort by William Barton Rogers, M.I.T. ‘s founder and first president, to create a new kind of educational institution relevant to the times and to the contrary’s need, where young men and women would be educated in the application as well as the acquisition of knowledge.97. Each departmental program consists, in part, of a grouping of subjects in the department’s areas of professional interest and, in part, of additional opportunities for students of their choice.98. Alternatively, a student may use elective time to prepare for advanced study in some professional field, such as medicine or law,for graduate study in some area in which M. I. T. gives no undergraduate degree, such as meteorology or psychology, or for advanced study in an interdisciplinary field, such as astrophysics, communication science, or energy.99. While the undergraduate curriculum for an open Bachelor of Science degree, as listed by a department, may have its own unique features, each program must be laid out in consultation with a departmental representative to assure that it is meaningful in structure and challenging in content.100. Where previously it had concentrated on the big infrastructure projects such as dams, roads and bridges, it began to switch to projects which directly improved the basic services of a country. 101. Thus in addition to the chances of going away from the right path outlined above, the scientific investigator shares with the ordinary citizen the possibilities of falling into errors of reasoning in the ways we have just indicated, and many others as well.102. He made a hole and peering through, could see jewellery, and other objects stacked in piles in the shadows that extended beyond the beam of light penetrating the interior.103. Neither Ayat nor the Rassoul brothers noticed, however, that most of the pieces they were selling were of a type not previously seen in the marketplace—pieces whose existence had been suspected but which had not yet been discovered by archaeologists. 104. “The biggest construction project of this century”, explained French President Francois Mitterand in January, 1986 as he and then British prime minister Margaret Thatcher jointly announced that the two countries would finally overcome ancient quarrels and prejudices and forge a link across the narrow Channel separating them.105. Perhaps the fact that many of these first studies considered only algae(水藻) of a size that could be collected in a net(net phytoplankton), a practice that overlooked the smaller phytoplankton(浮游植物群落) that we now know grazers are most likely to feed on, led to a de-emphasis of the role of grazers in subsequent research.106. The converse observation, of the absence of grazers (食草动物)in areas of high phytoPlankton(浮游植物群落)concentration, led Hardy to propose his principle of animal exclusion , which hypothesized that phytoplankton produced a repellent(驱虫剂) that excluded grazers from regions of high phytoplankton concentration.107. Although these molecules allow radiation at visible at wave lengths, where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrated, to pass through, they absorb some of the longer-wavelength, infrared emission(红外辐射) radiated from the Earth,s surface, radiation thatwould otherwise be transmitted back into space.108. In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomer’s Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism(超现实主义), does this technique provide a counter point to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression?109. Roseenblatt’s thematic analysis permits considerable objectivity; he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various works—yet his reluctance seems misplaced, especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interesting results. 110. Thus, for instance, it may come as a shock to mathematicians to learn that the Schrodinger equation (薛定谔的方程式)forthe hydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this atom, but only an approximation to a somewhat more correct equation taking account of spin, magnetic dipole (磁性偶极子), and relatiristic effects, and that this corrected equation is itself only an imperfect approximation to an infinite set of quantum field theoretical equations( 量子场论方程式).111. Great comic artists assume that truth may bear all lights, and thus they seek to accentuate( 强调) contradictions in social action, not gloss over or transcend them by appeals to extrasocial symbols of divine ends, cosmic purpose, or laws of nature.112. The hydrologic(水文地质的) cycle, a major topic in this science, is the complete cycle of phenomena through which water passes, beginning as atmospheric water vapor, passing into liquid and solid form as precipitation (降水(量)), thence along and into the ground surface, and finally again returning to the form of atmospheric water vapor by means of evaporation and transpiration(散发).113. My point is that its central consciousness—its profound understanding of class and gender as shaping influences on people’s lives—owes much to that earlier literary heritage, a heritage that, in general, has not been sufficiently valued by most contemporary literary critics.114. In the early 1950’s historians who studies preindustrial Europe (which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800) began, for the first time in large numbers, to investigate more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political and social elite (精华) : the kings, generals, judges, nobles, bishops, and local magnates (要人) who had hitherto (迄今) usually filled history books.115. The historian Frederick J. Tuner wrote in the 1890’s that the agrarian(农民) discontent (不满) that had been developing steadily in the United States since about 1870 had been precipitated (加速) by the closing of the internal frontier—that is , the depletion (枯竭) of。

雅思阅读句子分析和翻译练习1. Typical of the grassland dwellers of the continent is the American antelope, or pronghorn.2. Of the millions who saw Haley’s comet in 1986, how many people will live long enough to see it return in the twenty-first century.3. Anthropologists have discovered that fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise are universally reflected in facial expressions.4. Because of its irritating effect on humans, the use of phenol as a general antiseptic has been largely discontinued.5. In group to remain in existence, a profit-making organization must, in the long run, produce something consumers consider useful or desirable.6. The greater the population there is in a locality; the greater the need there is for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse.7. It is more difficult to write simply, directly, and effectively than to employ flowery but vague expressions that only obscure one’s meaning.8. With modern offices becoming more mechanized, designers are attempting to personalize them with warmer, less severe interiors.9. The difference between libel and slander is that libel is printed while slander is spoken.10. The knee is the joints where the thigh bone meets the large bone of the lower leg.11. Acids are chemical compounds that, in water solution, have a sharp taste, a corrosive action on metals, and the ability to turn certain blue vegetable dyes red.12. Billie Holiday’s reputation as a great jazz-blues singer rests on her ability to give emotional depth to her songs.13. Essentially, a theory is an abstract, symbolic representation of what is conceived to be reality.14. Long before children are able to speak or understand a language, they communicate through facial expressions and by making noises.15. Thanks to modern irrigation, crops now grow abundantly in areas where once nothing but cacti and sagebrush could live.16. The development of mechanical timepieces spurred the search for more accurate sundials with which to regulate them.17. Anthropology is a science in that anthropologists use a rigorous set of methods and techniques to document observations that can be checked by others.18. Fungi are important in the process of decay, which returns ingredients to the soil, enhances soil fertility, and decomposes animal debris.19. When it is struck, a tuning fork produces an almost pure tone, retaining its pitch over a long period of time.20. Although pecans are most plentiful in the southeastern part of the United States, they are found as far north as Ohio and Illinois.21. Eliminating problems by transferring the blame to others is often called scape-goating.22. The chief foods eaten in any country depend largely on what grows best in its climate and soil.23. Over a very large number of trials, the probability of an event’s occurring is equal to the probability that it will not occur.24. Most substance contract when they freeze so that the density of a substance’s solid is higher than the density of its liquid.25. The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is not clearly understood.26. By the middle of the twentieth century, painters and sculptors in the United States had begun to exert a great worldwide influence over art.27. In the eastern part of New Jersey lies the city of Elizabeth, a major shipping and manufacturing center.28. Elizabeth Blackwell, the first woman medical doctor in the United States, founded the New York Infirmary, an institution that has always had a completely female medical staff.29. Alexander Graham Bell once told his family that he would rather be remembered as a teacher of the deaf than as the inventor of the telephone.30. Because its leaves remain green long after being picked, rosemary became associated with the idea of remembrance.31. Although apparently rigid, bones exhibit a degree of elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand considerable impact.32. That xenon could not FORM chemical compounds was once believed by scientists.33. Research into the dynamics of storms is directed toward improving the ability to predict these events and thus to minimize damage and avoid loss of life.34. The elimination of inflation would ensure that the amount of money used in repaying a loan would have the same value as the amount of money borrowed.35. Futurism, an early twentieth-century movement in art, rejected all traditions and attempted toglorify contemporary life by emphasizing the machine and motion.36.One of the wildest and most inaccessible parts of the United States is the Everglades where wildlife is abundant and largely protected.37. Lucretia Mott’s influence was so significant that she has been credited by some authorities as the originator of feminism in the United States.38. The activities of the international marketing researcher are frequently much broader than those of the domestic marketer.39. The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from those flowing into the Pacific.40. Studies of the gravity field of the Earth indicate that its crust and mantle yield when unusual weight is placed on them.41. The annual worth of Utah’s manufacturing is greater than that of its mining and farming combined.42. The wallflower is so called because its weak stems often grow on walls and along stony cliffs for support.43. It is the interaction between people, rather than the events that occur in their lives, that is the main focus of social psychology.44. N o social crusade aroused Elizabeth Williams’ enthusiasm more than the expansion of educational facilities for immigrants to the United States.45. Quails typically have short rounded wings that enable them to spring into full flight instantly when disturbed in their hiding places.46. According to anthropologists, the earliest ancestors of humans that stood upright resembledchimpanzees facially, with sloping foreheads and protruding brows.47. Not until 1866 was the fully successful transatlantic cable finally laid.48. In his writing, John Crowe Ransom describes what he considers the spiritual barrenness of society brought about by science and technology.49. Children with parents whose guidance is firm, consistent, and rational are inclined to possess high levels of self-confidence.50. The ancient Hopewell people of North America probably cultivated corn and other crops, but hunting and gathering were still of critical importance in their economy.。

雅思阅读长难句分析1. It is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.2. Whether the government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa(反之) often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.3. How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.4.There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.5.Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds.6.What could be a key to jet lag and winter blues is the hormone melatonin, which is known to regulate body rhythms.7.There are now 31 million kids in the 12-to-19 age group, and demographers predict that there will be 35 million teens by 2010, a population bigger than even the baby boom at its peak.8.It seemed almost unbelievable but what appeared to be happening was that the fault was actually being lubricated by the injection of the fluid.9.It is scarcely surprising, then, that education systems have for several decades past been severely criticized, partly on the ground that education prepares people to live in an already outdated society.10.There are strong grounds for thinking that the health of both individuals and societies derives from what we’re able to put into life, rather than what we try to get out of it.11. It therefore becomes more and more important that, if students are not to waste their opportunities, there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more advice.12. Experts are debating whether we should burden young children with mental computation, or encourage the use of calculators to relieve children of hard work and free their minds to understand math concepts.13. The announcement by Boeing that it has decided to scrap plans to build a futuristic, high-speed plane called the sonic cruiser brings an end to one of the most imaginative –and some say quixotic –projects in recent aerospace engineering14. A religious sect that contends that space travelers created the human race by cloning themselves declared Friday that the first cloned human had been born, but it offered few details and no evidence to support the claim.15.Yet no such effect had been detected in any of the ingenious and delicate experiments that physicists had devised: the velocity （速度）of light did not vary.16. If the probe takes, say, 100 years to make a copy of itself, then the average speed at which all probes would spread throughout the galaxy （星系）would be about 1/25th the speed of light17. But such troubles is confined mainly to the railways on which the current is picked up from a third rail rather than from overhead conductors.18. As brighter areas of the image eject more electrons than the darker or shaded portions, an electronic image is produced in which varying degrees of positive charge duplicate light intensities seen in the scene being pictured.19. To kill weed which may sprawl rampantly among crops in the first several years, effective weedicide is needed to play the same role as ploughing fields does to eliminate weed.20. At a large terminal railway station, the work of the station master is largely administrative because of the extent of the operations and the staff of which he is in command.21. Attending services at the Cathedral of Pisa, he found himself watching a swinging chandelier, which air currents shifted now in wide arcs, now in small ones.22. Although he got generally good grades and was outstanding in mathematics, Einstein hated the academic high school he was sent to in Munich, where success depended on memorization and obedience to arbitrary authority.23. One is the visible edge of the sun, which is a gaseous “surface”from which visible light photons （光子）freely emerge.24. Rockets perform best in space, where there is no atmosphere to impede their motion25. Congress, which had met to continue its protests to the crown, found itself raising an army and selecting George Washington as its commander in chief.26. This food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this, which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.27. Other issues that concern the body politic, such as crime, poverty, and welfare, are not easily linked to public support of scientific research, save at the educational level.28. In the Greek heritage of the west, myth has always been in tension with reason, which signified the rational and analytic mode of arriving at a true account of reality.29. Medicine, like all branches of science, needs scholars who are able to develop appropriate "rule of evidence" and then apply those rules to the continuously flowing stream of new data to determine what is relevant.30. Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.31. My idea of a good P.E. class is one where youth are involved in at least 20 minutes of basic movement that gets their heart rates up.32. That summer, those who remained were found fleeing down rivers to return home to England by new settlers with fresh supplies, who encouraged them to reconsider.33. These new-age executives are likely to cause trouble in companies where longer-serving middle managers, who have done their time in a less-privileged environment, resent the concessions the recruits are winning.34. This is an elegant, antimagnetic, waterproof, shock-protected and heat-resistant watch which is made of stainless steel and high-precision fittings.35. They send out pulses of sound waves, pitched at 50,000 cycles per second, far above the limits of the human ear, which can hear sounds up to frequencies of about 20,000 cycles per second.36. When they analyzed these rocks, they found “shocked”quartz grains-slivers with a particular arrangement of micro cracks believed to represent the relic left by an extraterrestrial impact.37. As land developed, rain water and rivers dissolved salts and other substances from rocks and carried them to the oceans, making the ocean salty.38. That summer, those who remained were found fleeing down river to return home to England by new settlers with fresh supplies, who encouraged them to reconsider.39. By and large, the American diet continued to reflect a considerable reliance upon animal products, rather than on grains, which meant that a relatively large acreage was required to feed the American public.40. These new-age executives are likely to cause trouble in companies where longer-serving middle managers, who have done their time in a less-privileged environment, resent the concessions the recruits are winning.40. These new-age executives are likely to cause trouble in companies where longer-serving middle managers, who have done their time in a less-privileged environment, resent the concessions the recruits are winning.41. This is an elegant, antimagnetic, waterproof, shock-protected and heat-resistant watch which is made of stainless steel and high-precision fittings.42. They send out pulses of sound waves, pitched at 50,000 cycles per second, far above the limits of the human ear, which can hear sounds up to frequencies of about 20,000 cycles per second43. When they analyzed these rocks, they found “shocked”quartz grains-slivers with a particular arrangement of micro cracks believed to represent the relic left by an extraterrestrial impact44. As land developed, rain water and rivers dissolved salts and other substances from rocks and carried them to the oceans, making the ocean salty.45. On the other hand, the person who is really guilty and whose past experience has prepared him for such tests can distort the results by anticipating the crucial questions or deliberately giving exaggerated responses to neutral ones.46. Something further must be done to the amplified signals before they can be sent to the transmitting antenna.47. Sometimes this fall, if all goes well, a revolutionary new undersea vessel will be lowered gently into the waters of Monterey bay for its maiden voyage.48. If a free society doesn't help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich.49. The amount of deformation is directly proportional to the applied stress provided the force does not exceed certain limit.50. It doesn’t boil, despite temperatures reaching up to 400 degrees c, because it is under terrific pressure.51. You “jump on the bandwagon”when you decide to support a candidate because public opinion studies show he is likely to win.52. He says computer manufacturers used to be more worried about electromagnetic interference, so they often put blocks of materials inside to absorb stray signals.53. Although humans are the most intelligent creature on earth, anything humans can do, nature has already done better and in far, far less space.54. While industrial lasers today are most often used for cutting, welding, drilling and measuring, the laser’s light can be put to a much different use: separating isotopes（同位素）to produce nuclear fuel.55. No matter how carefully you move your hand toward a fly, the insect will dart off almost every time.56. For example, a film can slow down the formation of crystals so that students can study the process.57. There must be device non-linearity in order that such a phenomenon could be possible.58. The saddles are either further fixed so that the cables may slide over them, or mounted on rollers so that they move with any movements of the cables.59. In addition, the cameraman must have a knowledge of composition so that the arrangement of the people and objects in each shot will produce the desired effect.60. The first two must be equal for all who are being compared, if any comparison in terms of intelligence is to be made. for example, a film can slow down the formation of crystals so that students can study the process.61.New forms of thoughts as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.62. If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea, a refinement of the big bang called the inflationary universe theory.63. Every time you try to answer a question that asks why, you engage in the process of causal analysis –you attempt to determine a cause or series of causes for a particular effect.64. Where it is dry so much of the time that few plants can live, the destructive waters have their own way when the occasional rains come.65. Whatever its underlying reasons, there is no doubt that much of the pollution caused could be controlled if only companies, individuals and governments would make more efforts.66. Now, commercial farmers have become increasingly specialized so that almost everything consumed on most farms is now bought from outside sources rather than home-grown.67. As the electronic cash is downloaded, the customers’ bank accounts are debited, just as they would be after an ATM withdrawal.68. Since most “action-adventure”dramas occurs in urban settings, the fear they inspire may contributes to the current flight of the middle class from our cities.69. Lifts stopped working, so that even if you were lucky enough not to be trapped between two floors, you had the unpleasant task of finding your way down hundreds of flights of stairs.70. Evidently, the color changes are caused by plants that do not grow by earth processes.71. The photo was bought by a computer programmer from federal Germany.72. The mystery may be resolved when more advanced space probes were sent to the mars.73. Automated techniques to measure these characteristics and verify a person's identity infallibly are attracting widespread attention in these days of increased use of credit cards and e-mail.74. To casual observers, as well as to influential natural scientists and regional planners, the luxuriant forests of Amazonia seem ageless.75. The greeting stage includes greeting everyone courteously, using waiting-room smarts, using your time wisely, and applying proper protocol when meeting the interviewer.76. Government has encouraged waste paper collection and sorting schemes and at the same time, the paper industry has responded by developing new recycling technologies that have paved the way for even greater utilization of used fibre.77. Wearing a seat belt saves lives; it reduces your chance of death or serious injury by more than half.78. But you must know that different nations have different ways of looking at things, and you will therefore not be offended if our ideas of this kind of education happen not to be the same as yours.79. Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.80. Today’s hyper-growth organizations in logistics industry compete in global markets crowded with aggressive new competitors and non-traditional service channels.81. There are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy—far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.82. For example，they do not compensate for gross social inequality，and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances. 83. This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.84. Thus，a regularity for which there are general theoretical grounds will be more readily called a natural law than an empirical regularity that cannot be subsumed under more general laws or theories.85. Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age for these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences.86. It was the desire to be scholarly that brought about a wave of Latin terms which appeared in the 16th century when the humanist movement brought new impetus to learning throughout Europe.87. Despite the saying that one never knows if lightning strikes him，a person can sometimes feel the bolt coming and if quick enough，take protective action in time.88. These ads were strategically placed among family-oriented TV shows and programs involving nature and America in order to most effectively reach target audiences.89. As a result, California’s growth rate dropped during the 1970"s, to 18.5 percent--little more than two thirds the 1960"s growth figure and considerably below that of other western states.90. For many the day seemed an adventure, a long outing in the late summer sun—part liberation from home, part Sunday school picnic, part political convention, and part fish fry.91. In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to "push" information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers.92. But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not.93. And by the help of further reasoning, which if drawn out would have been exhibited in two or three other syllogism, you arrive at your final determination, I will not have that apple.94. So involved with their computers do the children become that leaders at summer computer camps often have to force them to break for sports and games.95. Such a viewpoint, particularly prominent in the developing countries, is reinforced by the widely-held belief that it is not the peaceful application of nuclear energy that is endangering the survival of mankind.96. Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the odd balls among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who work well with the team.97. No girl should marry a man whose last name has the same initial as hers, for, as the rhyme goes, change the name but not the letter, marry for worse instead of better.98. Observations were made of the children at the beginning and at the end of preschool and first grade.99. For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.100. Only after studies provided evidence of the harmful effects of such programs has it been possible to modify TV programming policies.。

雅思阅读长难句100句附翻译(4)31. Studies by Hargrave and Geen estimated natural community grazing ratesby measuring feeding rates of individual zooplankton species in the laboratoryand then computing community grazing rates for field conditions using the knownpopulation density of grazers.由哈格雷夫(Hargrave)和吉恩(Geen)所进行的研究，对自然条件下的群落捕食速率进行了估计，其手段是通过测量出实验室内单独的浮游动物种类的捕食速率，然后利用已知的食草动物种群密度，计算出实地状况下的群落捕食速率。

32. In the periods of peak zooplankton abundance，that is，in the late springand in the summer，Haney recorded maximum daily community grazing rates，fornutrient-poor lakes and bog lakes，respectively，of 6.6 percent and 114 percent ofdaily phytoplankton production.在浮游动物数量激增的高峰期，亦即在春季后期以及夏季，哈尼记录了最大程度上的每日群落食草比率，对于营养物不充足的湖和沼泽湖而言，分别为每日浮游植物繁殖量的6.6%和114%.33. The hydrologic cycle，a major topic in this science，is the completecycle of phenomena through which water passes，beginning as atmospheric watervapor，passing into liquid and solid form as precipitation，thence along and intothe ground surface，and finally againreturning to the form of atmospheric watervapor by means of evaporation and transpiration. 水文循环(hydrologiccycle)，作为该学科中的一个主要课题，指的是水所经过的诸现象的整个循环过程，开始时是作为大气中的水蒸气，转而作为雨、雪、露、雹一类的降水量经过液体和固体形态，由此而沿着地层表面分布或进入地层表面，最终通过蒸发和散发作用再度回复到大气水蒸气的形态。

雅思阅读长难句100句附翻译(5)41. But achieving necessary matches in physical properties acrossinterfaces between living and nonliving matter requires knowledge of whichmolecules control the bonding of cells to each other-an area that we have notyet explored thoroughly.但是，要想沿着原生和非原生物质之间的界面获取生理特性的必要匹配，需要某种知识，即什么样的分子控制着细胞彼此间的结合--而对这一领域，我们尚未进行充分的探索。

42. Islamic law is a phenomenon so different from all other forms oflaw-notwithstanding，of course，a considerable and inevitable number ofcoincidences with one or the other of them as far as subject matter and positiveenactments are concerned-that its study is indispensable in order to appreciateadequately the full range of possible legal phenomena.伊斯兰法是一种如此不同于所有其它法律形式的现象--毋庸置疑，尽管就其主要内容和有积极意义的法规而言，与其它法律形式中的这种或那种形式存在着相当数量的且不可避免的巧合相似之处--以致于对它进行研究便显得不可或缺，以便充分理解有可能存在的法律现象的全部范围。

【高分秘籍】100个雅思阅读长难句翻译练习71~80常常有同学会发出这样的疑问：“为什么每个单词都认识，却偏偏读不懂在说什么？”雅思阅读中的长难句一直是大家高分路上的绊脚石，如果分析不好，很可能会发生误判而导致题目做错。

所以，大家平时在备考雅思的时候一定要认识到翻译长难句练习的重要性。

在翻译的时候，要利用语法知识，仔细地去分析句子结构，准确把握该句话的含义。

所以，雅思学科频道为大家整理了100个长难句及其翻译，相信会对大家有所帮助！今天继续为大家带来10个长难句翻译：71. Open acknowledgement of the existence of women’s oppression was tooradical for the United Stated in the fifties, and Beauvoir’s conclusion, that change in women’s economic condition , though insufficient by itself , “remains the basic factor “ in improving women’s situation , was particularlyunacceptable .公开对妇女压迫的存在的承认对于50年代的美国而言有些过分激进，而且B的结论，即妇女经济状况的变化，经管它本身不是一个充分的因素，但是”仍然是提高妇女地位的根本因素”的观点，尤其无法令人接受。

72. Other theorists propose that the Moon was ripped out of the Earth’s rockymantle by the Earth’s collision with another large celestial body after much ofthe Earth’s iron fell to its core.其他的理论家提出，在地球的大部分铁沉入到地核之后，由于地球与另一个庞大的天体发生碰撞，月亮便从地球那石质的地幔中撕裂开来而形成的。

UnderstandingIELTSGrammar---SolutiontoLong&ComplicatedSentences●长难句成因：“树形结构”：•修饰成分纷繁复杂•主从句交织•特殊句式●StrategiesforLong&ComplicatedSentences:一、主从复合句解析1.名词性从句2.定语从句3.状语从句4.多重复合句二、特殊结构句式解析1.分隔结构2.倒装结构3.强调结构4.双重或者多重否定5.比较结构一、主从复合句解析1.名词性从句1.1主语从句•LookingatthepicturemakeshimeRperienceasevereattackofnostalgia.•Forher,awoman,todefR herhusband’sorderwouldbeconsideredaudaciousathertime.•Whatbothersmeaboutthispointofviewisthatitimpliesthathumanbeings,insomedeepsense, arenotpartofnature.•Thatheisinlovewithherisnolongerasecret.主语从句解读方法：●主语从句引导词：Practice:（1）Thathefinishedwritingthecompositioninsuchashorttimesurprisedusall. （2）Whetherwewillgoforanoutingtomorrowremainsunknown.（3）Whowillbeourmonitorhasn'tbeendecidedRet.（4）Whothewatchbelongstoisunknown.（5）WhomwemuststudRforisaquestionofgreatimportance.（6）Whatcausedtheaccidentremainsunknown.（7）Whatweneedistime.（8）Whatweneedaregooddoctors.（9）WhateverRoudidisright.ERample1：Thatthenineteenth–centurRFrenchnovelistBalzaccouldbefinanciallRwiseinhisfictionwhilelosingallhismoneRinhislifewasanironRwhichwasduplicatedinothermatters. ERample2: ThatsuchradicaladaptationscanoccurdemandsaviewofthebrainasdRnamicandactiver atherthanprogrammedandstatic.ERample3:However,itcannotbedeniedthatitwasSmithwhointroducedsuchatargetforlaternovelis ts.FurtherPractice:1.Itiscommonknowledgethatthefullmoonbringsfairweather.2.ItisasurprisethatRougavesuchananswertothequestion.3.ItiscertainthatfreemedicalcarewillbegiventomostpeopleinourcitR.4.ItisprobablethathehasknowneverRthing.5.Itappearedthathehadatasteformusic.6.ItmadeusverRhappRthatshewassaved7.ItremainsunknownwhentheRaregoingtogetmarried.8.ItissaidthatLiHaohasbeentoEurope.9.ItwasamusingthatarabbitranoutoftheemptRboRonthedesk.1.2.宾语从句（objectclause）引导词：ERample1：AsurveRofnewstoriesin1996revealsthattheanti-sciencetaghasbeenattachedtomanRot hergroupsaswell,fromauthoritieswhoadvocatedtheeliminationofthelastremainingstoc ksofsmallpoRvirustorepublicanswhoadvocateddecreasedfundingforbasicresearch. ERample2：Retnewfindingsinneurosciencesuggest that thebrainretainsitsabilitRtoreorganizeitselfi nresponsetoeRperienceorinjurRthroughoutlife:afterthelossofsensorRinputfromanam putatedlimb,foreRample,adultsareabletolearnnewmotorskillseffectivelR. ERample3：ArthistorianKennethClarke,foreRample,writingin1973,couldnotaccept that theMonaLi sawasfamousforreasonsotherthanitsinnerqualities.ERample4:ThestudRonrats,kittens,andmicemaR,forinstance,provideaphRsiologicaleRplanationfo r whR infantanimalsemploRintheirplaRthesamekindsofbehaviorthattheRwilllateruseas adults.1.3表语从句引导词：who,how,when,as,whetherERample：ThekeRissueinjudgingoverpopulationisnothowmanRpeoplecanfitintoanRgivenspaceb utwhetherEarthcansupplR thepopulation’slong-termrequirementforfood,water,andot herresources.Practice:ThemiracleishowtheRallcooperate,andareintegratedtogether,inthecreationofaself. 1.4同位语从句ERample:Hewassurprisedatthefact thathehadpassedtheIELTSeRamination.先行词：破解关键：ERample1：TherewasstillthefaiththatordinarRmenaregreaterthanthepowersofnatureorthem echanismsofman’shands andwillmasterthemallintheend.ERample2:ThebeliefthatitisharmfultotheblackcommunitRforauthorstoeRplorethehumanitR ofourleaderscanhavetroublingeffects.ERample3:【剑3】Inrecenttimes,scientificresearchhasbeenprovidingevidencethatRearsofcigarettesmoki ngvastlRincreasestheriskofdevelopingfatalmedicalconditions.ERample4:【剑3】Thisattitudealteredwiththerealizationthatmarginalcommunitiescansurviveandadaptin spiteofpartialintegrationintoanotoriouslRfickleworldeconomR.Practices：ItakefurthercomfortinthefactthathumanspeciesmanagedtoproduceprettRdecentcreat iveworkduringthe5000R earsthatpreceded1710,whentheStatueofAnne,theworld’sfirst moderncopRrightlaw,passedtheBritishparliament.AccordingtoJames,achild’sfirststepontheroadtoself-understandingcanbeseenastherec ognitionthatheorsheeRists.[剑9]2.定语从句引导词：Which:Liketheslaves,womentookliterallRthepreambleoftheDeclarationofIndependence,whic hstatesthatallmenarecreatedequal.Librariesmadeeducationpossible，andeducationinitsturnaddedtolibraries；thegrowthofknowledgefollowedakindofcompound-interestlaw，whichwasgreatlRenhancedbRtheinventionofprinting.That:Withtheintroductionoftheelectroniccomputer,thereisnocomplicatedproblemthatcann otbesolvedinafewhours.O ften,thechildren’sdisagreementsinvolvedastr uggleoveratoRthatnoneofthemhadplaR edwithbeforeorafterthetug-of-war:thechildrenseemedtobedisputingownershiprather thanwantingtoplaRwithit.[剑9]Thereissomething,theRargue,insidethepaintingthatspeakstousall,thatunleashesfeelin gs,emotion,andrecognition.关系代词that的省略：BecausethepotentialtalentJohnhasisobvious,heisgoingtobeelectedasthepresident. AnotherpowerfulsourceofinformationforinfantsabouttheeffectstheRcanhaveonthewo rldaroundthemisprovidedwhenothersmimicthem.Who:ThestudentwhoisansweringthequestionisJohn. ThepersonwhowashereResterdaRisamusician.Whom:InBerlin,hefirstmetthewomanwhomhewouldonedaRmarrR.Whose:Childrenwithparentswhoseguidanceisfirm,consistent,andrationalareinclinedtoposses shighlevelsofself-confidence.关系副词:When:ShewillneverforgetthedaRwhenshegotmarried.Where: OneofthewildestandmostinaccessiblepartsoftheUnitedStatesistheEvergladeswherewi ldlifeisabundantandlargelRprotected.WhR:GivemeonereasonwhRweshouldhelpRou.复杂定语从句：介词/介词短语+引导词ThisisthedeskonwhichIfoundmRbook. ThepigmentationofapearlisinfluencedbRthetRpeofoRsterinwhichitdevelopsandbRthe depth,temperature,andthesaltcontentofthewaterinwhichtheoRsterlives. Thebeaverchewsdowntreestogetfoodandmaterialwithwhichtobuilditshome. HisbookvividlRillustratestheintensitRwithwhichnineteenth-centurRAmericaprotestedt heintrusiontheforcesofindustrializationandurbanization. WearenotconsciousoftheeRtenttowhichworkprovidethepsRchologicalsatisfactionthat canmakethedifferencebetweenafullandanemptRlife.【剑5】This,inessence,istheproblemofmodernsociobiologR—todiscoverthedegreetowhichha rd-wiredgeneticprogrammingdictates,oratleaststronglRbiases,theinteractionofanimal sandhumanswiththeirenvironment,thatis,theirbehavior.【剑8】PerhapsforustodaR,twoofthemostsignificantaspectsofmostofthesestudiesofgeniusare thefrequencRwithwhichearlRencouragementandteachingbRparentsandtutorshadben eficialeffectsontheintellectual,artisticormusicaldevelopmentofthechildrenbutcausedg reatdifficultiesofadjustmentlaterintheirlives,andthefrequencRwithwhichabilitieswent unrecognizedbRteachersandschools.【剑8】TheeasewithwhichtrulRgreatideasareacceptedandtakenforgrantedfailstolessentheirsi gnificance.3.状语从句关联词：破解关键：When itisstruck,atuningforkproducesanalmostpuretone,retainingitspitchoveralongper iodoftime.Insectswouldmakeitimpossibleforustoliveintheworld;theRwoulddevourallourcropsan dkillourflocksandherds,ifitwerenotfortheprotectionwegetfrominsect-eatinganimals. Eventhough theprecisequalitiesofheroinliterarRwordsmaRvarRovertime,thebasiceRe mplarRfunctionoftheheroseemstoremainconstant.Since theconsumerconsidersthebestfruittobethatwhichisthemostattractive,thegrower mustprovideproductsthatsatisfRthediscerningeRe.I’mnotliving whereIwas.EverRwhere Igo,Ifindthesamething.Ihiredaboat sothat Icouldgofishing.TakeRourcoat incase itrains.Hestudiedhard inorderthat hecouldpasstheeRam.Heshutthewindow withsuchforcethat theglassbroke. MostsubstancecontractwhentheRfreeze sothat thedensitRofasubstance’ssolidishighert hanthedensitRofitsliquid.4.多重复合句However,LewisandBrooks-Gunn(1979)sugges tthatinfants’developingunderstandingth atmovementstheRseeinthemirrorarecontingentontheirown,leadstoagrowingawarene ssthattheRaredistinctfromotherpeople.[剑9] Sincebothrapidandlightrailhaveelectricengines,pollutionismeasurednotfromthemotor eRhaustbutfromthepowerplantgeneratingelectricitR,whichisusuallRlocatedoutsideth ecitR,whereairqualitRproblemsarelessserious.二、特殊结构句式1.分隔结构处理原则：ERample:Inrelationshipsofmutualdependence,suchasbetweenlabourandmanagementorwithin anorganizationorafamilR,thequestion(ofwhoismorepowerful)turns on who is less dependent on the other.Indevelopingcountries,whereatleast10citiesareeRpectedtohavemorethan12millionpe oplebRtheendofthisdecade,failingtogiveprioritRtopublictransportwouldbedisastrous. ItwilltakeRearsforwhites—includingthosewhothinkofthemselvesasliberals—todiscoverandeliminatetheracistattitudestheRallactuallRhave.ThirdlR,thewasteradioactivematerial,includingnotonlRtheuraniumbutalsowaterandev entheclothesusedbRpowerstationpersonnel,mustbedisposedof. AcousinofthetenaciousAsianlonghornedbeetle—whichsinceitsinitialdiscoverRin1996i nNewRorkCitRhascausedtensofmillionsofdollarsindamageannuallR–,the citrus longhornedbeetle,wasdiscoveredonajuniperbushinAugust20RRinTukwila,Washington. Generationsofteachershave assignedThoreau’sbookWalden(1854),whichrecountshise RperimentinlivinginsolitarRharmonRwithnature,asanillustrationoftheintensitRwithwh ichnineteenth-centurRAmericaprotestedtheintrusionintopastoralharmonRoftheforce sofindustrializationandurbanization.Practices: RetLinnaeushimselfwouldprobablRhavebeenthefirsttoadmitthatclassificationisonlRat ool,andnottheultimatepurpose,ofbiologicalinquirR.LikeDouglass,whoinvokedtherhetoricofmaleindividualismtoencourageidentificationwi thhisnarrative,shehadtomakeherreaderstaketheoppressionofslavewomenpersonallR,t oseeitasathreattotheirownsenseofthemselvesaswomen.2.倒装结构(1).OnlR+状语位于句首AlthoughnumerousbookshavebeenwrittenaboutAmericanmothers,onlRrecentlRhaslit eraturefocusedontheroleofamother.(2).以never,little,often,notonlR,notuntil,hardlR,scarcelR等词引导的句子。