五人墓碑记原文阅读及翻译译文
原文阅读：
五人者，盖当蓼洲周公之被逮，激于义而死焉者也。至于今，郡之贤士大夫请于当前，即除魏阉废祠之址以葬之；且立石于其墓之门，以旌其所为。呜呼，亦盛矣哉！
夫五人之死，去今之墓而葬焉，其为时止十有一月耳。夫十有一月之中，凡富贵之子，慷慨得志之徒，其疾病而死，死而湮没不足道者，亦已众矣；况草野之无闻者欤？独五人
之皦皦，何也？
予犹记周公之被逮，在丁卯三月之望。吾社之行为士先者，为之声义，敛赀财以送其行，哭声震动天地。缇骑按剑而前，问“谁为哀者？”众不能堪，抶而扑之。是时以大中丞
抚吴者为魏之私人，周公之逮所由使也；吴之民方痛心焉，于是乘其厉声以呵，则噪而相逐。中丞匿于于溷藩以免。既而以吴民之乱请于朝，按诛五人，日颜佩韦、杨念如、马杰、沈杨、周文元，即今之傫然在墓者也。
然五人之当刑也，意气扬扬，呼中丞之名而詈之；谈笑而死。断头置城上，颜色不少变。有贤士大夫发五十金，买五人之脰而函之，卒与尸合。故今之墓中全乎为五人也。
嗟夫！大阉之乱，缙绅而能不易其志者，四海之大，有几人欤？而五人生于编伍之间，素不闻诗书之训，激昂大义，蹈死不顾，亦曷故哉？且矫诏纷出，钩党之捕遍于天下，卒
以吾郡之发愤一击，不敢复有株治；大阉亦逡巡畏义，非常之谋难于猝发，待圣人之出而
投缳道路，不可谓非五人之力也。
由是观之，则今之高爵显位，一旦抵罪，或脱身以逃，不能容于远近，而又有剪发杜门，佯狂不知所之者，其辱人贱行，视五人之死，视重固何如哉？是以蓼洲周公，忠义暴
于朝廷，赠谥美显，荣于身后；而五人亦得以加其土封，列其姓名于大堤之上，凡四方之
士无有不过而拜且泣者，斯固百世之遇也。不然，令五人者保其首领以老于户牗之下，则
尽其天年，人皆得以隶使之，安能屈豪杰之流，扼腕墓道，发其志士之悲哉！故予与同社
诸君子，哀斯墓之徒有其石也而为之记，亦以明死生大之大，匹夫之有重于社稷也。
贤士大夫者，冏卿因之吴公，太史文起文公，孟长姚公也。
翻译译文或注释：
这五个人，就是当周蓼洲先生被阉党逮捕时，为正义所激奋而死于这件事的。到了现在，吴郡贤士大夫向有关当局请示，就清理已废的魏阉生祠的旧址来安葬他们，并且在他
们的墓门立碑，来表彰他们的事迹。啊，也够隆重呀！
短文翻译集锦 1. 中秋习俗 在中国月饼是一种特殊的食品，广受海内外华人的欢迎。中秋节吃月饼就好比圣诞节吃馅饼(mince pies)。为了庆祝中秋节，中国人通常做两件事：一是观赏满月。二是品尝美味的月饼。中秋节是每年农历八月十五日。据说，这一天的月亮是一年中最圆的。而月亮正是庆贺中秋的全部主题。在中国人眼中，月饼象征着全家人的大团圆。 参考译文： Moon cakes are a special kind of food in China. They are very popular with the Chinese at home and abroad. Moon cakes are to Mid-Autumn Festival what mince pies are to Christmas. To celebrate Mid-Autumn Festival, Chinese usually do two things: enjoy the full moon and eat delicious moon cakes. Mid-Autumn Festival falls on the 15th day of the 8th month of the lunar calendar. It is the time when the moon is said to be at its brightest and fullest. And the moon is what this celebration is all about. In the eyes of the Chinese people, a moon cake symbolizes the reunion of all family members. 2.传统艺术 皮影戏又称“影子戏”。它是中国著名民间戏剧形式之一。表演时艺人通常一边演唱一边操纵用兽皮或纸板制作的人物形象。它们的影子通过灯光出现在帘布上。这营造了有人物在活动的幻象。有时表演者需要控制三到四个偶人。皮影戏在我国历史悠久，元代时还曾传到世界上很多国家，迷倒了不少国外戏迷，被人们亲切地称为“中国影灯”。 参考译文 The shadow puppet play, also known as ‘shadow play’, is one of China’s famous folk opera forms. During the performance, players usually sing while holing/manipulating human figures, which are made of animal skin and paper board. The shadows of those human figures are reflected on a curtain through the light. This creates the illusion of moving images. Sometimes the performer needs to control three or four puppets. Shadow puppet play enjoys a long history in China. It was introduced to many countries during the Yuan Dynasty and attracted many foreign audience. They call the art form Chinese shadow play. 3.社交饥渴 手机，是一项伟大的发明。但很显然，手机也刷新了人与人的关系。会议室门口通常贴着一条公告：请与会者关闭手机。可是，会议室里手机铃声仍然响成一片。我们都是普通人，并没有多少特别重要的事情。尽管如此，我们也不会轻易关掉手机。打开手机象征着我们与这个世界的联系。显然，手机反映出我们的“社交饥渴症”。(thirst for socialization) 参考译文 The cell phone is a great invention. But obviously, It has altered the relationship among people. There is usually a notice on the door of the meeting room, which reads, “Please turn off your hand-set.” However, phones ring now and then when the meeting goes on. We are but ordinary people and have few urgencies to tackle with. Never the less, we will not switch off our
歧路亡羊 杨子之邻人亡羊，既率其党，又请杨子之竖追之，杨子曰： “嘻，亡一羊何追者之众？”邻人曰： “多歧路。”既反，问： “获羊乎？”曰： “亡之矣。”曰： “xx亡之？”曰： “歧路之中又有歧焉，吾不知所之，所以反也。”杨子戚然变容，不言者移时，不笑者竟日。门人怪之，请曰： “羊，贱畜，又非夫子之有，而损言笑者何哉？”杨子不答，门人不获所命。 （《列子·说符》） 1.解释下面加点的“之”字。（2分） （1）xx之邻人亡羊之： （2）又请xx之竖追之之： 2.补出省略成分。（2分） 既反，（）问： “获羊乎?”（）曰： “亡之矣。” 3.翻译下列句子。（3分） 歧路之中又有歧焉，吾不知所之，所以反也。
4.本文告诉了我们一个什么道理?（3分） 参考 答案： guwen.整理 四、 1.的羊 2.xx邻人 3.岔路之中又有岔路，我不知道它逃到哪里去了，所以就回来了。 4.示例： 不作分析，一味盲从，定会一无所获。 歧路亡羊注释 1..xx： 对xx的尊称。xx，战国时哲学家。 2.反： （通假字）通“返”，返回。 3.亡： 丢失。 4.既……又……： 表示两种情况同时存在。既： 不久 5.率：
率领，带领。 6.党： 旧时指亲族，现指： 朋友，有交情的人。 7.竖： 僮仆(xx） 8.歧： 岔路，小道。 9.xx： （疑问代词）怎么。这里指为什么。 10.（吾不知所)之： 到……去。 11.所以： 表示原因的虚词。 12.反： 通“返”，返回，回来，返还。 13.xx： 忧伤的样子。然： ……的样子。 14.移时： 多时，一段时间。
15.竟日： 终日，整天。 16.既： 已经。 17.损： 减少。 18.众： 众多。 19.xx： 哪里。 20.xx： 语气词。 21.怪： 对感到奇怪。 22.既反： 已经回去。 23.命： 教导，告知。 24.获： 找到，得到翻译杨朱邻居的羊跑了，于是率领与他（邻居）有交情的人，还请杨朱的小僮一起追赶。
古诗五人墓碑记翻译赏析 《五人墓碑记》作者为唐朝文学家张溥。其古诗全文如下： 五人者，盖当蓼洲周公之被逮，激于义而死焉者也。至于今，郡之贤士大夫请于当道，即除魏阉废祠之址以葬之。且立石于其墓之门，以旌其所为。呜呼，亦盛矣哉！ 夫五人之死，去今之墓而葬焉，其为时止十有一月耳。夫十有一月之中，凡富贵之子，慷慨得志之徒，其疾病而死，死而湮没不足道者，亦已众矣；况草野之无闻者欤！独五人之皦皦，何也？ 予犹记周公之被逮，在丁卯三月之望。吾社之行为士先者，为之声义，赉以资财，以送其行，哭声震动天地。缇骑按剑而前，问：“谁为哀者？”众不能堪，抶而仆之。是时以大中丞抚吴者，为魏之私人，周公之逮所由使也，吴之民方痛心焉。于是乘其厉声以呵，则噪而相逐，中丞匿于溷藩以免。既而以吴民之乱请于朝，按诛五人，曰：颜佩韦、杨念如、马杰、沈扬、周文元，即今之傫然在墓者也。然五人之当刑也，意气扬扬，呼中丞之名而詈之，谈笑以死；断头置城上，颜色不少变。有贤士大夫发五十金，买五人之脰而函之，卒与尸合。故今之墓中，全乎为五人也。 嗟夫！大阉之乱，缙绅而能不易其志者，四海之大，有几人欤？而五人生于编伍之间，素不闻《诗》、《书》之训，激昂大义，蹈死不顾，亦曷故哉？且矫诏纷出，钩党之捕遍于天下，卒以吾郡之发愤一击，不敢复有株治；大阉亦逡巡畏义，非常之谋，难于猝发，待圣人
之出而投缳道路：不可谓非五人之力也！ 由是观之，则今之高爵显位，一旦抵罪，或脱身以逃，不能容于远近，而又有剪发杜门、佯狂不知所之者，其辱人贱行，视五人之死，轻重固何如哉？是以蓼洲周公忠义暴于朝廷，赠谥褒美，显荣于身后；而五人亦得以加其土封，列其姓名于大堤之上，凡四方之士，无有不过而拜且泣者，斯固百世之遇也！不然，令五人者保其首领以老于户牖之下，则尽其天年，人皆得以隶使之，安能屈豪杰之流，扼腕墓道，发其志士之悲哉！故予与同社诸君子哀斯墓之徒有其石也，而为之记，亦以明死生之大，匹夫之有重于社稷也。 贤士大夫者：冏卿因之吴公、太史文起文公、孟长姚公也。 【注释】 ⑴本文作于明崇祯元年（1628）。天启年间，宦官魏忠贤专权，网罗遍天下，以残暴手段镇压东林党人。天启六年（1626），派人到苏州逮捕曾任吏部主事、文选员外郎的周顺昌，激起苏州市民的义愤，爆发了反抗宦官统治的斗争。本文是为这次斗争中被阉党杀害的五位义士而写的碑文。文章议论随叙事而入，感慨淋漓，激昂尽致，题外有情，题外有旨，开人心胸。 ⑵蓼（iǎo）洲周公：周顺昌，字景文，号蓼洲，吴县（今苏州）人。万历年间进士，曾官福州推官、吏部主事、文选员外郎等职，因不满朝政，辞职归家。东林党人魏大中被逮，途经吴县时，周顺昌不避株连，曾招待过他。后周顺昌被捕遇害。崇祯年间，谥忠介。 ⑶郡：指吴郡，即今苏州市。当道：执Org掌政权的人。
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Passage1 Reading leadership literature, you’d sometimes think that everyone has the potential to be an effective leader. 读领导文学，你有时会认为每个人都有可能成为一个有效的领导者。 I don’t believe that to be true. In fact, I see way fewer truly effective leaders than I see people stuck in positions of leadership who arc sadly incompetent and seriously misguided about their own abilities. 我不相信这是真的。事实上，我认为真正有效的领导者的方式比我看到的人都陷在领导的职位上，遗憾的是他们自己的能力不称职，严重误导了他们。 Part of the reason this happens is a lack of honest self-assessment by those who aspire to（追求）leadership in the first place. 对产生这种现象的原因一部分是由那些渴望缺乏诚实的自我评估（追求）放在首位的领导 We've all met the type of individual who simply must take charge. Whether it's a decision-making session, a basketball game, or a family outing, they can't help grabbing the lead dog position and clinging on to it for dear life. They believe they're natural born leaders. 我们都遇到了个人的类型，他们必须负责。无论是决策会议，篮球比赛，还是家庭外出，他们都不能不抓住领导的狗的地位，并紧紧抓住它，因为亲爱的生命。他们相信他们是天生的领袖。 Truth is, they're nothing of the sort. True leaders don't assume that it's their divine（神圣的）right to take charge every time two or more people get together. Quite the opposite. A great leader will assess each situation on its merits, and will only take charge when their position, the situation, and/or the needs of the moment demand it. 事实是，他们没有什么样的。真正的领导者不认为这是他们的神圣（神圣的）负责每次两个或两个以上的人在一起吧。恰恰相反。一个伟大的领导者会对每一个情况进行评估，并在他们的位置、情况和/或需要的情况下，只会负责。 Many business executives confuse leadership with action. They believe that constant motion somehow generates leadership as a byproduct. Faced with any situation that can’t be solved by the sheer force of activity, they generate a dust cloud of impatience. Their one leadership tool is
文言文翻译练习 1、【心不在马】赵襄主学御于王子期，俄而与子期逐，三易马而三后。襄主曰：“子之教我御术未尽也。”对曰：“术已尽，用之则过也。凡御之所贵，马体安于车，人心调于马，而后可以进速致远。今君后则欲逮臣，先则恐逮于臣。而先后心在于臣，何以调于马?此君之所以后也。”（上海卷） 2、【韩信将兵】上尝从容与信言诸将能不，各有差。上问曰：“如我，能将几何？”信曰：“陛下不过能将十万。”上曰：“于公何如？”曰：“如臣，多多而益善耳。”上笑曰：“多多益善，何为为我禽？”信曰：“陛下不能将兵，而善将将，此乃信之所以为陛下禽也。”
3、【伯乐相马】人有卖骏马者，比三日立市，人莫之知。往见伯乐，曰：“臣有骏马欲卖之，比三日立于市，人莫于言。愿子还而视之，去而顾之，臣请献一朝之贾。”伯乐乃还而视之，去而顾之。一旦而马价十倍。 4、【楚人隐形】楚人贫居，读《淮南子》，得“螳螂伺蝉自障叶可以隐形”，遂于树下仰取叶──螳螂执叶伺蝉，以摘之。叶落树下，树下先有落叶，不能复分别。扫取数斗归，一一以叶自障，问其妻曰：“汝见我不？”妻始时恒答言“见”，经日，乃厌倦不堪，绐云“不见”。嘿然大喜，赍叶入市，对面取人物。吏遂缚诣县。
5、【歧路亡羊】杨子之邻人亡羊，既率其党，又请杨子之竖追之。杨子曰：“嘻！亡一羊，何追者之众？”邻人曰：“多歧路。”既反，问：“获羊乎？”曰：“亡之矣。”曰：“奚亡之？”曰：“歧路之中又有歧焉，吾不知所之，所以反也。” 6、【执竿入城】鲁有执长竿入城门者，初竖执之，不可入，横执之，亦不可入，计无所出。俄有老父至曰：“吾非圣人，但见事多矣，何不以锯中截而入？”遂依而截之。
五人墓碑记 张溥1 五人者2，盖3当蓼洲周公4之5被逮6，激7于8义而9死焉10者11也12。至于今，郡之13贤士大夫请于14当道15，即16除魏阉17废祠之18址19以20葬之21；且立石于22其墓之23门，以24旌25其26所为27。呜呼，亦盛28矣29哉！ 1.张溥：pǔ (1602-1642),字天如。号西铭，太仓（今属江苏）人。明思宗崇祯四年（1631）中进士。 2.者：与（11）“也”组成“者......也”格式，典型的判断句格式。 3.盖：句首语气词，无实际意义。
4.蓼洲周公：liǎo 周顺昌（1584-1626），号蓼洲，明末吴县（今江苏）人。明熹（xī）宗时任吏部郎中，因得罪魏忠贤而被逮捕，死在狱中。 5.之：<连>用在主谓之间取消句子独立性。 6.逮：dài 逮捕。 7.激：鼓动，激发。激于义，被义理所激发。 8.于：<介>介绍原因。 9.而：<连>顺承关系，连接的前后两项在事理上前后前后相承。 10.焉：指示代词，指代处所。 11.者：与动词性词组组成名词结构，“......的人。” 12.也：参考注释（2）。 13.之：<助>用于定语与中心语之间。 14.于：<介>介绍对象。 15.当道：执掌政权的人。 16.即：<副>表示急速。立即，立刻。 17.魏阉：yān 此处指魏忠贤，明熹宗时为秉笔太监，兼管特务机关东厂，权倾一时，各地纷纷给他建生祠（cí）。阉，指宦官。 18.之：<助>同<14>。 19.址：<名>地基。 20.以：<连>连接前后两项，后项是前项的目的。 21.之：<代>代指此五人。 22.于：<介>表示动作行为在何地发生。 23.之：<助>用于定语与中心语之间。 24.以：<连>连接前后两项，后项是前项的目的。 25.其：<代>代指五人。 26.旌：jīng 表彰。 27.所为：“所+动”表示行为的对象。 28.盛：shèng 盛大，隆重。 29.矣：“了”。通常情况下“矣”报道一种新情况。 夫30五人之31死，去今之32墓33而34葬焉35，其36为时37止38十有39一月耳40。夫41十有42一月之43中，凡44富贵之45子，慷慨得志46
Optimum blank design of an automobile sub-frame Jong-Yop Kim a ,Naksoo Kim a,*,Man-Sung Huh b a Department of Mechanical Engineering,Sogang University,Shinsu-dong 1,Mapo-ku,Seoul 121-742,South Korea b Hwa-shin Corporation,Young-chun,Kyung-buk,770-140,South Korea Received 17July 1998 Abstract A roll-back method is proposed to predict the optimum initial blank shape in the sheet metal forming process.The method takes the difference between the ?nal deformed shape and the target contour shape into account.Based on the method,a computer program composed of a blank design module,an FE-analysis program and a mesh generation module is developed.The roll-back method is applied to the drawing of a square cup with the ˉange of uniform size around its periphery,to con?rm its validity.Good agreement is recognized between the numerical results and the published results for initial blank shape and thickness strain distribution.The optimum blank shapes for two parts of an automobile sub-frame are designed.Both the thickness distribution and the level of punch load are improved with the designed blank.Also,the method is applied to design the weld line in a tailor-welded blank.It is concluded that the roll-back method is an effective and convenient method for an optimum blank shape design.#2000Elsevier Science S.A.All rights reserved. Keywords:Blank design;Sheet metal forming;Finite element method;Roll-back method
翻译文献：INVESTIGATION ON DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF SLIDE UNIT IN MODULAR MACHINE TOOL （对组合机床滑台动态性能的调查报告） 文献作者：Peter Dransfield, 出处：Peter Dransfield, Hydraulic Control System-Design and Analysis of TheirDynamics, Springer-Verlag, 1981 翻译页数：p139—144 英文译文： 对组合机床滑台动态性能的调查报告 【摘要】这一张纸处理调查利用有束缚力的曲线图和状态空间分析法对组合机床滑台的滑动影响和运动平稳性问题进行分析与研究，从而建立了滑台的液压驱动系统一自调背压调速系统的动态数学模型。通过计算机数字仿真系统，分析了滑台产生滑动影响和运动不平稳的原因及主要影响因素。从那些中可以得出那样的结论，如果能合理地设计液压缸和自调背压调压阀的结构尺寸. 本文中所使用的符号如下： s1-流源，即调速阀出口流量； S el—滑台滑动摩擦力 R一滑台等效粘性摩擦系数： I1—滑台与油缸的质量 12—自调背压阀阀心质量 C1、c2—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔的液容； C2—自调背压阀弹簧柔度； R1, R2自调背压阀阻尼孔液阻， R9—自调背压阀阀口液阻 S e2—自调背压阀弹簧的初始预紧力； I4, I5—管路的等效液感 C5、C6—管路的等效液容： R5, R7-管路的等效液阻； V3, V4—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔内容积； P3, P4—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔的压力 F—滑台承受负载， V—滑台运动速度。本文采用功率键合图和状态空间分折法建立系统的运动数学模型，滑台的动态特性可以能得到显著改善。
2010年专业四级英语真题（翻译） Passage 4（翻译） Cultural rules determine every aspect of food consumption. Who eats together defines social units. For example, in some societies, the nuclear family is the unit that regularly eats together. The anthropologist Mary Douglas has pointed out that, for the English, the kind of meal and the kind of food that is served relate to the kinds of social links between people who are eating together. She distinguishes between regular meals, Sunday meals when relatives may come, and cocktail parties for relatives and friends. The food served symbolizes the occasion and reflects who is present. For example, only snacks are served at a cocktail party. It would be inappropriate to serve a steak or hamburgers. The distinctions among cocktails, regular meals, and special dinners mark the social boundaries between those guests who are invited for drinks, those who are invited to dinner, and those who come to a family meal. In this example, the type of food symbolizes the category of guest and with whom it is eaten. In some New Guinea societies, the nuclear family is not the unit that eats together. The men take their meals in a men’s house, separately from their wives and children. W omen prepare and eat their food in their own houses and take the husband’s portion to the
一、北人食菱 雪涛小说：《雪涛小说》为江盈科著。江盈科为明代文学家，小品文造诣极深。《雪涛小说》、《谈丛》、《谈言》、《闻纪》、《谐史》五种，传奇诙谐，信手而至，独抒性灵，横生妙趣；晚明末世，危机四伏，忧国忧民之情，亦明时形诸笔端。 作者：江盈科(1553—1605)，字进之，号渌萝。桃源人。其祖父伯玉、父亲风翎均“课于农”。江盈科从小聪慧，明万历五年(1577)入县学为生员。十三年(1585)乡试中举，“自为诸生，名已隆隆起”。但是，此后于万历十四年、十七年两次赴京参加进士考试，皆不第而归。 个出生在北方不认识菱角的人，在南方做官，（一次）他在酒席上吃菱角，（那个人）连角壳一起放进嘴里吃。有人对他说：“吃菱角必须去掉壳再吃。”那人为了掩饰自己的缺点，（护住自己的无知），说：“我并不是不知道。连壳一起吃进去的原因，是想要清热解毒。”问的人说：“北方也有这种东西吗？”他回答说：“前面的山后面的山，哪块地没有呢？” 菱角生长在水中,（他）却说是在土里生长的，这是因为他为了装作有学问，硬要把不知道的说成知道的。[1] 二、父子性刚 译文 有一对父子都性格刚烈，一点都不肯谦让于人。一天，父亲留客人饮酒，派儿子入城买肉。儿子提着肉回家，将要出城门，恰巧一个人面对面走来，两人不肯相让，挺着身子面对面地站在那里，僵持了很久。父亲见儿子这么长时间也没有回来，就去寻找，看到这种情景，就对儿子说："你暂且带着肉回去陪客人饮酒，等我跟他在这里对站着！" 寓意 人与人之间，磕磕碰碰总是难免的。相互谅解，退一步海阔天空，忍一时风平浪静；倘若使气斗狠，对谁也没有好处。 "子入城市肉"不能及时回家的原因是：将出城门，值一人对面而来，各不相让，遂挺立良久。《父子性刚》告诉我们做人的道理：为人不能倔强固执，使气斗狠；要学会谦让谅解，要有宽大的胸怀。 这则故事讽刺了那些不懂得谦让、气量狭小、凡事斤斤计较的人。 作者简介 冯梦龙（1574－1646），明代文学家， 思想家，戏曲家。字犹龙，又字子犹，号龙子犹、墨憨斋主人、顾曲散人、吴下词奴、姑苏词奴、前周柱史等。汉族，南直隶苏州府长洲县（今江苏省苏州市）人，出身士大夫家庭。兄梦桂，善画。弟梦熊，太学生，曾从冯梦龙治《春秋》，有诗传世。他们兄弟三人并称“吴
西湖游记二则原文及翻译_袁宏道_全文译文_对照翻译 前一篇：五人墓碑记后一篇：峡江寺飞泉亭记 西湖游记二则全文阅读：出处或作者：袁宏道初至西湖记 从武林门而西，望保叔塔突兀层崖中，则已心飞湖上也。午刻入昭庆，茶毕，即棹小舟入湖。山色如娥，花光如颊，温风如酒，波纹如绫；才一举头，已不觉目酣神醉，此时欲下一语描写不得，大约如东阿王梦中初遇洛神时也。余游西湖始此，时万历丁酉二月十四日也。晚同子公渡净寺，觅阿宾旧住僧房。取道由六桥、岳坟、石径塘而归。草草领略，未及偏赏。次早得陶石篑帖子，至十九日，石篑兄弟同学佛人王静虚至，湖山好友，一时凑集矣。 晚游六桥待月记 西湖最盛，为春为月。一日之盛，为朝烟，为夕岚。今岁春雪甚盛，梅花为寒所勒，与杏桃相次开发，尤为奇观。 石篑数为余言：傅金吾园中梅，张功甫玉照堂故物也，急往观之。余时为桃花所恋，竟不忍去。湖上由断桥至苏堤
一带，绿烟红雾，弥漫二十余里。歌吹为风，粉汗为雨，罗纨之盛，多于堤畔之草，艳冶极矣。 然杭人游湖，止午未申三时；其实湖光染翠之工，山岚设色之妙，皆在朝日始出，夕春未下，始极其浓媚。月景尤不可言，花态柳情，容水意，别是一种趣味。此乐留与山僧游客受用，安可为俗士道哉。 西湖游记二则全文翻译：初至西湖记 从武林门往西走，就望见保叔塔高耸在重山叠岭之中，这时我的心已经飞到西湖上面。午间进入昭庆寺，用茶过后，立即雇小船划向湖中。山是青黑色的，如同美女的眉毛；桃花红艳艳的，如同少女的面颊；温风拂面，使人如饮醇酒；微波荡漾，如同绫罗一般轻软。我刚刚抬头一看，不知不觉间就已经是如痴如醉了。这时我想用一个词语来描写（这光景），竟然想不出来，大约像东阿王曹植最初见到洛神时一样。我游西湖就从这一次开始，时间是万历二十五年二月十四日。 晚游六桥待月记 西湖最美的时间是春天和月夜，一天之中最美的时刻
204/JOURNAL OF BRIDGE ENGINEERING/AUGUST1999
JOURNAL OF BRIDGE ENGINEERING /AUGUST 1999/205 ends.The stress state in each cylindrical strip was determined from the total potential energy of a nonlinear arch model using the Rayleigh-Ritz method. It was emphasized that the membrane stresses in the com-pression region of the curved models were less than those predicted by linear theory and that there was an accompanying increase in ?ange resultant force.The maximum web bending stress was shown to occur at 0.20h from the compression ?ange for the simple support stiffness condition and 0.24h for the ?xed condition,where h is the height of the analytical panel.It was noted that 0.20h would be the optimum position for longitudinal stiffeners in curved girders,which is the same as for straight girders based on stability requirements.From the ?xed condition cases it was determined that there was no signi?cant change in the membrane stresses (from free to ?xed)but that there was a signi?cant effect on the web bend-ing stresses.Numerical results were generated for the reduc-tion in effective moment required to produce initial yield in the ?anges based on curvature and web slenderness for a panel aspect ratio of 1.0and a web-to-?ange area ratio of 2.0.From the results,a maximum reduction of about 13%was noted for a /R =0.167and about 8%for a /R =0.10(h /t w =150),both of which would correspond to extreme curvature,where a is the length of the analytical panel (modeling the distance be-tween transverse stiffeners)and R is the radius of curvature.To apply the parametric results to developing design criteria for practical curved girders,the de?ections and web bending stresses that would occur for girders with a curvature corre-sponding to the initial imperfection out-of-?atness limit of D /120was used.It was noted that,for a panel with an aspect ratio of 1.0,this would correspond to a curvature of a /R =0.067.The values of moment reduction using this approach were compared with those presented by Basler (Basler and Thurlimann 1961;Vincent 1969).Numerical results based on this limit were generated,and the following web-slenderness requirement was derived: 2 D 36,500a a =1?8.6?34 (1) ? ??? t R R F w ?y where D =unsupported distance between ?anges;and F y =yield stress in psi. An extension of this work was published a year later,when Culver et al.(1973)checked the accuracy of the isolated elas-tically supported cylindrical strips by treating the panel as a unit two-way shell rather than as individual strips.The ?ange/web boundaries were modeled as ?xed,and the boundaries at the transverse stiffeners were modeled as ?xed and simple.Longitudinal stiffeners were modeled with moments of inertias as multiples of the AASHO (Standard 1969)values for straight https://www.doczj.com/doc/524062953.html,ing analytical results obtained for the slenderness required to limit the plate bending stresses in the curved panel to those of a ?at panel with the maximum allowed out-of-?atness (a /R =0.067)and with D /t w =330,the following equa-tion was developed for curved plate girder web slenderness with one longitudinal stiffener: D 46,000a a =1?2.9 ?2.2 (2) ? ? ? t R f R w ?b where the calculated bending stress,f b ,is in psi.It was further concluded that if longitudinal stiffeners are located in both the tension and compression regions,the reduction in D /t w will not be required.For the case of two stiffeners,web bending in both regions is reduced and the web slenderness could be de-signed as a straight girder panel.Eq.(1)is currently used in the ‘‘Load Factor Design’’portion of the Guide Speci?cations ,and (2)is used in the ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’portion for girders stiffened with one longitudinal stiffener.This work was continued by Mariani et al.(1973),where the optimum trans-verse stiffener rigidity was determined analytically. During almost the same time,Abdel-Sayed (1973)studied the prebuckling and elastic buckling behavior of curved web panels and proposed approximate conservative equations for estimating the critical load under pure normal loading (stress),pure shear,and combined normal and shear loading.The linear theory of shells was used.The panel was simply supported along all four edges with no torsional rigidity of the ?anges provided.The transverse stiffeners were therefore assumed to be rigid in their directions (no strains could be developed along the edges of the panels).The Galerkin method was used to solve the governing differential equations,and minimum eigenvalues of the critical load were calculated and presented for a wide range of loading conditions (bedding,shear,and combined),aspect ratios,and curvatures.For all cases,it was demonstrated that the critical load is higher for curved panels over the comparable ?at panel and increases with an increase in curvature. In 1980,Daniels et al.summarized the Lehigh University ?ve-year experimental research program on the fatigue behav-ior of horizontally curved bridges and concluded that the slen-derness limits suggested by Culver were too severe.Equations for ‘‘Load Factor Design’’and for ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’were developed (respectively)as D 36,500a =1?4?192(3)? ?t R F w ?y D 23,000a =1?4 ?170 (4) ? ? t R f w ?b The latter equation is currently used in the ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’portion of the Guide Speci?cations for girders not stiffened longitudinally. Numerous analytical and experimental works on the subject have also been published by Japanese researchers since the end of the CURT project.Mikami and colleagues presented work in Japanese journals (Mikami et al.1980;Mikami and Furunishi 1981)and later in the ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanics (Mikami and Furunishi 1984)on the nonlinear be-havior of cylindrical web panels under bending and combined bending and shear.They analyzed the cylindrical panels based on Washizu’s (1975)nonlinear theory of shells.The governing nonlinear differential equations were solved numerically by the ?nite-difference method.Simple support boundary condi-tions were assumed along the curved boundaries (top and bot-tom at the ?ange locations)and both simple and ?xed support conditions were used at the straight (vertical)boundaries.The large displacement behavior was demonstrated by Mi-kami and Furunishi for a range of geometric properties.Nu-merical values of the load,de?ection,membrane stress,bend-ing stress,and torsional stress were obtained,but no equations for design use were presented.Signi?cant conclusions include that:(1)the compressive membrane stress in the circumfer-ential direction decreases with an increase in curvature;(2)the panel under combined bending and shear exhibits a lower level of the circumferential membrane stress as compared with the panel under pure bending,and as a result,the bending moment carried by the web panel is reduced;and (3)the plate bending stress under combined bending and shear is larger than that under pure bending.No formulations or recommendations for direct design use were made. Kuranishi and Hiwatashi (1981,1983)used the ?nite-ele-ment method to demonstrate the elastic ?nite displacement be-havior of curved I-girder webs under bending using models with and without ?ange rigidities.Rotation was not allowed (?xed condition)about the vertical axis at the ends of the panel (transverse stiffener locations).Again,the nonlinear distribu-