目录
1外文文献译文 (3)
1外文文献原文 (4)
2外文文献译文 (7)
2外文文献原文 (9)
1、外文文献译文
《人力资本投资》节选
作者：西奥多·威廉·舒尔茨
《人力资本投资》---- 简要介绍
1960年舒尔茨在美国经济学会年会上发表的题为《人力资本投资》的演说中，对于人力资本观点作了非常系统的论述。这篇演说震惊了西方整个学术界，这不仅因为舒尔茨一向给人的印象是一位农业经济学家，而且还因为一般人总以为资本是有形的、物质的，至于教育、在职训练、保健、人口流动等方面的投资也可以增加一国资本存量和加速经济发展的观念对于当时的经济学界来说的确是很新鲜的。这次会议之后，人力资本成为经济学中一个非常热门的新兴领域，“人力资本”也成了西方教育经济学的基本概念，人力资本理论成为现代西方资产阶级发展经济学的一个主要学派。
《人力资本投资》---- 内容提要
舒尔茨这篇《人力资本投资》被人称之为：人力资本研究新领域的“独立宣言”，其在文中提出了九项主张：“在税收政策上应该给人力资本给予优惠；防止人人力资本的闲置和老化；避免对人力资本投资进行人为的干扰；完善人力资本市场，银行应积极主动地提供人力资本所需的费用，鼓励私人和公共投资；政府应承担人力资本投资的大部分费用，特别是资助劳动力向城市转移；重视低收入者的人力资本投资；明确教育和保健同样具有经济意义，它们是一项投资，要扭转投资在这方面的不平衡；增加政府投入、扩大人力资本投资，以减少收入的不平等；
舒尔茨所提出的人力资本理论的基本内涵是：把资本分为物质资本和人力资本两种形式。人力资本是体现在劳动者身上的以劳动者的数量和质量表示的资本。劳动者的知识、技术水平、劳动技能的高低不同，决定了人力资本对经济的生产性作用的不同，结果使国民收入增长的程度也不同。
舒尔茨的人力资本理论有五个主要观点：
（一）人力资本存在于人的身上，表现为知识、技能、体力（健康状况）价值的总和。一个国家的人力资本可以通过劳动者的数量、质量以及劳动时间来度量。
（二）人力资本是投资形成的。投资渠道有五种，包括营养及医疗保健费用、学校教育费用、在职人员培训费用，择业过程中所发生的人事成本和迁徙费用。
（三）人力资本投资是经济增长的主要源泉。舒尔茨说，人力投资的增长无疑已经明显地提高了投入经济奋飞过程中的工作质量，这些质量上的改进也已成为经济增长的一个重要的源泉。有能力的人民是现代经济丰裕的关键。
（四）人力资本投资是效益最佳的投资。人力投资的目的是为了获得收益。舒尔茨对1929--1957年美国教育投资对经济增长的关系作了定量研究，得出如下结论：各级教育投资的平均收益率为17％；教育投资增长的收益占劳动收入增长的比重为70％；教育投资增长的收益占国民收入增长的比重为33％。也就是说，人力资本投资是回投率最高的投资。
（五）人力资本投资的消费部分的实质是耐用性的，甚至比物质的耐用性消费品更加经久耐用。
1、外文文献原文
《Human capital investment》excerpt
Author: Theodore W. Schultz
《Human capital investment》Brief introduction "Human capital investment" in a speech entitled Schultz 1960 annual meeting of the American Economic Association, the human capital point of view made for a very systematic exposition. This speech shocked the whole of Western academia, not only because Schultz has always given the impression that an agricultural economist, but also because most people think the capital is tangible, material, as for education, job training, health care investment, migration and other aspects can also increase a country's capital stock and accelerate economic development concept for the prevailing economic circles is indeed very fresh. Following this meeting, the human capital to become a very popular economics
emerging field of "human capital" Western education has become the basic concepts of economics, human capital theory as a major school of modern Western bourgeois development economics.
《Human capital investment》Summary
Schultz this "human capital investment" was called: a new field of research in human capital "Declaration of Independence", which makes nine claims in the article: "On tax policy should give preferential treatment to human capital; prevent people from human inactivity and aging capital; avoid investments in human capital man-made interference; perfect human capital market, banks should take the initiative to provide the necessary human capital costs, encourage private and public investment; government should bear most of the cost of investment in human capital , especially subsidized labor to cities; emphasis on low-income investment in human capital; clear education and health care also makes economic sense, they are an investment, the investment to reverse the imbalance in this regard; increased government investment, expand human capital investments to reduce income inequality;
The basic meaning of human capital theory was proposed by Schultz: The capital is divided into physical and human capital in two forms. Human capital is reflected in the body of capital to labor quantity and quality of labor representation. Knowledge workers, technical level, high and low labor skills, human capital determines the different productive role in the economy, resulting in different degrees of national income growth.
Schultz 's human capital theory has five main points :
( A ) human capital exists in the human body , expressed as the sum of knowledge skills , physical ( health status ) values. A country's human capital can be measured by the number of workers, quality, and labor time .
(B ) investment in human capital formation . There are five investment channels , including nutrition and health care costs , the cost of school education , in-service training of personnel costs, personnel costs that occur
in the process of choosing and migration costs.
(C ) investment in human capital is a major source of economic growth. Schultz said that growth in investment in human resources has undoubtedly improved significantly the quality of work put into the process of economic firefly improve on these quality has become an important source of economic growth. The ability of the people is the key to modern economic abundance .
(D ) investment in human capital is the best investment returns . The purpose of investment in human resources is to gain . Schultz on the 1929 - 1957 U.S. economic growth in the relationship between investment in education made quantitative research , the following conclusions : the average income levels of investment in education was 17% ; revenue growth of investment in education accounted for the proportion of labor income growth 70% ; earnings growth in investment in education accounted for the proportion of national income growth of 33 %. In other words, investment in human capital investment is the highest rate of return on investment.
(E ) The real part of the human capital investment spending is durability , and even more durable material than the durable consumer goods .
2、外文文献译文
《浅议人力资源战略中的福利管理》选文
作者：李小敏
福利管理的因素
对福利进行决策和管理，有许多因素需要给予重视，如员工偏好问题，许多员工认为自己在公司福利中并没得到好处，甚至认为公司对自己的福利并不关心，这将导致福利的失败;而且许多公司没有把福利目标与公司战略相结合，没有严格控制成本，或者没有进行决策评价，造成福利投资效益的降低。具体来说，在福利管理中应注意以下几个因素:
1 福利政策的制定应与公司整体战略一致
在制定公司福利政策时，十分有必要从战略层面进行分析和思考，使设计出的福利政策适应公司的发展，既要考虑公司的长期和短期发展目标，又要考虑公司不同的发展阶段。当公司处于创建成长时应采取高绩效、低福利策略，以便使公司成长与员工收益相结合，降低公司风险。对于成长稳健型的公司则应加大福利的比例，提高管理效率。
我认为，公司的福利政策应是公司整体竞争战略的一个有机组成部分。吸引人才，激励人才，为员工提供一个自我发展、自我实现的优良环境，是公司福利的目的。“在我们的整个福利框架中，培训是重中之重，我们为此可谓不遗余力。”本人所在的五菱集团形成了一整套员工培训体系，公司的新进员工必须经历为期一个月的入职培训.紧接着是数月的上岗培训。公司还根据不同的工作需要，对员工进行在职培训。公司鼓励员工接受继续教育，如MBA等，并为员工负担学习费用，这极大提高了员工的工作满意度和对公司的忠诚度。
2 福利政策的制定一定要注意到员工的偏好和需求
员工的性别、职业、年龄等差异对福利的类型有非常重要的影响。年龄偏大的员工可能对养老金、医疗保险等福利更感兴趣，已婚员工对家庭福利和休假更感兴趣，而年轻人可能希望有更多的培训机会。所以要对员工进行福利需求调查，对不同人员采用不同的福利类型。另外，福利组合对员工队伍的构成也会产生重要影响，如一种富有吸引力的养老金计划可能是吸引愿意在公司长期工作的员工的重要方式。
正因为不同员工对福利的偏好不同，所以许多公司开始推行福利弹性计划，即允许
员工根据个人的需要就所参与的福利类型和福利数量进行选择。有些公司允许员工参与福利的设计，如将购房和购车专项货款额度累加合—，员工可自由选择是购车还是购房;在交通方面，员工可以自由选择领取津贴，解决自己上下班问题，也可以不领取津贴，乘公司安排的车辆。
3 福利成本的控制
在制定福利政策时，应充分考虑其成本，将成本控制在一个合理的范围之内。比如医疗保险，由于医药费用的提高，所以员工普遍关注公司的医疗保险福利，推行有吸引力的医疗保险计划，这将有助于吸引和留住人才。为了控制其成本，公司可以采取一系列措施，如对员工进行健康教育，降低疾病的发生;有些规模大的公司开始实行以低费率购买医疗保险(公司补充保险)，因为这可以将固定成本分散到较多员工身上，从而降低每个人所承担的成本。同时，员工必须根据不同的健康状况和风险因素来交纳不同的费率，而不再是所有员工按同一标准交费。在医疗保健中，还存在一个所谓的“帕累托群体”，这一群体在员工总数中所占百分比很小(如20%)，但在总医疗保健成木支出中却占有大多数份额(通常60%—80%)，如果能对这一群体进行有效管理，将会有效地控制医疗费的支出。
4 与员工有效沟通是福利管理不可缺少的环节
“卓有成效的公司福利需要和员工达成有效的沟通。”要真正赢得员工的心，公司首先要了解员工的所思所想，了解他们的内心需求。如果福利方面缺乏沟通，员工对公司福利政策含糊不清，也就不会有体贴入微的政策到位。一般而言，员工对公司提供的福利所具有的价值往往有低估的倾向，所以与员工进行有效沟通是非常重要的。通过多种形式的沟通，如发放福利手册、与员工交谈、因特网传递等手段，使员工认识到公司为其提供的福利的价值，增强对公司的忠诚度。通过沟通，员工的各种反馈意见，也可以促使公司对福利管理进行有效的改进。
5 将福利与工作业绩相联
传统观念认为，福利支付以劳动量为基础但并不与个人劳动量直接相关，基本工资与个人劳动量息息相关，但多数福利形式只与工作人数有关，而与劳动时间无关。正因为如此，福利缺乏激励性。其实，科学合理的福利政策与员工绩效是紧密相联的。除法定福利外，公司自行制定的各种福利都可与绩效相联，起到激励的功效。我认为，在兼顾公平的前提下，福利待遇以员工所做贡献为主要依据，尽量拉开档次，员工会得到应
有的部分。但一些需要员工本人去争取，一切取决于员工对公司的贡献，福利政策也要遵循这一规律。
2、外文文献原文
《On the welfare of human resources management strategy》
Author: Xiaomin Lee
Welfare management factors
Decision-making and management of welfare, there are many factors that need to give attention, such as employee preferences, many people believe that the welfare of their own in the company did not benefit, or even that the company does not care about their welfare, which will result in the failure of welfare; and many companies do not target the benefits of combining with the corporate strategy, there is no strict control of costs, or no decision-making assessment, resulting in lower returns on investment benefits. Specifically, the benefits administration should pay attention to the following factors:
1. A Welfare Policy Should Be Developed Consistent With The Company's Overall Strategy
Welfare policies in the development of the company, it is essential from a strategic level analysis and reflection, so that welfare policies designed to adapt to the company's development, it is necessary to consider the company's long-term and short-term development goals, the company will have to consider the different stages of development. When growth of the company shall be taken in creating high performance, low-benefit strategy for the company growth and employee benefits combine to reduce corporate risk. Steady growth for the company should increase the proportion of welfare, improve management efficiency.
In my opinion, the company's welfare policy is the company's overall competitive strategy should be an integral part. To attract talent, motivate people, provide
employees with a self-development, self-realization of the good environment is the purpose of corporate welfare. "In our entire welfare framework, training is the most important, and we sparing no effort. "Wuling Group, where I formed a set of employee training system, the company's new employees must undergo a one-month induction training. followed by the number of months of induction training. The company also work according to different needs, job training for staff. the company encourages employees to further education, such as the MBA, etc., and the burden of learning for staff costs, which greatly improved employee job satisfaction and the company loyalty.
2.the formulation of welfare policy must be noted that the preferences and needs of
employees
Employees of the sex, occupation, age differences on the type of benefits are very significant. Older workers may be pensions, health insurance and other benefits are more interested in, married employees are more interested in family welfare and vacation, and young people may want to have more training opportunities. so to investigate the welfare needs of staff, on the welfare of different people use different types. In addition, the welfare portfolio composition of the workforce will have a major impact, such as an attractive pension plans may be willing to attract long-term employees in the company of important ways.
Because of the preferences of different employees with different benefits, many companies began to implement flexible benefits plan that allows employees based on individual needs to participate in the benefits of the type and amount of benefits to choose. Some companies allow employees to participate in the design of benefits, such as the purchase special rooms and car payment combined cumulative amount - the staff are free to choose a car or home buyers; in the transport, the employees can choose to receive the allowance, to work to solve their own problems, it may not receive the allowance, vehicle arranged by the company .
3.In the formulation of welfare policy should take full account of its cost, keep
the costs within a reasonable range.
Such as health insurance, due to increased medical costs, so most employees concerned about the health insurance benefits, the implementation of attractive health insurance plan, which will help attract and retain talent. In order to control its costs, the company can take a series of measures, such as health education for staff and reduce the incidence of the disease; Some large companies began to implement a low-rate purchase of medical insurance (supplementary insurance), as this can spread the fixed costs of employees who are more to reduce the costs borne by each person. At the same time, employees must be based on different health conditions and risk factors to pay different rates, rather than longer pay all employees the same standards. In health care, there are still a so-called "Pareto group", this group in a very small percentage of total number of employees (eg 20%), but in the total health care into the wood, it plays most of the expenditure share (usually 60% -80%), if effective management of this group, it will effectively control the expenditure of medical expenses.
4. effective communication with employees is an integral part of welfare management
"Productive welfare needs of companies and employees to achieve effective communication." To truly win the hearts of employees, the company must first understand the employees are thinking about their inner needs. If the welfare of a lack of communication, employees of the company welfare policy vague unclear, there would be no policy in place an enhanced level. In general, employees of the company to provide benefits to the value is often a tendency to underestimate, so effective communication with staff is very important. through various forms of communication, such as the payment of benefits manuals, talking with employees, delivered over the Internet and other means, so that employees understand the benefits to the company to provide value and enhance the company's loyalty. through communication, all staff feedback can also prompted the company effective management of welfare improvement.
5. the welfare associated with the job performance
Traditionally, welfare payments based on the amount of labor but not directly related with the amount of personal labor, minimum wage and the amount of personal
labor is closely related to, but most work only with the number of welfare in the form, but not with the labor is independent of time. Because of this, the welfare lack of incentive. In fact, scientific and reasonable welfare policies are closely linked with employee performance. In addition to statutory benefits, the company developed its own variety of benefits can be associated with the performance, the effectiveness of incentive to play. I think that in both under the premise of fairness, the contribution of benefits to employees, based primarily on grades as opened, the staff will get their due part. but some employees will need to fight all depends on the employee contribution to the company, welfare policy should follow this law.
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外文文献: Designing Against Fire Of Buliding John Lynch ABSTRACT: This paper considers the design of buildings for fire safety. It is found that fire and the associ- ated effects on buildings is significantly different to other forms of loading such as gravity live loads, wind and earthquakes and their respective effects on the building structure. Fire events are derived from the human activities within buildings or from the malfunction of mechanical and electrical equipment provided within buildings to achieve a serviceable environment. It is therefore possible to directly influence the rate of fire starts within buildings by changing human behaviour, improved maintenance and improved design of mechanical and electrical systems. Furthermore, should a fire develops, it is possible to directly influence the resulting fire severity by the incorporation of fire safety systems such as sprinklers and to provide measures within the building to enable safer egress from the building. The ability to influence the rate of fire starts and the resulting fire severity is unique to the consideration of fire within buildings since other loads such as wind and earthquakes are directly a function of nature. The possible approaches for designing a building for fire safety are presented using an example of a multi-storey building constructed over a railway line. The design of both the transfer structure supporting the building over the railway and the levels above the transfer structure are considered in the context of current regulatory requirements. The principles and assumptions associ- ated with various approaches are discussed. 1 INTRODUCTION Other papers presented in this series consider the design of buildings for gravity loads, wind and earthquakes.The design of buildings against such load effects is to a large extent covered by engineering based standards referenced by the building regulations. This is not the case, to nearly the same extent, in the
毕业设计说明书 英文文献及中文翻译 学院：专 2011年6月 电子与计算机科学技术软件工程
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专业资料 学院： 专业：土木工程 姓名： 学号： 外文出处：Structural Systems to resist (用外文写) Lateral loads 附件：1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 抗侧向荷载的结构体系 常用的结构体系 若已测出荷载量达数千万磅重，那么在高层建筑设计中就没有多少可以进行极其复杂的构思余地了。确实，较好的高层建筑普遍具有构思简单、表现明晰的特点。 这并不是说没有进行宏观构思的余地。实际上，正是因为有了这种宏观的构思，新奇的高层建筑体系才得以发展，可能更重要的是：几年以前才出现的一些新概念在今天的技术中已经变得平常了。 如果忽略一些与建筑材料密切相关的概念不谈，高层建筑里最为常用的结构体系便可分为如下几类： 1.抗弯矩框架。 2.支撑框架，包括偏心支撑框架。 3.剪力墙，包括钢板剪力墙。 4.筒中框架。 5.筒中筒结构。 6.核心交互结构。 7. 框格体系或束筒体系。 特别是由于最近趋向于更复杂的建筑形式，同时也需要增加刚度以抵抗几力和地震力，大多数高层建筑都具有由框架、支撑构架、剪力墙和相关体系相结合而构成的体系。而且，就较高的建筑物而言，大多数都是由交互式构件组成三维陈列。 将这些构件结合起来的方法正是高层建筑设计方法的本质。其结合方式需要在考虑环境、功能和费用后再发展，以便提供促使建筑发展达到新高度的有效结构。这并
不是说富于想象力的结构设计就能够创造出伟大建筑。正相反，有许多例优美的建筑仅得到结构工程师适当的支持就被创造出来了，然而，如果没有天赋甚厚的建筑师的创造力的指导，那么，得以发展的就只能是好的结构，并非是伟大的建筑。无论如何，要想创造出高层建筑真正非凡的设计，两者都需要最好的。 虽然在文献中通常可以见到有关这七种体系的全面性讨论，但是在这里还值得进一步讨论。设计方法的本质贯穿于整个讨论。设计方法的本质贯穿于整个讨论中。 抗弯矩框架 抗弯矩框架也许是低，中高度的建筑中常用的体系，它具有线性水平构件和垂直构件在接头处基本刚接之特点。这种框架用作独立的体系，或者和其他体系结合起来使用，以便提供所需要水平荷载抵抗力。对于较高的高层建筑，可能会发现该本系不宜作为独立体系，这是因为在侧向力的作用下难以调动足够的刚度。 我们可以利用STRESS，STRUDL 或者其他大量合适的计算机程序进行结构分析。所谓的门架法分析或悬臂法分析在当今的技术中无一席之地，由于柱梁节点固有柔性，并且由于初步设计应该力求突出体系的弱点，所以在初析中使用框架的中心距尺寸设计是司空惯的。当然，在设计的后期阶段，实际地评价结点的变形很有必要。 支撑框架 支撑框架实际上刚度比抗弯矩框架强，在高层建筑中也得到更广泛的应用。这种体系以其结点处铰接或则接的线性水平构件、垂直构件和斜撑构件而具特色，它通常与其他体系共同用于较高的建筑，并且作为一种独立的体系用在低、中高度的建筑中。
智能照明系统的外文文献原稿和译文
Introduction Introduction With the continuous development of our economy, rapidly rising living standards, people working and living environment have become increasingly demanding, while the lighting system requirements have become more sophisticated, the traditional lighting technology has been a strong blow. On the one hand because of information technology and computer technology changes in lighting technology, providing technical support; the other hand, due to energy shortage, the state more and more attention on energysaving lighting, new lighting control technology to develop rapidly to meet with By energy conservation, comfort, convenience requirements. Lighting control lighting control from the traditional manual method, automated lighting control to today's intelligent lighting control. Intelligent lighting control system is based on computercontrolled alldigital platform, modular, distributed bus control system, the central processor modules communicate directly through the network bus, the bus makes use of lighting, dimming, blinds, scene control to achieve intelligent, and become a complete bus system. Can be based on changes in the external environment in the device automatically adjust the status of the bus to reach safety, energy conservation, human effects, and can use in the future, in accordance with the requirements of users through the computer Way to increase or modify the system's functionality, without having to relaying of cables, intelligent lighting control system, high reliability, flexible control, lighting control is the traditional way can not be done. The basic components and monitoring the contents of the system System The basic components and monitoring the contents of the system System components Intelligent lighting control system is usually dimmer module, switch module, input module, the control panel, liquid crystal display touch screen, smart sensors, PC interface, time management module, handheld programmer, monitoring computer (need to bridge a large network connection) and other components composition.
我国第三方物流中存在的问题、原因及战略选择 熊卫 【摘要】我国物流业发展刚刚起步，第三方物流的理论和实践等方面都比较薄弱。本文指出我国第三方物流存在的问题在于国内外第三方物流企业差距、物流效率不高、缺乏系统性管理、物流平台构筑滞后、物流管理观念落后等。分析了产生上述问题的原因，并提出了精益物流、中小型第三方物流企业价值链联盟、大型第三方物流企业虚拟化战略等三种可供选择的第三方物流企业发展战略。 【关键词】第三方物流；精益物流战略；价值链联盟；虚拟化战略 1引言 长期以来，我国国内企业对采购、运输、仓储、代理、包装、加工、配送等环节控制能力不强，在“采购黑洞”、“物流陷井”中造成的损失浪费难以计算。因此，对第三方物流的研究，对于促进我国经济整体效益的提高有着非常重要的理论和实践意义。本文试图对我国策三方物流存在的问题及原因进行分析探讨，并提出第三方物流几种可行的战略选择。 2我国第三方物流业存在的主要问题 (一)我国策三方物流企业与国外第三方物流企业的差距较大，具体表现在以下几个方面： 1、规模经济及资本差距明显。由于国外的大型第三方物流企业从全球经营的战略出发，其规模和资本优势是毫无疑问的，尤其初创时期的我国策三方物流业，本身的规模就很小，国外巨头雄厚的资本令国内企业相形见绌。 2、我国策三方物流业企业提供的物流服务水准及质量控制远不如国外同行。当国内一些企业还在把物流理解成“卡车加仓库“的时候，国外的物流企业早已完成了一系列标准化的改造。同时，国外的物流组织能力非常强大，例如德国一家第三方物流公司，公司各方面的物流专家遍布欧洲各地。如果有客户的货物需要经达不同的国家，那么欧洲各地的这些专家就在网上设计出一个最佳的物流解决方案。这种提供解决方案的能力就是这第三方物流公司的核心能力，而不像国内公司号称拥有多少条船，多少辆车。 3、我国加入WTO后物流产业的门槛降低。在物流服务业方面：我国承诺所有的服务行业，在经过合理过渡期后，取消大部分外国股权限制，不限制外国服务供应商进入
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PA VEMENT PROBLEMS CAUSED BY COLLAPSIBLE SUBGRADES By Sandra L. Houston,1 Associate Member, ASCE (Reviewed by the Highway Division) ABSTRACT: Problem subgrade materials consisting of collapsible soils are com- mon in arid environments, which have climatic conditions and depositional and weathering processes favorable to their formation. Included herein is a discussion of predictive techniques that use commonly available laboratory equipment and testing methods for obtaining reliable estimates of the volume change for these problem soils. A method for predicting relevant stresses and corresponding collapse strains for typical pavement subgrades is presented. Relatively simple methods of evaluating potential volume change, based on results of familiar laboratory tests, are used. INTRODUCTION When a soil is given free access to water, it may decrease in volume, increase in volume, or do nothing. A soil that increases in volume is called a swelling or expansive soil, and a soil that decreases in volume is called a collapsible soil. The amount of volume change that occurs depends on the soil type and structure, the initial soil density, the imposed stress state, and the degree and extent of wetting. Subgrade materials comprised of soils that change volume upon wetting have caused distress to highways since the be- ginning of the professional practice and have cost many millions of dollars in roadway repairs. The prediction of the volume changes that may occur in the field is the first step in making an economic decision for dealing with these problem subgrade materials. Each project will have different design considerations, economic con- straints, and risk factors that will have to be taken into account. However, with a reliable method for making volume change predictions, the best design relative to the subgrade soils becomes a matter of economic comparison, and a much more rational design approach may be made. For example, typical techniques for dealing with expansive clays include: (1) In situ treatments with substances such as lime, cement, or fly-ash; (2) seepage barriers and/ or drainage systems; or (3) a computing of the serviceability loss and a mod- ification of the design to "accept" the anticipated expansion. In order to make the most economical decision, the amount of volume change (especially non- uniform volume change) must be accurately estimated, and the degree of road roughness evaluated from these data. Similarly, alternative design techniques are available for any roadway problem. The emphasis here will be placed on presenting economical and simple methods for: (1) Determining whether the subgrade materials are collapsible; and (2) estimating the amount of volume change that is likely to occur in the 'Asst. Prof., Ctr. for Advanced Res. in Transp., Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ 85287. Note. Discussion open until April 1, 1989. To extend the closing date one month,
外文文献原稿和译文 原稿 JSP JSP (JavaServer Pages) is initiated by Sun Microsystems, Inc., with many companies to participate in the establishment of a dynamic web page technical standards. JSP technology somewhat similar to ASP technology, it is in the traditional HTML web page document (*. htm, *. html) to insert the Java programming paragraph (Scriptlet) and JSP tag (tag), thus JSP documents (*. jsp). Using JSP development of the Web application is cross-platform that can run on Linux, is also available for other operating systems. JSP technology to use the Java programming language prepared by the category of XML tags and scriptlets, to produce dynamic pages package processing logic. Page also visit by tags and scriptlets exist in the services side of the resources of logic. JSP page logic and web page design and display separation, support reusable component-based design, Web-based application development is rapid and easy. Web server in the face of visits JSP page request, the first implementation of the procedures of, and then together with the results of the implementation of JSP documents in HTML code with the return to the customer. Insert the Java programming operation of the database can be re-oriented websites, in order to achieve the establishment of dynamic pages needed to function. JSP and Java Servlet, is in the implementation of the server, usually returned to the client is an HTML text, as long as the client browser will be able to visit. JSP pages from HTML code and Java code embedded in one of the components. The server was in the pages of client requests after the Java code and then will generate the HTML pages to return to the client browser. Java Servlet JSP is the technical foundation and large-scale Web application development needs of Java Servlet and JSP support to
南京工程学院 英文文献及译文 作者：邵亚雯学号：209090712 系部：经济管理学院 专业：信息管理与信息系统 题目：社区自助歌曲点播平台的开发与设计 指导者：金卫健讲师 2010 年 4 月
Information Technology Support System of Supply Chain Management HUA JIANG ，JING YANG School of Economy and Management; School of KeXin HeBei university of engeneering Han Dan 056038 CHINA Abstract: - Effective supply chain management is built on the basis of the high quality of information transmission and sharing, This will rely heavily on information technology to provide reliable support. In this paper, against the characteristics of the supply chain information flow, discuss the impact of information technology on supply chain management and support system which information technology form in the supply chain management. Key-Words: - Supply chain management; Information technology; Support System; Information flow; Supply chain; Information 1 Introduction Supply Chain Management (SCM) rise is attributed to enterprises trying to eliminate production and inventory plans misleading as information slow transmission or errors. In 1990s, some of computer manufacturers such as HP, or P & G which product household appliances begin integrate information systems of down-upstream, hope to archieve purposes for rapid responsion to the demand of market and lower inventory by correct and rapid transmission, analysis and integration of information. Therefore, effective supply chain management is built on the basis of the high quality of information transmission and sharing, This will rely heavily on information technology to provide reliable support. In today's age, information has become a key factor in the decision to the survival and development of enterprises, any business must face the issue of how to integrate information. Information is from both the vertical information of the upstream and downstream firms and the horizontal information of the internal enterprise, as well as