10.2考研真题与典型题详解
I.Multiple Choice
1.Which of the following used human beings as guinea pigs to test drugs like LSD?
（北二外2008研）
A.The FBI.
B.Richard Nixon.
C.Congress.
D.The CIA.
【答案】D
【解析】guinea pigs试验品。LSD(Lysergic acid diethylamide)迷幻药（摇头丸）。The CIA（美国中央情报局）曾多次实施人体迷幻药实验。
2.Who was the first US President resigned from office?（首都师范大学2008研）
A.Andrew Johnson.
B.Gerald Ford.
C.Richard Nixon.
D.Jimmy Carter.
【答案】C
【解析】Richard Nixon尼克松，美国第37位总统；1974年，他因“水门事件”被迫辞去总统之职，成为美国历史上第一个为了躲避国会对其滥用职权进行制裁和定罪而辞职的总统。
3.Which of the following was not a true description of southern blacks’situation after the Civil War?（中山大学2008研）
A.They were provided separate but equal facilities and services.
B.They were second-class citizens.
C.They were terrorized by the Ku Klux Klan.
D.Their freedom was restricted by“black codes”.
【答案】A
【解析】美国内战后，黑人名义上获得了平等，但事实上地位依然很低，权利也得不到保障；他们还受到三K党的暴力威胁；从19世纪70年代开始，美国南部各州制定了《黑人法典》，对黑人实行种族隔离或种族歧视。选项A与事实不符，为正确答案。
4.Which of the following is not a characteristic of the Hispanic population in the U.S.?（北京交大2007研）
A.They all speak Spanish.
B.They are Catholics.
C.Most of them are poor.
D.They are all migrant workers.
【答案】D
【解析】拉美裔美国人是指来自美国本土以外讲西班牙语的移民；他们信仰天主教；失学率高，在劳动力市场上占劣势，因此大多数面临贫困问题。Migrant Workers移民工人是指在某国工作但并非该国公民的人，选项D与事实不符，为正确答案。
5.In the1970s,although the income of the black family increased greatly,the total back-white income gap was widened.Which of the following is the main factor contributing to this situation?（北京交大2007研）
A.More white families moved into high-paying jobs.
B.Blacks had low positions and low pay in the work-place hierarchy.
C.There were more children in black families.
D.White families had more authority over others.
【答案】B
【解析】20世纪70年代，美国黑人的收入有了很大提高，但他们仍然受到歧视，受教育程度低，社会地位低，与白人的收入差距不降反增。选项B正确。
6.The first blacks were brought to North America as______.
A.servants
B.slaves
C.farmers
D.teachers
【答案】B
【解析】黑人最初是作为奴隶被带到北美的。
7.Although legal,official discrimination has been abolished,______.
A.discrimination in university admission still exists
B.discrimination in employment still exists
C.poverty rate of the blacks is the highest among all racial and ethnic groups
D.inequality and subtle discrimination still exist
【答案】D
【解析】尽管种族歧视在法律和官方层面被消除了，但黑人和白人之间的不平等仍然在美国社会中广泛存在。
Ⅱ.Fill in the blanks.
1.In the United States,the idea of consumer protection received a big boost in 1962when President______delivered a special message listing four basic consumer rights:the right to safety,the right to be______,the right to choose, and the right to be heard.（人大2003研）
【答案】Kennedy；informed
【解析】1962年，美国总统约翰·肯尼迪在国会上发表了《关于保护消费者利益的总统特别咨文》，首次提出消费者的四项权利：安全权、知情权、选择权与意见被尊重的权利。
2.The minorities in the United States include the______,______,______,______,______, among which the______are the most numerous.
【答案】blacks；Native Americans；Hispanics；Asian-Americans；Jews;Hispanics 【解析】美国的少数民族包括黑人、印第安人、拉丁裔、亚裔美国人、犹太人，其中拉丁裔美国人数量最多。
Ⅲ.Explain the items.
1.Progressive Movement（北二外2006研）
【答案】Progressive Movement was a movement in early20th century to reform society and individuals through government action.It was primarily a movement of social engineers who believed that scientific and cost-efficient solutions could be found to all political problems.
2.American Civil War（人大2005研）
【答案】American Civil War lasted from1861to1865.In1863,Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation that gave freedom to all the slaves in areas which were controlled by the Confederacy.The success of the north over the south kept the United States one country and eliminated the slavery.
3.Watergate scandal（人大2007研）
【答案】The Watergate scandal was a political scandal in the United States in the 1970s,resulting from the break-in into the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate office complex in Washington,D.C.Effects of the scandal ultimately led to the resignation of the United States President Richard Nixon on August9,1974.It also resulted in the indictment and conviction of several Nixon administration officials.
4.The Thirteenth Amendment（西安外国语学院2006研）
【答案】The Thirteenth Amendment referred to the Amendment to the Constitution in1865,which legally abolished slavery in the United States.
IV.Answer the questions.
1.What is the meaning of white-collar crime?Why are many of these crimes unreported?Does this show anything about the general attitude towards white-collar crimes?（北外2002研）
【答案】
The white-collar crimes refer to the types of crimes typically committed by higher-income groups:fraud,false advertising,corporate price fixing,bribery, embezzlement,industrial pollution,tax evasion and so on.However,the white-collar crimes are often ignored by the law enforcement agencies and apt to be overlooked by the crime statistics.
Many of these crimes are unreported for several reasons.First,many victims do not report crimes to the police because they feel that nothing can be done.Second, the police reporting practices are not efficient enough and need to be improved. The Serious Crime Index of UCR focuses on crimes which are more apt to be committed by persons of lower social and economic status.Third,for different types of crimes,the enforcement of the police may be different.Those arrested may be committing the types of crimes that are being more strictly enforced by law enforcement agencies.The poor,for example,may be more apt to commit the high-risk,low-yield crimes such as larceny,burglary,or robbery.In contrast,the