普陀区2019学年第一学期高三英语质量调研
英语试卷
考生注意：
1.考试时间120分钟，试卷满分140分。
2.本次考试设试卷和答题纸两部分。所有答题必须涂（选择题）或写（非选择题）在答题纸上，做在试卷上
一律不得分。
3.答题前，务必在答题纸上填写准考证号和姓名，并将核对后的条形码贴在指定位置上, 在答题纸反面清楚地
填写姓名。
I. Listening Comprehension
Section A
Directions:In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.
1. A. She is going to Thailand. B. She is going on vacation.
C. She likes collecting postcards.
D. She has traveled all over the world.
2. A. To go out to have a cup of coffee. B. To enjoy the coffee in the office.
C. To make a cup of coffee for him.
D. To help him finish the program.
3. A. In a civil court. B. In a cybercafé. C. At a sports club. D. At a theatre.
4. A. Engineering. B. Geography. C. Math. D. Physics.
5. A. 14:00. B. 17:00 C. 18:00. D: 19:00.
6. A. The man will pick up Professor Rice at her office.
B. The man didn’t expect his paper to be graded so soon.
C. Professor Rice has given the man a very high grade.
D. Professor Rice won’t see her student in her office.
7. A. She had to be a liar sometimes. B. She is required to be slim.
C. She had little chance for promotion.
D. Her salary is not satisfactory.
8. A. There was no park nearby.
B. The woman hasn’t seen the film yet.
C. The weather wasn’t ideal for a walk.
D. It would be easier to go to the cinema.
9. A. Dr. White comes from Greece.
B. The woman couldn't understand Greek at all.
C. The woman didn’t follow the professor’s explanation.
D. Dr. White talked about the geography of Greece yesterday.
10. A. It is more comfortable and convenient to take a bus.
B. It is worth the money taking a plane to V ancouver.
C. It is not always more expensive going by air.
D. It is faster to go to Vancouver by bus.
Section B
Directions: In Section B, you will hear two short passages and one longer conversation, and you will be asked several questions on each of the passages and the conversation. The passages and the conversation will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.
Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.
11. A. Babies have the ability to learn before birth.
B. Newborn babies are influenced by mothers’ ability.
C. Newborn babies can recognize the sounds of their mother.
D. Babies only want food and to be kept warm and dry.
12. A. By 18 months of age. B. By 6 months of age.
C. By two years of age.
D. By one year of age.
13. A. They can recognize the different surroundings.
B. They can identify the sounds of the mother tongue.
C. They can imitate the sounds of the second language.
D. They can differ the sounds of two different languages.
Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage.
14. A. To form an official league team. B. To join the Organization Earth.
C. To win the world championship.
D. To compete with Greece’s best teams.
15. A. A luxurious life is no longer a dream.
B. Life in the refugee camp is at times tense.
C. The players care more about their racial identity.
D. There are fewer fights between people of different races.
16. A. Organization Earth is composed of refugees.
B. The love for the football brings the refugees together.
C. Greek government provides support for football training.
D. Hope Refugee United has beaten the Greece’s best team.
Questions 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.
17. A. A tourist guidebook. B. An annual traveler report.
C. A travelling magazine.
D. An airport ranking list.
18. A. 3 weeks. B. 13 days. C. 31 hours. D. 3 hours.
19. A. To illustrate the poor service.
B. To state the cause of the delay.
C. To praise the kindness of other passengers.
D. To complain about the position of the Gate.
20. A. They provide useless directions and services.
B. They are completely indifferent to travelers’ needs.
C. They are extremely caring about passengers’ safety.
D. They provide the wrong address of the nearby hospital.
II. Grammar and vocabulary
Section A
Directions:After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
Surprise! A New Penguin
A team of scientists in New Zealand recently came across the remains of a previously unknown species of penguin—by mistake. The discovery of the Waitaha penguin species, which has been extinct for 500 years, is exciting news for the scientific community (21) _______ it gives new insight into how past extinction events can help shape the present environment.
The researchers uncovered the Waitaha penguin remains while studying New Zealand’s rare yellow-eyed penguin. The team wanted to investigate the effects (22) _______ humans have had on the now endangered species. They studied centuries-old bones from (23) _______ they thought were yellow-eyed penguins and compared them with the bones of modern yellow-eyed penguins. Surprisingly, some of the bones were older than (24) _______ (expect). Even more shockingly, the DNA in the bones indicated that they did not belong to yellow-eyed penguins. The scientists concluded that these very old bones (25) ________ have belonged to a previously unknown species, which they named the Waitaha penguin.
By studying the bones, scientists further concluded that the Waitaha penguin was once native (26) ________ New Zealand. But after the settlement of humans on the island country, its population (27) ________ (wipe) out.
Based on the ages of the bones of both penguin species, the team discovered a gap in time between the disappearance of the Waitaha and the arrival of the yellow-eyed penguin. The time gap indicates that the extinction of the Waitaha penguin created the opportunity for the yellow-eyed penguin population (28) ________ (migrate) to New Zealand.
(29) _________ yellow-eyed penguins thrived （兴盛）in New Zealand for many years, that species now also faces extinction. The yellow-eyed penguin today is considered one of the world’s (30) ________ (rare) species of penguin, with an estimated population of 7,000 that is now the focus of an extensive conservation effort in New Zealand.
Section B
Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Autism Spectrum Disorder, or ASD, affects how people communicate with and relate to others. Most people with autism don’t understand some of the basic social __31__ that others take for granted. They might have trouble making eye contact, holding a conversation, or recognizing gestures. And over one-third of people with ASD are nonverbal, meaning they don’t use speech. Along with communication __32__, people with autism often like to follow certain patterns or __33__ behaviors. Many are sensitive to bright light or loud noises, and others have physical problems, like trouble walking or picking up small objects. Some have __34__ disabilities, but about half have average or above average IQs. It’s also common for people with autism to hav e a great long-term memory for certain details, and many excel in math, science, music, or art.
With such a wide variety of symptoms, no two people with ASD are alike. The behaviors vary so much that they used to be __35__ as different disorders. One was Asperger Syndrome, where people obsess over particular topics, __36__nonverbal social cues, and may not understand appropriate social behaviors.
Even though there’s no cure for ASD, therapy and medication can help people adjust. Scientists are also doing clinical __37__ to find other solutions. They’ve learned that 1 out of every 68 children in the US has the disorder, but they still aren’t sure what causes it. No matter why it happens, ASD is being __38__ at a higher rate every year. This doesn’t mean it’s becoming more common. It just means more people are aware of the condition and getting professional help early, and awareness is __39__. The more we learn about autism, the more we can understand and relate to those who have it.
It’s important to note that people with ASD deserve the same respect, fairness and chances that people without ASD receive. This will help people with ASD __40__ and grow in our communities.
III. Reading Comprehension
Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
Stage Fright
Fall down as you come onstage. That’s an odd trick. Not recommended. But it saved the pianist Feltsman when he was a teenager back in Moscow. The experienced cellist Rostropovich tripped him purposely to __41__ him of pre-performance panic. Mr. Feltsman sa id, “All my fright was gone. I already fell. What else could happen?”
Today, music schools are addressing the problem of __42__ in classes that deal with performance techniques and career preparation. There are a variety of strategies that musicians can learn to fight stage fright and its symptoms: icy fingers, shaky limbs, racing heart, __43__ mind.
Teachers and psychologists offer wide-ranging __44__, from basics like learning pieces inside out, to mental discipline, __45__ visualizing a performance and t aking steps to relax. Don’t deny that you’re tense, they urge; some excitement is __46__, even necessary for dynamic playing. And play in public often, simply for the experience.
Psychotherapist Diane Nichols suggests some strategies for the moments before __47__, “Take two deep abdominal(腹部) breaths, open up your shoulders, then smile,” she says. “And not one of these ‘please don’t kill me’ smiles. Then choose three friendly faces in the __48__, people you would communicate with and make music to, and make eye contact with them. “She doesn’t want performers to think of the audience as a judge.
Extreme demands by conductors or parents are often __49__ stage fright, says Dorothy Delay, a well-known violin teacher. She tells other teachers to demand only what their students are able to achieve. .
When Lynn Harrell was 20, he became the principal cellist of the Cleverland Orchestra, and he suffered extreme stage fright. “There were times when I got so nervous I was sure the audience could see my chest responding to the heartbeat, which was just total __50__. I came to a point where I thought, ‘If I have to go through this to play music, I think I’ m going to look for another job.’” Recovery, he said, involved developing humbleness—recognizing that whatever his talent, he was likely to make mistakes, and that an __51__ concert was not a disaster.
It is not only __52__ artists who suffer, of course. The legendary pianist Vladimir Horowitz’s nerves were famous. The great singer Franco Corelli is another example. “We had to push him on stage,” his partners recalled.
__53__, success can make things worse. “In the beginning of your career, when you’re scared to death, nobody knows who you are, and they don’t have any __54__,” Singer June Anderson said. “There’s less to lose. Later on, when you’re known, people are coming to see you, and they have certain expectations. You have a lot to __55__. ” He added, “I never stop being nervous until I’ve sung my last note.”
41. A. assure B. cure C. remind D. rob
42. A. anxiety B. adolescence C. principle D. psychology
43. A. absent B. blank C. keen D. narrow
44. A. advice B. choices C. services D. education
45. A. instead of B. along with C. such as D. with regard to
46. A. definite B. neutral C. natural D. precious
47. A. ceremony B. performance C. lecture D. rehearsal
48. A. audience B. orchestra C. staff D. choir
49. A. at the face of B. at the root of C. in favour of D. in contrast with
50. A. craze B. fault C. failure D. panic
51. A. unusual B. imperfect C. invalid D. unpopular
52. A. talented B. unknown C. young D. experienced
53. A. Actually B. Certainly C. Luckily D. Similarly
54. A. appreciation B. contribution C. expectation D. satisfaction
55. A. learn B. offer C. say D. lose
Section B
Directions:Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
(A)
Leftover again? Hurray
Here’s the deal: You’re as hungry as a horse and you want a delicious meal from a fine restaurant, but you’re a little low on funds.
So what do you do? If you happen to live in Europe, the answer is as easy as pie: You pull out your smartphone or tablet, and tap Too Good To Go, Europe’s most popular app. Approximately 23,000 res taurants and food sellers post their leftover offerings on the app for half their usual cost.
Why all this incredible generosity? Unbelievably, one-third of the world’s food is thrown away, and nearly one billion people don’t have enough to eat. Besides, b urning wasted food releases harmful carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere, which contributes to climate change. That’s why environment-minded companies around the world are creating apps for phones, tablets, and other smart devices that connect uneaten food with people who want or need it.
After a long day at work, Anne, a 34-year-old student, pulls out her smartphone and chooses a noodle dish—pasta with mushrooms. Then she heads to a restaurant on the banks of the Spree River, where the owner packs her dinner and also offers her a scoop of free ice cream, which is a reward for bringing her own container.
Indeed, there are many programs serving the same mission around the world. In America, people are using an app called Food for All. One hour before a restaurant closes, its staff can post leftover meals to the app for up to 80 percent off menu prices. The app also allows customers to donate leftover meals to others.
In the Netherlands, 77,000 people have downloaded an app called NoFoodWasted. This program allows grocery store workers to share products that are approaching their expiration dates with customers who might need them.
Some countries are taking their commitment to reducing food waste a step further. France and the Czech Republic, for example, have laws that prohibit restaurants and grocery stores from throwing away food. Instead, workers are required to donate that food to charity.
So think about if there might be a better use for your uneaten vegetables. The planet will thank you.
56. What is this passage mainly about?
A. Restaurants can post leftover meals on the app Food for All.
B. Apps are designed connecting leftover food with people in need.
C. Stores share food approaching their expiration dates with customers.
D. It’s popular for people to claim food that might otherwise be thrown away.
57. What is the result when lots of food is thrown out and later burned up?
A. Carbon dioxide is given off, worsening the problem of climate change.
B. Some countries have laws making restaurants donate the food they make.
C. Governments have made many apps that let people find cheap meals.
D. Nearly one billion people on the planet do not get enough food to eat.
58. What can you infer from the passage?
A. Anne packed a tasty pasta and mushroom dish to give away to charity.
B. The restaurant Anne visits sells its leftover food at a discount each day.
C. The 80-percent-off deal offered on app is not available during lunch hours.
D. Laws have been passed to prevent restaurants from throwing out leftover food.
59. This passage would be most useful for a student research project on _____.
A. application of technology to help solve the problem of leftover food
B. laws to help promote the safe transportation and sale of food products
C. restaurants using high-tech solutions to reduce packaging waste
D. methods to design apps that connect restaurants with customers
60. Which medicine may hurt liver according to the instructions?
A. Medicine A.
B. Medicine B.
C. Both medicines.
D. Neither medicine.
61. These two medicines are most suitable for _____.
A. a child who has a common cold
B. an adult who has trouble falling asleep
C. a teenager who slightly hurt his wrist
D. an old man who has stomach bleeding
62. Which of the following can be found in the instructions?
A. Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI).
B. Ingredients of the medicine.
C. Facts about the origin of the medicine.
D. Names of the doctors to consult.
Imagine how you’d feel if you had to get more than 9,000 tons of junk out to the sidewalk. That’s how much trash is floating around in space. In fact, there’s about 4 million pounds flying over our heads in low-Earth orbit. Daan, a Dutch artist, and his team at Space Waste Lab have come up with a creative plan that could clear up space junk in a spectacular fashion.
①Most space waste comes from dead satellites and rockets. Functioning satellites are the backbone of the information systems that keep our world running smoothly. But all the satellites eventually become obsolete within just a few decades. When they die out, there’s the problem of them drifting in outer space, collecting in what scientists call the “graveyard orbit.”
Maybe you’re thinking, “Why should I care about garbage 12,500 miles above me?” Well, all that fun stuff that satellites help beam down to us—mobile games, Instagram, cat videos—could be shut down by space waste. Lots of old junk floating around up there, plus new satellites added each year, means more and more high-speed collisions (碰撞). And when chunks of junk crash into one another, they break apart into millions of pieces, quickly building up speed and turning into fast-moving objects, which are dangerous to operational satellites as well as astronauts working on the International Space Station.
②Space waste is a problem that’s escalated so much, some scientists say that by 2050 we’ll be forced to stop launching new spacecraft altogether, including new satellites. Think about that for a minute. When the last satellites finally become disused, GPS, cell phones, and the Internet will no longer function.
③So we have to find a way to deal with this space garbage, and Daan pictures a sort of trash pickup, which involves groups of small spacecraft casting large nets into orbit that would collect space debris (碎片) and send it back toward Earth at top speed. Here’s the best part—while reentering Earth’s atmosphere, the pieces of junk would burn up all at once, creating a light show similar to hundreds of shooting stars falling in the night sky. A spectacle indeed!
To get ready for such an amazing effort, Space Waste Lab has been traveling to major cities across Europe and enlightening the public on the problem of the junk in space. ④But Daan doesn’t just talk about ways to relieve the problem—he’s created something a little grander than that.In October 2018, his team launched Space Waste Lab Performance, an outdoor art exhibition that shows the location of each piece of space trash using large lasers that make each debris look a bit like a star wandering slowly and silently over the sky, allowing viewers to wave and say, “Hallo, space trash!”
63. The word “obsolete” (paragraph 2) is closest in meaning to “______”.
A. accessible
B. profitable
C. floating
D. outdated
64. According to the passage, which sentence best replaces the question mark in the diagram?
A. Working satellites can be damaged and astronauts can be hurt.
B. Satellites can help people track the weather and find new locations.
C. There is more junk floating in space each year as new satellites are added.
D. The Space Waste Lab Performance can show people where satellites are located.
65. Which of the following best supports the idea that space waste should be dealt with very soon？
A. Sentences ①
B. Sentence ②
C. Sentence ③
D. Sentence ④
66. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?
A. Space Junk Harms Digital Systems
B. Artists’ Proposal to Save Space
C. A New Glimpse into Outer Space
D. Test of Waste Collection Nets
Section C
Directions:Read the passage carefully. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.
How Col leges Can Measure Up in Teaching “Critical Thinking”
After becoming president of Purdue University in 2013, Mitch Daniels asked the teaching staff to prove that their students have actually achieved one of higher education’s most important goals: critical thinking skills. ___67___ Mr. Daniels needed to justify the high cost of attending Purdue to its students and their families. After all, the percentage of Americans who say a college degree is “very important” has fallen dramatically in the last 5-6 years.
Purdue now has a pilot test to assess students’ critical thinking skills. ____68____ However, they need not worry so much. The results of a recent experiment showed that professors could use standard grading scale to measure how well students did in three key areas: critical thinking, written communication and language literacy.
___ 69____ The organizers of the experiment concluded that far fewer students were achieving at high levels on critical thinking than they were doing for written communication or language literacy. And that conclusion is based only on students nearing graduation.
American universities, despite their global reputation for excellence in teaching, have only begun to demonstrate what they can produce in real-world learning. Knowledge-based degrees are still important, but employers are demanding advanced thinking skills from college graduates. ____70____
IV. Summary Writing
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
New Research on Kids’ Poor Math Achievement
If the thought of a math test makes you break out in a cold sweat, Mom or Dad may be partly to blame, according to the new research published in Psychological Science.
A team of researchers found that children of math-anxious parents learned less math over the school year and were more likely to be math-anxious themselves—but only when these parents provided frequent help on the child’s math homework.
Previous research from this group has established that when teachers are anxious about math, their students learn less math during the school year. The curren t study is novel in that it establishes a link between parents’ and children’s math anxiety. These findings suggest that adults’ attitudes toward math can play an important role in children’s math achievement.
“We often don’t think about how important parents’ own attitudes are in determining their children’s academic achievement. But our work suggests that if a parent is walking around saying ‘Oh, I don’t like math’ or ‘this stuff makes me nervous,’ kids pick up on this messaging and it affects their success,” explained Beilock, professor in psychology.
“Math-anxious parents may be less effective in explaining math concepts to children, and may not respond well when children make a mistake or solve a problem in a novel way,” added Levine, Beilock’s coll eague.
438 first- and second-grade students and their primary caregivers participated in the study. Children were assessed in math achievement and math anxiety at both the beginning and end of the school year. As a control, the team also assessed reading achievement, which they found was not related to parents’ math anxiety. Parents completed a questionnaire about their own nervousness and anxiety around math and how often they helped their children with math homework.
The researchers believe the link bet ween parents’ math anxiety and children’s math performance stems more from math attitudes than genetics.
V. Translation
Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.
72. 后悔虚度光阴有意义吗？(point)
73. 科学家们已证明，“吸猫撸狗”是一种减轻压力的有效方式。(prove)
74. 可能你既不是霸凌者也不是受害人，但如果你知道有人正遭受霸凌，不要袖手旁观任其发生。(bully)
75. 何先生买下这座铜像并捐赠给了国家，不仅彰显其令人钦佩的家国情怀，而且还提升了大众保护文物(relics)的意识。(patriotism)
VI. Guided Writing
Directions:Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
如今，许多家长焦虑地守在孩子身边、密切关注孩子一举一动，被称之为“直升机父母(Helicopter parents)”，还有“扫雪机父母(Snowplow parents)”,轰隆隆地扫除孩子通往成功路上的所有障碍，让孩子免遭失败、挫折。对此，学校校刊特辟专栏对此进行讨论，请以李华为名投稿，用身边的例子描述这两类家长，并谈谈对此的看法。
普陀区2019学年第一学期高三英语质量调研参考答案
I. Listening
Section A
1-5 CBCAD 6-10 BCCCB
Section B
11-13 ABD 14-16 DDB 17-20 BCAB
评分标准：
1. 1-10题，每小题1分。
2. 11—20题，每小题1.5分。
II. Grammar and Vocabulary
Section A
21. because/since/as 22. that/ which 23. what 24. (had been) expected 25. must
26. to 27. was wiped 28. to migrate 29. Though/ Although/While 30. rarest
评分标准：
1. 21—30题，每小题1分。
2. 大小写，拼写错误扣1分。
Section B
31-40 B G J F C I K E D A
评分标准：
31—40题，每小题1分。
III. Reading Comprehension
Section A
41-45 BABAC 46-50 CBABD 51-55 BCACD
评分标准：
41—55题，每小题1分。
Section B
56-59 BACA 60-62 BCA 63-66 DABB
评分标准：56—66题，每小题2分。
Section C
67-70 BECA
IV. Summary Writing
Different from previous research on the relationship between teachers’ anxiety and their students, a new re search reveals parents’ math anxiety undermines their children’s math performance. When the anxious parents help their children with math, their negative attitudes toward math will be passed on to their children, which indicates that not genetics but attit udes account for the kids’ math performance. (59)评分标准：
评分标准:
1. 本题总分为10分, 其中内容5分, 语言5分。
2. 评分时应注意的主要方面: 内容要点、信息呈现的连贯性和准确性。
3. 词数超过60，酌情扣分。
各档次给分要求:
内容部分
A. 能准确、全面地概括文章主旨大意，并涵盖主要信息。
B. 能准确概括文章主旨大意，但遗漏个别主要信息。
C. 能概括文章主旨大意，但遗漏部分主要信息。
D. 未能准确概括文章主旨大意，遗漏较多主要信息或留有过多细节信息。
E. 几乎不能概括文章的主旨大意，未涉及文中有意义的相关信息。
F. 完全未作答或作答与本题无关。
语言部分
A. 能用自己的语言连贯、正确地表述。
B. 能用自己的语言较连贯、正确地表述，但有个别语言错误。
C. 基本能用自己的语言连贯、正确地表述，但连贯性较差，且有少量不影响表意的语言错误。
D. 基本能用自己的语言表述，但连贯性较差，且严重语言错误较多。
E. 几乎不能用自己的语言连贯、正确地表述。
F. 完全未作答或作答与本题无关。
V. Translation
72. 后悔虚度光阴有意义吗？（point）
Is there any point regretting wasting/ having wasted time?
1 1 1
73. 科学家们已证明，“吸猫撸狗”是一种减轻压力的有效方式。（prove）
Scientists have proved that petting/ raising/ playing with cats and dogs is an effective way to
1 1 1
reduce/ relieve stress/pressure.
74. 可能你既不是霸凌者也不是受害人，但如果你知道有人正遭受霸凌，不要袖手旁观任其发生。(bully)
Maybe you are neither a bully nor a victim, but if you know someone （who）is being bullied
1 1 0.5
don’t stand by and let it happen.
1 0.5
75. 何先生买下这座铜像并捐赠给了国家，不仅彰显了他令人钦佩的家国情怀，而且还提升了大众保护文物(relics)的意识。(patriotism)
Mr. He bought the bronze statue and donated it to the country, which not only
1 1 0.5
demonstrated/showed his admirable patriotism but also promoted public awareness of
1 1
the preservation of cultural relics.
0.5
VI. Guided Writing
评分标准：
1、本题总分为25分，其中内容10分，语言10分，组织结构5分。
2、评分时应注意的主要方面：内容要点、应用词汇和语法结构的数量和准确性以及上下文的连贯性。
3、评分时，先根据文章的内容和语言初步确定所属档次，然后对照相应的组织结构档次给予加分。其中，内容和语言两
部分相加，得15分或以上者，可考虑加4-5分，15分以下者只能考虑加0、1、2、3分。
各档次给分要求：
内容部分
A．内容充实，主题突出，详略得当。
B．内容较充实，能表达出作文要求。
C．内容基本充实，尚能表达出作文要求。
D．漏掉或未能写清楚主要内容，有些内容与主题无关。
E．明显遗漏主要内容，严重离题。
语言部分
A．具有很好的语言表达能力，语法结构正确或有些小错误，主要因为使用了较复杂结构或词汇所致。
B．具有较强的语言表达能力，语法结构和词汇的应用基本正确，错误主要因为尝试较复杂结构或词汇所致。C．有一些语法结构和词汇方面的错误，但不影响理解。
D．语法结构与词汇错误较多，影响了对内容的理解。
E．语法结构与词汇的错误很多，影响了对内容的理解。
组织结构部分
A．自然地使用了语句间的连接成分，全文流畅结构紧凑。句子结构多样，词汇丰富。
B．能使用语句间连接成分，全文流畅结构紧凑。句子结构多样，词汇较丰富。
C．能使用简单的语句间连接成分，全文内容连贯。句子结构有一定的变化，词汇使用得当。
D．尚能使用语句间连接成分，语言连贯性较差，句子结构单调，词汇贫乏。
E．缺乏语句间的连接成分，语言不连贯。词不达意。
整体作文分类得分
A类20—25分
B类16—19分
C类12—15分
D类7 — 11分
E类 4 — 6 分
普陀区2019 学年第一学期高三英语质量调研听力文稿
I. Listening Comprehension
Section A
Directions: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.
（Pause 3 seconds）
1.M: I’ll send Lisa a postcard from Thailand when I go there on vacation.
W: I am sure that she’d be glad to get one. She has a large collection of cards from all over the world. Q：What do we know about Lisa from the conversation?
2.W: I am pretty tired. It’s time for a coffee break. Let’s go out for some coffee, okay?
M: I am trying to finish this program. Why not sit down and relax right here? And I’ll make you a cup of coffee in several minutes.
Q: What does the man ask the woman to do?
3.M: Excuse me. Can we play for an hour at a time?
W: Sure. Y ou can book the courts for 30 minutes or an hour. But you can carry on playing until the next players arrive.
Q: Where does the conversation most probably take place?
4.W: We need to find out a few things about your A-levels and your degree.
M: I’ve got three. Geography, maths and physics. And I went to Manchester University and got an engineering degree with water management as my specialization.
Q: What’s the man’s major at the university?
5.M: Madam, can you tell me what the visiting hours are?
W: Y es, of course. They are only afternoon from 2:30 to 4:30 and in the evening from 7:00 to 8:00, but remember that only two people at a time.
Q: According to the rule, when can visitors see patients?
6.W: Professor Rice said you can pick up your term paper at her office. M:
So she has graded it?
Q：What can we infer from this conversation?
7.M: What? Y ou quitted your job? The salary is low?
W: Well, to be honest, not entirely. The chances for advancement were very slim. Q:
What’s the main reason for the woman to resig n?
8.W: I thought we could just go for a walk, maybe down to that park near the beach.
M: Oh, it’s too cold, but I still want to go out somewhere. That new Marvel’s film is on. How about that? Q: Why does the man suggest the movie?
9.M: Dr. White explained the geographic problem clearly yesterday. W:
Did he? Unfortunately, it's still all Greek to me.
Q: What do we learn from the conversation?
10.W: Taking a bus to V ancouver is cheaper than going by air.
M: That’s true. But I’d rather pay a little more for the added comfort and convenience. Q:
What does the man imply?
Section B
Directions: In Section B, you will hear two short passages and one longer conversation, and you will be asked several questions on each of the passages and the conversation. The passages and the conversation will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.
Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.
Not long ago, people believed that babies only wanted food and to be kept warm and dry, and they were unable to learn things until five or six months old. But the latest research indicates that it is not the case. Babies are strongly influenced by the environment and the ability to learn exists even before birth. Actually, babies can recognize and understand sounds while they were inside their mothers.
Language and communication skills are believed to develop best in an environment rich with sounds and sights. Research shows that most children recognize the general sounds of their native language by six months of age. By that time, a baby usually begins to make nonsense speech over time. By the end of their first year, most children are able to say a few simple words. By 18 months of age, most children can say about 10 words. By two years of age, most children are able to make simple statements.
Some children grow up in homes where more than one language is spoken. Understanding two languages can help children as they grow older. The youngest monolingual babies were able to recognize a difference between a language used at home and another language. But by 10 to 12 months of age, the monolingual babies were not identifying the sounds of the second language. By comparison, the bilingual babies could identify the different sounds of both languages between 10 and 12 months. Questions:
11.What does the latest research show about the intelligence of babies?
12.When do most children recognize the general sounds of their native language?
13.What can the bilingual babies do by 10 to 12 months of age?
Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage.
Greece has a new football team called Hope Refugee United. Every one of its players is a refugee. It all started with a few young men kicking a football around at a refugee camp near Athens. The newly formed team has played only a few games as Hope Refugee United.
Now, the players are dreaming bigger as they take part in trials to form an official league team. Their hope is to compete against some of Greece’s best teams in the coming weeks. For many of the players, this chance to compete fills an important blank in their lives. They find life in their refugee camp at times frustrating, and with little to do. Sometimes, there are fights between people of different races.
However, a shared love of the sport of football has begun to bring the refugees together. Seventeen-year-old Ahmad fled to Greece from Afghanistan. He says that when he and others formed teams to play football, the refugees seemed friendly and less tense. The players did not care about races. They only wanted peace and to make friends.
The refugee team now has received support from a number of people, including a former vice president of the country’s most famous football team. His non-governmental organization called Organization Earth, has been providing support for football training. The team is going to compete in a Greek championship, so we think this is a great opportunity for these guys to represent their community in the wider Greek community and interact with it. Thanks to Organization Earth’s support, the players now make trips out of the refugee camps to play on a better field.
Questions
14.What’s the players’ big dream according to the speaker?
15.What change has taken place after the football team was formed?
16.What do we learn from the speaker?
Questions 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation
W: Hi, Charles. What are you reading？
M：Oh, the annual air travelers report on Kafka International Airport.
W: What does it say?
M: Well, it says this airport ranks last in customers’ satisfaction due to long flight delays, poor service and in overall oppressive impersonal atmosphere. It reminds me of my story there.
W: I’m interested in that part.
M: You couldn’t believe I was delayed for 31 hours there. And this report says some guys are less lucky even than me. One spent three weeks waiting for the next flight.
W: Wow, that’s really unbearable! What about its service?
M: Hmm. I was supposed to be at Gate B14, but to my surprise, I found Gate B2 next to Gate B11. No Gate B14! I asked the staff “where can I find Gate B14” and they said that the airline I was flying didn’t exist and everyone kept calling me a fool. It was with the help of another passenger that I finally found Gate B14 in the other terminal.
W: Why didn’t you complain to the officials?
M: I did want to. Ah, they told me. “If there is a problem, fill out a complaint form, and place it in an envelope addressed to the name of the hospital in which you were born.”
W: Horrible experience.
M: More frustrating is the airport’s unusual security procedure. It even includes a time-consuming personal interview.
W: How could that be?
M: The security guard asked me for about 80 minutes: Are you who you say you are? Are you who you say you are? And finally, he wrote “liar” on the back of my hand and let me pass.
W: I should never go to that airport!
Questions
17.What’s the man reading?
18.How long was the man’s flight delayed at Kafka International Airport?
19.Why did the man mention his story of finding Gate B14?
20.What can we learn about the airport staff?
普陀区 2017 学年第一学期高三英语质量调研英语试卷 I. Listening Comprehension Section A 10% Directions:In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard. 1. A. Mother and child. B. Teacher and student. C. Husband and wife. D. Boss and secretary. 2. A. They like reading today’s paper. B. They are interested in today’s paper. C. They found nothing interesting in today’s paper. D. They have no idea what the paper is about. 3. A. In the concert. B. In the theatre. C. In the exhibition. D. In the studio. 4. A. Getting ready to board a plane. B. Queuing up for the check-in. C. Meeting friends at the arrivals. D. Waiting at the baggage claim area. 5. A. The man doesn’t care which colour is chosen. B. The woman prefers the colour. C. The man is concerned about the colour. D. The man intends to choose a different colour. 6. A. Doing a lot of homework. B. Staying focused in class. C. Sleeping for a short break. D. Devoting all her spare time to learning. 7. A. He was chairman of the club. B. He wanted to learn a new language. C. He wanted to know more about the club. D. He was interested in international advertisement. 8. A. The man should work hard. B. The man should turn down the job offer. C. The man may have another chance. D. The man can apply for the job again. 9. A. Its ending is not good enough. B. Its structure is not satisfying. C. It deserves an award. D. It is good except for the writing skills. 10. A. She likes watching instead of playing. B. She is a good team sports player. C. She doesn’t like any kind of sports. D. She likes taking part in team sports. Section B 15% Directions: In Section B, you will hear two short passages and one longer conversation, and you will be asked several questions on each of the passages and the conversation. The passages and the conversation will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard. Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage. 11.A. It contains protein. B. It contains water. C. It helps the brain work properly. D. A full stomach leads to a good sleep. 12. A. Sleep helps the brain control the senses. B. Sleep promotes rest. C. Sleep helps the brain revise and store information.
普陀区2016学年第一学期髙三英语 I.Listening Comprehensio n Section A10% Directions：In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard 1. A.Relaxed B.Annoyed C. Worried. D. Satisfied 2. A. On February 1st. B. On February 2nd. C. On February 3rd D. On February 8th. 3. A. A basketball player. B. A laundry worker. C. A window washer. D. A rock climber. 4. A. To a stationery shop. B. To a gymnasium. C. To a paint store. D. To a news stand. 5. A. Ask for something cheaper B. Buy the purse she really likes C. Protect herself from being hurt. D. Bargain with the shop assistant. 6.A. She doesn't plan to continue studying next year. B.She has already told the man about her plan. C.She isn’t planning to leave her university. D.She recently visited a different university
黄浦区2018学年第一学期期末质量试卷 高三英语 （满分140分，完卷时间120分钟）2018.12 Ⅱ. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions：After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Just How Buggy is Your Phone? What item in your home crawls with the most germs? If you say ___21___ toil et seat, you’re wrong. Kitchen sponges top the list. But cell phones are pretty dirty too. They contain around 10 times as many germs as toilet seats. People touch their phones, laptops, and other digital devices all day long, yet rarely clean them. In one incident, a thief paid a terrible price for stealing a germy cell phone. He stole it from a hospital in Uganda during a widespread of the deadly disease Ebola. The phone’s owner reported the theft before ___22___（die）from the disease. Soon, the thief began showing symptoms and finally ___23___（confess）to the crime. ___24___ in that unusual case a cell phone carried dangerous bacteria, not all germs are bad. Most cause no harm. In fact, they could provide helpful information. Look at the surface of your phone carefully. Do you see some dirty mars?“That's all you,”says microbial ecologist Jarrad Hampton-Marcell.“That’s biological information.” It turns out that the types of germs that you apply all over your phone or tablet are different from ___25___ of your friends and family. They’re like a fingerprint that could identify you. Some day in the future, investigators may use these microbial fingerprints to solve crimes. Phones and digital devices may be one of the best places to look for buggy clues. In a 2017 study, researchers sampled a range of surfaces in 22 participants’ homes, ___26___ countertops and floors to computer keyboards and mice. Then they tried to match the microbial fingerprints on each object to its owner. The office equipment was easiest to match to its owner. In an ___27___（early）study, a different group of researchers found that they could use microbial fingerprints to identify the person who ___28___（use）a computer keyboard even after the keyboard sat untouched for two weeks at room temperature. One day, microbial signatures might show ___29___ people have gone and what they have touched. They could prove ___30___ an unmarked device is yours. So, sure, your phone is pretty germy. Does that inspire you, or does it just bother you? Section B Directions：Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
2016届上海普陀高三一模 考试时间：120分钟满分：150分 II. Grammar and Vocabulary （26分） Section A Directions: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. (A) Different forms of hospitality (好客) I am a British woman social anthropologist (人类学家). I once spent a year in Moldova, in Eastern Europe, （25）______ (study) everyday life in the country. I stayed with a Moldovan family to see from the inside how people managed their lives. I had a wonderful time and made many new friends. What I observed is of course based on my own experience at a particular place and time. I often found (26) _______ surprisingly difficult to see life there through the eyes of a Moldovan. This was (27) ______ the people I met were extremely hospitable and I was treated as an honoured guest at all times. As my hosts, they wanted me to enjoy myself, and not to get (28) ______ (involve) in shopping, cooking, or other domestic jobs. Most mornings I was encouraged to go out to explore the city, or carry out my research, and I returned later to find that my elderly landlady and her sister had travelled across the city on buses to the central market (29) ________ (bring) back heavy loads of potatoes, a whole lamb, or other large quantities of products. I was often invited to people’s homes, and was always offered food on entering. Mo st of the adults I met enjoyed inviting friends, family, neighbours, colleagues and even strangers into their homes, (30) ______ they treated them to food, drink, and a lively hospitable atmosphere. Hosts hurried to serve guests as well and as quickly as possible. (31) ______ a household was expecting guest, large amounts of food were prepared in advance, usually by the women. Wine had already been made, generally by the men, (32) ______ were also responsible for pouring it. Unexpected visitors were still offered as much food and drink as the household (33) ______ provide in the circumstances. (B) How English family life has evolved since the eighteenth century The majority of English families of the pre-industrial age, roughly until the mid-eighteen century, lived in a rural location. Many of them owned or had the use of a small piece of land, and actually all family members were busy with agricultural work in one form or another, usually (34) _______ (grow) food for their own consumption and sometimes also producing food or other goods for sale. The labour was controlled by the husband, (35) ______ _____ his wife and children, too, had an economic value as their contributions to the family income were likely to make the difference between starvation and survival. Children worked from an early age, girls helping their mothers, and boys their fathers. School was an occasional factor in their lives. Instead, children learned by doing (36) _______ their parents showed them. Knowledge of caring (37) ______ animals, sewing was handed down from parent to child. Also, most people engaged in handicraft production in the home, and the family (38)
黄浦区2017学年度第一学期高三年级期终调研测试 英语试卷 （完卷时间：120分钟满分：140分） 2017年12月15日上午 第I卷（共100分） I.Listening Comprehension Section A Directions:In Section A,you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers.At the end of each conversation,a question will be asked about what was said.The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once.After you hear a conversation and the question about it,read the four possible answers on your paper,and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard. 1. A.Before dinner. B.During the meal. C.After dinner. D.Tomorrow evening. 2. A.In a hotel. B.At a bus station. C.In a cinema. D.At an airport. 3. A.Salesman and customer. B.Boss and secretary. C.Doctor and patient. D.Doctor and nurse. 4. A.4. B. 5. C. 6. D. 7. 5. A.The lecture. B.The heat. C.The workload. D.The air quality. 6. A.Confident. B.Nervous. C.Uninterested. D.Annoyed. 7. A.Visit the company. B.Re-write his resumé. C.Get a job on campus. D.Apply for a job with PICC. 8. A.He is fearless. B.He is forgetful. C.He is helpful. D.He is thoughtful. 9. A.Talking about sports. B.Writing up local news. C.Reading newspapers. D.Putting up advertisements. 10. A.She expects to see him soon. B.She agrees with the man. C.She doesn’t believe he can do it. D.She will work for the library. Section B Directions:In Section B,you will hear one longer conversation and two short passages.After each conversation or passage,you will be asked several questions.The conversation and the passages will be read twice,but the questions will be spoken only once.When you hear a question,read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard. Questions11through14are based on the following conversation. 11. A.The scientific steps to write a paper. B.A funny story that they read recently. C.An assignment of a creative writing course. D.A detective case that was just finished. 12. A.She encountered a bottleneck when writing a story. B.She was happy that she finished the story easily. C.She was expected to finish the story in a month. D.She decided to give up the story eventually. 13. A.Change to another topic. B.Give the story an ending first.
2018年上海市普陀区中考英语一模试卷 一、Part 1 Listening（第一部分：听力）（共30分） 1．（6分）Listen and choose the right picture（根据你听到的内容，选出最恰当的答案） 2．（1分）A．To the park． B．To the Bund． C．To the museum． D．To the library． 3．（1分）A．At 10：30． B．At 11：30． C．At 12：30． D．At 13：30． 4．（1分）A．coins． B．pens． C．Stamps． D．stones． 5．（1分）A．Teacher and students． B．Brother and sister． C．Mum and son． D．Customer and clerk． 6．（1分）A．By bike．
B．By bus． C．By underground． D．By car． 7．（1分）A．At a supermarket． B．At a restaurant． C．Write a library． D．At a cinema． 8．（1分）A．Write reports． B．Play computer games． C．Learn languages． D．Draw pictures． 9．（1分）A．Alice looks sad today． B．Alice's favourite subject is PE． C．John is poor at PE． D．John will take an easy test． 10．（6分）Listen to the passage and tell whether the following statements are true or false（判断下列句子是否符合你听到的短文内容，符合的用T表示，不符合的用F表示） 15．Kitty started her first job to look after three little boys in a family． 16．After having too many late nights and early morning with the children，she felt very tired． 17．Kitty's friend Megan suggested that she should go to work for a better family 18．Kitty managed to get some training at a college and passed the test finally．19．Kitty likes her job because she thinks it's fun and easy to work with small children． 20．According to Kitty everyone could have his dream if he is not a top student at school． 11．（10分）Listen to the passage and complete the following sentences（听短文，完成下列内容，每空格限填一词） 21．You can hear the voice of a or a popular actress giving instructions on a taxi．
普陀区2019学年第一学期高三英语质量调研 英语试卷 考生注意： 1. 考试时间120分钟，试卷满分140分。 2. 本次考试设试卷和答题纸两部分。所有答题必须涂（选择题）或写（非选择题）在答题纸 上，做在试卷上一律不得分。 3. 答题前，务必在答题纸上填写准考证号和姓名，并将核对后的条形码贴在指定位置上, 在答 题纸反面清楚地填写姓名。 I. Listening Comprehension Section A Directions: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard. 1. A. She is going to Thailand. B. She is going on vacation. C. She likes collecting postcards. D. She has traveled all over the world. 2. A. To go out to have a cup of coffee. B. To enjoy the coffee in the office. C. To make a cup of coffee for him. D. To help him finish the program. . C. At a sports club. D. At a theatre. 3. A. In a civil court. B. In a cybercafé 4. A. Engineering. B. Geography. C. Math. D. Physics. 5. A. 14:00. B. 17:00 C. 18:00. D: 19:00. 6. A. The man will pick up Professor Rice at her office. B. The man didn’t expect his paper to be graded so soon. C. Professor Rice has given the man a very high grade. D. Professor Rice won’t see her student in her office. 7. A. She had to be a liar sometimes. B. She is required to be slim. C. She had little chance for promotion. D. Her salary is not satisfactory.
黄浦区 2019 届第一学期期末质量监控试卷 高三英语 2018.12.14 （考试时间 120 分钟，满分 140 分，请将答案写在答题纸上） 第 I 卷（共 100 分） I. Listening (略) Ⅱ. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions：After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Just How Buggy is Your Phone? What item in your home crawls with the most germs? If yo u say ___21___ toilet seat, you’re wrong. Kitchen sponges top the list. But cell phones are pretty dirty too. They contain around 10 times as many germs as toilet seats. People touch their phones, laptops, and other digital devices all day long, yet rarely clean them. In one incident, a thief paid a terrible price for stealing a germy cell phone. He stole it from a hospital in Uganda during a widespread of the deadly disease Ebola. The phone’s owner reported the theft before ___22___（die）from the disease. Soon, the thief began showing symptoms and finally ___23___（confess）to the crime. ___24___ in that unusual case a cell phone carried dangerous bacteria, not all germs are bad. Most cause no harm. In fact, they could provide helpful information. Look at the surface of your phone carefully. Do you see some dirty mars? “That's all you,” says microbial ecologist Jarrad Hampton-Marcell. “That’s biological information.” It turns out that the types of germs that you apply all over your phone or tablet are different from ___25___ of your friends and family. They’re like a fingerprint that could identify you. Some day in the future, investigators may use these microbial fingerprints to solve crimes. Phones and digital devices may be one of the best places to look for buggy clues. In a 2017 study, researchers sampled a range of surfaces in 22 participants’ homes, ___26___ countertops and floors to computer keyboards and mice. Then they tried to match the microbial fingerprints on each object to its owner. The office equipment was easiest to match to its owner. In an ___27___（early）study, a different group of researchers found that they could use microbial fingerprints to identify the person who ___28___ （ use ） a computer keyboard even after the keyboard sat untouched for two weeks at room temperature. One day, microbial signatures might show ___29___ people have gone and what they have touched. They could prove ___30___ an unmarked device is yours. So, sure, your phone is pretty germy. Does that inspire you, or does it just bother you? 原文出处： https://https://www.doczj.com/doc/5217279561.html,/articles/11355/257200/5a4246c87ba75
2018年普陀区高三一模语文试卷 一积累运用（10分） 1．按题目要求填空（5分） （1），其可怪也欤！（韩愈《师说》）（1分） （2）郴江幸自绕郴山，。（秦观《·郴州旅馆》）（2分）（3）李商隐《夜雨寄北》中“何当共剪西窗烛，却话巴山夜雨时”以虚写的手法表达无限思念，杜甫《月夜》中同样虚写相聚情景的两句是“，。”（2分） 2．按题目要求选择。（5分） （1）小明宣传“节俭用餐不浪费”，要在学校食堂张贴标语，以下句子合适的一项是（）。（2分） A.由俭入奢易，由奢入俭难。 B.为俭可以助廉，惟恕可以成德。 C.俭，德之共也；侈，恶之大也。 D.奢者狼藉俭者安，一凶一吉在眼前。 （2）填入下面语段空白处的语句，最恰当是一项是（）。（3分） 身处互联网时代，，而要俯下身子，建立与公众的连结，不断拓展人们感知文化的渠道。 A.博物馆要有持久的影响力，就不能保持一成不变的严肃面孔。 B.博物馆要有广泛的影响力，就不能保持一成不变的严肃面孔。 C.博物馆要有持久的影响力，面孔就不能保持一成不变的严肃。 D.博物馆要有广泛的影响力，面孔就不能保持一成不变的严肃。 二阅读（70分） （一）阅读下面的文章，完成3—8题（16分） 我们为什么需要经典？ ①近几年，全国文学界两场较大的学术对话之一就是关于文学经典问题的讨论，全国的
各种刊物发表了70余篇参与者的文章，这是上个世纪90年代以来最热闹的一场学术争鸣，怎样的作品才算经典？人们各执一词，难辨是非。 ②只有回到“人类为什么需要经典”这样一个问题的原点上，才能洞察到解决这一问题的有效方法。可以肯定，文学史家和批评家有谁不渴望了解更多的甚至全部文学现象呢？可这并不现实，不是他们不想了解更多，而是做不到，是不可能。于是文学史家在他们所写的文学史中，譬如，据说中国唐代创作的 诗歌大概有10 人，不同程度地讨论几百首诗歌；中国人编写的外国文学史，所展开讨论的作家一般也都限制在两位数以内，集中解读的作品多则在百部左右，把提到的作品算在内一般也就在六七百部上下。在这些中外文学史中集中阐释的作家，我们在一般情况下就会称为经典作家，集中阐释的作品我们也会称为经典作品。 ③人们面对浩瀚的文学世界，只选择了一部分来接触，这并非意味着要放弃全面把握认知对象的愿望，而是要同时实现两个目的：一是较少的认知投入；二是要了解更多。前者是量力而行，后者是靠近认知目的。那么，怎样才能实现看起来相互矛盾的两个目的呢？其基本思路就是企望以“较少”代表“许多”。文学史家和批评家所提供的所谓经典不论恰当不恰当，其核心标准就是这些作家作品的“代表性”，意在通过这些“代表”来实现 的目的。 ④由此可见，文学经典就是“读者认知需要的代表”。历史上经典的选择和确认首先发生在人类的教育过程中，这一反复出现的事实同样证明着经典与人们的认知需要的紧密关联。人们在生活的经历中会遇到许许多多的疑问和困惑，这些疑问和困惑并非都是认识上的问题，还有价值认同、身份确证、理想的达成、生命的安顿等方面。虽然有很多学科都在努力寻求问题的答案，诸如哲学、伦理学、历史学、科学等，但文学能够以其形象的世界和仿佛完整的人生模式，给读者提供丰富的体验性的审视空间。从这个意义上说，阅读文学经典是人认识自身和自身处境的最好方式。 ⑤文学经典进行攀谈，体验经典的情境和生命气息，打捞经典的价值和意义，还能激励人们把这一切逐步内化为自我的精神结构和在外气质。《诗经》中温柔敦厚的君子、《荷马史诗》中传唱千年的英雄，承载着无数人的价值追求。人的自我塑造总是朝着理想进行的，现实世界常常不能提供理想的样本，在文学经典这样一种象征系统中，人们总是能找到更加富有张力的答案。对于迷惘者而言，尤其需要这样的向导。 ⑥由于文学是“个人发挥想象的乐园”，读者有条件、也有可能对作品所提供的生活情景进行二度想象和创造。无论是对经典意义上的追寻，还是对作品的二度创造都是读者独立