被动语态
一、什么是被动语态？
英语中时态很多，但语态不多，只有两种，即：主动语态和被动语态。所谓“被动语态”，相当于中文中常说的“被……”、“由……”的句式，如：“他的自行车被偷了。”，“这座楼房是由他们建造的。”
二、动语态的运用
（1）不知道谁是动作的执行者或没有必要。例如：
Paper is made from wood. （纸是由木材生产出来的。）
The house is quite old. It was built in 1950. （这座房子太旧了。它是1950年建成的。）
He was wounded in the fight. （他在战斗在受伤了。）
Electricity is used to run machines. （电是用来开动机器的。）
（2）需要强调动作的对象时。例如：
Calculator can't be used in the maths exam. （计算器不能用于数学考试。）Books and newspapers in the reading room mustn’t be taken away. （阅览室的书籍和报纸不准带走。）
He was awarded first prize in that contest. （他在比赛中获得了第一。）（3）为了使语气婉转，避免提到是谁做的这件事。例如：
The construction of the new lab must be completed by the end of next month.
（新实验室必须在下个月底前完工。）
三、各种时态的被动语态举例
一般地讲，被动语态可用于英语的各种时态。被动语态的结构为“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词（p．p）”。被动语态的不同时态是通过be的时态变化来表示的，其人称和数方面应与主语保持一致。其具体变化为：
1、一般现在时的被动语态. am / is / are + 动词的过去分词
Our classroom is cleaned every day.
This car is made in China.
2、一般过去式的被动语态: was / were + 动词的过去分词
His desk was cleaned just now.
The station was built in 1928.
3、现在进行时的被动语态: am / is / are + being + 动词的过去分词
A new factory is being built in our city now.
Some trees are being cut down in the park.
4、过去进行时的被动语态: was / were + being + 动词的过去分词
A new factory was being built in our city at that time.
Some babies were being looked after by Miss Chen last year.
5、一般将来时的被动语态:
(A) will / shall + be + 动词的过去分词
(B) am / is / are + going to be +动词的过去分词.
Some new factories will be built in our city this year.
Your watch is going to be mended in an hour.
6、过去将来时的被动语态: (1).would / should + be + 动词的过去分词2).was / were +going to be + 动词的过去分词.
She said that some new factories would be built soon in our city.
He thought that your watch was going to be mended after an hour.
7、现在完成时的被动语态:have / has + been + 动词的过去分词
Some new factories have been built in the city since last year.
Your watch has been mended already.
8、过去完成时的被动语态:had + been + 动词的过去分词
He said that some new factories had been built in the city.
I didn’t know that my watch had been mende d.
9、含情态动词的被动式：can/may/must + be + done
例如：He can not be found. / I must be paid for this.
记忆歌诀：被动语态be字变，过去分词跟后面。
①Chinese ______ by the largest number of people．
A．speak B．is speaking C．speaks D．is spoken
（选D。考查一般现在时的被动语态）
②The boy ______ to get supper ready after school．
A．were told B．is telling C．was told D．tells
（选C。考查一般过去时的被动语态）
③A lot of new roads ______ built in the west of China．
A．must B．must be C．has D．have
（选B。考查含情态动词的被动语态）
四、如何将主动语态变成被动语态
1、从句子意义上说，就是重新找出“什么事物”是“被完成”的。
例1.
主动语态：人们说英语。People speak English in many countries.
被动语态：英语被说。English is spoken in many countries..
例2.
主动语态：我们造这座桥。We built this bridge last year.
被动语态：这座桥被建造。This bridge was built last year.
2、从语法的角度说，把原句的宾语改成主语。
例1.主动语态：小王邀请你(宾语) Xiao Liu has invited you to a lunch party.
被动语态：你(宾语)被邀请。You has been invited to a lunch party by Xiao
Wang.
例2.主动语态：你不准带走杂志(宾语) You must not take these magazines out of
the reading-room.
被动语态：杂志(宾语)不准被带走.These magazines must not be taken out
of the reading room.
例3.主动语态：他们授给他(宾语)一枚奖章(宾语).They gave him a medal for his
wonderful work.
被动语态：他(宾语)被授予一枚奖章. He was given a medal for his
wonderful work.
被动语态：一枚奖章(宾语)被授给了他.A medal was given to him for his
wonderful work.
记忆歌诀：宾变主，主变宾，by短语后面跟。
谓语动词变被动，be后“过分”来使用。