Abstract
In recent years, Guizhou tourism has made rapid development based on its natural resources and rich and colorful ethnic culture , especially the tourism to Guizhou as the representative of Mao tai wine culture, it has a development speed and great development prospects. But because the wine culture tourism is a new trend of tourism development, it was luck of academic research and Guizhou wine culture tourism has just started,
there is not much experience for the wine culture tourism, so in the process of development has accumulated many contradictions and problems. This paper analyzes the current development of tourism in Guizhou, the characteristics of wine culture and its definition, further discusses the influence to wine culture tourism in Guizhou, a comprehensive analysis the problems of the combined wine culture and tourism development
finally puts forward relevant countermeasures and
suggestions to solve these problems, to explore for
mode of wine culture tourism development in Guizhou
Developing Guizhou Maotai is representative of wine
culture tourism, not only can keep the Guizhou tourism
sustained and healthy development, but also can achieve
enhanced effect on the economy in Guizhou, pull of tourism industry of urban economy, social employment power, promote cultural exchanges, so as to promote the development of tourism in Guizhou, thus promoting the Guizhou backward economic exhibition.
Key words: Guizhou tourism resources, wine culture, tourism, Countermeasures
一、Introduction
1.1 research background
In recent years, along with the Chinese economy fast development, the tourism industry in Guizhou Province relying on its unique tourism resources, has also been a good development. But along with the increase of income level and the level of demand, tourists began pay attention to and seek more cultural characteristics of tourism, the unique tourism resources in Guizhou and colorful ethnic culture is attracting people to experience the culture of Guizhou Maotai.
Guizhou culture as a component of wine culture, broad and profound, has a long history, and Guizhou are closely related to the production and life, and we know that Guizhou is the hometown of wine, wine is Guizhou of rich and colorful cultural carrier, in many wine Maotai is Guizhou the most influential international brands in the world, so on the basis of the development of the tourism industry, development in Guizhou Maotai is representative of wine culture and tourism is feasible, Guizhou wine culture and tourism will have
a broad space for development.
1.2 research purposes
Wine industry and tourism industry is the pillar industry of Guizhou has great advantages, combined with a huge space and potential. The rich and colorful culture connotation of Guizhou wine, wine culture into tourism, both can be combined with each other, and can complement each other. To explore the influence of Guizhou wine culture tourism in Guizhou, not only to build a tourist route for Guizhou tourism, tourism and wine culture of China also can form a model leading role. Through further discussion in this article, has formed
a comparatively systematic and wine culture and tourism development mode, explore for Guizhou wine culture development mode, not only can the Guizhou wine culture spread and development can drive the Guizhou tourism industry, reduce the pressure of employment, and promote Guizhou economic backwardness.
1.3 research significance
With the rapid development of domestic tourism, the tourism industry in Guizhou also has been paid more attention. To explore the influence of Guizhou wine culture tourism in Guizhou, not only makes the wine culture of Guizhou tourism rapid rise and find a unique self image of the road, and travel on the domestic wine culture can also form a model leading role further. Through this study, learn from foreign experience in the development of wine culture and other cultural tourism related research results of Guizhou wine culture and tourism are studied, have formed a comprehensive wine culture tourism development model, to fill the Guizhou in the study of the cultural tourism wine blank, so this research has profound practical significance.
Two, An introduction to tourism and wine
Rich cultural ecological Guizhou is located in the Yunnan Guizhou Plateau, mild climate, winter is not too cold, summer without heat, Guizhou due to the many social and economic reasons, history has long been closed, with the outside world little communication, makes it remained intact. Guizhou is a magical land, in this land, living numerous minority, they generation health Chilan reproduction in this land, Yishanbangshui and home, put on the wear silver ornaments, singing and dancing and entertainment, warm hospitality, love life, love of nature, and the environment harmonious coexistence, the formation of the connotation of national culture, such as the Miao nationality culture, the Buyei culture, Dong culture, Tujia culture, aqua culture, culture of the Yao nationality. Tourism resources are very rich.
In recent years, with the rapid development of economy, tourism in Guizhou has also been a very good development, but compared to other big tourism province, Guizhou's tourism industry is backward. The present situation of
the tourism development in Guizhou Province is although rich in tourism resources, but is not tourism province.
Wine, the nationalities living in Guizhou, social production, etc., are an indispensable food culture. For them, the wine is not only a drink, it is Guizhou minority has a long history and a splendid culture with wine, and is the carrier of culture of ethnic minorities in Guizhou colorful. Guizhou is the hometown of wine, in this magical land, there are a variety of types of wine, such as liquor, wine, Jane wine, corn liquor, wine, Jinsha,,,,, colorful ethnic customs, otherworldly Karst natural landscape, especially colorful, rich connotation wine culture, especially for Guizhou Moutai as the representative of the wine culture is attracting many tourists travel to Guizhou, showing the Guizhou tourism unique tourism resources, Guizhou tourism constitutes a beautiful landscape.
2.1 An Introduction to GuiZhou Mao Tai
Guizhou Moutai produced in Maotai Renhuai City, Guizhou Chishui River town, surveying the mountains, strategically located and difficult situation. Maotai
wine production can be traced back to dating back more than 2000 years ago, the Han Dynasty. In the mid Qing Dynasty, Maotai wine production has a certain scale, the annual output can reach 170 tons. In the 1915 Panama Pacific International Exposition, Maotai was named gold products, since then has been famous all over the world.
Maotai Liquor Maotai town is made in the Chishui River is named. As Maotai town is located in the valley, wind speed is small, beautiful scenery, Yishanbangshui, unique geographical landscape, high altitude area, very conducive to Maotai wine microbial habitats and reproduction. Once more experts in different places by using the same method cannot Maotai flavor. It shows that the Maotai is inextricably linked with the origin relations.
Maotai wine is clear and transparent, mellow fragrance, imported soft cotton, Qinglie Gan Shuang, lasting aftertaste, characteristics and the world, it above the sorghum as raw material, over the wheat koji, use of Maotai town unique climate, excellent quality and
matters of the soil, the high temperature koji and is model of Maotai flavor liquor.
Liquor Guizhou Maotai wine proud, Maotai wine brewing is one of Guizhou people's creation, it is known as China's "wine". So China can not drink Maotai, Guizhou more can not drink Maotai, Maotai is the epitome of Guizhou beautiful mountains and rivers, is the crystallization of the wisdom of the people of Guizhou.
2.2 an definition of wine culture
Guizhou beautiful scenery, pleasant climate, good water quality, more wine, wine is the most important base in our country, the reputation of "wine". Guizhou has a long history of wine, Guizhou wine, all ethnic groups in the long-term process, forming a unique process of brewing technology and an interesting wine custom wine ceremony, Guizhou wine custom wine ceremony, like a blooming flower, is an important part of national culture. The culture of wine, and wine culture is a human interaction with each other, a special phenomenon formed. Wine culture can be divided into material layer, system layer thought, cultural and psychological level three levels, wine culture is a comprehensive culture,
but more focused on the idea of system culture and psychological culture, is the wine in the social life of politics, economy, culture, religion, art and other social impact in various fields. The bright and colorful Guizhou wine culture for the development of wine culture. Swimming provides the conditions for the rich cultural treasure house of the Chinese democracy has made a unique contribution.
2.3 characteristics of wine culture
Wine culture is refers to the people in the wine production, circulation and consumption processes created and caused a substance, the sum of the behavioral and psychological phenomenon is extremely relationship. It not only has the characteristics of the wine itself and its unique characteristics, wine culture have unique, historical tradition, geographical origin of, live state.
(1) national uniqueness
Guizhou wine culture is a product of Guizhou wine and traditional culture of integration and interaction, together was born in primitive agriculture economic foundation and traveling development, endless,
complement each other. Guizhou wine culture reason has a long history and profound, lies in the acquisition of a large amount of material and spiritual nutrient from the traditional culture of Guizhou. Guizhou wine culture in the process of transmission is the development process of the history of Chinese civilization, which contains a unique ancestors living conditions, ways of thinking and the national emotion, wine culture as China's important elements and symbols, but also the culture of Guizhou important group. (2) the inheritance of history
Maotai in Guizhou has thousands of years of history of the development, history has left us a rich heritage. In the process of development, Maotai formed excellent technology, high-quality taste, rich connotation. It is accumulated deep historical and cultural potential energy.
(3) regional origin
Maotai wine production is inseparable from the Maotai Town special geographical environment, climate, water, raw materials, the three conditions of Maotai wine production plays a key role indispensable. There have
been a number of experts in different places by using the same method cannot Maotai flavor, water, microbial environment is different, different raw materials and production technology, the produce of Maotai liquor taste is different. It shows that the Maotai is inextricably linked with the origin relations.
(4) the living state
Guizhou wine culture source in people have and daily life, and it conveys the customs of life and spiritual concepts, ways of thinking, which is inseparable from the people's active participation. Therefore all the survival of the wine culture must in and geographical, historical, natural, realistic culture students students - students interaction in the space of States, constantly changing, which created a Guizhou wine culture living state characteristics.
2.4 the relationship between wine culture and Tourism Tourism industry in Guizhou is in the period of rapid development, the prospect of a wide range of emerging industries. Has a long history of wine culture of Guizhou through continuous accumulation become a kind of special form of culture, has become the tourism
resources of Guizhou Province, has the rich connotation of tourism. Wine culture is less deficiency of tourism in Guizhou and part is an important heritage of Guizhou tourism. Combine the wine culture and tourism industry will not only promote the development of tourism in Guizhou, but also in Guizhou wine culture inherit and carry forward.
Tourism and culture are inseparable, culture is the soul of tourism, tourism is the carrier of culture. Culture is the soul of tourism, is the charm of the tourism resources, tourism is the main body of the starting point and the home to return to, it is the source for the prosperity of the tourism industry, tourism is conducive to mining culture, rich culture, optimize the culture and the culture of protection. The relationship between tourism and culture complement each other, complement each other. Culture and tourism organic combination, is conducive to tourism industry sustained and healthy development.
Three, the influence of wine culture on Tourism in Guizhou
In a certain sense, the lack of cultural connotation of tourism is no soul of tourism, the lack of cultural taste of the tourism is very difficult to be attractive and vitality. Then the wine culture of tourism in the end what specific impact?
Wine and wine culture to help tourists understand the society, increase knowledge. Curiosity unique wine culture can satisfy the travel of tourists unforgettable. Wine culture of Guizhou is rich of tourism resources of high quality, fully aware of its entertainment, ornamental and participation, consumption and tourism functions, "Colorful Guizhou" the introduction and development of the local tourism industry practice should be strong to Guizhou wine culture combined with the development of local tourism and wine region from a product, craft brewing and drinking customs and other aspects of the system development, make its in Guizhou wine culture in Guizhou tourism industry, give full play its due role.
Guizhou wine culture provides the possibility for Guizhou to develop new tourism products, and the tourism industry combining not only to the development of the tourism industry has a positive effect, but also for the wine culture of Guizhou good show. First, this is an excellent promotional platform to enhance the influence of Guizhou wine. Expanding the influence of Guizhou Moutai wine and enhance the brand value. Secondly, it will bring huge consumption and output value of Guizhou Moutai wine. At the same time, tourism itself is a kind of consumption mode, with Moutai as the representative of the tourism itself has a very high degree of recognition and recognition, which can attract more tourists to Guizhou. Therefore, Moutai as the representative of tourism. Is the development of Guizhou inbound tourism, good breakthrough. High-end wine culture and tourism are important characteristics and advantages of Guizhou tourism, Guizhou will become an important tourism commodities. Finally, Moutai as the representative of the Guizhou Brigade Swim can promote the activation of Northern Guizhou tourism sector. The plate not only has a long history of wine
culture, and a flash in the Pan Long March culture. Both have beautiful natural scenery and the rich heritage of the historical and cultural. Relying on the long march culture, traditional wine culture, the exploitation of tourism resources, build red boutique tourist routes and mysterious Maotai brand of cultural tourism and ecological tourism and leisure tourism highlights, packaging as a whole, unified promotion, consciously integrated into the has a strong attraction of North Guizhou tourism system, drive the tourism development of the entire plate.
As the characteristics of Guizhou wine culture can drive the development of Guizhou tourism, build to Maotai is representative of the tourism industry, not only to attract tourists, stimulating consumption and income. And increase the influence of Guizhou wine culture, shaping the brand. In addition, the integration of the two also led to the development of Guizhou culture. Guizhou wine culture and tourism industry is integrated with each other, complement each other.
3.1 Guizhou wine cultural tourism development status quo
Wine culture and tourism refers to the people to leave the habitual residence, built on the access of wine based on or have other destinations were also attracted to the wine region of tourism, namely to pursuit and wine related experience, such as entertainment, education and aesthetics and so on for the purpose of a series of tourism activities.
Guizhou is the home of wine, wine is rich and colorful, wine culture has a long history, profound, rich in tourism resources. Development of wine culture tourism formation the Guizhou tourism industry is a major bright spot, attracting a large number of passengers came to visit and enjoy, but Guizhou wine culture tourism development relatively late, development speed, great prospects for development. However, because of wine culture and tourism, wine culture and tourism academic research Co., wine culture to be excavated deeply, tourism resources, lack of innovation, lack of industry management system, it is difficult to achieve coordinated development, less involved in the
industrial chain of professional tourism enterprises, tourism products of a single, lack of scale, industry awareness, lack of competitiveness problems.
3.2 Guizhou wine culture on the impact of tourism in Guizhou
Professor shipeihua in his article "Guizhou should vigorously develop in Maotai is representative of the wine culture and tourism" mentioned: Maotai can become inbound, high-end travel breakthrough. Maotai Guizhou's largest international brand is, Maotai is representative of the tourism itself has a very high degree of recognition and recognition. Is the wine culture is cultural tourism in gathering a indispensable part is an important carrier of cultural tourism. Guizhou wine culture is the essential characteristic of tourism.
Guizhou colorful wine culture has attracted a large number of tourists to come to Guizhou tourism, experience the charm of wine culture tourism, increase the income of the tourism industry, led to the backward economic development in Guizhou.
(1) the development of Guizhou Maotai is representative of wine culture and tourism helps to promote the long-term development of Maotai, further enhanced the consumer's understanding of Maotai, indirectly to the role of publicity and promotion, to improve the visibility and reputation of Maotai, shaping the brand value of Maotai, expand sales of Maotai, lay a good foundation for the long-term development of Guizhou Maotai liquor.
(2) is conducive to stimulating the development of the tourism industry in Guizhou. Maotai is Guizhou the most competitive international brand, is also one of the most important tourism resources, to assist in Guizhou, improve the quality of tourism development, broaden the international tourism market, on the whole have contributed to the long-term development of the tourism industry in Guizhou.
(3) development of Guizhou Maotai is representative of wine culture and tourism help in stimulating regional economic overall development. Maotai wine culture and tourism development led to the development of Maotai liquor, on the other hand, it can promote development
of tourism industry, give full play to the stimulating effect on the economy of Guizhou Maotai wine and tourism, is helpful in Renhuai Zunyi area economy overall development.
Although Guizhou Maotai, as the representative of wine culture and tourism obtained certain development, but it is always a new way of tourism, is just starting. In Guizhou is not with little experience to follow, need to constantly grope for experience, moving steadily, step by step, in groping in the process also encountered many problems and difficulties.
3.3 wine culture in the development of tourism in Guizhou
Guizhou wine culture and tourism is a new trend of tourism development in Guizhou, popular with more and more tourists, attracted a large number of tourists came to Guizhou to experience. But because of Guizhou wine culture tourism has just started, for the wine culture tourism is no little experience to follow, insufficient understanding of wine culture tourism of Guizhou, so in the development process has accumulated many contradictions and problems.
3.3.1's inheritance and innovation of Guizhou wine culture
Is the vitality of the culture, as a special culture phenomenon, the wine culture of understanding often between shallow and deep, the understanding fuzziness and vagueness. Although the wine culture for thousands of years of history, but lack on the part of the outstanding tradition, more innovation, not will only copy blindly, transplantation of foreign cultural achievements, do not attach importance to the integration of ethnic culture in Guizhou, self characteristics of a smaller part. Lack of Guizhou wine culture inheritance and Innovation led directly to the wine culture tourism law depends on the material, to cook a meal without rice wine culture and tourism, only a mere formality, is really difficult to attract tourists.
3.3.2 Guizhou wine culture tourism development is not enough attention
Guizhou wine culture development is not affected by the local government and research attention. Due to the high interest of the attraction, the local government
浅析翻译的创造性 人们常把翻译定义为把一种语言的意思用另一种语言表达出来，所以一般人总容易将翻译看成是一种语言上的机械对应活动，丝毫谈不上有什么创意，甚至有人认为翻译就是“模仿”或“拷贝”的同义词。不仅如此，在传统观念中，作者和译者是全然不同的两种角色，作者是自由的，可以根据自己的喜好随意处置自己的作品，而译者在这方面没有任何权利，他只能跟在作者的脚步后面亦步亦趋，不敢越雷池半步，他只能如实地反映原作的思想和风格，不能有自己的主观意志，更没有发挥创造性的自由。 近些年来，认为翻译缺乏创造性的看法在理论界开始受到系统而有力的挑战。当代翻译研究已经证明，翻译不仅是一个很崇高的职业，而且还是一个充满巨大创造性的职业。这对于广大的翻译工作者来说是一种鼓舞，因为这犹如打开了一扇长期关闭着的窗户，使翻译者一下子获得了一种前所未有的视野，由此对自己从事的工作性质的认识产生了一种新的飞跃。 译者的创造性体现在翻译过程中的方方面面。英国翻译理论家彼得·纽马克曾列举了翻译中对译者创造性要求最高的七种情况，包括文化词语、特殊的句法结构、具有文化内涵的暗喻、习语、谚语、双关语和新造词、特殊的语音联觉效果等等。其中，最突出的是对原文中遇到的语言和文化障碍所做的出色而灵活的处理。请看例子： 狄更斯的小说《大卫·科波菲尔》第22章，有这样一段近乎文字游戏的表达，幽默而不失词趣，可是，多年来成为了一个翻译难题，各路高手屡试不爽。 I love my love with an E，because she’s enticing;I hate her with an E，because she’s engaged.I took her to the sign of the exquisite，and treated her with an elopement，her name’s Emily，and she lives in the east. （David Copperfield，XXII） 这段文字其实是英语中的一种嵌字顺口溜，也是一种文字游戏，说的人一般要讲六句话，每句话最后一个字的头一个字母都要一样（如上述文字都是以字母E打头的单词），如果作不上来便要受罚。此类文字游戏的翻译通常对译者都是一种挑战，因为这种文字上的特点在汉语里似乎是不可能再造的。且看以下两种译文： 译1：……我爱我的爱人为了一个E，因为她是Enticing（迷人的）;我恨我的爱人为了一个E，因为她是Engaged（订了婚的）。我用我的爱人象征Exquisite （美妙），我劝我的爱人从事Elopement（私奔），她的名字是Emily（爱弥丽），她的住处在East（东方）。（转引自《英美名著翻译比较》，第271页） 翻译家董秋斯是以上译文的译者。 在这段译文中，英语和汉语夹杂。对于不懂英语的读者来说，那就构成了遗
科技英语翻译的理解与表达 随着世界科技发展的日新月异和我国对外科技交流的日益频繁，科技翻译的重要性越发凸显出来。科技翻译要求确切理解和掌握原文的内容，不能主观地发挥个人的想法和推测,做到科学性和艺术性的完美结合。其科学性和艺术性主要体现为“信、达、雅”的翻译标准。 下面就英语科技翻译的科学性和艺术性，以及翻译的三个标准，讨论科技英语翻译的理解与表达。 一、科技翻译的科学性 科技英语的翻译由于其文体的特殊性，首先就要求它的译文要求忠于原文，它的文字表达不需要过于华丽的辞藻，语句直截了当，词意简单明了。而做到这些就需要译者准确理解原文，包括掌握常用词汇的专业化和语句中词汇翻译的灵活性等。 例1：Applications and incomes become the carrier’s focus of attention. Personalized service has present itself as the high mode service. carrier：n.[化学]载体；运送者；带菌者；货架。这些是“carrier”的常用词意，但是在科技英语翻译中，它更常用其专业释义。 这句句子中的“carrier”如果用常用的几个词意带入，很快就会发现句
子是不通顺的，根据前后文则可以猜测它的词意应该与经济体有关。实际上，这里“carrier”是“运营商”的意思。 译文：运营商的关注焦点已从技术转向了应用、服务和收益。作为信息服务的高级形态，个性化服务开始逐步走上了前台。 例2：Ozone pollution is a concern during the summer months because strong sunlight and hot weather result in harmful ozone concentrations in the air we breathe. concern：vt.涉及，关系到；使担心。n.关系；关心；关心的事。这些是“carrier”的常用词意。 译文1：因为强烈的阳光和炎热的天气会导致有害臭氧集中在我们呼吸的空气中，所以在夏季，臭氧污染是一个关注点。 显然把“concern”翻译为“关注点”并不适合在这一句的翻译中，因此我们可以对词意进行灵活的变动。 译文2：受强光和炎热天气影响，有害臭氧在空气中大量聚集，因而在夏季，臭氧污染是一个尤为突出的问题。 二、科技翻译的艺术性 科技翻译的前提是忠实于原文，这不意味着呆板、毫不变通的文字的堆砌。科技翻译需要创造性的技巧运用，所以，可以说，翻译是一种再创造。 It is fortunate that men have worked out new plane shapes which enable
…Back to Sleep?: Why Are 2,500 U.S. Babies Still Dying of SIDS Each Year? ‘用背部睡觉’：为什么美国每年都有2500个婴儿死于婴儿猝死综合症 Putting babies on their back to sleep has dramatically reduced the number of SIDS deaths, but thousands of babies still die each year. A look at the key risk factors. 让婴儿用背部睡觉戏剧性的减少了婴儿猝死综合症的死亡数量，但每年还是有上千数量的婴儿死亡。这有一种对于关键的风险因素的看法。 There?s no doubt that the Back to Sleep campaign launched in 1994 to get parents to stop putting babies to sleep on their tummies has been a success. In the 1970s and 1980s, the rate of infant deaths per 1,000 live births was 1.5; it?s now 0.5. 无需置疑的是，1994年发起的用背部睡觉的运动，旨在阻止父母让婴儿用肚子睡觉是成功的。在20世纪70到80年代，婴儿死亡率为每一千名安全出生婴儿中有1.5，现在是0.5。 Within a generation, most babies are now put to bed on their backs, and yet 2,500 U.S. infants still die each year in the U.S. Researchers trying to understand why have noticed a curious byproduct of the trend toward back-sleeping: as fewer babies were being put to sleep on their bellies, more babies were documented engaging in other pediatric no-nos — sleeping with their parents, for example — which is another risk factor for SIDS. 在一代人中，大部分婴儿现在都用背部放在床上，但美国每年依然有2500个婴儿死亡。研究员正试图弄明白为什么人们会注意到用背部睡觉这种趋势的奇怪的副产品：越来越少的婴儿用腹部睡觉，越来越多的婴儿被证明参与到了一些儿科禁止的事情中——例如，和父母一起睡——这是婴儿猝死综合症的另一个风险因素。 A study published Monday in the journal Pediatrics takes a look at how risk factors for SIDS have evolved over the years. In an analysis of the 954 babies who died suddenly and unexpectedly in San Diego County between 1991 and 2008 — 568 of these deaths were attributed to SIDS — researchers found that
西方翻译理论流派 西方的翻译活动#若从公元前(世纪%七十子希腊文本圣经&在埃及的亚历山大城问世算起#已有两千多年的历史$自古罗马的西赛罗!)*+,-."’贺拉斯!/.-01*23"以来#翻译学学派林立#学说纷繁$不同时代’不同学派的学者从不同的角度对翻译进行了各自的阐释$从某种意义上来说#一部西方翻译学史就是一部学派的传承与更替’聚合与交锋的历史$国内对于西方翻译理论的译介与评价也有三十年的历史了#由于不同学者对西方翻译流派划分时所依据的标准不同#一度出现了流派名称混乱的情况$有人把文化学派归于(翻译研究)学派的框架之下456(5%(7#也有人用(文化学派)来统称(翻译研究)学派!张南峰’陈德鸿##$$$"$同是女性主义翻译理论#有人把它归为(解构学派)或译者中心学派456(7%(8#也有人把它归为翻译研究学派4#6$本文通过对西方翻译理论流派研究的梳理与评价#一方面呼吁国内学者为当代西方翻译理论流派(正名)#以方便学术界的理论交流*另一方面希望从西方翻译理论研究中获得启示#以促进国内翻译理论流派的形成$ 一对翻译理论流派的概括和梳理是翻译研究不可缺少的组成部分#许多翻译理论家都进行过有益的探索$尤金+奈达!5&8!"根据各流派所关注的焦点将当代翻译理论分为四个基本流派,语文学派’语言学派’交际学派和社会符号学派!9*:0;5&’7"$埃德温+根茨勒!<:=0-:>,?1@A,-"在其专著%当代翻译理论& B5&&(C中#根据二战至九十年代初西方翻译理论研究的发展状态#依据各流派所采用的研
究方法和依据的理论来源将当代译论划分为(美国翻译培训派)’(翻译科学派)’(早期翻译研究派)’(多元体系派)和(解构主义派)五大流派$香港学者张南峰’陈德鸿!#$$$"在%西方翻译理论精选&中将西方翻译理论流派分为语文学派’诠释学派’语言学派’目的学派’文派!并且在大流派下分出小流派的划分方法比较合理"首先!他划分的目的明确#$$为了强调翻译学学科建设的重要性%其次!这种方法以时间为线!把各个流派的发展演变过程以及它们之间的姻亲关系表述得非常清楚!脉络分明"他的缺陷是在当代翻译理论的划分方法上显得有点混乱!而张南峰的划分更易于被学术界所接受"当然!要想得出公正合理的划分还是得考察一下当代西方翻译理论流派的渊源" 二从古代的西赛罗到!"#"年!可以叫做传统的翻译学阶段"这一阶段的特点是基本上没有什么学科意识!理论均零碎而不成系统!作者大多是翻译实践家!理论大多是经验性的"&潘文国!$%%$’%从!"&"年雅可布逊&’()*+,*-(./(+’发表他的著名论文(翻译的语言观)开始到0"1$年!可以叫做现代的翻译学阶段%这一阶段的特点是有朦胧的学科意识!认为需要加强翻译学的理论研究!使之成为一门*科学+"人们把这一阶段的翻译研究称之为*语言学派+&陈德鸿,张南峰!$%%%’或*科学学派+&23+45637!0""8’%从0"1$年霍姆斯发表里程碑性的论文(翻译研究的名与实)开始至今!可以叫做当代的翻译学阶段%这一阶段的特点是有强烈的学科意识%当代的翻译学阶段是翻译研究最为繁荣的阶段!也是最有争议的阶段%而最大的争端就是*翻译研究学派+之*名+与*实+的问题% 霍姆斯及赞同他主张的一批学者一度被称作*翻
谈古诗翻译中译者的创造性 [摘要]古诗翻译要求译者根据需要发挥自身的创造性，对诗歌进行形式和意义的变通，最大限度地把原诗的情、韵、意完好地再现出来，从而达到译文和原文在意境、文化背景和情感上的和谐统一。 标签：古诗翻译；创造性；译者 [一、概论 在古诗翻译中，关于译者能不能进行创造性翻译的问题，许渊冲提出了另一种创造性的翻译理论，那就是译诗与原诗的创优似竞赛论。他认为，“文学翻译是两种语言甚至是两种文化之间的竞赛，看哪种文字能更好地表达原作的内容。”(许渊冲，2003)他主张译者应该充分发挥创作精神，译出“青出于蓝而胜于蓝”的好诗，译者作为翻译的主体在翻译过程中尽量忠实于原作的同时又具有极大的自主性。作品中留有许多空白与不定点等待着读者去补充，而读者的思想中又存在不同的先行结构与前理解，所以读者不同，补充的图景也各异。译者不仅是原作的读者，还是译作的创作者。他们以理解的主动性、阐释的能动性以及重构的创造性把一个全新的译作呈现在译语读者面前，但同时译者不能完全脱离原文文本随意发挥，因为原作作为一个独立的审美客体具有相对固定的审美意蕴，寄寓了原作者的某种情感。译者的责任应该是把它们尽量完美地再现出来，在译语读者面前呈现出一个忠实的译语文本。 二、译者的创造性发挥达到与意境的和谐 译文是原文的代替物，而不是译者随心所欲地改变原文的意思、风格，按照自己的意图重新创造出译文。诗歌有它比较固定的模式或内涵，翻译时，我们有时需要把诗歌原文中的意境传达出来，充分发掘出蕴涵于其中的美的因素。明朝的朱承爵说：“作诗之妙，全在意境融彻，出声音之外，乃得真味。”(陈伟，1997)这说明了意境的重要性，也说明了译者需要在翻译过程中既要在考虑到源语的语言特征的同时，还要充分考虑到译语的特点，进行创造性的语言转化，使译文符合目的语的语言习惯特征。根据语境的需要还需进行必要的增减词，进行整体的变通。如： 刘方平的《月野》中有： 更深月色半人家，北斗阑干南斗斜。今夜偏知春气暖，虫声新透绿窗纱。 Winter Bynner的译文为： When the moon has colored half the house， With the North Star at its height and the South starsertting，
全球智能纺织品发展综述 在过去的几年里，智能材料在我们的生活中起着十分巨大的作用。智能材料的潜力非常广泛，也已经走进了纺织品中，德国Niederrien 大学的U.R.B.Sastry总结了近一阶段以来智能纺织品的主要发展情况。 近几年来，智能材料以其自身独特的方式融入到纺织品中。智能材料的出现激起了材料科学、电学和计算机工程的研究者们的极大兴趣，同时感兴趣的还有产品设计者和纺织品生产者。智能材料从概念产生到产品开发的过程包括了从不同领域、不同背景来的人员，也包括了使用者他们自己。 最早的智能纺织品之一是被用于部队伪装的。在部队伪装这个应用中，纺织品大多用来伪装战场上的军车、军用设备和个人装备，避免被3种电磁辐射（可见光、红外线和雷达）的探测。另外，这种纺织品在设计中要求必须防火、耐穿着、高强度和容易生产。 雷达吸收结构通常是由带有氧化铁或碳涂层的伞面金字塔状的泡沫材料组成，通常它会与一定数量的银结合，可以调整雷达的目标有效截面。同时，针织物中的经编织物的红外特性通过使用带有可见的印花和图案的、低发射率涂层来控制，它被设计成迷彩效果。 1 21世纪的服装 进入21世纪以来，对于服装设计的要求不断向重量轻、容易携带的方向发展，什么是将智能材料融入到纺织品中的更好方法呢？比如说：总部设在布鲁塞尔的Starlab 发明了一种带有传感器的田径服用来监视穿着者的心脏变化情况，从运动员刚一出发开始，数据便通过电子信箱的方式，即服装所具备的移动电话功能进行信息传输。更进一步的例子，德国的Infineon Technologies 生产出了第一件可穿着的MP3音乐运动服装，这种音乐运动服的袖子里带有键盘。基于这些发明，真正的可穿着计算机服装似乎是可能实现的，但是，在这里我们不能忽视将会出现的问题。比如，服装的耐用性和洗涤效果——与日常服装相关的因素必须加以考虑，如果制造商想要使用可穿着这个术语作为智能材料纺织品的标注，就必须充分符合其真实
2012年1月4日星期三 雌激素是新的“利他林”吗？ ——性激素能让一部分女性思维敏捷，却也让一部分迟钝 大考即将来临？无法集中注意力？尝试一点雌激素吧。 加州大学伯克利分校的神经系统科学家在最近的一项研究中报道称，女性生理周期中的荷尔蒙波动可能会如咖啡因、甲基苯丙胺或最常见的兴奋剂利他林一样影响其大脑。 近年来的研究表明，工作记忆（短期信息处理能力）是依赖于化学物质多巴胺的。事实上，像利他林这样的药物可以模仿多巴胺帮助人们集中注意力。在老鼠身上的研究显示，雌激素似乎可以诱发多巴胺的释放。但是伯克利这次的新研究是首次把认识能力和人的雌激素水平联系起来，这也就解释了为什么有些女性会在她们生理周期的不同时间点有着或好或坏的认识能力。 这只研究团队对24名健康女性进行了检测。通过基因测试，她们中有些天然多巴胺水平高，而有些天然低。不出所料，多巴胺水平低的女性对于处理复杂的工作记忆问题有困难，比如将一串五个数字反着背出来。但当测试在排卵期中进行，雌激素水平最高时（一般是月经期的10~12天后）这些女性的表现显著改善，有大约10%的进步。令人惊讶的是，多巴胺水平天然高的女性处理复杂问题的能力，却在排卵期中雌激素水平最高的时候有很明显的下降。 根据组织此次研究的Ph.D Emily Jacobs说，脑中的多巴胺是“classic Goldilacks scenario”。对于多巴胺水平最低的25%女性来说，在月经期多巴胺水平的增加会增强她们的认识能力，而对于多巴胺水平最高的25%女性来说，月经期多巴胺水平的增加可能会使她们的多巴胺水平超过一个上限，从而减弱她们的认识能力。而剩下的50%女性都处在这两类女性水平之间，不在研究的范围内。 这项研究有着重大的意义。Jacob说，像咖啡因、利他林这种诱发多巴胺释放的药物对于特定时期的女性是无效，甚至是损害性的。而且，她还希望提醒科学家们注意，在研究脑部疾病时，男女大脑虽然天赋相同但是并不完全一样。 Jacob说，这之间有很大区别，只有我们能知道他们在正常状态下的区别，我们才能预测他们在疾病状态下的区别。 毁约——脑扫描揭示誓言什么时候会不被遵守 新郎说“我愿意”而又和别人有一腿的时候，他脑中发生了什么？朋友承诺还钱却一直不还，他的脑中又发生了什么？一项最新研究显示，毁约是一项很复杂的神经生物学事件。而且脑扫描可以在毁约发生前预测出谁将要毁约。 瑞士苏黎世大学的科学家运用核磁共振技术把大脑比喻成了一场投资游戏。投资者必须决定是否承诺与受托者分享利益。如果投资，会使得账户中的资金增加，但如果受托者选择不分享，结果也会是投资者受损失。几乎所有投资者都说会把钱给受托者，但最后并不会所有人都守约。 通过核磁共振的扫描，研究者可以在他们有机会毁约前预测出他们会不会毁约。毁约者脑部的一些区域的活动会更加活跃，包括分管在压抑诚实回应时自我控制的前额皮质层，和标志
英语翻译 Unit 1Book 3. 中国传统节日以中国的农历为依据。农历年的岁首称为春 节，俗称“过年”，有祈年等多种习俗，是中国人民最隆重的传统节日， 象征团结兴旺。其他主要的节日有元宵节、清明节、端午节、七夕节、 中秋节、重阳节、冬至节、腊八节等等。各个节日都有其来源讲究和风 俗习惯。农历节日与农历中的二十四节气不同。农历节日是中华民族凝 聚力和生命力的体现 Traditional Chinese festivals are usually fixed to the Lunar calendar. January 1st on the lu Seventh Festival, the Mid-Autumn Festival, the Double- Ninth Festival, the Winter Solstice, and the Eight Day of the Twelfth Lunar Month, etc. Ea Lunar calendar. They embody China's cohesion and vitality. Unit 3Book3. 中国古代四大艺术“琴棋书画” 的画特指国画。其绘画形式 是用毛笔蘸水、墨、颜料作画于绢、帛、宣纸之上，古代称之为水墨丹 青。为区别于西方的油画而称之为“中国画”，简称“国画”。其题材有人 物、山水、花鸟等。技法可分为工笔和写意。国画的艺术特质在于“笔 墨”，强调以形写神，画尽意在。国画在艺术创作上反映了中化民族的 审美意识和情趣。 The four art forms in ancient China are guqin, chess, penmanship, and painting. And paint painting.” In order to distinguish it from Western oil-paintings, the Chinese people term their works “traditional Chinese painting” ( hand brushwork. The artistic characteristics lie in “the writing brush and ink.” Chinese pai 5. 中国石窟 中国石窟组要反映的是佛教文化艺术。敦煌莫高窟、大同云冈石窟、洛 阳龙门石窟、天水麦积山石窟，号称中国四大石窟艺术景观。佛教石窟 随山雕凿、彩绘，形象生动自然，将崇尚美与世俗情融为一体，把天然 造化与人工创造有机结合，是由建筑、绘画、雕塑等组成的博大精深、 绚丽夺目的综合艺术殿堂。其艺术成就为世界瞩目，已成为重要的世界 文化遗产。 Chinese Grottoes Chinese grottoes mainly reflect the art of Buddhist culture. In China， there are four major art landscape of grottoes:the Mogao Grottoes at Dunhuang, the Yungang Grottoes at Datong, the Longmen Grottoes at Luoyang, and the Maijishan Grottoes at Tianshui. Carved and painted on mountains, the Buddhist grottoes mingle both sublimity and secular feelings together, presenting us a vivid and natural appearance. They embody the systematic combination of both the exceptional artistry of great nature and the extremely fine craftsmanship of mankind. The Chinese Buddhist Grottoes are regarded
翻译学必读 1语文和诠释学派 二十世纪之前的翻译理论被纽马克（1981）称为翻译研究的‘前语言学时期’，人们围绕‘word-for-word’和‘sense-for-sense’展开激烈的讨论，核心是‘忠实’，‘神似’和‘真理’。典型的代表有John Dryden, Tytler等，而Barnard, Steiner等人则是在他们的基础上进一步发展。 2语言学派 Jacobson(1959)提出意义对等的问题，随后的二十多当年，学界围绕这个问题进行了研究。奈达（1969）采取了转换语法模式，运用“科学（奈达语）”的方法来分析他翻译《圣经》过程中的意义处理问题。奈达提出的形式对等说、动态对等说和等效原则都是将注意力集中在受众一方。纽马克信奉的是语义翻译和交际翻译，即重视翻译中的语义和交际方面。 3话语分析Discourse Analysis（critical discourse analysis批评话语分析functional discourse analysis功能语篇分析Discourse analysis theory话语分析理论 Discourse Analysis for Interpreters翻译专业演说分析 Pragmatics & Discourse Analysis语用学positive discourse analysis积极话语分析 rhetorical or discourse analysis语篇分析Pragmatics and Discourse Analysis语用学Mediated discourse analysis中介话语分析 二十世纪七十年代到九十年代，作为应用语言学领域的一个分支，话语分析经历了产生和发展壮大的过程，其理论背景来自M.K.Halliday（韩礼德）的系统功能语法。今天，话语分析的方法已经逐步运用到翻译研究中。House(1997)提出的翻译质量模型就是基于韩礼德的理论，他吸收了其中的语域分析方法；Baker(1992) 则为培养译员提供了话语分析和语用分析的范本；Hatim 和Mason(1997)将语域研究拓展到语用和符号学角度 4目的学派 目的学派于二十世纪七、八十年代在德国兴起，是从静态的语言学、语言类型学中剥离出来的。其中的代表人物有，Reiss，Vermmer，Nord 等。Reiss（1971，1988，2000）强调的是文本层面的对等，主张文本的类型和翻译策略结合起来；Holz-Manttari（1984）则认为在翻译过程是一个交际、互动的过程，涉及各种各样的角色。Vermmer（2000）继承并发展了Reiss的观点。 5文化学派the Culture School Even-Zohar 在二十世纪七十年代提出将文学翻译视为文化的，文学的和历史的过程或系统。翻译研究的“文化转向”指的是更加注重从文化研究的角度进行翻译研究。其中，Lefevere （1992）逐渐从系统理论转向文化学研究，将翻译看作‘重写’的过程，审视围绕着翻译文本的意识形态冲突等课题。Simon(1996) 和一些女权主义者则重点研究文化学研究中的女性意识。后殖民主义文化学方向的代表人物是Bassnett和Trivedi (1999)，他们认为，无论在殖民化的过程中还是在被殖民的社会，翻译都十分活跃。文化学派的研究有着各自的研究任务和各自的侧重点，丰富了翻译研究的内容。 6解构学派 本雅明本人不属于解构学派，但他的著作《译者的任务》通常被看作解构学派对翻译研究的缘起和根据。本雅明率先指出，翻译不可能与原作相等，因为翻译过程已经改变了原作，况且，没有蜕变，也就不会产生‘后起的生命’。本雅明认为，译者的任务不是在目标语中复制原文，而是颠覆原语的体系，把潜藏于原文的精神内容表达出来。德里达则更进一步，在他的著作《巴别通天塔》中，翻译被看作一个不断解构和建构的过程。学界认为德里达将翻
翻译的创造性 翻译因为通常被定义为把一种语言的意思用另一种语言表达出来，所以一般人总容易将翻译看成是一种语言上的机械对应活动，根本谈不上有什么创意。但是近些年来，这种看法开始受到系统而有力的挑战。这对于翻译工作者来说是一种鼓舞，因为这犹如打开了一扇长期关闭着的窗户，使翻译者一下子获得了一种前所未有的视野，由此对自己从事的工作性质的认识产生了一种新的飞跃。当代翻译研究已经证明，翻译不仅是一个很崇高的职业，而且还是一个充满巨大创造性的职业。 在由Ann Beylard-Ozerfoff等大主编的题为《翻译者的策略与创造性》一书中，就有专门文章来讨论翻译与创造性的问题。在谈论翻译的创造性之前，我们必须要清楚地界定什么是创造性。该书中有关文章对创造性行为的认定可以概括成以下几个方面: 1.创造性指一个人产生新的或原创思想、艺术创造的能力O。一个创造性的构想一般定义为这样一种构想，它是"有新意的，而且在某种程度上对于其所出现于其中的情景有用或合适"。 2.创造性还可以有另外一种定义，它指把原先存在的一些构想以新奇的方式加以组合。 3.一种学科的规则与约束，不仅不与创造性对立，而且还使创造性成为可能。每一件音乐作品的创作都不能超出音符系统的范畴。一个文学作品，即使它是标新立异之作，也总是要符合它所成文语言的语法规则。但须在掌握了某一学科规则之后，方有可能来打破这种规则，这又是一种体现，创意的方式。 4.创造性行为还可以界定为一种解决问题能力的形式。 5.翻译的过程是将源语转变成为目的语的过程。这一转换过程导致一个新的文本的产生，这个新文本在内容上虽与原作相同，但却是一个崭新的作品。从这一点上说，这就是一件创造性的作品。它是在词、句、语义三个层面上重构信息的结果。语言结构重组的程度越高，这个转换过程的创意便越大。
圭亚那盆地地层时代中英文对照 Cainozoic 新生界 Tertiary 第三纪 Pleistocene 第三纪更新世 Miocene 第三纪中新世 Lower Miocene 第三纪下中新世 Oligocene 第三纪渐新世 Eocene 第三纪始新世 Middle Eocene第三纪中始新世 Lower Eocene第三纪下始新世 Paleocene 第三纪古新世、古近系 Cretaceous 白垩纪 Senonian 森诺阶 Campanian 坎帕阶 Santonian 桑托阶 Coniacian 科尼亚克阶（晚白垩纪第三期）Turonian 白垩纪土仑阶（晚白垩纪第二期）Cenomanian 森诺曼阶 Albian 阿尔比阶 Aptian 阿普第阶 Barremian 巴列姆阶 Precambrian 前寒武纪地层
Cainozoic 新生界 Quaternary 第四系Quaternary period 第四纪Paleocene 第三纪古新世、古近系 Mesozoic中生界 Cretaceous 白垩系 Jurassic 侏罗系 Triassic 三叠系 LateTriassicepoch 晚三叠世 Paleozoic 古生界 Permian 二叠系 LatePermianepoch Early Permian 早二叠世 Carboniferous 石炭系石炭纪 Late Carboniferous Devonian 泥盆系泥盆纪upperDevonionseries 上泥盆统 siluric 志留系Silurian 志留纪 Ordovician 奥陶系奥陶纪 Cambrian 寒武系寒武纪 Proterozoic era 元古代
第12页 0903060136 梁潇 0903060137 黄浩 0901014108 黄瑞尧 5.3性能分析 通信开销：在和平时期，验证和密钥协商协议的要求只有三路之间的网状路由器和网络用户和双向沟通网络用户之间。这是最低的通信回合要实现相互认证，因此，和平招致降低认证延迟。此外，通过设计，和平带来最低的额外因为它们可能对网络用户的通信开销如掌上电脑和智能手机进行的移动客户端比其他笔记本电脑访问无线网状网。这些移动客户端要少得多强大相比，网状路由器考虑到他们的沟通能力。在消息（M.1），（M.1），（M.2），网络用户只需要发送一组签名履行认证功能。作为我们立足本集团上签字的变化计划[8]中提出，签名的包括两个G的元素五个元素的Z带够。当使用[19]中描述的曲线，可以首要采取p到170位并使用G组1，其中每个元素是171位。因此，总群签名的长度为1192位或149字节。有了这些参数，安全性是大致相同作为一个标准的1024位RSA签名，这是128个字节[8]。也就是说，群签名的长度几乎是作为一个标准的RSA-1024的签名相同。 计算开销：在和平，最昂贵的计算操作的签名生成和验证。签名生成需要两个同构的应用中。同构计算，需要大约同时，作为一个在G1幂（使用快速计算的轨迹图）[8]。因此，签名生成需要约八幂（或multiexponentiations）和两个双线性映射计算。验证签名需要六个幂和3+2|网址|双线性映射计算。按照设计，和平采用会话认证的不对称对称的混合方法，降低计算成本。网络实体（Mesh 路由器和网络用户）执行昂贵的组签名操作相互验证，只有当建立一个新的会话，所有同一会话的后续数据交换是通过高效的基于MAC的方法进行验证。 更具体地说，和平需要进行相互认证，为建立一个新的会话时，执行一个签名生成和签名验证的网络用户。由此可以看出，签名验证的实际成本计算取决于一致资源定址器的大小，而签名的发电成本是固定的。和平可以主动控制的一致资源定址器的大小。此外，可以采取一种更为有效的吊销检查算法，其运行的时间是一致资源定址器的独立[8]中描述了对用户的隐私有点牺牲。这种技术可以进一步带来的总成本六幂和5个双线性映射计算的签名验证。另一方面，和平需要一个网状路由器进行相互认证其覆盖范围内的每个网络用户每每灯塔消息不同的会议和标志定期播出。 存储开销：在和平中，网络用户可以携带资源约束的普及设备，如掌上电脑和智能手机访问的无线网状网。因此，存储每个网络用户的开销应该是负担得起的现代普及设备。在我们的计划显示说明，在和平中的每个网络用户需要存储两个信息：他的小组的私钥及相关系统参数。该组的私钥为每个用户包含1组元素的G1和2个Z元素。如果我们首要选择p到170位，并使用G组1每个组171位的元素，每个组私钥用户只需消耗511位的内存，这是微不足道的现代普及设备。大多数的内存消耗部分是系统参数，其中可能包括代码来形容双线性组（G
Era of Big Data is a woman's age; women in the gene can accumulate and deal with big data/ women are born to accumulate and deal with big data. Many men and children, in fact, have been wondering about this special ability of women. Like, as a child, just as soon as you entered the house your Mother said immediately in a suspicious tone: “Liu zhijun, you didn’t do well in the exam today, did you.” Another example, you just have a glance at the mobile phone, your wife laughs: “Does Er gou the next door ask you to play games?” One more ex ample, when you close the door and make a phone call, your girlfriend will cry: “Who are shot in bed?” They are sometimes right, sometimes wrong. However, On the whole, the accuracy rate is higher than chance level. When they are wrong, men would sneer women always give way to foolish fancies; when they are right, men would say women are sensitive animal maybe with more acute sensory organs. Anyway, that is a guess. It has already scared man that overall accuracy rate is higher than the random level. In order to adapt to this point, the male also developed a very strong skills against reconnaissance. This part is beyond the scope of this article, so no more details about it. Some studies, such as Hanna Holmes’s paper, have indi cated that the white matter of the female’s brain is higher than that of the male. So they have very strong imagination of connecting things together. Some recent studies have shown that women are better than men in the "date" memory. That is the reason why they are able to remember all the birthdays, anniversaries, and even some of the great day of unimportant friends. No matter whether these results are true or not, I am afraid that this is not women's most outstanding ability. Women's most remarkable ability is a long-term tracking of some seemingly unimportant data to form their own baseline and pattern. Once the patterns of these data points are significantly different from the baseline she is familiar with, she knows something unusual. In their daily life, women do not consider the difference between causality and correlation. They believe in the principle: "There must be something wrong out of something unusual." People who talk about big data often take Lin Biao as an example. Lin Biao recorded some detailed and unimportant data after a battle. Such as seized guns, the proportion of rifles and pistols, the age levels of war prisoners, seized grain, whether they are sorghum or millet, etc., all of which were unavoidably recorded in the book. Others laughed at him. But later, he determined where the enemy headquarters were according to these data. What women do is almost the same. A girl A has a secret crush on boy B, but she usually doesn’t contact him directly. Two days later, I asked her if she wanted to ask him to have dinner together. She said he was playing. I wondered “how do you know that?” She said that boy B usually is on the line Gmail at 8:00 am, away status at8:30am, for he goes out to buy coffee and breakfast, on line again at 9:00am, busy status, for he is at work, away again at12:30am for lunch, on line for whole evenings, maybe for reading or playing games. His buddy C is on line at10:00 am, still online till 2:00am next day. He is a boy who gets up late and stays up late. His buddy D is on line for the most of the day. However, the most important pattern is that there are 2-3 days per week, during which they would be offline or away for 3-4 hours together. Conclusion: they are playing together.
论翻译的创造性 、翻译的创造性 翻译不是一门简单的技术，而是一门艺术。之所以说它是一门艺 术，和翻译本身具有创造性是密不可分的。 翻译的创造性，是指译者在翻译的过程中，在透彻理解原文 的基础上，通过发扌车其主观能动性，对原文进行的创造性阐释和 再现。旨在通过最恰当的表达方式, 来再现原作中的精神内涵与 意境风貌。德国思想家本雅明曾写道: “翻译与其说是出自原作 之生命，不如说是出自其生命的延续。”。“译者的任务，就是 在自己的语言中，把纯语言从另一种语言的魔咒中释放出来。 是通过自己的再创造，将囚禁在作品中的语言解放出来。 翻译具有创造性，但是这种创造性翻译并不是对原文进行随 意的更改和延伸。翻译的创造性要始终以原作为依据。因此翻译 中的创造也是一种有局限性的创造。正如英国诗人莱德顿所比喻 的那样，文学翻译是“带着镣铐的舞蹈。” 二、翻译的创造性在语言转换中的体现 （一）词义的延伸 译者在翻译的过程中，常常会发现，有些词语在词典中的意 思放到另一种语言中，原封不动地照搬翻译过来, 放到具体语境中，会出现意思不通的情况。这时候就要求对英语某些词语的语义进行适度的延伸。如以下的情况: 例1：A personnel deficit has existed for years.
人员短缺的情况已经存在多年了。 名词deficit 在词典上意思是“赤字”，“亏损”或“逆差”。但放在上面的句子中，显得很生硬，读起来很拗口。因此在原意的基础上，进行了引申，在句中译为“短缺”。 例2：The man was lured to north London house and secretly filmed in a compromising position with the woman. 这位男子被（一女人）引诱到北部伦敦的一所房子里。他与这个女子在一起有卿卿我我之嫌的情景被人偷偷地拍录下来。 英语中单词compromise 常常可以作“妥协”，“损害”讲，也可以表示“放弃”，“改变”，“修正”，“修改”的意思。 但是现代英语中频频出现如compromising position 一类的表达，使译者不得不费一点思量了。将其译成“妥协的地位”，或者“损害人的地位”显然是行不通的。这样的翻译即便不使人误解，也常语焉不详。其实compromising 在现代英语中做形容词用，常表示人“处于或暴露在某种瓜田李下或不名誉的境况之中。”据此，译者可以根据具体语境大胆进行词义引伸。 二）语义的引申 由于英汉两种语言属于不同的语系，有很多的不同，因此在翻译的过程中，会出现很多的冲突，需要译者绞尽脑汁。译文要做到准确流畅， 可读性强，就要译者进行不地根据上下文的语境，进行意思上的调整。具体如下：