Lesson One NEW WORDS
n.冻雨，雨夹雪
2. depend vi.依赖,取决于
3. hail n.雹
4. form vt.,vi.形成
5. low a.低的
6. temperature n.温度
7. molecule n.分子
8. cling vi.粘着9. droplet n.小水滴
10. dust n.灰尘
11. particle n.粒子,微粒
12. nucleus n.核,原子核
n.露水
n.晶体
n.冷凝,凝结
16. rapid a.快的
n.湿气,水分
18. freeze vi.结冰
n.雨点
ad.代替,替换
n.雪片
n.形状
23. flake n.薄片
a.六角形的
n.透镜
vt.,vi.打击击中,撞
n.雷雨
a.迅速的
n.气流,潮流
vt.,vi.抛,扔,颠簸
vt.取得,获得
n.冰雹
vi.粘住
n.理论
vt.说明,解释,阐明
PHRASES AND EXPRESSIONS
The more the more越…越…
So that 如此…以致…Take place 发生
As soon as 一…就…
High above 大大高于
Well below 远远低于
Take on 呈现
A bit of 一点
A mass of 一块
Start out 出发,着手进行
layer of 一层
TEXT
RAIN, SNOW, SLEET, AND HAIL
The forming of rain in a cloud depends upon temperature. The lower the temperature, the more the molecules of water vapor in the cloud cling together. Then they form droplets of water. Usually droplets form around dust or other particles in the air when the dew point is reached. If ice crystals are in the cloud, even more droplets may form.
In clouds, condensation may be so rapid that millions of droplets of water are formed. As these droplets collect more molecules and therefore become heavier, their weight makes them fall to the earth. If the temperature of the air is above freezing the drops will fall as rain.
When the air high above the earth is well below freezing, the moisture in the air does not form raindrops. Instead, it forms snow. Snowflakes take on many interesting shapes. They seem to be formed around a center. Snow is made up of millions of these flakes, each a bit of water vapor that in freezing temperatures was changed into a flake of snow.
Snowflakes are really crystals; they are water molecules grouped in a hexagonal pattern. It is interesting to study snowflake crystals under a hand lens.
Sometimes droplets of water start out as rain and change into another form on their way to the earth. The raindrops may start downward through a layer of warm air and then strike a mass of cold air, where each raindrop freezes. These frozen raindrops
fall to the earth as sleet; skeet us frozen rain.
Sometimes still another change may take place in drops of rain. During a thunderstorm, swift upward currents of air usually carry raindrops with them. As the air grows colder, these raindrops may form little balls of ice. In a mass of warm air, they may get a coating of moisture, which freezes as soon as they are tossed up again into a colder mass of air. Up and down they are carried, acquiring more and more layers of ice. This goes on until the balls of ice become heavy enough to fall to the earth as hailstones. If you cut a hailstone in two, you can see the layers of ice.
Some scientists think that hailstones are formed in a different way. A hailstone nucleus, a tiny droplet of water that is frozen, may form high in the atmosphere. As it falls through a cloud, it meets cold water droplets and snowflakes which stick to this nucleus. The hailstone may meet many of these droplets and snowflakes before it falls from the cloud to the earth. As the droplets of water stick to the hailstone, they add a clear layer of ice. As snowflakes stick to it, they form a cloudy layer. This theory explains why clear and cloudy layers are found inside the hailstone when it is cut open.
EXERCISES
the following sentences with nouns formed from the verbs given in brackets.
＿of rain depends on the ＿and the ＿of tiny droplets of water vapour in the cloud.(form/condense/combine)
the droplets are heavy enough to fall, ＿can take place.(precipitate)
＿and ＿of water can be observed in everyday life.(evaporate/condense)
＿of ice to water and water to water vapour by heating is a good ＿of the change of state of matter.(convert/illustrate)
100 equal ＿are made after the ＿by＿of the boiling point of water and the melting point of ice.(divide/determine/observe)
best ＿of what takes place is the ＿of good examples.(explain/provide)
7. A lake which is used for water＿is sometimes high enough for the ＿of ＿by gravity to transport the water along the pipes to the houses below.(store/exert/press)
science, the Centigrade thermometer is used for the ＿of temperature.(measure)
II. Answer the following questions based on information found in the text.
is rain formed
does the moisture in the air from snow
is snow made up of
is the difference between rain and sleet
are clear and cloudy layers found inside a hailstone when it is cut open
III. Give the English equivalents of the following expressions.
1.取决于温度
2.使雨点落到地面
3.呈不同形状
4.冷到足以形成小冰珠
5.切成两半
the different uses of the word “form” in the following sentences:
forming of rain is discussed in the text.
molecules of water vapor form droplets.
ice crystals are in the cloud, even more droplets may form.
droplets of water start out as rain and change into another form on their way to the earth.
scientists think that hailstones are formed in a different way.
molecules if water vapor come together, forming droplets of water.
V. Replace each dash ＿with the proper form of the verb “freeze”.
the air is well below＿,the moisture in the air forms snow.
＿temperatures water vapor will be changed into snowflakes.
a mass of cold air each raindrop＿.
is ＿rain.
hailstone nucleus is a tiny droplet of water which is ＿.
VI. Translate the following sentences into English.
1.水滴开始在空气中形成时的温度叫露点.
2.空气越热,它能容纳的水分越多.
3.雾是靠近地面的云.
4.地球表面夜晚通常要比白天冷.
5.当含有水分的空气接触到寒冷的地面时,水汽开始从空气中跑出来并以水滴的形式聚集在它所接触到的任何东西上面.
6.没有雨,就不能有植物,没有植物,也就没有动物.
XII. Translate the following passage into Chinese.
In some regions, particularly the dry ones ,there is water vapor in the air, but the conditions may seldom be right for this vapor to condense and fall as rain or snow. Rain, snow, hail, dew, and are known as precipitation. Even where rainfall is usually moderate, there is at times a lack of rain. A drought may lead to serious water shortages, as it did in New York City in 1949 and 1950 and again in 1963 to 1966.
In the summer of 1949, New York City’s reservoirs were down to one third of what they normally held. Several billion gallons of water were being used each day. So serious was the water shortage that people were asked to have one bathless, shaveless, and washless day a week. Cars went unwashed, lawns and parks unsprinkled. Even a glass of water was not served
in restaurants unless asked for. Lesson Two
NEW WORDS
n.矿物
n.性质,特性
a.裸露的
n.详情
vt.暴露
vt.放大
n.放大率
vt.,vi.悬挂,吊
ad.特别,格外
vt.区别,辨认,把…区别分类
vt.规定,下定义
a.唯一的,独特的
n.颗粒
n.石英
n.质量
a.复杂的,复合的
n.混合物
vi.变化,不同
a.精确的
n.柘榴石
n.构成组成
n.多种,异种种类
n.范围,领域
n.比例
ad.因此
a.无限的, 广大的
vt.使为难,使手足无措
n.排列
vt.分类
vt. (out)分类,划分
a.较重要的,主要的
n.分类,划分
vt. (into)划分,把…分成
为…
a.火成的
a.沉淀的,沉积的
a.变形的,变质的
n.领域王国,界
a.特殊的,有特色的
n.记号
a.值得注意的,显著的
a.精确的
n.一打,若干,许许多多
n.简单化,单一化
a.稀少的,少见的
a.不平常的,少见的
n.亚种
vt.承认,认出
n.世故的人
vt.苦心搜集,选集
n.解释
a.职业的,本职的
n.岩石学家
n.矿物学
PHRASES AND EXPRESSIONS
For example例如
Because of 由于,因为Regardless of不管,不顾
(to) be faced with …面对着…,面临(to)make order 整理
despite of 不管,任凭
even if 即使
either…or…或…或…
on the one hand…on the other
hand…一方面…另一方面…
TEXT
ROCKS ARE MADE UP OF MINERALS
Most of a rock’s properties are easily seen with the naked eye, though the details are better revealed with a low-power magnifying glass (magnification of 5 × to 10×) —the hand lens that field geologists usually have hanging around their necks. From the characteristics show, particularly the physical and chemical properties we can distinguish several thousand minerals, each defined by its unique set of properties. Thus all grains or crystals of quartz have just about the same qualities, regardless of the kind of rock in which they are found. Some minerals, particularly those that have a more complex mixture of atoms,
vary slightly in their properties, depending on their precise composition. A mineral like garnet, for example, has a number of varieties, each with its own range of composition, such as the proportions of iron and other elements, and hence, properties. Rocks are not as uniquely defined by their properties as minerals are. Because of the immense number of ways in which the thousands of minerals can be combined, the geologist is faced with a bewildering array of rock types. The only way for us to make order out of this array is to classify like with like and to sort out by general type. The major division of rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic is just such an aid. Within each major division there are many groups and types. Using characteristic properties, we can divide the rock kingdom into several hundred general types, each with its own more or less distinctive earmarks.
Despite all of these numbers, it is remarkable how much can be done even if only a small number of the most common minerals and rocks are known. In most parts of the world a field geologist can make an accurate geologic map by knowing only a few dozen major minerals and even fewer common rock types. This simplification is possible because most of the thousands of known minerals are either rare or unusual on the one hand or subspecies or varieties on the other. Thus the geologist who can recognize garnet will do well, even though a mineral sophisticate who can distinguish the many varieties of garnet by their slightly different chemical compositions might do better. Naturally, the more we can distinguish, the more the information gleaned, and the greater the power of our theories of explanation. Than is why professional petrologists have to know a great deal about mineralogy.
EXERCISES
the words in Column A with their definitions in Column B, placing the appropriate letters in the blanks: Column A Column B
＿1. Reveal a. Change
＿2. Quality b. Put into groups
＿3. Regardless of c. Distinguish
＿4. Vary d. Unusual
＿on e. gather
＿6. Classify f. Property
＿7. Precise g. Show
＿8. Rare h. According to
＿9. Recognize i. Negligent
＿10. Glean j. Accurate
the following questions in English.
can we distinguish different kinds of minerals
is the geologist faced with a bewildering array of rock types
are the three major divisions of rocks
many types can the rock kingdom be divided into
can a field geologist make an accurate geologic map by knowing only a few dozen major minerals and even fewer common rock types
do professional petrologists have to know a great deal about mineralogy
the English equivalents of the following expressions.
1.用肉眼可以看到
2.面临一些问题
3.具有相同的特性
4.把相似的东西归为一类
5.几十种主要矿物
6.差别微小的化学组成
IV. Give nouns corresponding to the following adjectives or verbs.
V. Fill the blanks with appropriate prepositions.
If the nature ＿rocks can give us a clue ＿many ＿the tings we want to know ＿the earth, how do we go about it We need an interpretive key. First ＿all we want to find out just what the minerals are made up ＿and how the rock is put together from its constituent minerals. ＿its composition we should be able to say something ＿where the parent material came ＿and what it was like. ＿the composition and the texture ＿the rock we should also be able to tell something of the pressures and temperatures ＿which the rock was formed ＿comparing them ＿the artificial rocks and mineral made ＿experimental petrologists ＿the laboratory.
VI. Translate the following sentences into English.
1.有些岩石很硬,有些轻轻一敲便成碎片.
2.不能用化学或物理方法容易地分离开来的矿物称为造岩矿物.
3.岩石的矿物组成千差万别,这种差别是岩石分类的基础.
4.石英结晶时,如果有足够的空间,会形成美丽的六角形晶体.
5.大部分沉积岩是在海水下面形成的.
6.矿物有几千种,每种有它自己的组成.
the following passage into Chinese.
Rocks and the minerals that make them up are the tangible record of geologic processes. The varied minerals of the earth are
understood in terms of their architecture — the way in which their atoms are arranged to make crystal structures. The kinds of atoms and their type of chemical bonding determine not only the crystal structures but the chemical and physical properties of minerals, all of which are used for their identification. Rocks are divided into the three major groups, igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary on the basis of origin. They are further subdivided within each group according to mineral composition and texture, which provide the data that allow us to interpret details of their origin.
Lesson Three
NEW WORDS
n.火山活动
n.地壳
vi.破碎,断裂
a.熔化的
vi.延伸,延展
n.,a.内部的
n.火山
n.行为,举止,情况
n.火山学
10. crystallization n.结晶(作用)
11. fluid n.流体,液体
vi.,vt.逃走,漏出,逸出,避
免
13. crack n.裂隙
n.火山学家
15. refer vt.,vi将…归入,
认为…属于,提到
a.,n.喷出的
17. toothpaste n.牙膏
18. extrude vt.挤出,使喷出
19. eruption n.喷发,爆发
20. occur vi.发生,出现
21. magma n.岩浆
22. dissolve vt.,vi.溶解
23. fissure n.裂缝
24. atmospheric a.大气
25. explosively ad.爆炸
(爆发)性的
26. chill vt.使冷却
27. atmosphere n.大气
28. froth vt.,vi.,n.(使)起
泡沫,泡沫
29. burst vt.,vi.破裂,爆发,
喷出
30. bubble n.泡,泡沫
31. vent n.喷口
32. cone n.圆锥形(物)
vi.燃烧,放光
34. column n.圆柱
PHRASES AND EXPRESSIONS
(to) be charged with …充满着less and less 越来越少at all 完全,根本(常用在否定句中)
in much the same way以大体相同的方式
TEXT
VOLCANISM
When the earth’s crust fractures, molten matter may flow from the break if it extends deep enough into the interior of the earth. A volcano may form. Earth scientists have studied the behavior and composition of molten rock materials and the forms that are produced . This branch of earth science is called volcanology.
Some igneous rocks are formed by crystallization of fluid matter that has escaped through deep cracks in the eart h’s crust. Volcanologists refer to these rocks as extrusive rocks, or extrusives. If a tube of toothpaste has a crack in it and you press on the tube, some of the paste is pushed out. That is, the paste has been extruded. Volcanic eruptions occur in much the same way. The magma within the earth may be heavily charged with gases and steam. These are under such great pressure that they are dissolved in the magma. If a fissure develops in a region where the magma is heavily charged with steam and other
dissolved gases, the fluid magma rises through the fissure. As it rises, the pressure on it becomes less and less. The gases and steam expand, producing a force that helps to move the molten materials to the surface of the earth.
When they reach the surface of the earth, the only pressure against them is atmospheric pressure—pounds per square inch. The steam and gases now expand suddenly and explosively , producing additional great force. The molten materials, laden with rapidly expanding gas and steam, may be thrown high into the air in a wild and noisy eruption.
In this kind of an eruption, the molten materials are quickly chilled by the much cooler atmosphere. They fall back to the earth as solid fragments of extrusive igneous rocks. During an explosive eruption the molten fluids may be so heavily charged with gas and steam that they froth. Bursting of the bubbles in the molten froth produces billions of tiny fragments of mineral matter, which were once part of the bubble walls. These tiny fragments may be carried upward into the atmosphere by the explosive force of the eruption. These they form great clouds of volcanic dust. Slightly larger fragments of the froth may fall back around the vent, or opening, in the crust to make a cone-shaped pile of volcanic ash.
The light produced during volcanic activity is the result of the glowing of gases and molten fluids. The “smoke” of a volcano is not smoke at all, but the column of volcanic dust, steam, and other gases that are given off from the molten fluid. EXERCISES
I. Explain the meaning of these words in English.
2. Fracture
3. crust
4. Interior
6. magma
8. Atmosphere
II. Give the word with opposite meaning to .
5. rise
III. Give the English equivalent of the following expressions .
1.从裂口流出来
2.深及地球内部
3.通过裂缝逸出
4.以同样的方式进行
5.充满了溶解的气体
6.每平方英寸
7抛入高空
8.落回地面
9．在爆发期间
10.稍大一些的碎片
IV. Answer the following questions in English . does a volcano form
does volcanology deal with
happens when you press on a tube of toothpaste with a crack in it
happens when a fissure develops in a region where the magma within the earth is heavily charged with gases and steam makes molten fluids froth
do we say that the “ smoke “ of a volcano is not smoke at all
V. Fill the blanks with appropriate prepositions
Men have come to know a great deal ＿the surface ＿the earth ＿direct or fairly direct observation .They have explored it ,surveyed it and mapped it ＿the air ;they have analysed its rocks . One could not apply such methods ＿the study ＿the earth’s interior . The deepest mines penetrate less than two miles ; the deepest boreholoes do not go down such farther. These are the merest pinpricks ＿a planet the size ＿the earth , ＿an average radius ＿3,960 miles .
Indirect means must be used , therefore , to infer the internal structure＿the earth . The geophysicist , or earth scientist , gathers his evidence ＿various source . He analyzes data bearing＿earthquakes and the rotation ＿the earth . He measures the tides ; he considers variations ＿the earth. He measures the tides; he considers variations ＿gravity at various parts ＿the earth’s surface. He also tries to reproduce ＿his laboratory the conditions that he believes to exist ＿the interior ＿our planet.
the following sentences with nouns formed from the verbs given in brackets.
around you seems to be in ＿.(move)
＿in the density of air masses is partly a result of their ＿.(differ/compose)
heat energy in the magma flows by ＿to the cooler crust .(conduct)
hot ＿rises and spreads out across the surface.(mix)
in the earth are produced by forces of ＿, or the pushing together of the crust.(compress)
matter is extruded because it is under ＿.(press)
VII. Translate the following sentences into English.
1.岩浆是矿物质，气体和水在高压和高温下的混合物。
2.如果地壳裂开，熔融体能从地球内部逸出到达地表。
3.爆裂喷发形式的火山具有特殊的形状。
4.自火山口抛出的松散碎屑落回来形成陡边的火山锥。
5.火山学家把这种物质叫做岩浆。
6.这些气体受到的压力是如此之大以致都被溶解到岩浆中去了。
7.温度之高足以使地球内的物质处于一种流体状态。
the following passage into Chinese.
We have no precise evidence bearing on the earth’s internal temperature. The temperature at the bottom of the crust is probably about 500—1,000℃; it rises steadily with increasing depth. The face that the earth’s mantle is not molten sets an upper limit to the possible temperature at its bottom. Estimates range from 2,000℃to around 6,000℃. The temperature at the center of the earth is likely to be less than 1,000℃greater than these figures.
There is a small but steady outflow of heat from the earth. By far the grater part of this heat comes from radioactive material in rocks neat the surface. In continental regions the radioactivity is mainly in granitic rocks in the crust. Such rocks are absent in most oceanic regions. It was assumed, therefore, until recently that the heat flow through the ocean floors would be much less than that from the continents. Later measurements, however, seem to indicate that the heat outflow from the earth is fairly uniform over the entire surface. Fluctuations do not exceed 20 per cent; the causes are complex.
Lesson Four
NEW WORDS
n.矿床,沉积
n.地球,天体
ad.容易地
a.有用的,可利用的,有开采价值的
vt.分配,分布
n.一部分
n.总数,量
a.平均的,普通的
n.丰富
vt.使均匀
n.分开,凝离
vt.分开,凝离
n发生,出现,(矿物的)埋
藏
n.矿物
n.硫化物
a.主要的
n.氧化物
n.硅酸盐
n.铝
n.镁
ad.想象上,想得到的
22. platinum n.白金,铂
23. mercury n.汞,水银
a.巨大的,庞大的
ad.充分的,足够的
a.值得做的,有价值的
a.价值大的，有价值的
n.比率,比例
n.铜
vt.集中集合
vt.使有关系
n.亲缘关系,亲和力
vi.增加
vi.减少
n.可溶性,溶解度
n.分解,溶解,溶液
a.热水的,热水作用的
n.迈阿密(美国佛罗里达
州一城市,是著名的休养
地)
PHRASES AND EXPRESSIONS In terms of …在…方面In addition 此外(to) be used as …用作
TEXT
WHAT IS A MINERAL DEPOSIT
The chemical elements of the earth’s crust — the portion of the globe that is readily available to us for mining — are widely distributed in many different kinds of minerals, and those minerals are found in a great veriety of rocks. In most places, a particular element will be found in amounts that tend to be close to its average abundance in the crust —that is ,it is homogenized with other elements. Segregation occurs in a smaller number of geologic situations. The occurrences of
elements in much higher abundance—those in which some geologic process has operated to segregate much higher quantities of the element than normal— are the ones that interest us, because the richer the deposit, the cheaper it is to recover the resource, both in terms of energy and in terms of money. Rich deposits of metals are ores; the minerals containing these metals are ore minerals. Ore minerals include sulfides (the dominant group), oxides, and silicates. In addition, some metals, such as gold, are found in their native state — that is ,uncombined with other elements.
Elements such as aluminum, iron, and magnesium, are so abundant that any average crustal rock could conceivably be used as a raw material, though not necessarily economically. In contrast are the elements of low abundance, such as gold, platinum, and mercury, which are present in such small amounts in the average rock that enormous quantities of rock would have to be refined to recover even small amounts. Mineral deposits of economic value are those in which an element occurs in much higher abundance than the average crustal rock, sufficiently high to make it economically worthwhile to mine. Many of the most valuable mineral deposits are metal-ore deposits.
The concentration factor — that is, the ratio of the abundance of an element in a mineral deposit to its average abundance—is highly variable and depends on the particular element and its average crustal abundance. Iron, one of the common elements of the crust, has an average abundance of ℅. A good iron ore contains 50℅iron; thus, its concentration factor is about 10. A less abundant metal, such as copper, which has a crustal abundance of ℅, is concentrated by factors from 60 to 100 in its economic ores. Even more spectacular are the rarer elements, such as mercury or gold, which have concentration factors in the thousands. The crustal abundances of the elements are related to their atomic number and chemical affinities in a complex way. But the concentration factors though generally increasing with decreasing crustal abundance, depend largely on the ways in which the metals are held in crystal structures, and their solubilities in various geologic solutions, such as groundwaters, hydrothermal solutions, or sea water.
EXERCISES
the meaning of the following phrases in English.
earth’s crust available great variety of of high abundance
terms of
minerals
state
crustal rock
worthwhile
10. concentration factor
the thousands
affinity
II. Give abstract nouns corresponding to the following verbs and adjectives.
1. available
2. Distribute
3. Different
4. Particular
5. high
6. Segregate
7. Occur
8. Geologic
9. operate 10. Refine 11. Sufficient 12. Recover 13. include 14. Dominant 15. Abundant 16. Present
III. Answer the following questions in English.
are the chemical elements of the earth’s crust distributed
are we interested in elements of higher abundance
kind of metal is gold
is meant by the term “segregation”
do we refer mercury as an element of low abundance
mineral deposits are of economic value
metal is more abundant, iron or copper
what do the concentration factors depend
IV. Fill the blanks with appropriate prepositions.
The analysis ＿crystal formations helps to identify minerals; but certain other physical properties may be even more useful ＿this purpose. ＿these properties are hardness, color, streak, luster, density, cleavage, parting, fracture and tenacity.
The hardness ＿a mineral often gives a clue ＿its identity. Hardness depends ＿the spacing ＿the different atomic layers or planes in the crystal. Differences in spacing result ＿differences ＿hardness, even in a single mineral specimen. ＿example, calcite can be easily scratched＿the fingernail ＿one direction ＿the base ＿ a crystal; but it cannot be scratched when one runs a fingernail along the face ＿which it usually breaks (the cleavage face).
V. Fill the blanks with appropriate words or phrases given below.
Another such as until the way known provides that who
The behavior of minerals ＿the internal forces they possess and ＿minerals react to external forces or forms of energy ＿often ＿ a clue to their identity. Among the internal energies ＿distinguish one mineral from ＿are magnetism and radioactivity. Certain minerals, ＿the iron compounds magnetite and pyrrhotite, are magnetic. This property was ＿to the ancients; the magnetic qualities of magnetite ,or loadstone, were mentioned by the Greek philosopher Thales, ＿flourished in the seventh and sixth centuries . The property of radioactivity, associated with uranium, thorium and radium minerals, was not recognized ＿the closing years of the nineteenth century.
V. Translate the following sentences into English.
1.颜色有时能帮助辨别不同的矿物.
2.富集因数是指一个矿床中某一元素的丰度与这一元素平均丰度的比率.
3.富集因数随着地壳丰度的降低而增加.
4.矿物样品中的杂质往往决定矿物的独特色采.
5.矿物的纹理一颜色和硬度都有关系.
6.现在已经知道的矿物大约有1500种.
7.根据组成矿物的元素或化合物,矿物可以分成8种.
8.铁是最丰富和分布最广的矿物之一.
VI. Translate the following passage into Chinese.
When the average person thinks of minerals, he has a rather vague idea that they have something to do with rocks. He recalls, too, that the word
“mineral” is used to describe something that is not alive. Actually, minerals are the building blocks of the very foundations of the earth as well as of its crust, for they are the substances of which the rocks consist.
We can define a mineral as a naturally occurring inorganic(nonliving) chemical compound or element. By “naturally occurring” we mean that , to be classed as a mineral, a substance must be found in the soil, rocks or waters of the earth and that it cannot be something in the formation of which man had a hand. Likewise, wince a mineral is an inorganic substance, living things and their immediate organic products (such as the honey of bees or the sugar that is derived from sugar cane) can not be minerals.
There are some exceptions, however. In certain cases, the remains of formerly living things may undergo radical changes and in the course of time may be converted into minerals. A considerable amount of the mineral graphite, a soft form of carbon found in rocks, probably was derived from the carbon in the tissues of long-dead organisms buried in muds that later became rock. Certain organisms form calcium, sulfur or iron compounds, which may be left as mineral deposits.
Lesson Five
NEW WORDS
n.土壤
n.袋
n.生长
n.农作物,庄稼vt.保护
vt.处理管理经营n.物品
a.依赖…的n.肉类
n.蔬菜n.水果
n.谷物,谷类
n.牛奶
n.面包
n.奶油
a.羊毛的
n.棉花
n.皮革
n.羊群
n.牲畜
n.羊毛
vt.喂养,供给
n.表土
vi.挨饿
a.幸运的
n.海味
n.财富
n.夸特
vt.耕种n.犁
n.后院
vt.搅拌
n.匙,调羹
n.淤泥
vt.,vi (使)漂浮
a.有机(物)的
n.腐殖土
n.剩余物,残骸
n.肥泥
n.风化
PHRASES AND EXPRESSIONS
At least 至少On the bottom of 在…底部As a rusult of …因…结果,由于(to) feed on 靠吃…过日子,用…喂养TEXT
SOIL
Wherever there is a pocket of soil in the sunlight , some plant is likely to grow; but a rich growth of farm crops requires deep soil with the right kind and amount of minerals in it and the right amount of moisture. Under these conditions, animal life can be abundant and varied, for animals cannot exist without the plants that grow in soil. Soil is truly a resource that must be guarded well and managed wisely.
Try to list some of the everyday articles you need that make you dependent upon soil. You may think first of food — meat, vegetables, fruit, cereal, milk, bread, and butter.
Where do we get woolen and cotton clothes and leather shoes Cotton comes from the cotton plant. Sheep and cattle, from which come wool for clothes and leather for shoes, feed on grass that is grown in the soil. At least part of your home is built of wood that comes from trees. You certainly could not live without the things that depend on soil for life.
Most of these things that you need for life grow in certain kinds of soil. They depend on the topsoil— the layer of soil on top of the ground.
If all topsoil should disappear from the land, millions of people would be sure to starve. Only those fortunate ones who could get seafood could live. Topsoil is important to the wealth of a nation.
The best way to find out about topsoil is to examine it. Fill a quart jar one quarter full of soil from the surface of a plowed field or from your own backyard. Then add enough water to fill the jar. Stir the soil and water for about two minutes with a long spoon, and then let the jar stand for twenty minutes. What do you notice about the soil
On the bottom of the jar you will see coarse particles of sand and perhaps gravel. Next will be a layer of vary fine particles. These particles are called silt. On top of the silt, making the water cloudy, are clay particles even finer than silt. Floating on the surface and suspended in the water will be particles of dark-colored organic matter called humus. Organic matter consists of remains of dead plants and animals.
Topsoil that is made up of a mixture of sand, silt, clay, and humus is called loam. Of course, loam is not the same everywhere. Have you ever seen loam of different colors in different places A light brown loam has more sand in it, a gray-brown loam has more clay, a red loam may be colored by iron oxide, while a brownish-black or black loam has more humus. The sand, silt, and clay are particles that came from the earth’s rocks as a result of weathering.
EXERCISES
antonyms of the following words.
Rich least under certainly truly disappear
First best organic enough different bottom Coarse more
the meaning of the following phrases in English.
rich growth and varied articles on grass
to starve
out about
plowed field
of
mixture
result of weathering
the following questions in English.
does a rich growth of farm crops require
cannot animals exist without soil
do we get woolen and cotton clothes and leather shoes
do sheep and cattle feed on
is topsoil
would happen id all topsoil should disappear from the land
is the best way to find out about topsoil
is silt
does organic matter consist of
is called loam
the following sentences into English.
1.农作物需要合适的气候以及肥沃的土壤。
2.腐蚀质来源于腐烂的植物和动物。
3.土壤的颗粒越细，颗粒之间的空间就越小。
4.砂质壤土中的空间比粘质壤土中的空间大。
5.当雨落在粘土上时，雨水非常缓慢的穿过，大部分水可能会流走。
6.水流过砂中大的孔隙要比流过粘土中小的孔隙快许多倍。
7.几个星期不下雨时，土壤中的水会下降得很深，以致植物的根部无法达到它。
8.如果水在地表以下不太远的地方，并且水上面的土壤含砂不是太多，这时水便会通过土壤上升，使植物的根部可以利用。
9.土壤科学家一致认为壤土是能保持水分使植物生长良好的最好土壤。
10.世界人口的几乎三分之一是靠冲积土来维持生计的。
these wrong sentences.
boys were watching a man in a field doing things they has never seen doing before.
, the man pushed a tool which like a large bit (the kind that bores holes into wood ) into soil.
turned the bit at a handle.
so often he would pull out the bit of the soil.
he would carefully place in a small container the soil holding on the end of the bit.
said, “I am taking samples of the soil. I want to know what is it made of.”
7.“I know from my samples what the topsoil is a clay mixture.”
has holes in which called pores.
rain falls on soil. Some of the water run off and some seep into the soil.
larger the spaces between the particles on soil, the more water will seep in and the less will run off the surface.
in each blank with one suitable word.
In 950 . a wealthy Greek landowner named Euresthenes wondered ＿soil caused plants to grow. In ＿of his investigations, he burned a large pile of dried leaves and paced ＿ashes in a basket. Then he poured water through the ashes. He caught the water coming ＿of the holes in the bottom of the ＿and tasted the water; it tasted salty. Euresthenes reasoned ＿there was something like salt ＿plants took ＿the soil in order ＿grow.
Soil has mineral matter that dissolves in water. Then plants take ＿in through their roots. Many of these minerals ＿needed by plants for food. Plants grow ＿this food just as you grow because of the food you eat. When Euresthenes tasted the water, he ＿tasting some of the substances that plants take from the soil.
Not ＿soils have the right amount or kind of minerals to support the growth of certain plants. If soil is lacking in elements ＿as potassium, nitrogen, or phosphorus, plants do not ＿well. A certain amount of humus is necessary to supply part of these substances. Decaying plants and animals, or fertilizer, return these substances to the ＿. Humus also helps the soil to act like a sponge ＿that it will hold water for the growing plants. Other elements needed are calcium, iron, and sulfur. Nearly all soils have fair amounts of these ＿in soil minerals.
the following passage into Chinese.
The term residual soils indicates that the soils have never moved. Most soils, however, are moved in several ways. You have undoubtedly seen the results of a heavy rain on a newly seeded lawn, where small gullies have been cut into the loose soil. The material removed by the running water has probably deposited a blanket of mud on the sidewalk or in the street. Water, in this example, has been the transporting agent. You can readily see that if a lawn had a steep slope, water would run off much more rapidly. If the lawn were flat, the water would stand on it in puddles. The faster water moves, the greater is its ability to carry particles of soil.
The ability of water to carry material from one place to another is called its competency. In other words, the faster a stream moves, the more competency it has. A rushing torrent of water in a mountain stream, for instance, may be able to move large boulders by tumbling them along the bottom.
In times of flood, huge volumes of water move rapidly and may carry away several inches of soil, move it downstream, and deposit it as a layer of mud, silt, and sand as it slows down. Rushing torrents and flooded streams have greater competency than a quiet, slow-moving stream. The deposits laid down by a stream as it loses competency are called alluvium. If the stream discharges from a narrow canyon or gully onto more nearly level ground, the water slows down suddenly and spreads out in a fan-shaped pattern. The deposit which it leaves at the mouth of the canyon is an alluvial fan. Any of the rock material that has been transported and laid down in another place becomes the parent material of a new soil, a transported soil.
Lesson Six
NEW WORDS
n.沉下陷下
n.水平水平线水平面vi.掉下,沉下
ad.逐渐地
ad.突然地
vi.,n.倒塌,坍下
n.下沉
n.现象
n.危险
a.意识到的
a.能解决的
n.得克萨斯(美国一西南部的州)
n.休斯敦(美国得克萨斯州东南部港市)
n.加尔维斯顿(美国得克萨斯州东南部港市)
n.湾,深山凹地
n.居民,住户
vi.下沉
vt.索取
n.贝敦(美国南部城市)
n.展出地,供参观的地方
n.布朗伍德(美国南部
城市)
n.(都市等的)靠水地,江
边
vt.淹没
vt.放弃,舍弃
vi.摇动,抖动
n.明胶,胶质
vt.伴随
n.飓风,十二级风
a.被水覆盖的,被波浪冲
打的
a.灾难性的
n.佛罗里达(美国东南部
一州)
wachee n.威基瓦奇(美
国东南部城市)
vt.狼吞虎咽
n.伯明翰
n.亚拉巴马(美国南部一
州)
n.仓库,栈房,大零售店
ad.突然,仓猝间
n.威尼斯
vi.滑动
n.亚得里亚海
Zealand n.新西兰
n.委内瑞拉
vt.恐吓,威胁
City n.墨西哥城
n.东京
n.堤,堤防
vt. 变更,改变
a.破坏的
n.抽取,移开,收回
vt.使坚固,结合
a.沉积,沉淀
a.缺乏的,不完全的,不足
的
n.水力压紧
a.地质构造的
n.骚动,妨碍
n.永久冻土
PHRASES AND EXPRESSIONS
So far 到目前为止Sea level海拔,海面To a greater extent在很大程度上A load of …重载,大量(to) be deficient in …欠缺
TEXT
SUBSIDENCE
In numerous places throughout the world, land levels are dropping, sometimes gradually, sometimes suddenly. Yet, to many people, the subsidence, collapse, or settlement of the ground surface is almost an unknown phenomenon. It usually is not considered a major geologic hazard or problem, even by those aware of it. Yet the problem is both serious and solvable. In the United States the quickly growing region of Texas between Houston and Galveston Bay, which includes some 2 million inhabitants and 10,000 square kilometers million acres ) of land, is sinking. The seawater from the bay is claiming the land. In Baytown’s showplace subdivision of Brownwood, many waterfront homes are inundated or have been abandoned, and the land under other homes is often so saturated that it quivers like gelatin. Given the 4-meter tides that sometimes accompany hurricanes, and continued subsidence, parts of the Houston Space Center could be awash in ten years.
Although the occurrence is gradual in most places, collapse can be sudden and catastrophic. Near Weeki Wachee, in Florida, an 11-meter high drilling rig, two trucks, and a load of steel pipe worth more than $100,000 were gobbled up in less than ten minutes. In Birmingham, Alabama, a warehouse three stories high was destroyed when a sinkhole collapsed abruptly beneath it.
Subsidence elsewhere in the world is equally serious. Venice has been slipping into the Adriatic for hundreds of years. Parts of London, Shanghai, New Zealand, Venezuela, and Taiwan are threatened with collapse. Mexico City has sunk so far into its valley—meters — that sewage must be pumped uphill to the mains and you must walk downstairs to reach the ground floors of older buildings. In Tokyo, a million people live below sea level and are protected by dikes.
Surface collapse and subsidence are extremely wide spread phenomena that can occur as a result of many natural processes and now, to a greater extent than ever before, as a result of human activities. Wherever the supporting subsurface material is altered or removed, the ground surface may subside or collapse. In uninhabited areas this is of no serious consequence. Wherever people or structures are involved the results may be destructive.
The major causes of land surface subsidence or collapse are varied and include the following.
withdrawal of large volumes of fluids(water, natural gas, or oil) from weakly consolidated sediments
application of water to moisture-deficient deposits above the water table(hydrocompaction)
activity
solution or leaching of soluble subsurface material (limestone, for example) by circulating groundwater
removal of subsurface mineral deposits(coal, for example) without leaving sufficient support for the surface
melting or disturbance of permafrost
EXERCISES
synonyms of the following words. the following expressions in English.
the land
subdivision
4-meter tides and continued subsidence natural processes
supporting subsurface material areas
consolidated sediments deposits
activity
of permafrost
in each blank with one suitable word.
Considerable subsidence ＿occurred in recent years in the western Unite States from intensive groundwater withdrawal for both agricultural and domestic needs. Much of this ＿been concentrated in central and southern California ＿continually increasing numbers of people have placed greater and ＿demands on the groundwater reservoirs.
＿groundwater is pumped from an aquifer, the fluid pressure within that layer decreases, and more ＿the overburden weight must be carried ＿the granular framework of the sediment. The additional weight compacts the unconsolidated sediments ＿squeezes water out of pore spaces in the fine-grained clays and silts ＿the coarse-grained aquifer. The reduction of porosity of the fine-grained sediment leads ＿a reduction in volume, ＿causes subsidence of the land surface. IV. Find one word to replace each phrase given below, then use the word to complete one of the sentences correctly.
one that can be solved
which are at the water’s edge violent wind-storm blowing in a circle washed by the waves broke to pieces
at other places
where no people are living step by step
warehouse beside the river will be ＿in three years.
＿in the country is almost unknown.
subsidence ＿two buildings in ten minutes.
center of a ＿is called its eye.
occurrence of subsidence in ＿areas will cause little in damage. collapse of the ground surface often occurs ＿.
＿houses are protected by dikes from being flooded.
problem is ＿.
the following sentences into English.
1.世界上有一些地方的地面正在下沉.
2.许多人并不知道地面下沉的原因.
3.要是再来一次飓风,这些建筑都会被摧毁.
4.要是地面继续下沉,休斯敦空间中心总有一天会被海水吞没.
5.在我国最大的沿海城市上海,地面下沉已经得到控制.
6.几百年以前,威尼斯就开始往亚德亚海下沉.
7.通常下沉的出现是相当缓慢的,并且和地下水的提取速度密切相关.
8.从沉积物中提取大量石油也是地面下沉的主要原因之一.
the following passage into Chinese.
Fluid withdrawal is by far the most common and widespread cause of human-induced regional subsidence. The removal of subsurface deposits such as oil, natural gas, or water in large volumes or at high rates results in an overall depression of the land surface. With modern technology, such as artificial recharge to replace withdrawn water or oil, subsidence can be slowed and even stopped. There is no known method yet for raising the land surface back to its former elevation once it has subsided. As a result the damage produced by subsidence is permanent. In coastal areas this can require the construction of extensive systems of dikes, floodwalls, and pumping station to protect industrial and urban areas from flooding. Subsidence problems in California and Texas have been well documented, but similar problems in varying degrees have been developing in parts of Louisiana, Arizona, and Nevada. There are probably many more areas of subtle land subsidence in the United States that we have not yet detected. We can also expect an increase in subsidence problems in the future if we withdraw greater and greater quantities of water, oil, gas, and mineral resources from the subsurface.
Lesson Seven
NEW WORDS
vt.描绘
n.湖
a.立方的vt.假设,假想n.百万
n.盐
n.氯气n.(美)十亿,(英)兆
n.钙
n.硫,硫磺
a.砷的
n.碘
n.痕迹,踪迹
n.镭
vt.把…结在, 拴在,固定
n.绳子
n.环
n.引绳
vt.放出
n.玄武岩
n.海洋学家
n.海岸
n.海湾
,n.地中海
Gulf n.波斯湾
n.码头
n.设备,装备
n.泵,抽机vt. 用抽机抽