《现代大学英语听力2》听力原文及题目答a案Unit11

《现代大学英语听力2》听力原文及答案U n i t1U n i t1Task 1【答案】A.1) She wanted to see St. Paul’s Cathedral.2) She was so surprised because she saw so many Englishmen who looked alike.3) They were all wearing dark suits and bowler hats, carrying umbrellas and newspapers.4) Because she had often read about them and seen photographs of them, who all looked as if they were wearing a uniform.5) No, he didn’t.6) He used the English saying “It takes all kinds to make a world”to prove his opinion.B.If all the seas were one sea, what a great sea it would be! And if all the trees were one tree, what a great tree it would be! And if this tree were to fall in the sea, what a great splash there would be!Yesterday morning Gretel went to the City of London. She wanted to see St. Paul's Cathedral. She was surprised to see so many Englishmen who looked alike. They were all wearing dark suits and bowler hats. They were all carrying umbrellas and newspapers. When she returned home she asked Mr clark about these strange creatures. "They must be typical English gentlemen," she said." I have often read about them and seen photographs of them. They all look as if they are wearing a uniform. Does the typical English gentleman still exist?"Mr. Clark laughed. "I've never thought about it," he answered." It's true that many of the men who work in the City of London still wear bowler hate and I suppose they are typical Englishmen. But look at this." Mr. Clark picked up a magazine and pointed at a photo of a young man. "He's just as typical, perhaps. It seems as if there is no such thing as a 'typical' Englishman. Do you know the English saying 'It takes all kinds to make a world'? That's true of all countries-including England."“Oh, just like the poem ‘If All the Seas Were One Sea’,”Gretel began to hum happily. If all the seas were one sea, what a great sea that would be! If all the trees were one tree, what a great tree that would be! And if this tree were to fall in the sea, w hat a great splash that would be!”Task 2A.1) people were much busier2) colder than England; minus thirty degrees; last longer3) much more mountainous; much higher and much more rocky; more beautiful4) tend to be more crowded5) the houses; smallerB.1) T 2) T 3) F 4) F 5) F【原文】John is British but has worked in Japan. Etsuko is Japanese from Osaka, but she is studying in Britain. In the following passage you are going to hear, they are comparing life as they see it in the two countries. But before listening to it, think of the two countries and try to answer the following pre-listening questions.John: I found that living in Japan, people were busier. They seem to workthe whole day.Etsuko: Yes, that’s right. We work from Monday through Saturday, even in summer. You know, summer in Japan is just horrible. It’s very, very humid and hot, and you need to shower three times a day.John: So you find it cooler in England?Etsuko: Yes, that’s right.John: Where I was living in Japan, in the North, it was much colder than England, especially in winter, minus thirty degrees centigrade. Does the winter in Osaka last longer than the winter in England?Etsuko: No, I don’t think so. December, January, February, March.John: Yes. It’s a little bit shorter if anything.Etsuko: Ever since I came here, I noticed that the countryside here in England is very beautiful.John: It’s much flatter than in Japan.Etsuko: Yes. Japan is a mountainous country and our cities are full of people. There are lots of people in a limited flat area.John: Yes, I found Japan much more mountainous than Britain, especially in the north. The mountains are much higher and much more rocky. I found itmore beautiful than Britain, I think.Etsuko: Yes, if you like mountains.John: And therefore the towns and villages tend to be more crowded.Etsuko: Yes, that’s right.John: Yes. So because the cities are more crowded, the houses tend to be smaller, don’t they?Etsuko: Yes, they are very compact, and we don’t hav e a lot of space. In big cities we have a lot of taller buildings now.John: Is this a problem because there are more earthquakes in Japan?Etsuko: Yes, that’s right and…Task 3【答案】A.1) In the US, people usually dance just to enjoy themselves; they don’t invite other people to watch them.2)Usually eight people dance together.3)Because people form a square in dancing with a man and a woman on eachside of the square.4) He usually makes it into a song.5) They wear old-fashioned clothes.B.1) F 2) T 3) F 4) F 5) TC.1) eight people form a square; on each side of the square2) what they should do; makes it into a song; sings it3) don’t have much time to think4) old-fashioned clothes【原文】Rosa: Why don’t you have folk dances in the United States? Most countries have special dances that the people have done for many years. Thedancers wear clothes from the old days. Everyone likes to watch them dance.Steve: We have folk dances, too. A lot of people belong to folk dancing groups.But when they dance, they usually do it just to enjoy themselves.They don’t inv ite other people to watch them.Rosa: Is there a folk dancing group here?Steve: I think so. There must be. There’s one in almost every city, and some big cities have several.Rosa: What are the dances like?Steve: Usually eight people dance together, four men and four women. When they start, they form a square, with a man and a woman on each sideof the square. That’s why it’s called square dancing.Then there’sa man who tells the dancers what they should do. He usually makesit into a song. He sings it while they dance.Rosa: Oh, that should make the dances easy!Steve: Yes, but they are very fast. They don’t have much time to think.I like to watch them, though. The dancers wear old-fashioned clothes.That makes the dances pretty to watch.Rosa: I’d like to watch a group dance.Steve: I’ll take you sometime.Task 4【答案】1) It was a time to celebrate the end of winter and the beginning of spring.2) They burned the picture of their kitchen god to bring good luck.3) The custom said the brides must wear “something old, something new,something borrowed, and something blue” to bring good luck.4)Because they could not eat meat, eggs or dairy products during Lent, sothey tried to use up these things before Lent began.5)It was a straw man made by children in Czech; it was a figure of death.6)People brought their animals to church. And before the animals went intothe church people dressed them up in flowers and ribbons.【原文】1) On the evening of February 3rd, people in Japanese families took one driedbean for each year of their age and threw the beans on the floor, shouting "Good luck in! Evil spirits out!" This was known as "Setsubun", a time to celebrate the end of winter and the beginning of spring.2) Before the Chinese Lunar New Year in the old days, many Chinese familiesburned the picture of their kitchen god to bring good luck. When Lunar NewYear's Day came, they put ancw picture of the kitchen god on the wall. 3) When American women got married, they sometimes followed an old customin choosing what to wear on their wedding day. The custom said the bride must wear "something old, something new, something borrowed, and something blue". This was to bring good luck.4) Before Lent (a time on the Christian calendar), the people of Ponti, Italyate an omelet made with 1,000 eggs. People could not eat meat, eggs or dairy products during Lent, so they tried to use up these things before Lent began.5) When winter ended in Czech, the children made a straw man called "Smrt",which was a figure of death. They burned it or threw it in the river. After they destroyed it, they carried flowers home to show the arrival of spring. 6) January 17th was St. Anthony's Day in Mexico. It was a day when peoplebrought their animals to church. But before the animals went into the church, the people dressed them up in flowers and ribbons. This ceremony was to protect people's animals.Task 5【答案】A.1) F 2) T 3) F 4) T 5) F 6) T 7) T B.【原文】Man: Well, I think life used to be much more fun than it is now. I mean, look at the Victorians. They had lots of servants to do all the work;they never had to do any cooking or cleaning; they just wore those beautiful dresses and went to tea parties.Woman: You must be joking! Their clothes were terribly uncomfortable and their tea parties were very formal and boring. They used to wear their hats and long gloves even when they were eating cakes and biscuits.And men were not usually invited.Man: Really? Weren't they?Woman: And think of the poor servants. What a terrible life —just cleaning and cooking for other people all the time!Man: But you hate housework!Woman: Yes, I know, but there are lots of machines now to help you with the housework. People don't need servants.Man: Maybe they don't, but life then was much slower than it is now-people nowadays are always rushing, and they never have time to stop and enjoy themselves.Woman: Life then was fine for the rich, but it was dreadful for the poor.There was much more illness. They didn't have the money to pay doctors,and they often used to die of illnesses that don't exist in England now.Man: Maybe. But people used to talk to each other, play the piano or play cards together. Nowadays people just sit in front of the television for hours and never talk to each other.Woman: I agree with you about television; but what about their children? They left their Children with the servants all day. Children hardly ever saw their parents! And the clothes they had to wear! Horrible, tight, uncomfortable, grown-up clothes. Children have a much better life now than they used to, and schools and education are much better too. Man: I hate school.Woman: And look at opportunities for women. In those days, women used to stay at home, play the piano, change their clothes several times a day and have tea parties. What a life! They didn't have any freedom at all.I'm very happy living now. I can work, have a career, do what I want to.Man: You mean you can work hard all your life like a Victorian servant. Woman: Life isn't all tea parties, you know.Task 6【答案】A.1) b 2) a 3) c 4) aB.1) family unit; process; change; used to be; the extended; the nuclear2) job patterns; progressed; agricultural; industrial; forced; job opportunities; split up3) traditional; family; expanded; other living arrangementsC.1) mother, father, children, and some other relatives, such as grandparents, living in the same house or nearby2)only the parents and the children3)previously married men and women marry again and combine the children fromformer marriages into a new family【原文】The American family unit is in the process of change. There used to be mainly two types offamilies: the extended and the nuclear. The extended family most often included mother, father, children, and some other relatives, such as grandparents, living in the same house or nearby. Then as job patterns changed and the economy progressed from agricultural to industrial, people were forced to move to different parts of the country for job opportunities. These moves split up the extended family. The nuclear family became more prevalent; this consisted of only the parents and the children. Now besides these two types of traditional groupings, the word "family" is being expanded to include a variety of other living arrangements.Today's family can be made up of diverse combinations. With the divorce rate nearly one in two, there is an increase in single parent homes: a father or mother living with one or more children. "Blended families" occur when previously married men and women marry again and combine the children from former marriages into a new family. On the other hand, some couples are deciding not to have any children at all, so there is an increase in childless families. There are also more people who live alone: single, widowed, divorced. Now one in five Americans lives alone.Task 7【答案】A.B.1) c 2) c 3) a 4) b 5) c 6) c 7) c【原文】In Japan both men and women go to university and both men and women study the arts such as history or English. But very few women study science, medicine or engineering. In engineering classes of thirty or forty students, there may be only one or two women. Men and women both go to university in order to get good jobs: men want to work for a big company, be successful, earn a lot of money and support a family; women, on the other hand, want to work for a big company because they have a better chance of meeting a successful man and getting married. This is changing, however, as Japanese women begin to think about their own careers. They have began to take jobs which they like rather than jobs in order to find a husband.Men work for their whole lives and usually stay with the same company.A woman may work up to ten years, but after that she usually gets married. Most women are married by the age of twenty seven, then they stay at home and look after the children. A man does not cook or look after the children. When he comes home, his meal must be ready. The woman may go out in the afternoon, shopping with her friends or having a chat, but she must go back home by four o'clock to prepare the meal. Then she may have to wait a long time for her husband to come home. Often he has to go out for a drink after work: if he doesn't he may not rise very high in the company. After her children grow up, a woman can go back to work, but it is not easy. If her former company takes older women back, she might be lucky. But most women find it difficult to find a job when they are older.Task 8【答案】A.1) a 2) c 3) b 4) c 5) c 6) b 7) c 8) bB.1) T 2) T 3) F 4) F 5) T 6) F 7) F 8) F 9) T 10) F【原文】Matthew: Geth, how do people set about getting married in England?Geth: I suppose the most common way is still for people to go home. For example, people who live in London now will go back to their homesin the provinces where they'll meet all their relatives and theirparents, and they'll get married in a church, with the bride wearingwhite, the traditional white. Then they'll go off and have a booze-upwith their relatives and friends and a jolly good time will be hadby all. Otherwise you can get married in a registry office, whichmeans you turn up with your bride-to-be or bridegroom-to-be with twowitnesses only. The ceremony takes about five minutes, I suppose.You sign the form and that's it.Matthew: There are many today who say that marriage is a complete waste of time. What's your view of marriage in the twentieth century?Goth: Well, I live in London as you know. I think in London, the tendency is to... for a... boy and girl, man or woman to live together beforemarriage and often to live together without any prospect of marriageat all. I think this probably is... is true of London and the otherbig cities than elsewhere, because after all people in London areliving in a big place where home ties are obviously less restrictive.They can do more or less as they please and I think this is thepattern.Matthew: But do you think it helps for people to live together before taking their vows?Geth: I think in a sense the habit of living together before marriage may, in a strange sort of way, make marriage stronger, because after allthe people will know each other better when they do get married andit might be suggested that divorce would be less likely between sucha couple.Matthew: Sue, you've been married for two or three years now. How's it working out?Sue: I think it's a successful marriage. It's... I mean, it's difficult to say why, because we basically suit each other very much. We havea good friendship, apart from anything else, and, you know, we justgo together very well because we respect each other's freedom andindividuality, but on the other hand we really need each other, youknow, it's...Matthew: What about.., have you thought of having children?Sue: Well, obviously, like most young couples, we have thought about it, but, you know, we both feel rather, sort of, loath to lose our freedomjust yet. I think we'll probably wait another few years. Matthew: Is it easy in England today to people to get divorced, or is thatquite difficult?Chris: I think technically it's probably fairly easy, I think, because I'm not English but, I think technically it's fairly easy to be... to getdivorced. But it's not just the technicality of it which is the problem.Divorce is... is a social stigma which people can probably Cope withto varying degrees, but it's also a lot easier for the man becausethe woman, after she is divorced is, in fact, frowned upon by... bya lot of people in society. She is... is... at a... a much moredifficult social position in terms of... of meeting other men, orwhatever, simply because she is a divorcee.Task 9【原文】Social customs and ways of behaving change. But they do not necessarily always change for the better. Things which were considered impolite many years ago are now acceptable. Just a few years ago, it was considered impolite behaviour for a man to smoke on the street. No man who thought of himself as being a gentleman would make a fool of himself by smoking when a lady was in the room.The important thing to remember about social customs is not to do anything that might make other people feel uncomfortable — especially if they areyour guests. There is a story about a rich nobleman who had a very formal dinner party. When the food was served, one of the guests started to eat his peas with a knife. Other guests were amused or shocked, but the nobleman calmly picked up his knife and began eating in the same way. It would have been bad manners to make his guest feel foolish or uncomfortable.。

5)He was struckon the head by the master and pushed out of the room.And for a week Olive remained prisoner in the cellar.
【原文】
Oliver Twist had no parents and lived in the workhouse.
"Good morning!" said the stranger.
"Good morning!" said Mark Twain. "Nice weather we're having!"
"Very nice indeed," said the stranger. "How was fishing?"
Task 2
【答案】
A.1) F 2) F 3) T
B.
1) d 2) b
【原文】
Mark Twain was a famous American writer. There were many stories about him. One day MarkTwain was fishing. A stranger came along.
But the Greek ships did not sail far. The Greeks stopped at a place near Troy, where the Trojanscould not see them, and hid their ships. At first the Trojans wanted to burn the wooden horse, but aGreek prisoner said, "Don't bum the horse. Bring it into Troy. It will help you."

3.contemptuous
a.~（of sb/sth) feeling or showing that you have no respect for sb/sth eg.• She gave him a contemptuous look. • He was contemptuous of everything I did. contemptuously adv •to laugh contemptuously SYN:scornful
c. (weather,fire,news)move quickly or spread quickly. •Strong winds regularly sweep the island d. to move over an area ,especially in order to look for sth. •His eyes swept around the room.
n. a small bird with long pointed wings ,that spends the winter in Africa but flies to northern countries for summer eg. • One swallow doesn’t make a summer. 一燕不成夏 • swallow do surprise or shock sb very much eg. •She was astounded by his arrogance. astounded adj •I was astounded to see her appear from house. •she looked astounded at news. •the doctor were astounded (that) he survived. astounding adj astoundingly adv

圣海伦火山（英语：Mount St. Helens） 是一座活火山，位于美国太平洋西北区华 盛顿州的斯卡梅尼亚县，西雅图市以南 154公里，波特兰市东北85公里处，是喀 斯喀特山脉的一部分。山的名称来自英国 外交官圣海伦勋爵，他是18世纪对此地进 行勘测的探险家乔治· 温哥华的朋友。圣海 伦火山是包含160多个活火山的环太平洋 火山带的一部分，因火山灰喷发和火山碎 屑流而闻名。
Gondwanaland冈瓦纳古陆(冈瓦纳 大陆)

冈瓦纳古陆又称南方大陆。大陆漂移说所设想的南半球超级大陆。 包括今南美洲、非洲、澳大利亚以及印度半岛和阿拉伯半岛。上述 各大陆被认为在古生代及以前时期曾经连接在一起。“冈瓦纳大陆 ”是奥地利地质学家休斯（E.Suess）于1885年在<地球的面貌> （The Face of the Earth）一书中提出的。根据印度中部冈瓦纳 地区石炭纪到侏罗纪的地层——“冈瓦纳系”得名。休斯认为，非洲 、印度等大陆具有相同的地质历史和古植物群，过去曾经是一个统 一的大陆。石炭纪一二叠纪时，南方大陆的大规模冰川活动已由非 洲、南美洲、澳大利亚、印度等地发现的冰碛岩所证实。该古陆上 发育的大冰盖，其中心在南极洲东部和非洲南部，冰盖由此辐散出 去。古地磁资料也表明，当时这一带靠近古南极，大冰盖分布于古 南纬60°以内。二叠纪时期，南方大陆占优势的植物群是种子蕨类 植物舌羊齿，其分布遍及南美洲、中非、南非、澳大利亚、南极洲 和印度，而在包括北美洲、格陵兰、欧亚大陆在内的北方大陆则没 有出现这类植物。一般认为，冈瓦纳古陆在中生代开始解体，新生 代期间逐渐迁移到现今位置。
Dumont d'Urville Station, an example of modern human settlement in Antarctica

《现代大学英语听力2》听力原文及题目答案Unit 2Unit 2Task 1【答案】1) b 2) a 3) d【原文】Texas was the biggest state before Alaska became the forty-ninth state in 1959. One good way to understand the size of Texas is to learn about its weather. Different parts of the state have very different kinds of weather.Laredo is one of the hottest cities in the United States in summer. The best time to visit Laredo is in winter, when it is pleasantly warm.Amarillo gets very cold in winter. Sometimes there is more snow in Amarillo than in New York, which is a northern city. Summers are better, but sometimes it gets quite hot. The best time to visit Amarillo is in the autumn when it is cool.If anyone asks you about the weather in Texas, ask him, “What part of Texas do you mean？”Task 2【答案】A.1)T 2) F 3) FB.1) d 2) c 3) cC.climate, reputation, extraordinary, unreliable, dry, wet, clear, dull, hot, cold, bad, mild【原文】Our friend, Nick, whose English gets better and better, declared solemnly the other day that he thought that the British climate was wonderful, but the British weather was terrible. He went on to explain by pointing out that the British climate was a temperate one. This meant, he said, "that you could always be certain that the weather would never be extreme — at any rate not for any length of time — never very hot and never very cold." He quite rightly pointed out that the rainfall in Britain, according to the statistics, was not very heavy. "Why then," he asked, "has the British climate such a bad reputation?" He answered by saying it was because of the extraordinary, unreliable weather. There was no part of the year at which you could be certain that the weather would be dry or wet, clear or dull, hot or cold. A bad day in July could be as cold as a mild day in January. Indeed you could feel cold at almost any time of the year. Nick blamed drafty British houses for this, but agreed you could also blame the small amount of sunshine and a great amount of dampness. He advised every student coming to Britain to bring an umbrella and to understand the meaning of that splendid word "drizzle".Task 3【答案】I.the country; Trees, grass, lakes and steamsII.A.1. concrete, iron, steel2. take in the heat during the day and throw off heat into the air at nightB. Warmer winters, car engines; electrical applianceⅢ.A. air pollution may stop sunlight from reaching the earthB.1. Ice near the North and South poles to melt2. to be slowly flooded and people living in these cities to move to higher land【原文】Cities change the climate around you. In the country, there are trees, grass, lakes, and streams. In hot weather, the trees and grass cool the area around them. Lakes and rivers also cool the area around them.But cities are not cooled in these natural ways. Cities are built of asphalt, concrete, iron, and steel. There are few trees and usually not much grass. Rain falls onto the streets and into the sewers.When the summer sun shines, streets and buildings take in the heat; after the sun sets, the streets and buildings throw off heat into the street. Once the sun sets, the countryside cools off, but a city may stay hot all night.Cities are hotter than the countryside in winter, too. Standing near a car with its motor running, winter or summer, you will feel the heat thrown off by the engine. The heat comes from the gasoline burned by the engine. This heat warms the air and the ground around the car. Thousands of running cars are almost like thousands of small fires burning.Carefully put your hand near a light bulb or television set. As you can see, electricity creates a lot of heat. This heat from electricity warms the house and the outside air.The heat given off by cities can affect the climate. Some experts even believe that cities can change the climate of the whole world. They think that air pollution may stop sunlight from reaching the earth. If less sunshine reaches the earth, the earth may become cooler.Still other experts think the world will get warmer. If the world did get warmer, great changes would occur. Ice near the North and South poles would melt. This would make the oceans rise. Cities near oceans — like Los Angeles, Boston, and Miami — would slowly be flooded. People living in these cities would have to move to higher land.Task 4【答案】A.1) b 2) cB. night, delight; morning, warning; gray, way, red, headC.1) F 2) T 3) F【原文】A red sky at either dusk or dawn is one of the spectacular and beautiful weather predictors we have in nature. By closely observing this phenomenon, you can achieve short-range accuracy of the weather as good as, or better than your local weatherman. In the Bible, Jesus in Matthew 16, 2-3 is quoted as saying, “When it is evening, it will be fair weather: for the sky is red. And in the morning it will be foul weather today: for the sky is red” when speaking to the Pharisees. An old English weather proverb based on this passage is:Red sky at night, sailors delight.Red sky at morning, sailors take warning.OrEvening red and morning gray,Sends the traveler on his way.Evening gray, morning red,Brings the rain down on his head.At dusk, a red sky indicates that dry weather is on the way. This is due to the sun shining through dust particles being pushed ahead of a high pressure system bringing in dry air. A red sky in the morning is due to the sun again shining through dust. In this case however, the dust is being pushed on by an approaching low reassure system bringing in moisture. Don't confuse a red sky in the morning with a red sun in the morning. If the sun itself is red and the sky is a normal color, the day will be fair.Task 5【答案】1) c 2) b 3) d 4) c 5) c【原文】Mark: I am an avid fly fisherman and frequently find myself on the river in a raft during lightning storms. We always have a debate at these times on where weare safest — pulling into shore or staying on the water. Since I have heard oneis safe in a car when lightning strikes I wonder if the raft floating on the wateris insulated, and therefore the safest place to be.Meteorologist A: We spoke with some scientists about your question, and they all agreed that under no circumstances should you remain on the water during a lightningstorm. If your raft is made of rubber, you might feel that you're .well insulated,but don't kid yourself. Typical lightning flashes travel 10 to 15 kilometers andcan deliver as much as 100,000 amps of current. In comparison, a toaster usesabout 10 amps of current. If lightning strikes the water near you, it will have notrouble traveling through a few extra centimeters of rubber.Meteorologist B: So, if you're on the water and a thunderstorm approaches, get to the shore and seek shelter on land. Try a building or car. If neither is available, look for a cave,cliff, wall, or a group of trees. Never take shelter under an isolated tree-it's also agood target for lightning.Task 6【答案】A.1) F 2) T 3) F 4) T 5) F 6) TB.Incredible, one minute, one kilometer, destroyed, lifted up, carried away, killed, injured【原文】Every spring and summer many inland areas are hit by tornados. A tornado is a kind of storm. It's a revolving, funnel-shaped column of air that moves through the sky at very high speeds. A tornado looks like a huge, black ice cream cone whirling through the sky. The speed of a tornado is very fast-it is believed to be between 200 and 700 kilometers per hour.Tornados form under very special weather conditions, and these special weather conditions occur most often in inland areas, such as the central United States. A tornado forms when a layer of warm, dry air is on top of a layer of cooler, moist air. This combination of dry, warm air above wet, cool air creates a condition that causes the lower layer of air to lift up. As the lower air rises, both layers of air begin to rotate, to turn around and around. The air begins to rotate faster and faster because of centrifugal force. The tornado has a center called an “eye” and the air rotates quickly around this eye.As the air begins to rotate faster and faster, the tornado cloud begins to grow downward; that is, it begins to form a funnel or cone, and this cone goes down toward the ground.The cone of air is dark because it develops from a dark rain cloud. As the cloud gets longer, as the cloud gets closer to the ground, it begins to pull up dirt from the ground. Then the funnel of rotating air becomes very dark because of the dirt in it. As the tornado funnel gets longer, it begins to drag along the ground.When the tornado touches the ground, it does incredible damage. It usually touches the ground for only about one minute, and it usually travels along the ground for only about one kilometer, but during that one minute, buildings are destroyed, trees are lifted up out of the ground, small objects are carried away, and sometimes people are injured or killed.Task 7【答案】A.1) b 2) a 3) bB.1) It has been nice weather during the day, but it is going to change at night.2) Fine weather in southern Europe and not so nice in northern EuropeFor todaySoutheast England---26 degrees Celsius by mid-afternoonSouthern Scotland---Maximum temperatures of around 21 degreesBrighton---15 hours of lovely sunshineMidlands---23 degrees Celsius by early afternoonNorthwest of Scotland---Light showers around middayFor the weekendSpain---34 degrees CelsiusGreece---32 degrees CelsiusFrance---Cloudy with rain, maximum temperatures of 22 degreesNorthern Ireland---Heavy rain, 17 degrees CelsiusMost of England---Cloudy but mainly dry with sunny periods, 23 degrees Celsius【原文】Radio Announcer: You’re listening to Radio Metro. It’s two minutes to nine, and time for the latest weather for cast from Dan Francis at the London Weather Centre.Francis: Hello. It's been another warm and fine day for most of us. Temperatures in southeast England reached 26 degrees Celsius by mid-afternoon, and Brighton had 15 hours of lovely sunshine. Further north it was a little cooler with maximum temperatures of around 21 degrees in southern Scotland, and in the far northwest of Scotland there were some light showers around midday. But the rest of the country, as I said, has been warm and dry with temperatures in theMidlands reaching 23 degrees Celsius by early afternoon though it was a little cooler along the west coast and in Northern Ireland. But already the weather is beginning to change, I'm afraid, and during the night showers will slowly move in from the Atlantic to reach south-west England and the southern coast of Wales by early morning.The rest of the country will have a very mild, dry night with minimum temperatures no lower than 15 degrees in the south, a little cooler — 11degrees or so — in the north. Any remaining showers in northwest Scotland will pass quickly to leave a mild, dry night there too.And now the outlook for Friday and the weekend. Well, southern Europe will, once again, get the best of the weekend weather, and if your holiday starts this weekend, then southern Spain is the place to go, with temperatures of 34 degrees along the Mediterranean coast. At the eastern end of the Med, too, you can expect uninterrupted sunshine and temperatures of up to 32 degrees Celsius in Greece and southeast Italy, but further north the weather's not so settled. Much of France, Belgium and the Netherlands will be cloudy with occasional rain, and maximum temperatures will be around 22 degrees — very disappointing for this time of the year.Scotland and Northern Ireland will have heavy rain for much of the weekend and temperatures will drop to a cool 17 degrees. Across most of England the weather will be cloudy but mainly dry with sunny periods. And when the sun does come out, temperatures could rise to a maximum of 23 degrees.Task 8【原文】As the air pressure around you either rises or falls, many changes in nature occur. Most of these are very obvious changes while others are of a more subtle nature.Mountains and other far away objects will appear to be much closer and more sharply focused as wet weather approaches and the air pressure drops. The dust particles in the air begin to settle to the ground and the air clears, allowing you to see more details of faraway objects. As a high pressure front approaches and the air becomes “thicker,” more dust particles become suspended in air and things take on their normal somewhat hazy appearance.“Sharp horns on the moon threaten bad weather.” This and a bright, clear moon are good indicators that wet weather is on the way. As the air clears of dust particles ahead of a low pressuresystem, the moon appears to come closer and be more sharply focused due to the lack of dust.Sound also becomes sharper and more focused prior to stormy weather. Instead of traveling upward and outward into the atmosphere sound waves are bent back to the earth and their range extended. Bird calls sound sharper, and, at my house, we can hear the blowing of the train horn as it rumbles through the valley below.If you find yourself out in a marsh or swamp and the air really seems to stink more than normal, expect rainy weather. This happens when the pressure drops and the methane trapped on the bottom of the swamp is released in greater quantities. In reverse, as fair weather approaches and the pressure rises, things won't smell quite so strong.Birds and bats have a tendency to fly much lower to the ground right before a rain due to the “thinning” of the air. They prefer to fly where the air is the most dense and they can get greater lift with their wings. With high pressure and dry air, the atmosphere becomes denser and they can easily fly at higher altitudes.Smoke rising straight into the air means fair weather and smoke hanging low means rain is on the way. This is pretty much the same as with the birds and methane in the swamp. When high pressure approaches, smoke will rise whereas with low pressure it can't rise and tends to lay low.Remember a grandparent talking about how their corns, bunions, or joints ached right before a rain? Again, this is due to the decreasing atmospheric pressure allowing the gas in our bodies to expand.Task 9【答案】A. Statements 3, 6, 7 are true.B.f—c—a—d—b—eC.1) F 2) T 3) F 4) FD.1) d 2) b【原文】It was 1974. Richard Nixon was still president. Kidnapped heiress Patty Hearst was still missing. In Xenia, a pretty spot of 25,000 people amid fields of soybeans and corn, American Graffiti was held over at the Cinema. The Xenia Hotel offered a chicken and dumpling dinner for $2.25, but everyone flocked to the A&W drive-in for burgers and root beer floats. That's where five of the bodies were found after the storm.In all, 33 people died in Xenia's tornado, the deadliest of 148 storms that raged through 13 states during the infamous "Super Outbreak'' of tornadoes April 3 to 4, 1974. In 16 hours and 10 minutes, 330 people were killed and nearly 5,550 were injured from Illinois to Georgia.Though the Xenia death toll has been matched by other killer storms, the degree of devastation makes the city's tornado among U.S. history's most destructive. The storm still is studied in colleges by aspiring meteorologists, a textbook case of a rare Category F-5, the most intense of tornadoes.On that fateful day, I was a young boy of 8 years old. We lived in the Arrowhead Subdivision. That afternoon I was around the corner playing with some neighbor kids. I thought I could hear my father calling me, so I ran back to the house. Thinking back now, there is no way I would havebeen able to hear him. I was too far away for a voice to have traveled in the afternoon noise. Besides, Dad had a very bad case of tonsillitis that day. Like I was saying, I went back home and got through the door just in time to answer the ringing phone. On the other end of the phone was my Mother. Mom was working. She told me she heard a bad storm was on the way. She told me to make sure the garage door was shut and to stay inside. After I hung up the phone, I settled down to watch The Dennis Show. To this day I can vividly remember the electricity going out. I looked out the large window in the living room and didn't have a clue as to what I was looking at.Dad was asleep on the couch, so I woke him up to look. Dad looked and said to get into the bathroom. We sat on the floor. Dad had his back to the door and his feet pushing against the wall opposite the door. I remember that as soon as we sat down, the windows broke. Glass blew under the door, and the sound was tremendous. I know it really didn’t take too long for the tornado to go past, but I do remember the conversation we had in the process. I could feel the cool air rushing under the floor through the crawlspace vents. I asked if we were flying. He said he wasn't sure, but he didn't think we were. He said the house was tearing apart. I asked him how he knew. He said he just knew it was.When things calmed down, we opened the door. The odd feeling I had, looking up the street from inside what once was my hallway, is still with me today.I think back often to that day. I think back and wonder what would have happened if my Dad hadn't been sick that day. Like a lot of kids, I stayed home by myself after school back then. I seriously doubt I would be able to tell you my story, if I had been alone that day. I still live in Xenia and wouldn’t trade this town for any other.Task 10【原文】Undoubtedly, Tibet is one of the harshest places for human existence. It is cool in summer but freezing cold in winter. In Lhasa, the mildest city temperature may exceed 29C in summer while plummeting to -16C in winter! Sun radiation is extremely strong in Tibet. The sunlight in Lhasa is so intense that the city is called Sunlight City. The thin air can neither block off nor retain heat so that the temperature extremes can be met in daytime and the same night respectively in Tibet. However it is not impossible to visit the holy snow land. April to October is the best time to visit Tibet, out of the coldest months, which are from December to February usually. The average temperature in north Tibet is subzero and winter arrives in October until the following May or June. July and August are the best time to visit the area, enjoying warm temperature, intense sunshine, beautiful scenery and festive events. May, June and September is the tourist season in east Tibet. In winter, roads are all blocked by heavy snow. Landslides and rock falls frequently occur, which will make travel difficult.。

Unit 11 Left-ha ndednessPart BListe ningTasksPassage 1Word Bank Why Are Some People Left-ha nded?mentala. relating to the activity of the mind or brain 精神的；脑力adoptin volveme nt iden tical birth pare ntsv. to take some one else ' s child into one ' s family and make it legally one ' s own child 收养n. participation 卷入；牵连a. exactly the same 完全相同的one ' s biological parents 亲生父母adopted pare nts one s non-biological pare nts 养父母iden tical twins twins developed from the same egg and therefore almost alwaysPrince Charles Prince William of the same sex and very much alike in appearanee（英）查尔斯王子（英）威廉王子同卵双生子Script:Research has show n that 90% of people n aturally use their right hands for most tasks. But hun dreds of milli ons of people use their left han ds. Then why are some people left-ha nded? Scie ntists have bee n trying to an swer that questio n for many years. A study done in 1992 found that men are more likely to be left-handed thanwomen. It also found that Asian or Hispanic people are less likely to be left-handed than white people, black people, or North American Indians. Some cultures accept people who do things mostly with their left han ds. Others do not.Scie ntists want to know the reas on for left-ha nded ness because it is closelylin ked to men tal problems and Ian guage difficulties. One idea about the cause ofleft-handedness is the genetic theory. It says that people are right- or left-handed because of genes passed to them by their pare nts. For example, it has bee n show nthat the handedness of adopted children is more likely to follow that of their birth pare nts tha n their adopted pare nts. Other evide nee of gen etic in volveme nt can befound in some families. One famous example is the left-handed members of the present British royal family. These in clude Quee n Elizabeth II, Prince Charles and PrinceWilliam.Another idea is that right-handed people are born with the gene for it. But about 20%of people do not have the right-handed gene. These people could be either left- or right-ha nded. This idea may expla in why two babies who have the same genes use differe nt han ds. In 18% of ide ntical twins one twin is right-ha nded, and the otheris left-handed. Probably both twins lack the right-handed gene so each has a chaneeto be either right- or left-ha nded.Somescie ntists believe that the cause of han ded ness could in elude both gen etics and developme nt.Exercise 1Listen to the passage and choose the right answers to the questions you hear.1. What is the passage mainly about?a. Causes of left-ha nded ness and right-ha nded ness.b. Two scie ntific expla nati ons of the cause of left-ha nded ness.c. Genes for left-ha nded ness.d. Men tal problems of left-ha nded people.2. Which of the follow ing topics is discussed in more detail in the passage?a. Handedness and the genetic theory. _____b. Ide ntical twins.c. Birth pare nts and adopted pare nts.d. Famous left-ha nded people in the world.3. What con clusi on can you draw from the passage?a. Right-ha nded people are superior to left-ha nded people.b. Right-ha nded ness is determ ined gen etically, but left-ha nded ness is learnt.c. About 18% of ide ntical twins are left-ha nded.d. Scientists have not yet reached agreement on the causes of ___________left-ha nded ness.Exercise 2Liste n to the passage aga in and complete the follow ing sentences with the miss ingin formati on.1. A study done in 1992 found that men are more likely to be left-handed than women.It also found that Asia n or Hispa nic people are less likely to be left-handed _______________ tha n white people, black people or North America n In dia ns. _______2. Scien tists want to know the reas on for left-ha nded ness because it is closelylin ked to mental problems and language difficulties. _________3. One idea about the cause of left-ha nded ness is the gen etic theory. __________4. Another idea is that right-handed people are born with the gene for it. But about20% of people do not have the right-handed gene. They could be either left- o ______________ right-ha nded.5. Somescientists believe that the cause of handedness could include both genetics anddevelopme nt.Passage 2Does Being Left-handed Affect One ' s Life?Word Bankad. nearly 大约 n. a point in question; a matter in dispute 问题；争论点 a. important 重大的 n. feelings of being disappointed and annoyed 沮丧 n. a cutting device 剪刀（复数） n. a container or tool commonly for kitchen use 器皿 amount to to be equal to, esp. in meaningScript:There are approximately 30 million left-handed people in the United States, and several hundred million more around the world. Most right-handed people have never even considered the possibility that there might be any serious issues affecting left-handers. Even among all of these left-handed people, there are many different opinions about what these issues are and which issues might be most important to them.Some left-handers think that being left-handed is a positive factor in their lives, and they feel that there are no serious issues affecting them. Others think that being left-handed is not a significantfactor and has not affected their lives one way or another. There are also some left-handers who have no opinion and have never given any thought to what being left-handed has meant to them. But the majority of left-handed people find that being left-handed is at least a small disadvantage and a minor source of frustration in their lives.There are many things that right-handed people take for granted that are quite difficult for left-handers. These include many basic skills like learning to write, learning to use scissors and other hand tools and utensils, and learning various crafts and other activities. Sometimes left-handers are puzzled by equipment designed for right-handers, and other times they are confused by instructors andinstructions geared toward teaching right-handers. For some left-handedpeople this amounts to occasional difficulties and minor inconveniences. For other left-handers it is a lifetime fullof failures and frustrations that may lead to much more serious problems. Exercise 1Listen to the passage and choose the right answers to the questions you hear.1. What is the speaker' s attitude toward left-handers?a. Indifferent.b. Neutral.c. Favorable. gear v. to be organized in a way that is suitable for a particularpurpose or situation 使适应；使适合one way or anothereither of two possible ways; in any way用那种方法；用某种方法 approximatelyissuesignificantfrustrationscissorsutensil 不是用这种方法就是take …for gran ted to accept sth. as true without questioning 想当然 意味着d. Sympathetic.2. What can be in ferred from the passage about right-ha nders?a. Most of them are sympathetic to left-ha nders.b. Most of them are indifferent to the problems left-handers face.c. Most of them con sider themselves lucky to be right-ha nded.d. Most of them are un aware of the problems left-ha nders face.Exercise 2Liste n aga in and supply the miss ing in formati on in the tables below.How Left-ha nders Feel About Their Bei ng Left-ha ndedPart CTest Your Liste ningA Compo und Dictati onListen to the passage three times and supply the missing information.Approximately 90%of people in the world are 1) naturally right-handed. Why is this so, and are we 2) born one way or the other? The answer to this question is rather 3) complicated.In babies and young children, no 4) single side becomes 5) dominant until around the age of eight. At 12 weeks, babies usually use both hands 6) equally, but by 16 weeks, they mostly use the left hand for 7) touching. By 24 weeks, they have changed aga in and start using both han ds. Then at 28 weeks, they become on e-ha nded aga in, although this time it is the right hand that is used more. At 32 weeks, they startusi ng both hands agai n. 8) When they reach the age of 36 weeks, there is another ____________ change, with most babies now preferring to use the left hand. Between 40 and 44 weeks, the right hand is once aga in more used. At 48 weeks, babies switch to using theirleft hands aga in, and the n betwee n 52 and 56 weeks, the right hand takes over.There are further changes still. 9) At 80 weeks, the right hand loses control, and both are used aga in equally. When the young child reaches the age of two, the right hand takes over again, butbetween two and a half and three years, both hands are used equally. 10) Things finally become stable at around four years and stay _________________________________________________ the same until, by the age of eight, one hand is strongly dominant over the other.。

Warming up
Warming up
Questions / Activities
“Button, Button”
“Press the button” means to initiate an action or a train of events (informal), often in a nuclear context. The title “Button, Button” indicates taking an action or making a choice that would have consequences.
Background
Author
His Works
A prolific writer: 28 novels, 19 short story collections, 19 movie scripts, and 33 TV screenplays An extended writing career: first short story in 1951, and latest novel in 2011 Author of a list of Times Best Sellers Screenplays and adaptations:
His Life
Born on Feb. 20, 1926 in New Jersey to Norwegian immigrants parents Richard Matheson Raised in Brooklyn, New York (1926-) Served as an infantry soldier in WWII Bachelor in journalism from the University of Missouri in1949 Moved to California in 1951, married in 1952, had four children, three of whom were fiction and screenplay writers

【答案】1) c2) a3) b4) a【原文】Bali is a beautiful island of mountains, forests and rice fields. It is also an island of artists. Almost everybody there is an artist of some kind. The people work all day at home, in the fields or on their boats, but in the evening they make music, dance, paint or carve things out of wood and stone.For the Balinese, art is part of religion. It is a way of pleasing their gods--and Bali, they believe, is full of gods. There are thousands of temples in Bali, and there are festivals at these temples when people die or get married, or when a child is born. At these festivals the people try to keep their gods happy by giving them food, by dancing, by acting, and by playing music for them.In the past, the Balinese did not care about the outside world. For them Bali was the whole world. But in the 1930s tourists began to visit Bali, and since the 1950s tourism has become big business there. So the islanders have begun to sell their art to tourists. These days the Balinese pro-duce more and more things for tourists; they make fewer things for their temples. They have less time for their gods, so there are fewer festivals.Each year more tourists bring more money to the island; they also bring new ideas and a new way of life. The Balinese know that if fewer tourists come to the island, there will be less money. But they also know if there are too many tourists, the Balinese way of life will change drastically. The authorities are trying hard to organize and control tourism with caution. Bali has to change; nevertheless they want to make sure that it changes for the better, not for the worse.Task 3【答案】A.1) Because until 1980, it had been quiet for more than a hundred years.2) It was strange. No birds were singing, and the air was still.3) He was standing near the summit and reporting the eruption on radio.B.Washington; 35; 1980; 123; recreation; summit; tremors; small eruptions; no danger; 1980; dust; ash; rocks; mud; 40; peaceful; empty【原文】Most volcanoes are quiet. They rest peacefully for hundreds of years. No one pays much attention to them.Mount St. Helens was one of these volcanoes. Until 1980, it was a beautiful recreation area. Its last eruption had been 123 years ago. No one was worried about another one. Then, in March 1980, Mount St. Helens began to make noises. At first, there were tremors. Then, small eruptions occurred. Some residents left immediately. Others felt there was no danger.But on the morning of May 18, 1980, the mountain blew its top. With the power of twenty-five atomic bombs, Mount St. Helens exploded. Clouds of dust and ash rose more than twelve miles into the sky. Rocks and mud crashed down the slopes.Unfortunately, many people were still living, camping, or working in the area. Over forty people lost their lives. Others were rescued.Robert Baker was fishing with his family when the explosion occurred. He reported that the morning of May 18 was strange. No birds were singing. The air was still. Then, he saw a large black cloud coming down toward them. In minutes, day turned into night. He called his family to their van and they started on the slow dark ride away from the mountain. All the time, hot ash was raining on them.But other people were not so lucky. David Johnston, a volcano expert, was standing near the summit of the mountain. At 8:31 a. m. , he radioed, "This is it!" He was never heard from again.Mount St. Helens is peaceful now. But its slopes are empty. It will be many years before fish, plants, and trees will again live on the mountain.Task 4【答案】A.1) Mrs. Rakel Surlien is the Norwegian Minister of Environmental Protection, and she is about to begin a three-day visit to Britain.2) Britain.3) Britain insists the case against acid rain in general and its contribution in particular is far from proven. / Britain insists that neither the disastrous effects of acid rain nor Britain’s responsibility in the issue has been proven.4) Sweden.5) It refers to a group of some 20 nations which are committed to reducing sulfur dioxide by a third.6) Norway is against Britain in the dispute over acid rain in spite of its cordial approach.B.1) fish; aquatic life; forest2) power stations3)remain isolateed【原文】Norway has decided to resume a "softly-softly approach" to Britain in the long-standing dispute over the issue of acid rain, as Mrs. Rakel Surlien, the Norwegian Minister of Environmental Protection, begins a three-day visit to Britain.All the Nordic countries believe that Britain is responsible for as much as a third of the acid deposit failing in southern Scandinavia, killing fish and most other aquatic life in thousands of lakes and rivers and possibly putting large areas of forest at risk. Emissions from coal and oil burning power stations are blamed mostly, but Britain insists the case against acid rain in general and its contribution in particular is far from proven.The issue has become almost fashionable since the Swedes raised it in 1972. More than 20 nations have agreed to join the so-called "30 Percent Club", committed to reducing sulfur dioxide by a third, and Britain is increasingly isolated in Western Europe by its refusal to do so.Mrs. Surlien says there has been no change in the Norwegian position in spite of the cordial approach, and she also scented victory, as she said, "I don't see you can remain isolated in this way for long. It must be very difficult to live with."Task 5【答案】1) four out of five; survive; rosy; forest flower; for centuries2) 2,000; fight cancer; 40; wildlife; the rain forest3) drugs; a South American tree; blood pressure; the snakeroot plant from Indian forests4) foods; tropical forests; winged bean5) rubber; oils; one; examined; 99; threatened【原文】A representative of an ecological organization is talking about the advantages and benefits for humans of the rain forests.Four out of five of all children who got leukemia in 1960 died. Now four out of every five survive. The secret of this miraculous change is the rosy periwinkle,a forest flower which tribal doctors had used for centuries.The United States National Cancer Institute has identified more than 2,000 tropical rain forest plants with the ability to fight cancer. In fact, about 40 percent of all drugs given out in the United States today owe much of their strength to chemicals from wildlife, largely from the rain forest.Other drags include quinine, which comes from a South American tree, and drugs to relieve high blood pressure are derived from the snakeroot plant from Indian forests. The armadillo of South America is helping us find a cure for leprosy. The tropical forests also contain large amounts of new foods. For example, the winged bean of New Guinea is now grown in about 50 different countries. Japanese scientists have found a calorie-free substance in Paraguay which is 300 times sweeter than sugar, and a coffee free of caffeine has been found in the small forests of the Comoros islands.Every day we use products from the rain forests--robber, spices and oils, and of course wood. Less than one percent of the forest plants have been examined for their potential, but the remaining 99 percent is threatened by our endless search for wood. The South American Indians say the trees hold up the sky, and if they come down there will be a catastrophe.Task 6【答案】A.1) A solar eclipse occurs when the moon passes between the Earth and the sun, and the moon’s shadow covers part of the earth.2) A solar eclipse has occurred at Christmas only 30 times during the past 5,000 years, the last time in 1954.3) The (retina of the) eye can be permanently damaged.4) It works by projecting the sun’s image on a piece of paper through a pinholeon another piece.5) The next eclipse at Christmas will occur in 2307; it can be observed on the west coast of Africa.B.1) T2) F3) T【原文】On December 25, 2000, many people across North America received a rare Christmas treat when the moon passed in front of the sun resulting in a partial solar eclipse.Solar eclipses occur when the moon passes between the earth and the sun, and the moon’s shadow covers part of the earth, and a total solar eclipse takes place when the moon’s shadow blocks out the sun entirely. What made this particular solar eclipse unique was that this event has occurred on December twenty-fifth only 30 times during the past five thousand years, the last time in 1954.But people must be exceptionally careful when attempting to view the solar eclipse. Without taking precautionary measures, one can permanently damage the retina of the eye; however, there are several safe methods of witnessing this heavenly marvel.First, you can view a solar eclipse by using eclipse safety glasses for filtering out the sun’s harmful rays. They should be used when any part of the sun is visible.Sunglasses can block out some of the sun’s ultraviolet rays, but the results can be very deceptive. The eye’s natural reaction to this darken state when wearing sunglasses is to make the pupil larger, which allows in more light and can intensify the damage to the your eye.You c an watch an eclipse by projecting the sun’s image on a piece of paper eitherby using a telescope, or easier yet, by creating a pinhole in a piece of paper and viewing the result on another piece of paper, thus called a pinhole projector.Only during a total eclipse when the sun is completely and briefly covered can you watch the eclipse without eye protection. Even then, extreme caution should be taken.In case you didn’t catch this last spectacular solar eclipse on December twenty-fifth, 2000, there is no need to fret. Your posterity can record the next eclipse on Christmas in the year 2307, but only if they’re visiting the west coast of Africa for the holidays.Task 7【答案】A.1) pottery; metal2) large cities; food production3) the late 1950s; borrow; returnable; one-trip4) pots; pansB.1) Because the food must be shipped from place to place when it is produced, andbecause of the increased variety of foods available and the convenience of precooked meals, it is impossible for the customer to collect many foods in his own container.2) Until the late 1950s Americans had to borrow soft-drink bottles by paying a depositeach time they bought one.3) Yes, beaus sales of soft drink climbed.4) Glass companies gave soft-drink sellers a helping hand. A US company, Consumer'sGlass, made an arrangement with the bottler companies to reimburse them for much of the cost of one-trip bottles.5) Aluminium food packages now have their own electric plugs. After you eat the food,you can just throw them away.6) The writer is mildly criticizing the trend toward one-trip living and thinks itprobably has gone too far.【原文】The product that most people throw out after using only once is packaging. This is not always tree. The pottery or metal container used in Roman times and in most rural areas of the world today is a permanent and valuable household item. Unless a container is accidentally broken, it lasts a lifetime, despite the many journeys from home to market, farm or water well and back. The growth of large cities and modem methods of food production changes all that. Because the food must be shipped from place to place while it is produced, and because of the increased variety of foods available and the convenience of precooked meals, it is impossible for the customer to collect many foods in his own container.It costs a great deal to provide a new container each time we buy milk, wine, beer and other drinks. Yet for a number of reasons the trend towards one-trip bottles for all these items is in full swing. The case of the vanishing returnable soft-drink bottle shows how much these containers add to the rising tide of waste.Until the late 1950s, Americans had to borrow soft-drink bottles by paying a deposit each time they bought one. But several years later, soft-drink bottlers decided that it was more convenient for the customer to throw the bottle away instead.A returnable bottle lasting 30 or more trips was replaced with 30 one-trip cans or bottles. Sales of soft drinks climbed and the container manufacturers smiled all the way to the bank. Glass companies gave soft-drink sellers a helping hand. A US company, Consumer's Glass, made an arrangement with the bottler companies to reimburse them for much of the cost of one-trip bottles.Other manufacturers have joined in promoting the throw-away spirit. TheAluminium Company of America announced that packages would soon replace pots and pans. Food packages were being designed with their own electric plugs. After you eat the food, you just throw away the pan with the messy old grease. What about a camping holiday You can make a bonfire on the last day with the disposable equipment that can now be purchased. In hospitals, there may well be a case on health grounds for disposable syringes. But isn't the use of one-trip sleeping bags and tents taking disposability too farTask 8【答案】A.B.1) F2) F3) T【原文】Jane Goodall, a British field biologist, has devoted her life to wildlife conservation, in particular to the study of chimpanzees. She makes a special effort to reach out to young people. In 1991, Jane started an environmental and humanitarian programme for kids called Roots & Shoots. Today, there are more than 4,000 Roots & Shoots groups in 68 countries all over the world and a programme in every state in the US. The main purpose of the Roots & Shoots programme is to help kids develop a concern for animals, the environment, and their own communities. "Roots creep underground every-where and make a firm foundation. Shoots seem very weak, but to reach the light they can break through brick walls," Jane tells people as she speaks about the programme. Imagine the brick walls are all the problems humans have inflicted on the planet. Young people, like those roots and shoots, can break through those walls to change the world.A hundred years ago, Africa was home to about 2 million wild chimpanzees. Today the population of chimps has dropped to less than 150,000. Jane Goodall knows it will take a worldwide effort to save the species. She is working to sec that this effort is made.In November 2000, the Great Ape Conservation Act was signed into law in the United States. Jane worked hard to persuade members of the US Congress to support this bill. The act provides money for protecting the great apes of Africa and Asia that are in danger of extinction. Experts predict that if we do not protect them now, soon there will be no more great apes living in the Congo Basin, their last stronghold in Africa.Jane Goodall is hopeful about the future. She knows that each of us can do ourpart, no matter where we live, to protect wildlife and our environment. Her story shows us that one person really can make a difference.Task 9【答案】A.1) Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco.2) It’s San Francisco's world-famous landmark3) Because of the gap between the amount of cars and the amount of roadway available. Or: If you think of it as a supply/demand relationship, you’ll find that there’sa lot more demand than supply.4) Texas Transportation Institute.B.1) 852) 62; Los Angeles; 136; Seattle; Houston; New York; Miami; 693) Bigger cities; roadway; transit system4) expensive; $68 billion【原文】James Hattori, the Host:Hi, everybody. I'm James Hattori. Welcome to our program, this week from the Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco's world-famous landmark, at the mouth of the Golden Gate straits.42 million vehicles a year cross this bridge. That gives you an idea of the often nightmarish traffic drivers face around here. And, of course, we're not alone. Natalie Pawelski, our environment correspondent, has the numbers on what it costs Americans to cope with rush hour traffic, in time and money.Natalie Pawelski, the Environment correspondent:If you think traffic is getting worse in your town, you're probably right.There's a combination of factors. It's the amount of people, the amount of roadway that is there. It's sort of a demand/supply relationship. You can think of it that way, and there's a lot more demand than there is supply.The annual Urban Mobility Report from the Texas Transportation Institute finds in the average American city people traveled 85 percent more miles by car in the year 2000 than they did in 1982. And rush hour drivers are now wasting an average of 62 hours a year stuck in traffic. Now that's not total travel time, that's just the extra time spent going slow or going nowhere because of traffic congestion.The study says the worst traffic is in Los Angeles where the average rush hour driver loses 136 hours a year, more than three work weeks, to traffic jams. The runners up in the time drained category San Francisco, ., Seattle, Houston, San Jose, Dallas, New York, Atlanta and Miami where the average rush hour driver loses an extra 69 hours a year stuck in traffic.Once you get to a big system, it's difficult to maintain the pace of the roadway and transit system development and you wind up falling behind. More congestion is typical in bigger cities.The report says traffic jams aren't just annoying, they are expensive. For the 75 cities studied, researchers added up all the extra time and fuel wasted because of traffic congestion. The price tag they figure is almost $68 billion a year.Task 10【答案】I.A. common; poor housing; unemployment; traffic problemsB. peculiar1. infrastructure2. urbanizationII.A. MigrationB. Depopulation; decrease; riseC. urban population growth rate1. adults2. large familiesD. social service; health; educationE. labor supply; low-productivityⅢ.A. (Promote a) more equal land distributionB. Improve rural social services; health; educationC. (Give) financial aid to agriculture; small landowners.【原文】Today I want to discuss problems of urbanization and in particular I want to talk about those problems which are peculiar to developing economies and to discuss three possible policies which could be used to control or to stem uncontrolled urbanization in developing countries. Certain urban problems of course are common to both developed and developing countries, for example, problems of poor housing, unemployment and those problems connected with traffic, for example, congestion, pollution and so on. However there are problems which are very peculiar to developing economies and this is due to the fact the developing countries need to create a basic infrastructure which is necessary for industrialization and consequently for economic growth. In fact it is the provision of this infrastructure which constitutes the urbanization process itself and this infrastructure or the provision of this infrastructure may have undesired effects on the economy as a whole. Now it’s these consequences on these effects which um I’d like to deal w ith next. I’m going to talk about five main consequences of this uncontrolled urbanization. In the first instance there’s the problem of the migration of people from the country to thecity. Of course people living in the country see the city as a more desirable place to live, whether they are living in developing or developed countries. But the problem is much more serious in a developing country because there are in fact often more people who wish to migrate to the city.Now the fact of people migrating to the city causes a certain depopulation of rural areas. This is a second consequence if you like, and the result of this is a decrease in the production of food and in the supply of food to the country as a whole. This can in turn also lead to a rise in pricesbecause of the law of supply and demand.As a result of people moving to the city you get a high urban population growth rate. Now this is due not only to the fact of more adults moving to the city but can also be due to traditions of these people from the country because often people from rural areas have a tradition of large families and so on and so the population of the cities increases with these numerous children ofthe large families.This leads to a fourth consequence which is a dramatic pressure on the supply of social services in urban areas, in particular services related to health and education. In relation a health services we can see that there are endemic diseases which could be made worse by overcrowding people coming from the country to the city, and in the stresses on services in education, with more children there’s need for more schools schools and more teachers and so on.A fifth area which is affected by uncontrolled urbanization is that of the labour supply, and often uncontrolled urbanization leads to an excess of labour supply in the cities. This can lead to, in turn, an informal kind of labour activities of, if you like, what might be called lowproductivity activities. For example people selling things in the streets or you often find for instance in large urban areas in developing countries children watching cars and so on and asking for tips fromtheir owners when they come back. This is really a sort of undesirable type of labour. So those are in fact the main consequences of uncontrolled ur banization. Now I’d like to talk more on the three possible policies which could be developed to stem this kind of uncontrolled urbanization in developing countries.The first one would be to promote a more equal land distribution. In this way farmers would be more motivated to stay on the land. They would be able to work more land, and thus be able to feed their families more adequately. Often the reasons why farmers wish to go to the city is that they cannot grow enough food to both feed their families and earn a living. So a more equal land distribution is one such policy to stem this kind of move to the city.A second policy would be to improve the supply of social services in the rural areas particularly in the field of health and education. Country people often move to the city because they feel that these services are better in the city areas and if they could compare the services and feel that there was perhaps not much difference between the two, it would be another reason for not moving.A third possible policy would be to give financial assistance to agriculture especially to the small landowners.Now obviously the problem of uncontrolled urbanization, and the consequences which are not favorable, is a difficult problem to which there is no easy solution, but these three types of policies could help to reduce the problem which is felt in particular in developing countries.Task 11Planet Earth is 4,600,000,000 years old. If we condense this time span we can compare it to a person 46 years old. Only at the age of 42 did the Earth begin to flower. Dinosaurs and the great reptiles did not appear until one year ago, when the planet was 45. Mammals arrived only eight months ago, and in the middle of last week human-like apes developed into ape-like humans, and last weekend the last iceage covered the Earth.Modem man has been around for 4 hours. During the last hour agriculture was discovered. The Industrial Revolution began a minute ago. Since then, we have multiplied our numbers to plague proportions, caused the extinction of 500 species of animals, turned the planet upside down in the search for fuels, and now we stand, arrogant with power, on the edge of a war to end all wars, and close to effectively destroying this oasis of life in the solar system.。

现代大学英语听力2原文及答案Unit 1Task 1【答案】A.1) She wanted to see St. Paul’s Cathedral.2) She was so surprised because she saw so many Englishmen who looked alike.3) They were all wearing dark suits and bowler hats, carrying umbrellas and newspapers.4) Because she had often read about them and seen photographs of them, who all looked as if they were wearing a uniform.5) No, he didn’t.6) He used the English saying “It takes all kinds to make a world” to prove his opinion.B.If all the seas were one sea, what a great sea it would be! And if all the trees were one tree, what a great tree it would be! And if this tree were to fall in the sea, what a great splash there would be!【原文】Yesterday morning Gretel went to the City of London. She wanted to see St. Paul's Cathedral. She was surprised to see so many Englishmen who looked alike. They were all wearing dark suits and bowler hats. They were all carrying umbrellas and newspapers. When she returned home she asked Mr clark about these strange creatures. "They must be typical English gentlemen," she said." I have often read about them and seen photographs of them. They all look as if they are wearing a uniform. Does the typical English gentleman still exist?"Mr. Clark laughed. "I've never thought about it," he answered." It's true that many of the men who work in the City of London still wear bowler hate and I suppose they are typical Englishmen. But look at this." Mr. Clark picked up a magazine and pointed at a photo of a young man. "He's just as typical, perhaps. It seems as if there is no such thing as a 'typical' Englishman. Do you know the English saying 'It takes all kinds to make a world'? That's true of all countries-including England."“Oh, just like the poem ‘If All the Seas Were One Sea’,” Gretel began to hum happily. If all the seas were one sea, what a great sea that would be! If all the trees were one tree, what a great tree that would be! And if this tree were to fall in the sea, w hat a great splash that would be!”Task 2【答案】A.1) people were much busier2) colder than England; minus thirty degrees; last longer3) much more mountainous; much higher and much more rocky; more beautiful4) tend to be more crowded5) the houses; smallerB.1) T 2) T 3) F 4) F 5) F【原文】John is British but has worked in Japan. Etsuko is Japanese from Osaka, but she is studying in Britain. In the following passage you are going to hear, they are comparing life as they see it in the two countries. But before listening to it, think of the two countries and try to answer the following pre-listening questions.John: I found that living in Japan, people were busier. They seem to work the whole day.Etsuko: Yes, that’s right. We work from Monday through Saturday, even in summer. You know, summer in Japan is jus t horrible. It’s very, very humid and hot, and you need to shower three times a day.John: So you find it cooler in England?Etsuko: Yes, that’s right.John: Where I was living in Japan, in the North, it was much colder than England, especially in winter, minus thirty degrees centigrade. Does the winter in Osaka last longer than the winter in England?Etsuko: No, I don’t think so. December, January, February, March.John: Yes. It’s a little bit shorter if anything.Etsuko: Ever since I came here, I noticed that the countryside here in England is very beautiful.John: It’s much flatter than in Japan.Etsuko: Yes. Japan is a mountainous country and our cities are full of people. There are lots of people in a limited flat area.John: Yes, I found Japan much more mountainous than Britain, especially in the north. The mountains are much higher and much more rocky. I found it more beautiful than Britain, I think.Etsuko: Yes, if you like mountains.John: And therefore the towns and villages tend to be more crowded.Etsuko: Yes, that’s right.John: Yes. So because the cities are more crowded, the houses tend to be smaller, don’t they?Etsuko: Yes, they are very compact, and we don’t have a lot of space. In big cities we have a lot of taller buildings now.John: Is this a problem because there are more earthquakes in Japan?Etsuko: Yes, that’s right and…Task 3【答案】A.1) In the US, people usually dance just to enjoy themselves; they don’t invite other people to watch them.2)Usually eight people dance together.3)Because people form a square in dancing with a man and a woman on each side ofthe square.4) He usually makes it into a song.5) They wear old-fashioned clothes.B.1) F 2) T 3) F 4) F 5) TC.1) eight people form a square; on each side of the square2) what they should do; makes it into a song; sings it3) don’t have much time to think4) old-fashioned clothes【原文】Rosa: Why don’t you have folk dances in the United States? Most countries have special dances that the people have done for many years. The dancers wearclothes from the old days. Everyone likes to watch them dance.Steve: We have folk dances, too. A lot of people belong to folk dancing groups. But when they dance, they usually do it just to enjoy themselves. They don’tinvite other people to watch them.Rosa: Is there a folk dancing group here?Steve: I think so. There must be. There’s one in almost every city, and some big cities have several.Rosa: What are the dances like?Steve: Usually eight people dance together, four men and four women. When they start, they form a square, with a man and a woman on each side of thesquare. That’s why it’s called square dancing.Then there’s a man who tellsthe dancers what they should do. He usually makes it into a song. He singsit while they dance.Rosa: Oh, that should make the dances easy!Steve: Yes, but they are very fast. They don’t have much time to think. I like to watch them, though. The dancers wear old-fashioned clothes. That makesthe dances pretty to watch.Rosa: I’d like to watch a g roup dance.Steve: I’ll take you sometime.Task 4【答案】1) It was a time to celebrate the end of winter and the beginning of spring.2) They burned the picture of their kitchen god to bring good luck.3) The custom said the brides must wear “something old, something new, somethingborrowed, and something blue” to bring good luck.4)Because they could not eat meat, eggs or dairy products during Lent, so they triedto use up these things before Lent began.5)It was a straw man made by children in Czech; it was a figure of death.6)People brought their animals to church. And before the animals went into thechurch people dressed them up in flowers and ribbons.【原文】1) On the evening of February 3rd, people in Japanese families took one dried bean for each year of their age and threw the beans on the floor, shouting "Good luck in! Evil spirits out!" This was known as "Setsubun", a time to celebrate the end of winter and the beginning of spring.2) Before the Chinese Lunar New Year in the old days, many Chinese families burned the picture of their kitchen god to bring good luck. When Lunar New Year's Day came, they put ancw picture of the kitchen god on the wall.3) When American women got married, they sometimes followed an old custom in choosing what to wear on their wedding day. The custom said the bride must wear "something old, something new, something borrowed, and something blue". This was to bring good luck.4) Before Lent (a time on the Christian calendar), the people of Ponti, Italy ate an omelet made with 1,000 eggs. People could not eat meat, eggs or dairy products during Lent, so they tried to use up these things before Lent began.5) When winter ended in Czech, the children made a straw man called "Smrt", which was a figure of death. They burned it or threw it in the river. After they destroyed it, they carried flowers home to show the arrival of spring.6) January 17th was St. Anthony's Day in Mexico. It was a day when people brought their animals to church. But before the animals went into the church, the people dressed them up in flowers and ribbons. This ceremony was to protect people's animals.Task 5【答案】A.1) F 2) T 3) F 4) T 5) F 6) T 7) T【原文】Man: Well, I think life used to be much more fun than it is now. I mean, look at the Victorians. They had lots of servants to do all the work; they never had to doany cooking or cleaning; they just wore those beautiful dresses and went totea parties.Woman: You must be joking! Their clothes were terribly uncomfortable and their tea parties were very formal and boring. They used to wear their hats and longgloves even when they were eating cakes and biscuits. And men were notusually invited.Man: Really? Weren't they?Woman: And think of the poor servants. What a terrible life — just cleaning and cooking for other people all the time!Man: But you hate housework!Woman: Yes, I know, but there are lots of machines now to help you with the housework. People don't need servants.Man: Maybe they don't, but life then was much slower than it is now-people nowadays are always rushing, and they never have time to stop and enjoythemselves.Woman: Life then was fine for the rich, but it was dreadful for the poor. There was much more illness. They didn't have the money to pay doctors, and they oftenused to die of illnesses that don't exist in England now.Man: Maybe. But people used to talk to each other, play the piano or play cards together. Nowadays people just sit in front of the television for hours andnever talk to each other.Woman: I agree with you about television; but what about their children? They left their Children with the servants all day. Children hardly ever saw theirparents! And the clothes they had to wear! Horrible, tight, uncomfortable,grown-up clothes. Children have a much better life now than they used to,and schools and education are much better too.Man: I hate school.Woman: And look at opportunities for women. In those days, women used to stay at home, play the piano, change their clothes several times a day and have teaparties. What a life! They didn't have any freedom at all. I'm very happyliving now. I can work, have a career, do what I want to.Man: You mean you can work hard all your life like a Victorian servant. Woman: Life isn't all tea parties, you know.Task 6【答案】A.1) b 2) a 3) c 4) aB.1) family unit; process; change; used to be; the extended; the nuclear2) job patterns; progressed; agricultural; industrial; forced; job opportunities; split up3) traditional; family; expanded; other living arrangementsC.1) mother, father, children, and some other relatives, such as grandparents, living in the same house or nearby2)only the parents and the children3)previously married men and women marry again and combine the children fromformer marriages into a new family【原文】The American family unit is in the process of change. There used to be mainly two types offamilies: the extended and the nuclear. The extended family most often included mother, father, children, and some other relatives, such as grandparents, living in the same house or nearby. Then as job patterns changed and the economy progressed from agricultural to industrial, people were forced to move to different parts of the country for job opportunities. These moves split up the extended family. The nuclear family became more prevalent; this consisted of only the parents and the children. Now besides these two types of traditional groupings, the word "family" is being expanded to include a variety of other living arrangements.Today's family can be made up of diverse combinations. With the divorce rate nearly one in two, there is an increase in single parent homes: a father or mother living with one or more children. "Blended families" occur when previously married men and women marry again and combine the children from former marriages into a new family. On the other hand, some couples are deciding not to have any children at all, so there is an increase in childless families. There are also more people who live alone: single, widowed, divorced. Now one in five Americans lives alone.Task 7【答案】A.B.1) c 2) c 3) a 4) b 5) c 6) c 7) c【原文】In Japan both men and women go to university and both men and women study the arts such as history or English. But very few women study science, medicine or engineering. In engineering classes of thirty or forty students, there may be only one or two women. Men and women both go to university in order to get good jobs: men want to work for a big company, be successful, earn a lot of money and support a family; women, on the other hand, want to work for a big company because they have a better chance of meeting a successful man and getting married. This is changing, however, as Japanese women begin to think about their own careers. They have began to take jobs which they like rather than jobs in order to find a husband.Men work for their whole lives and usually stay with the same company. A woman may work up to ten years, but after that she usually gets married. Most women are married by the age of twenty seven, then they stay at home and look after the children.A man does not cook or look after the children. When he comes home, his meal must be ready. The woman may go out in the afternoon, shopping with her friends or having a chat, but she must go back home by four o'clock to prepare the meal. Then she may have to wait a long time for her husband to come home. Often he has to go out for a drink after work: if he doesn't he may not rise very high in the company. After her children grow up, a woman can go back to work, but it is not easy. If her former company takes older women back, she might be lucky. But most women find it difficult to find a job when they are older.Task 8【答案】A.1) a 2) c 3) b 4) c 5) c 6) b 7) c 8) bB.1) T 2) T 3) F 4) F 5) T 6) F 7) F 8) F 9) T 10) F【原文】Matthew: Geth, how do people set about getting married in England?Geth: I suppose the most common way is still for people to go home. For example, people who live in London now will go back to their homes in the provinceswhere they'll meet all their relatives and their parents, and they'll getmarried in a church, with the bride wearing white, the traditional white.Then they'll go off and have a booze-up with their relatives and friends anda jolly good time will be had by all. Otherwise you can get married in aregistry office, which means you turn up with your bride-to-be orbridegroom-to-be with two witnesses only. The ceremony takes about fiveminutes, I suppose. You sign the form and that's it.Matthew: There are many today who say that marriage is a complete waste of time.What's your view of marriage in the twentieth century?Goth: Well, I live in London as you know. I think in London, the tendency is to...for a... boy and girl, man or woman to live together before marriage andoften to live together without any prospect of marriage at all. I think thisprobably is... is true of London and the other big cities than elsewhere,because after all people in London are living in a big place where home tiesare obviously less restrictive. They can do more or less as they please and Ithink this is the pattern.Matthew: But do you think it helps for people to live together before taking their vows?Geth: I think in a sense the habit of living together before marriage may, in a strange sort of way, make marriage stronger, because after all the people will knoweach other better when they do get married and it might be suggested thatdivorce would be less likely between such a couple.Matthew: Sue, you've been married for two or three years now. How's it working out? Sue: I think it's a successful marriage. It's... I mean, it's difficult to say why, because we basically suit each other very much. We have a good friendship,apart from anything else, and, you know, we just go together very wellbecause we respect each other's freedom and individuality, but on the otherhand we really need each other, you know, it's...Matthew: What about.., have you thought of having children?Sue: Well, obviously, like most young couples, we have thought about it, but, you know, we both feel rather, sort of, loath to lose our freedom just yet. I thinkwe'll probably wait another few years.Matthew: Is it easy in England today to people to get divorced, or is that quite difficult?Chris: I think technically it's probably fairly easy, I think, because I'm not English but, I think technically it's fairly easy to be... to get divorced. But it's not justthe technicality of it which is the problem. Divorce is... is a social stigmawhich people can probably Cope with to varying degrees, but it's also a loteasier for the man because the woman, after she is divorced is, in fact,frowned upon by... by a lot of people in society. She is... is... at a... a muchmore difficult social position in terms of... of meeting other men, or whatever, simply because she is a divorcee.Task 9【原文】Social customs and ways of behaving change. But they do not necessarily always change for the better. Things which were considered impolite many years ago are now acceptable. Just a few years ago, it was considered impolite behaviour for a man to smoke on the street. No man who thought of himself as being a gentleman would make a fool of himself by smoking when a lady was in the room.The important thing to remember about social customs is not to do anything that might make other people feel uncomfortable — especially if they are your guests. There is a story about a rich nobleman who had a very formal dinner party. When the food was served, one of the guests started to eat his peas with a knife. Other guests were amused or shocked, but the nobleman calmly picked up his knife and began eating in the same way. It would have been bad manners to make his guest feel foolish or uncomfortable.Unit 2Task 1【答案】1) b 2) a 3) d【原文】Texas was the biggest state before Alaska became the forty-ninth state in 1959. One good way to understand the size of Texas is to learn about its weather. Different parts of the state have very different kinds of weather.Laredo is one of the hottest cities in the United States in summer. The best time to visit Laredo is in winter, when it is pleasantly warm.Amarillo gets very cold in winter. Sometimes there is more snow in Amarillo than in New York, which is a northern city. Summers are better, but sometimes it gets quite hot. The best time to visit Amarillo is in the autumn when it is cool.If anyone asks you about the weather in Texas, ask him, “What p art of Texas do you mean？”Task 2【答案】A.1)T 2) F 3) FB.1) d 2) c 3) cC.climate, reputation, extraordinary, unreliable, dry, wet, clear, dull, hot, cold, bad, mild 【原文】Our friend, Nick, whose English gets better and better, declared solemnly the other day that he thought that the British climate was wonderful, but the British weather was terrible. He went on to explain by pointing out that the British climate was a temperate one. This meant, he said, "that you could always be certain that the weather would never be extreme — at any rate not for any length of time — never very hot and never very cold." He quite rightly pointed out that the rainfall in Britain, according to the statistics, was not very heavy. "Why then," he asked, "has the British climate such a bad reputation?" He answered by saying it was because of the extraordinary, unreliable weather. There was no part of the year at which you could be certain that the weather would be dry or wet, clear or dull, hot or cold. A bad day in July could be as cold as a mild day in January. Indeed you could feel cold at almost any time of the year. Nick blamed drafty British houses for this, but agreed you could also blame the small amount of sunshine and a great amount of dampness. He advised every student coming to Britain to bring an umbrella and to understand the meaning of that splendid word "drizzle".Task 3【答案】I.the country; Trees, grass, lakes and steamsII.A.1. concrete, iron, steel2. take in the heat during the day and throw off heat into the air at nightB. Warmer winters, car engines; electrical applianceⅢ.A. air pollution may stop sunlight from reaching the earthB.1. Ice near the North and South poles to melt2. to be slowly flooded and people living in these cities to move to higher land【原文】Cities change the climate around you. In the country, there are trees, grass, lakes, and streams. In hot weather, the trees and grass cool the area around them. Lakes and rivers also cool the area around them.But cities are not cooled in these natural ways. Cities are built of asphalt, concrete, iron, andsteel. There are few trees and usually not much grass. Rain falls onto the streets and into the sewers.When the summer sun shines, streets and buildings take in the heat; after the sun sets, the streets and buildings throw off heat into the street. Once the sun sets, the countryside cools off, but a city may stay hot all night.Cities are hotter than the countryside in winter, too. Standing near a car with its motor running, winter or summer, you will feel the heat thrown off by the engine. The heat comes from the gasoline burned by the engine. This heat warms the air and the ground around the car. Thousands of running cars are almost like thousands of small fires burning.Carefully put your hand near a light bulb or television set. As you can see, electricity creates a lot of heat. This heat from electricity warms the house and the outside air.The heat given off by cities can affect the climate. Some experts even believe that cities can change the climate of the whole world. They think that air pollution may stop sunlight from reaching the earth. If less sunshine reaches the earth, the earth may become cooler.Still other experts think the world will get warmer. If the world did get warmer, great changes would occur. Ice near the North and South poles would melt. This would make the oceans rise. Cities near oceans — like Los Angeles, Boston, and Miami — would slowly be flooded. People living in these cities would have to move to higher land.Task 4【答案】A.1) b 2) cB. night, delight; morning, warning; gray, way, red, headC.1) F 2) T 3) F【原文】A red sky at either dusk or dawn is one of the spectacular and beautiful weather predictors we have in nature. By closely observing this phenomenon, you can achieve short-range accuracy of the weather as good as, or better than your local weatherman. In the Bible, Jesus in Matthew 16, 2-3 is quoted as saying, “When it is evening, it will be fair weather: for the sky is red. And in the morning it will be foul weather today: for the sky is red” when speaking to the Pharisees. An old English weather proverb based on this passage is:Red sky at night, sailors delight.Red sky at morning, sailors take warning.OrEvening red and morning gray,Sends the traveler on his way.Evening gray, morning red,Brings the rain down on his head.At dusk, a red sky indicates that dry weather is on the way. This is due to the sun shining through dust particles being pushed ahead of a high pressure system bringing in dry air. A red sky in the morning is due to the sun again shining through dust. In this case however, the dust is being pushed on by an approaching low reassure system bringing in moisture. Don't confuse a red sky in the morning with a red sun in the morning. If the sun itself is red and the sky is a normal color, the day will be fair.Task 5【答案】1) c 2) b 3) d 4) c 5) c【原文】Mark: I am an avid fly fisherman and frequently find myself on the river ina raft during lightning storms. We always have a debate at thesetimes on where we are safest — pulling into shore or staying on thewater. Since I have heard one is safe in a car when lightning strikesI wonder if the raft floating on the water is insulated, and thereforethe safest place to be.Meteorologist A: We spoke with some scientists about your question, and they allagreed that under no circumstances should you remain on the waterduring a lightning storm. If your raft is made of rubber, you mightfeel that you're .well insulated, but don't kid yourself. Typicallightning flashes travel 10 to 15 kilometers and can deliver as muchas 100,000 amps of current. In comparison, a toaster uses about 10amps of current. If lightning strikes the water near you, it will haveno trouble traveling through a few extra centimeters of rubber. Meteorologist B: So, if you're on the water and a thunderstorm approaches, get to the shore and seek shelter on land. Try a building or car. If neither isavailable, look for a cave, cliff, wall, or a group of trees. Never takeshelter under an isolated tree-it's also a good target for lightning.Task 6【答案】A.1) F 2) T 3) F 4) T 5) F 6) TB.Incredible, one minute, one kilometer, destroyed, lifted up, carried away, killed, injured【原文】Every spring and summer many inland areas are hit by tornados. A tornado is a kind of storm. It's a revolving, funnel-shaped column of air that moves through the sky at very high speeds. A tornado looks like a huge, black ice cream cone whirling through the sky. The speed of a tornado is very fast-it is believed to be between 200 and 700 kilometers per hour.Tornados form under very special weather conditions, and these special weather conditions occur most often in inland areas, such as the central United States. A tornado forms when a layer of warm, dry air is on top of a layer of cooler, moist air. This combination of dry, warm air above wet, cool air creates a condition that causes the lower layer of air to lift up. As the lower air rises, both layers of air begin to rotate, to turn around and around. The air begins to rotate faster and faster because of centrifugal force. The tornado has a center called an “eye” and the air rotates quickly around this eye.As the air begins to rotate faster and faster, the tornado cloud begins to grow downward; that is, it begins to form a funnel or cone, and this cone goes down toward the ground.The cone of air is dark because it develops from a dark rain cloud. As the cloud gets longer, as the cloud gets closer to the ground, it begins to pull up dirt from the ground. Then the funnel ofrotating air becomes very dark because of the dirt in it. As the tornado funnel gets longer, it begins to drag along the ground.When the tornado touches the ground, it does incredible damage. It usually touches the ground for only about one minute, and it usually travels along the ground for only about one kilometer, but during that one minute, buildings are destroyed, trees are lifted up out of the ground, small objects are carried away, and sometimes people are injured or killed.Task 7【答案】A.1) b 2) a 3) bB.1) It has been nice weather during the day, but it is going to change at night.2) Fine weather in southern Europe and not so nice in northern EuropeFor todaySoutheast England---26 degrees Celsius by mid-afternoonSouthern Scotland---Maximum temperatures of around 21 degreesBrighton---15 hours of lovely sunshineMidlands---23 degrees Celsius by early afternoonNorthwest of Scotland---Light showers around middayFor the weekendSpain---34 degrees CelsiusGreece---32 degrees CelsiusFrance---Cloudy with rain, maximum temperatures of 22 degrees。

《现代大学英语听力2》听力原文及题目答案Unit 2Unit 2Task 1【答案】1) b 2) a 3) d【原文】Texas was the biggest state before Alaska became the forty-ninth state in 1959. One good way to understand the size of Texas is to learn about its weather. Different parts of the state have very different kinds of weather.Laredo is one of the hottest cities in the United States in summer. The best time to visit Laredo is in winter, when it is pleasantly warm.Amarillo gets very cold in winter. Sometimes there is more snow in Amarillo than in New York, which is a northern city. Summers are better, but sometimes it gets quite hot. The best time to visit Amarillo is in the autumn when it is cool.If anyone asks you about the weather in Texas, ask him, “What part of Texas do you mean？”Task 2【答案】A.1)T 2) F 3) FB.1) d 2) c 3) cC.climate, reputation, extraordinary, unreliable, dry, wet, clear, dull, hot, cold, bad, mild【原文】Our friend, Nick, whose English gets better and better, declared solemnly the other day that he thought that the British climate was wonderful, but the British weather was terrible. He went on to explain by pointing out that the British climate was a temperate one. This meant, he said, "that you could always be certain that the weather would never be extreme —at any rate not for any length of time —never very hot and never very cold." He quite rightly pointed out that the rainfall in Britain, according to the statistics, was not very heavy. "Why then," he asked, "has the British climate such a bad reputation?" He answered by saying it was because of the extraordinary, unreliable weather. There was no part of the year at which you could be certain that the weather would be dry or wet, clear or dull, hot or cold. A bad day in July could be as cold as a mild day in January. Indeed you could feel cold at almost any time of the year. Nick blamed drafty British houses for this, but agreed you could also blame the small amount of sunshine and a great amount of dampness. He advised every student coming to Britain to bring an umbrella and to understand the meaning of that splendid word "drizzle".Task 3【答案】I.the country; Trees, grass, lakes and steamsII.A.1. concrete, iron, steel2. take in the heat during the day and throw off heat into the air at nightB. Warmer winters, car engines; electrical applianceⅢ.A. air pollution may stop sunlight from reaching the earthB.1. Ice near the North and South poles to melt2. to be slowly flooded and people living in these cities to move to higher land 【原文】Cities change the climate around you. In the country, there are trees, grass, lakes, and streams. In hot weather, the trees and grass cool the area around them. Lakes and rivers also cool the area around them.But cities are not cooled in these natural ways. Cities are built of asphalt, concrete, iron, andsteel. There are few trees and usually not much grass. Rain falls onto the streets and into the sewers.When the summer sun shines, streets and buildings take in the heat; after the sun sets, the streets and buildings throw off heat into the street. Once the sun sets, the countryside cools off, but a city may stay hot all night.Cities are hotter than the countryside in winter, too. Standing near a car with its motor running, winter or summer, you will feel the heat thrown off by the engine. The heat comes from the gasoline burned by the engine. This heat warms the air and the ground around the car. Thousands of running cars are almost like thousands of small fires burning.Carefully put your hand near a light bulb or television set. As you can see, electricity creates a lot of heat. This heat from electricity warms the house and the outside air.The heat given off by cities can affect the climate. Some experts even believe that cities can change the climate of the whole world. They think that air pollution may stop sunlight from reaching the earth. If less sunshine reaches the earth, the earth may become cooler.Still other experts think the world will get warmer. If the world did get warmer, great changes would occur. Ice near the North and South poles would melt. This would make the oceans rise. Cities near oceans — like Los Angeles, Boston, and Miami —would slowly be flooded. People living in these cities would have to move to higher land.Task 4【答案】A.1) b 2) cB. night, delight; morning, warning; gray, way, red, headC.1) F 2) T 3) F【原文】A red sky at either dusk or dawn is one of the spectacular and beautiful weather predictors we have in nature. By closely observing this phenomenon, you can achieve short-range accuracy of the weather as good as, or better than your local weatherman. In the Bible, Jesus in Matthew 16, 2-3 is quoted as saying, “When it is evening, it will be fair weather: for the sky is red. And in the morning it will be foul weather today: for the sky is red” when speaking to the Pharisees. An old English weather proverb based on this passage is:Red sky at night, sailors delight.Red sky at morning, sailors take warning.OrEvening red and morning gray,Sends the traveler on his way.Evening gray, morning red,Brings the rain down on his head.At dusk, a red sky indicates that dry weather is on the way. This is due to the sun shining through dust particles being pushed ahead of a high pressure system bringing in dry air. A red sky in the morning is due to the sun again shining through dust. In this case however, the dust is being pushed on by an approaching low reassure system bringing in moisture. Don't confuse a red sky in the morning with a red sun in the morning. If the sun itself is red and the sky is a normal color, the day will be fair.Task 5【答案】1) c 2) b 3) d 4) c 5) c【原文】Mark: I am an avid fly fisherman and frequently find myself on the river in a raft during lightning storms. We always have a debate at thesetimes on where we are safest —pulling into shore or staying on thewater. Since I have heard one is safe in a car when lightning strikesI wonder if the raft floating on the water is insulated, and thereforethe safest place to be.Meteorologist A: We spoke with some scientists about your question, and they all agreed that under no circumstances should you remain on the waterduring a lightning storm. If your raft is made of rubber, you mightfeel that you're .well insulated, but don't kid yourself. Typicallightning flashes travel 10 to 15 kilometers and can deliver as muchas 100,000 amps of current. In comparison, a toaster uses about 10amps of current. If lightning strikes the water near you, it willhave no trouble traveling through a few extra centimeters of rubber. Meteorologist B: So, if you're on the water and a thunderstorm approaches, get to the shore and seek shelter on land. Try a building or car. If neitheris available, look for a cave, cliff, wall, or a group of trees. Nevertake shelter under an isolated tree-it's also a good target forlightning.Task 6【答案】A.1) F 2) T 3) F 4) T 5) F 6) TB.Incredible, one minute, one kilometer, destroyed, lifted up, carried away, killed, injured【原文】Every spring and summer many inland areas are hit by tornados. A tornado is a kind of storm. It's a revolving, funnel-shaped column of air that moves through the sky at very high speeds. A tornado looks like a huge, black ice cream cone whirling through the sky. The speed of a tornado is very fast-it is believed to be between 200 and 700 kilometers per hour.Tornados form under very special weather conditions, and these special weather conditions occur most often in inland areas, such as the central United States. A tornado forms when a layer of warm, dry air is on top of a layer of cooler, moist air. This combination of dry, warm air above wet, cool air creates a condition that causes the lower layer of air to lift up. As the lower air rises, both layers of air begin to rotate, to turn around and around. The air begins to rotate faster and faster because of centrifugal force. The tornado has a center called an “eye” and the air rotates quickly around this eye.As the air begins to rotate faster and faster, the tornado cloud begins to grow downward; that is, it begins to form a funnel or cone, and this cone goes down toward the ground.The cone of air is dark because it develops from a dark rain cloud. As the cloud gets longer, as the cloud gets closer to the ground, it begins to pull up dirt from the ground. Then the funnel ofrotating air becomes very dark because of the dirt in it. As the tornado funnel gets longer, it begins to drag along the ground.When the tornado touches the ground, it does incredible damage. It usually touches the ground for only about one minute, and it usually travels along the ground for only about one kilometer, but during that one minute, buildings are destroyed, trees are lifted up out of the ground, small objects are carried away, and sometimes people are injured or killed.Task 7【答案】A.1) b 2) a 3) bB.1) It has been nice weather during the day, but it is going to change at night.2) Fine weather in southern Europe and not so nice in northern EuropeFor todaySoutheast England---26 degrees Celsius by mid-afternoonSouthern Scotland---Maximum temperatures of around 21 degreesBrighton---15 hours of lovely sunshineMidlands---23 degrees Celsius by early afternoonNorthwest of Scotland---Light showers around middayFor the weekendSpain---34 degrees CelsiusGreece---32 degrees CelsiusFrance---Cloudy with rain, maximum temperatures of 22 degreesNorthern Ireland---Heavy rain, 17 degrees CelsiusMost of England---Cloudy but mainly dry with sunny periods, 23 degrees Celsius 【原文】Radio Announcer: You’re listening to Radio Metro. It’s two minutes to nine, and time for the latest weather for cast from Dan Francis at the London Weather Centre. Francis: Hello. It's been another warm and fine day for most of us. Temperatures in southeast England reached 26 degrees Celsius by mid-afternoon, and Brighton had 15 hours of lovely sunshine. Further north it was a little cooler with maximum temperatures of around 21 degrees in southern Scotland, and in the far northwest of Scotland there were some light showers around midday. But the rest of the country, as I said, has been warm and dry with temperatures in the Midlands reaching 23 degrees Celsius by early afternoon though it was a little cooler along the west coast and in Northern Ireland. But already the weather is beginning to change, I'm afraid, and during the night showers will slowly move in from the Atlantic to reach south-west England and the southern coast of Wales by early morning.The rest of the country will have a very mild, dry night with minimum temperatures no lower than 15 degrees in the south, a little cooler — 11degrees or so —in the north. Any remaining showers in northwest Scotland will pass quickly to leave a mild, dry night there too.And now the outlook for Friday and the weekend. Well, southern Europe will, once again, get the best of the weekend weather, and if your holiday starts this weekend, then southern Spain is the place to go, with temperatures of 34 degrees along the Mediterranean coast. At the eastern end of the Med, too, you can expect uninterrupted sunshine and temperatures of up to 32 degrees Celsius in Greece and southeast Italy, but further north the weather's not so settled. Much of France, Belgium and the Netherlands will be cloudy with occasional rain, and maximum temperatures will be around 22 degrees — very disappointing for this time of the year.Scotland and Northern Ireland will have heavy rain for much of the weekend and temperatures will drop to a cool 17 degrees. Across most of England the weather will be cloudy but mainly dry with sunny periods. And when the sun does come out, temperatures could rise to a maximum of 23 degrees.Task 8【答案】【原文】As the air pressure around you either rises or falls, many changes in nature occur. Most of these are very obvious changes while others are of a more subtle nature.Mountains and other far away objects will appear to be much closer and more sharply focused as wet weather approaches and the air pressure drops. The dust particles in the air begin to settle to the ground and the air clears, allowing you to see more details of faraway objects. As a high pressure front approaches and the air becomes “thicker,” more dust particles become suspended in air and things take on their normal somewhat hazy appearance.“Sharp horns on the moon threaten bad weather.” This and a bright, clear moon are good indicators that wet weather is on the way. As the air clears of dust particles ahead of a low pressure system, the moon appears to come closer and be more sharply focused due to the lack of dust.Sound also becomes sharper and more focused prior to stormy weather. Instead of traveling upward and outward into the atmosphere sound waves are bent back to the earth and their range extended. Bird calls sound sharper, and, at my house, we can hear the blowing of the train horn as it rumbles through the valley below.If you find yourself out in a marsh or swamp and the air really seems to stink more than normal, expect rainy weather. This happens when the pressure drops and the methane trapped on the bottom of the swamp is released in greater quantities. In reverse, as fair weather approaches and the pressure rises, things won't smell quite so strong.Birds and bats have a tendency to fly much lower to the ground right before a rain due to the “thinning” of the air. They prefer to fly where the air is the most dense and they can get greater lift with their wings. With high pressure and dry air, the atmosphere becomes denser and they can easily fly at higher altitudes.Smoke rising straight into the air means fair weather and smoke hanging low meansrain is on the way. This is pretty much the same as with the birds and methane in the swamp. When high pressure approaches, smoke will rise whereas with low pressure it can't rise and tends to lay low.Remember a grandparent talking about how their corns, bunions, or joints ached right before a rain? Again, this is due to the decreasing atmospheric pressure allowing the gas in our bodies to expand.Task 9【答案】A. Statements 3, 6, 7 are true.B.f—c—a—d—b—eC.1) F 2) T 3) F 4) FD.1) d 2) b【原文】It was 1974. Richard Nixon was still president. Kidnapped heiress Patty Hearst was still missing. In Xenia, a pretty spot of 25,000 people amid fields of soybeans and corn, American Graffiti was held over at the Cinema. The Xenia Hotel offered a chicken and dumpling dinner for $, but everyone flocked to the A&W drive-in for burgers and root beer floats. That's where five of the bodies were found after the storm.In all, 33 people died in Xenia's tornado, the deadliest of 148 storms that raged through 13 states during the infamous "Super Outbreak'' of tornadoes April 3 to 4, 1974. In 16 hours and 10 minutes, 330 people were killed and nearly 5,550 were injured from Illinois to Georgia.Though the Xenia death toll has been matched by other killer storms, the degree of devastation makes the city's tornado among U.S. history's most destructive. The storm still is studied in colleges by aspiring meteorologists, a textbook case of a rare Category F-5, the most intense of tornadoes.On that fateful day, I was a young boy of 8 years old. We lived in the Arrowhead Subdivision. That afternoon I was around the corner playing with some neighbor kids.I thought I could hear my father calling me, so I ran back to the house. Thinking back now, there is no way I would have been able to hear him. I was too far away for a voice to have traveled in the afternoon noise. Besides, Dad had a very bad case of tonsillitis that day. Like I was saying, I went back home and got through the door just in time to answer the ringing phone. On the other end of the phone was my Mother. Mom was working. She told me she heard a bad storm was on the way. She told me to make sure the garage door was shut and to stay inside. After I hung up the phone, I settled down to watch The Dennis Show. To this day I can vividly remember the electricity going out. I looked out the large window in the living room and didn't have a clue as to what I was looking at.Dad was asleep on the couch, so I woke him up to look. Dad looked and said to get into the bathroom. We sat on the floor. Dad had his back to the door and hisfeet pushing against the wall opposite the door. I remember that as soon as we sat down, the windows broke. Glass blew under the door, and the sound was tremendous.I know it really didn’t take too long for the tornado to go past, but I do remember the conversation we had in the process. I could feel the cool air rushing under the floor through the crawlspace vents. I asked if we were flying. He said he wasn't sure, but he didn't think we were. He said the house was tearing apart. I asked him how he knew. He said he just knew it was.When things calmed down, we opened the door. The odd feeling I had, looking up the street from inside what once was my hallway, is still with me today.I think back often to that day. I think back and wonder what would have happened if my Dad hadn't been sick that day. Like a lot of kids, I stayed home by myself after school back then. I seriously doubt I would be able to tell you my story, if I had been alone that day. I still live in Xenia and wouldn’t trade this town for any other.Task 10【原文】Undoubtedly, Tibet is one of the harshest places for human existence. It is cool in summer but freezing cold in winter. In Lhasa, the mildest city temperature may exceed 29C in summer while plummeting to -16C in winter! Sun radiation is extremely strong in Tibet. The sunlight in Lhasa is so intense that the city is called Sunlight City. The thin air can neither block off nor retain heat so that the temperature extremes can be met in daytime and the same night respectively in Tibet. However it is not impossible to visit the holy snow land. April to October is the best time to visit Tibet, out of the coldest months, which are from December to February usually. The average temperature in north Tibet is subzero and winter arrives in October until the following May or June. July and August are the best time to visit the area, enjoying warm temperature, intense sunshine, beautiful scenery and festive events. May, June and September is the tourist season in east Tibet. In winter, roads are all blocked by heavy snow. Landslides and rock falls frequently occur, which will make travel difficult.。

Unit 11Task 1:【原文】1)"In fact," said the attorney with sarcasm, "you were so frightened at the rune mat you honestly cannot testify whether it was an automobile or something resembling an automobile that struck you.""Well," replied the plaintiff "I can only say that I was struck by the resemblance."2) And the other story from that area is about the native who noticed the epitaph on a tombstone: "Here Lies a Lawyer and an Honest Man.""Mighty small grave for two men," commented the native.3) This is supposed to have happened in a Western courtroom. One lawyer rose and shouted that his opponent was a crook, a shyster and a disgrace to the legal profession. The opposing attorney responded that the first was guiltier than his client and should be the one on trial.The judge calmly noted: "Now that both of the learned counsels have identified themselves, let us proceed with this case."4) A story that lawyers and law students never appreciate is the one about the two pickpockets who were working in the crowd in front of a downtown office building. They noticed one man who took a fat wallet out of his pocket, counted the contents and went into the elevator.They followed him into the elevator but weren’ t able to reach him before he got off and entered a lawyer's office.In few minutes they saw the man come out Then one pickpocket said to the other "What'll we do now?" the other replied, "You know what to do. We'll wait for the lawyer to come out." 5)"No doubt about it," said the lawyer. "This is one of the strongest cases I've ever heard. There isn't a chance of losing in court.""Thanks," said the client, grabbing for his hat and coat. "I guess I'll settle this out of court." "But I said you can't lose," cried the lawyer."I know, but what I told you was the other man's side of the case."Task 2:【答案】Main Idea: The importance of jury trial in the US legal system and the contemporary challenges it facesI. The jury trial is the central element in the American conception of justice.A. The right to trial by an impartial jury. is one of the oldest and least controversial guaranteesin the Constitution.B. America is distinctive among all nations for the central role accorded the jury trial in itsjustice system.C. To American citizens, participation in government is represented by voting and jury service. II. The future of jury trial is uncertain due to the rapid changes in American society.A. Increases in the volume of civil and criminal trials have put great pressure on the jurysystem.B. There have been dramatic increases in the length and complexity of trials.C. In civil cases, it sometimes seems impossible for jury members to have the specialknowledge needed due to the advance in science and technology.D. Changes in trial method and greater public access have altered the nature of the trial jury.【原文】The jury trial is the central element in the American conception of justice. The fight to trial by an impartial jury, insulated from influence by oppressive political powers, is one of the oldest and least controversial guarantees in the Constitution. America is distinctive among all nations for the central role accorded the jury trial in its justice system. The more than 300,000 jury trials a year are of enormous practical and symbolic significance to those who are involved in them and to those who see or hear about them. To the typical American citizen, participation in government is represented by voting and jury service.Despite the long history of the jury trial and despite its current significance in the legal system, its future is uncertain. Changes in American society have created new demands for justice which may not be met by traditional jury trials. Increases in the volume of civil and criminal trials have clogged the court system and placed unprecedented strains on the ability of the jury system to dispense high quality justice. There have been dramatic increases in the length and complexity of trials. In some jurisdictions, jury selection alone may last as long as a week in a typical criminal case. Although not common, civil and criminal cases lasting months and even years place a burden on the system. On the civil side, advances in science and engineering have created complexities in disputes that challenge the experts in the field and would seem to require an unattainable level of sophistication on the part of jury members. Technological developments are also changing some of the conventions of evidence and procedure at trial and providing opportunities for public access through media reportage, which has altered the nature of the trial jury.Task 3:【答案】A.1) T2) F3) T4) F5) T6) T7) F8) FB.1) Every witness must swear an oath, with his hand on the Bible, "To tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth".2) Cross-examination is the examination of a witness by his opponent. For example, every witness called by the prosecuting counsel may be examined by the defending barrister, and vice versa.3) It is a question that suggests something instead of asking for information.4) “Hearsay” evidence is what one has heard others say about an event.【原文】While you were staying with us during the summer, I remember you asked me a lot ofquestions about law in this country. I'm afraid I wasn't able to help you much. We read in our papers about trials in the law courts, but few law-abiding citizens are experts on the subject.You asked me to tell you how criminal trials in England differ from criminal trials in Europe, and I couldn't tell you much—except, I remember, that I said that in England a person accused 26 crime must always be supposed innocent until he has been proved guilty. Newspapers mustn't describe the accused as “the murderer; he's “the accused” or “the prisoner”. Last month I served as a member of the jury at an important criminal trial, so I learnt quite a lot. I thought you'd be interested, and that's why I'm writing.The prisoner was accused of robbing a bank and of wounding the night watchman who tried to stop him. He pleaded "Not Guilty", so the trial was a long one. We had to listen t some lo, speeches and a lot of evidence.I'm over 50 and this was my first experience of serving as a juror. We're liable for jury service between 21 and 60, so you see I might have been called on many years ago. Of the 12 members of the jury, three were women. Two of the men were small shopkeepers, one was a motor mechanic, and another was a school teacher. I didn't find out what the others were, but you can see we were a mixed lot.We had three stories to listen to. First there was the story told by the counsel for the prosecution, then the story told by the defending counsel, and lastly the story told by the judge, a summing up of what was said by counsel and witnesses. By "counsel" 1 mean the barrister or barristers employed on either side.The prosecuting counsel began by telling the court what he intended to prove by evidence. Then he called his witnesses. These people can say what they know only in answer to questions, so the examination of witnesses is very important. Every witness may be examined by the barrister who is defending the prisoner. This is the cross-examination. The judge can interfere if he thinks any of the questions are unfair. He always objects to what are called "leading questions", questions that suggest something instead of asking for information. (Perhaps you know the old example: "When did you stop beating your wife?") Leading questions are allowed, however, in cross-examination.The defending counsel then had his turn. He called new witnesses, including the accused man himself. These witnesses were then cross-examined by the prosecuting counsel.The law of evidence is very strict. Every witness must, before he goes into the witness box, swear an oath, with his hand on the Bible, "To tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth". A witness may tell only what he himself knows to be true. "Hearsay" evidence is not allowed. If, for example, Mr. X saw a man forcing a way into a building, he can describe what he saw, and this is evidence. If he tells his wife about it, a description of what happened, given by the wife, is not evidence. She heard her husband's story, but she herself did not see what happened.When all the evidence had been given, and the examination of the witnesses was finished, counsel for both sides made further speeches. Counsel for the prosecution tried to show that, from the evidence they had heard, the jury could only find the accused person guilty. Counsel for the defence tried to show that the accused was not guilty. Then the judge summed up.Task 4:【答案】A.1) b2) a3) b4) cB.1) The judges are responsible for summing up the evidence, and call the jurymen's attention to all the important points in the evidence and in the speeches made by counsel for both sides.2) The judge usually gives a more severe sentence to the accused.3) No. This is based on the principle of the division between the forces of the law who keep order, and the forces who conduct trials.【原文】There are quite a lot of people in England who think that 12 ordinary men and women are not capable of understanding properly all the evidence given at criminal trials. I had doubts about this myself until I served as juror last month. I don't feel so doubtful now. Our judges are expert in summing up the evidence. They take notes during the trial. The judge, in the case I'm writing about, called our attention to all the important points in the evidence and in the speeches made by counsel for both sides. He favored neither prosecution nor defense. He told us what crime the accused would be guilty of, if the evidence supplied by the prosecution was true.The members of the jury have to decide only the questions of fact. Questions of law are for the judge. So when the judge had finished his summing up, he said to us, "Will you please consider your verdict?"We retired to a private room to do this. I was elected foreman (or chairman). You probably know hat if at least 10 jurymen cannot agree, the jury must be discharged, and that then there is a new trial with a fresh jury. In this case we were not long in reaching a decision. The evidence against the accused man was so strong that we had no need to discuss it for long. English law requires that the guilt of an accused man must be proved "beyond reasonable doubt". We had no doubt at all, so when we returned to the court and I was asked, "Do you find the accused 'Guilty' or 'Not Guilty'?" I gave the answer "Guilty."Here's another interesting point about the law of evidence. The police may know quite a lot about the previous life of the accused man. They may have records to show that he is a habitual criminal, that he has often been accused of crime and proved guilty. But this information cannot be given in court until after the jury has brought in their verdict.In this case the police records showed that the accused had served three terms of imprisonment for robbery, one of them being robbery with violence, lf we had known this before we considered out verdict, and if the evidence against the man had been weak, we might have been inclined to declare him guilty, in spite of weak evidence against him.The accused's past record of crime, if he has one, is given after the verdict so that the judge may know better what sentence to pass. If the accused has never before been convicted of crime, the sentence is not likely to be severe, unless the crime is one of violence. First offenders are usually treated with sympathy. If, on the other hand, the accused man has a long record of convictions, the judge will pass a more severe sentence.There's one more point worth mentioning. The police officers who find and arrest an accused man may appear as witnesses at the trial. But they appear only as witnesses. They have no share in the examination of the accused. There is a clear division between the forces of the law who keeporder, and the forces who conduct trials in courts.Task 5:【答案】A.1) b2) a3) c4) cB.【原文】Crane: As I understand it, your sentences are pretty reasonable compared to ours. You mostly use fines, and when you do incarcerate people, it's usually for short terms. In the UnitedStates, our potential sentences are extremely high, and sometimes the legislature fixesthe punishment and gives the judge no discretion to lower it for a particular defendantwho doesn't deserve that much. So plea bargaining is our way of reaching a just result. Becker: Why are your sentences so low? Don't you want to stop crime?Schmrz: Of course we do. But we do it by curing the offender of his deviant ways and reintegrating him into society as soon as possible. The state assumes a parental role withthe offender. By contrast, your system seems to be adversarial in more ways than one.Not only is the prosecutor the adversaxy of the defendant, so is the state itself. We prefer to see offenders as potentially decent citizens who have temporarily gone astray. Becker: We used to see them that way, but at some point we gave up. These days, heavy criminals are treated as permanent outcasts. We don't see "reintegration" as a realistic possibility,so we pretty much lock 'em up and throwaway the key.Schmrz: Do 'you think this is an effective way to reduce crime?Becker: Sure. If they're crimes-at least community. in jail, they can't commit not on the law-abiding community.Schmrz: But they will eventually get out. When they are released, do their punishments make them less likely to commit more crimes?Crane: No way. They'll be more likely to commit new crimes. We don't spend much effort tryingto teach prisoners to adjust to society and earn their way honestly, so they just learnmore about being criminals. And sentences being as long as they are, often these guysare pretty angry when they get out. We treat them as outcasts, so that's what theybecome.Schmrz: It seems odd. You punish your defendants more severely than we do, in order to reduce crime, and yet your crime rates are much higher than ours. What conclusions may wedraw from this?Crane: It's pretty obvious, isn't it? Harsh punishments don't work.Becker: That's ridiculous. You could just as logically conclude that because of our high crime rates, we need harsher punishments to prevent them from going even higher.Task 6:【答案】A.Thesis: Factors in both the physical environment and the social environment are causes of crime.but the latter are more important.I. The causes in physical environment: relatively unimportant, yet worthy of noteA. Two factors that have influence on crimes:1. Climate2. SeasonB. Two general rules that may indicate the influence1. More crimes against the person in warm climate than crimes against property2. More crimes against the person in summer than in winterII. The causes in the social environment: the most important causesA. Conditions connected with the family: greater influence on crimes than other set of causes1. Undue proportion of criminals from demoralized familiese.g. most children in reform schools are from demoralized families2. Influence of domestic conditions on adultsB. Industrial conditions1. Conditions that may produce crimesa. Economic crisesb. Hard timesc. Strikes2. Quetelet's theory:As the price of food increases, crimes against property increase, while crimes against persons decrease.3. Different rates of crimes among various classesa. Least crimes committed by the agricultural classesb. Most crimes committed by the unemployed or those with no occupationC. Urbanization and other conditions concerning the distribution and density of the populationIn general, more crimes in the cities than in the country areasD. Educational conditions1. More crimes caused by defective educational conditionse.g. illiterates who are more likely to commit crimes2. Defects in educational systema. Lack of facilities for vocational educationb. Lack of physical educationc. Lack of specific moral instructionE. The press and the motion pictureExcessive use of crime in them as an important stimulus to crimeF. Certain social institutionsLack of opportunities for healthy social recreation among poorer people, particularly inlarge cities【原文】The objective causes of crime may be divided into causes in the physical environment and causes in the social environment. The causes in the physical environment are relatively unimportant, but are worthy of note. Climate and season seem to be the two chief physical factors that influence crime; and in connection with these we have two general rules, abundantly verified by statistics; namely, crimes against the person are more numerous in southern climates than crimes against property; and again crimes against the person are more numerous in summer than in winter, while crimes against property are more numerous in winter than in summer. All this is of course simply an outcome of the effect of climate and season upon general living conditions.Many researchers believe that the causes of crime in the social environment are of course much the most important causes of crime in general. Let us briefly note some of the more important social conditions that give rise to crime.1. Conditions connected with the family life have a great influence on crime. Since the familyis the chief agency in society for socializing the young, perhaps domestic conditions aremore important in the production of crime than any other set of causes. We have alreadyseen that demoralized homes contribute an undue proportion of criminals. It is estimatedby those in charge of reform schools for delinquent children that from 85 to 90 percent of the children in those institutions come from more or less demoralized or disrupted families.Domestic conditions also have an influence on adults. This is best shown perhaps by thefact that so large a proportion of criminals in our prisons are unmarried.2. Industrial conditions also have a profound influence upon criminal statistics. Economiccrises, hard times, strikes, lockouts, are all productive of crime. Quetelet, the Belgianstatistician, thought that the general rule could be laid down that, as the price of foodincreases, crimes against property increase, while crimes against persons decrease. At any rate, increase in the cost of the necessities of life is very apt to increase crimes of certainsorts.The various industrial classes show a different ratio of criminality. In general amongindustrial classes the least crime is committed by the agricultural classes, while the mostcrime is committed by the unemployed or those with no occupation. A recent prisoncensus showed that 31 percent of all prisoners were unemployed at the time their crimeswere committed, or were people with no occupation.3. Urbanization and other conditions concerning the distribution and density of thepopulation, have an influence upon crime. In general there is more crime in the cities than in the country districts. The statistics of all civilized countries seem to show about twice as great a percentage of crime in their large cities as in the rural districts.4. Educational conditions have undoubtedly a great influence upon crime. While education inthe sense of school education could never in itself stamp out crime, still defectiveeducational conditions greatly increase crime. This is shown sufficiently by the fact thatilliterates are much more liable to commit crime than those who have a fair education. The defects in our educational conditions which especially favor the development of crime incertain classes are, chiefly, lack of facilities for vocational education, lack of physicaleducation, and lack of specific moral instruction.The influence of the press as a popular educator must here be mentioned as one of theimportant stimuli to crime under modern conditions. The excessive exploitation of crimes in the modern sensational press no doubt conduces to increase criminality in certain classes, for it has been demonstrated that crime is often a matter of suggestion or imitation.5. The influence of certain social institutions in producing crime must be mentioned. Poorerpeople lack opportunities for wholesome social recreation, particularly in our large cities.Lacking these, they resort to the bars, gambling dens, cheap music and dance halls, andvulgar theatrical entertainments, while their children have to play in the streets. Theinfluence of all of these institutions is undoubtedly to spread the epidemic of vice andcrime.Task 7:【答案】A.1) An incurable nerve disease made her paralyzed.2) She wanted her husband to assist her suicide. But her husband could face criminal charges if he helped her die according to the British law.3) Judge Silber said that a full court review should decide if Mr. Pretty can be exempted from prosecution.4) Supporters of assisted suicide hailed the ruling, while opponents decried it.5) If euthanasia became legal, they would face greater pressure to commit suicide.6) The goal of the society is to make euthanasia legal in Britain.B.1) affect，dependent，care，elderly，this kind of way2) full hearing，full hearing，legislation，safeguards【原文】A paralyzed British woman has won the first round in a court battle to allow her husband to legally assist her suicide. The case has sparked controversy between opponents and supporters of euthanasia. Diane Pretty is a 42 year-old British woman who is terminally ill with a nerve disease that has left her paralyzed. She wants to commit suicide, but she is physically unable to do so. Therefore, Mrs. Pretty wants her husband Brian to assist her suicide. However, prosecutors have told the couple Mr. Pretty could face criminal charges if he helps her die. Against that backdrop, the Prettys went to London High Court on Friday to seek judicial relief.Judge Stephen Silber granted Mrs. Pretty an initial victory, saying a full court review should decide if Mr. Pretty can be exempted from prosecution. Mrs. Pretty, sitting in her wheelchair, burst into tears upon hearing Judge Silber's decision. Outside the court, supporters of assisted suicide hailed the ruling, while opponents of euthanasia decried it.Paul Tully leads a campaign against abortion and euthanasia. He fears that if Britain establishes the right to die, pressure will mount on the terminally ill to commit suicide. "What they are trying to achieve could affect thousands of other people who are entirely dependent on others for their care - people who are very elderly, with degenerative diseases," he said. "There are many, many people around the country who are suffering in this kind of way."Deborah Annetts represents the Voluntary Euthanasia Society, which supports the Pretty's court battle. She says the eventual goal is to get Britain to legalize assisted suicide. "This is about an individual, Diane, making a decision about when she's had enough suffering," she said. "What we would say is, if this goes all the way through for a full hearing and we are successful for that full hearing, we would ask the government to put in place legislation with appropriate safeguards as the Dutch have." The debate will resume at the next court hearing, expected in about one month.Task 8:【答案】A.1) She is a poor white girl, and the Chief Witness in the case.2) He is accused of beating and raping Ewell.3) The evidence suggests that Mayella Ewell was beaten savagely by someone with his left hand. However, Tom Robinson's left arm is useless.4) She tempted and kissed Tom Robinson, a black man. Thus she broke the rigid code in her family and community. She wants to conceal her offense by destroying Tom.5) They believe that all Negroes lie; all Negroes are basically immoral beings; all Negroes are not to be trusted around white women.6) He is an upright man who represents conscience and morality in the society. He is also a good lawyer. In his strong lecture, he gives a lesson to everyone in the courtroom. He criticizes them for their ignorance, prejudice and hypocrisy. This needs courage, but to Atticus, it is worth it because the truth will be told.7) In the speech, Finch gives similar idea in these words:In our courts, all men are created equal. I'm no idealist to believe firmly in the integrity of our courts and of our jury system. That's no ideal to me. That is a living, working reality!Here he argues that the jury system itself cannot guarantee the fairness and objectivity of court decisions. Only when all the members of the society are aware that all men are created equal can such, prejudice, discrimination and injustice be eliminated.B.1) somebody in this courtroom2) created equal，no idealist，integrity，jury，no ideal，living, working reality【原文】To begin with, this case should never have come to trial. The State has not produced one iota of medical evidence that the crime Tom Robinson is charged with ever took place. It has relied instead upon the testimony of two witnesses whose evidence has not only been called into serious question on cross examination, but has been flatly contradicted by the defendant. Now there is circumstantial evidence to indicate that Mayella Ewell was beaten savagely by someone who led, almost exclusively, with his left [hand]. And Tom Robinson now sits before you, having taken "The Oath" with the only good hand he possesses—his right.I have nothing but pity in my heart for the Chief Witness for the State. She is the victim of cruel poverty and ignorance. But, my pity does not extend so far as to her putting a man's life at stake, which she has done in an effort to get rid of her own guilt. Now I say "guilt," gentlemen, because it was guilt that motivated her. She's committed no crime. She has merely broken a rigid and time-honored code of our society, a code so severe that whoever breaks it is hounded from our midst as unfit to live with. She must destroy the evidence of her offense. But, what was the evidence of her offense? Tom Robinson, a human being. She must put Tom Robinson away from her. Tom Robinson was to her a daily reminder of what she did. Now what did she do? She tempted a negro. She was white and she tempted a negro. She did something that in our society is unspeakable: She kissed a black man. Not an old uncle, but a strong, young negro man. No code mattered to her before she broke it, but it came crashing down on her afterwards.The witnesses for the State, with the exception of the sheriff of Lincoln County, have presented themselves to you gentlemen—to this Court—in the cynical confidence that their testimony would not be doubted; confident that you gentlemen would go along with them on the assumption, the evil assumption, that all negroes lie; all negroes are basically immoral beings; all negro men are not to be trusted around our women, an assumption that one associates with minds of their caliber, and which is in itself, gentlemen, a lie—which I do not need to point out to you.And so, a quiet, humble, respectable negro, who has had the unmitigated temerity to feel sorry for a white woman, has had to put his word against two white peoples. The defendant is not guilty. But somebody in this courtroom is.Now, gentlemen, in this country our courts are the great levelers. In our courts, all men are created equal. I'm no idealist to believe firmly in the integrity of our courts and of our jury system. That's no ideal to me. That is a living, working reality!Now I am confident that you gentlemen will review without passion the evidence that you have heard, come to a decision, and restore this man to his family.。

Robert: Well, that's not the way I look at it, Dad. It's the job I care about, not the money.
Harry: Maybe not; but you'll learn to care about the money too, when you've got a family to keep.
In the station she went to one of the automatic ticket machines but she didn't have enoughchange, so she had to join the queue at the ticket window. She bought her ticket and ran to theescalator. Laura went to the platform and waited for the tube. It arrived and the crowd moved forward.
Nora: Now ifI were a man I'd be a farmer. To see the crops growing--that's my idea of a goodlife.
Harry: Yes, and to see the money rolling in is more important still.
Ihad two months until my new job began.It was like waiting an entire summer for school to start.Ispent those two months talking to figure skating coaches and judges.Iread boring rule books.Idrove to the rinks where the skaters trained, and made notes about our conversations.Ieven took a lesson, which made some of the skaters laugh.

unit1Michael Jordan is the greatest basketballplayer of all time. He was born on Feb. 1) 17, 2)1963, in Brooklyn, New York. He is 3) 1.98meters tall and weighs 4) 216 pounds. Jordan joinedthe Chicago Bulls team for the 5) 1984season. In the 6) 1986 season he shot 7) 3041 points, the 8)third highest score ever. He was named NBASlam Dunk Champion (扣篮冠军) in 9) 1987 andwon the Most Valuable Player Award in 10)1988, an honor repeated 11) four times in the next 12)ten years to 13) 1998. Jordan guided histeam to win 14) six NBA championships during the 15)1990s, scoring 16) 45 points during the 17)sixth and last game of the 18) 1998 NBA finals. In 19)1999, he was named the greatest NorthAmerican athlete of the 20th century. Jordan left the NBA at the beginning of the1993-1994 NBA season to pursue a career inbaseball. Since his baseball game wasn’tquite as good as his basketball games, he finally gave itup to rejoin the Bulls in 1995. Yet, afterplaying for 20) five more years, he once again announcedhis retirement in 21) 1999. But he returnedfor two more NBA games in 22) 2001 as a member ofthe Washington Wizards.Part BPre-listening T askExercise 1 d bExercise 2Listen again and write down answers to thefollowing questions.1. Why is Laura so keen on sports?Because she wants to enjoy good health. Shealso wants to stay in shape and look good.2. What sports do Peter and Laura go infor?Both Peter and Laura like cycling andswimming. Laura also plays tennis regularly. Part cd c d c bunit 2Part A1. Yes2.No3.Yes4.No5.Yes6.No7.No8.NoPart BTextExercise 1:1. ...for a while2. ...plans for this Saturday3. ...dinner...weekend4. ...Italian...too much food5. ...Chinese...JapaneseExercise 2:1. It uses natural flavors, not much oil or creamor heavy sauces.2. They will have dinner on Saturday either at aChinese or a Japanese restaurant.Part CExercise: 1. B 2.C 3.DPart D (Refer to TextBook)unit 3part a1. a. General weather conditions for today:Fine and pleasant.b. Temperature:High: 18 °C (64 °F)c. Weather outlook:Mostly cloudy with heavy showers moving infrom the west.2. a. When did the storm start and how longdid it last?It started around 8 p.m. and lasted forabout three hours.b. How damaging was the storm?It caused four deaths and serious damageincluding a widespread power failure.part b1 . b a d2. Listen to the conversation again. Thenwrite down answers to the following questions.1. What happened to Alan and Michelle lastyear?They went to the department picnic buttheir fun was spoiled by the hot weather.2. Why won’t Alan worry even if it rains?Because he thinks it’ll only be a shortshower that cools things o ff a little. part ca b c d bunit 4part a1. However; a2. Because; d3. Firstly, then, finally; c4. In short; bpart bExercise 1Listen tothe passage. As you listen, read the signal words in yourbook andput a tic k (√) in the brackets after the ones you have heard.1. for instance ( )2. but (√)3. in addition ( )4. first (√)5. very soon (√)6. in consequence ( )7. despite ( ) 8. on the contrary ( )9. admittedly ( ) 10. to begin with (√)11. firstly ( ) 12. how ever (√)13. because (√) 14. on one hand ( )15. on the other hand ( ) 16. yet (√)1017. so (√) 18. hopefully ( )Exercise2 b d c apart cListen tothe passage three times and supply the missing information. Celine Dion is the youngest of 14 childrenin a working-classfamily in Quebec, Canada. Her parents, whoboth loved music, 1) encouraged her to develop her musical 2)talent. At 12, Celine had 3) composed the song “It Was Only a Dream”.Her mother and brother helped her to make a recording of that songand sent it off to an address they found on an album of a popularFrench singer. The address was that of Rene Angelil, whobecame her first 4) conquest, but there would be millions more.Celine’s rise from a teenage singer to apop superstar has been5) steady, but not without difficulties.Record companies were atfirst less 6) enthusiastic about 7)investing in a teenager than Angelil, 16who mortgaged his own home to pay for herfirst album. But her first two albums won a great success. Andby 1983 she became the first Canadian ever to have a gold recordin France.In 1990, Celine made her first Englishlanguage record withUnison but 8) her real breakthrough inAmerica came when she was selected by Disney to sing the theme songof Beauty and the Beast. The song went to No.1 on the chart and wonboth a Grammy and an Academy award. 9) In 1996 she performed atthe opening ceremony of the 1996 Atlanta Olympic Games and in1997 she recorded the theme song for Titanic, and her namebecame synonymous with the enormously successful film.Celine Dion’s favorite theme is love.10)She sings the depthand the power of love in a great many ofher hits such as “Love Can Move Mountains”, “Because You Loved Me”,“The Power of Love”and, of course, the theme song of Titanic, “My Heart Will GoOn”.unit 5part ac dpart b1. d d c d2. 1. What are the patient’s complaints?She has suffered from insomnia for severalmonths and latelyhas had a lot of indigestion.2. What did the doctor do?12He gave the patient some medicine forinsomnia and indigestion. He also advised the patient tohave a proper dietand begin a regular exercise program.part cd b b a dunit6Part A1. What is the probable relationshipbetween the speakers? They are probably business partners.2. What are they doing?One is showing the other the building whereher company has offices.3. On which floors are the offices of thecompany?2Accounting Office 2nd floorPersonnel Department 8th floorManager’s Office 9th floorSales Office 1st floorListen tothe passage and fill in the missing information.part b1. 1. What are the speakers doing?They are discussing which candidate is moresuitable for a vacant position in the company.2. What position is vacant in this company?Leader of a small group.3. What is the most important quality thisposition requires, according to Joan?Being dynamic.4. Why won’t John Jeffrey be promoted?Because he has no experience in leadership.5. Why couldn’t the company give John achance? Because he has always been a follower, nota leader.2.无part cccadcunit 7plete the following summary.A man is at a store. He wants to buy amedium-sized whiteT-shirt with a slogan on the front. He ishelped by a shop assistant in getting what he wants.part bb c d2. 1. A recent study using elementarystudents was interesting. They said that people wearing Calvin Kleindesigns were more handsome and successful than thosewearing Wranglers. Levi’s-wearers were seen as sporty,fashionable and fun！122. Clothes that look great on professionalmodels may look terrible on average buyers.3. Expensive clothes can make the wearerfeel like part of thehigh status group that sets taste andstyle. So you are buyingan image of success.4. When you dress in expensive clothes, yourmood brightens. You feel good, ready to face another daywith energy.5. Of course, a lot of people don’t likehigh fashion. They’d rather spend their money on somethingpractical. Whichwould you prefer — the image or thereality?part cVera Wang has become a 1) significantfigure in theAmerican fashion industry in a 2)relatively short period of time. She has no formal design training becauseher father wouldn’t let her go to art school and wanted her to3) concentrate on more “practical subjects”. After earning adegree in 4) liberal arts, Vera worked as an 5) editor at Vogue for 17 years and asa design director of Ralph Lauren for twoyears. In 1990 she opened her first boutique on Madison Avenuein New York, in a less expensive line of 6) ready-to-wearbridal and eveningdresses. She chose bridal wear for shewanted to build a fashion company starting with one market and then7) expand into others. She became a household name in 1994when she designed stylish costumes for figure skaterNancy Kerrigan to wear in the Winter Olympics.8) Vera Wang herself is a very good skaterand she hadOlympic dreams too. But that dream wascrushed when she did not win at the National Figure SkatingChampionships in 1968. 9) However her love for the sport never ceased.“I wanted to make an artistic contribution to thesport,” she said. 10) “I don’t know if designing costumes for Nancy hasbeen good in terms20of actual sales, but it has been tremendousfor name recognition.”unit 8part a1. Don’t expect money to buy you happiness.2. Enjoy the moment.3. Learn to like yourself.4. Self-esteem grows out of achievingrealistic goals.5. T ake occasional days of rest.6. Put on a happy face —even if you don’tfeel happy.7. Exercise.8. Get enough sleep to feel rested.9. Build close relationships.part b1.b d d b c d2. Every day, millions of Americans buylottery tickets and dream of winning the lottery. If you winone million dollars, you can receive from 25,000 to 40,000 a yearfor twenty yearsafter paying taxes. Winners spend the largeamount of money in different ways. Some use the money topursue their owninterests, some on home improvement andtravel, and others save the money for their children’s collegeeducation. Most winners quit their jobs and only a smallnumber of them still stay on their jobs. Some winners realizethat money brings security and gives them opportunities, butmoney does not mean happiness.part cc d d dunit 9parta1. bcdpart b1. cba1. What helped Larry to carry on with lifewhen his dream was dashed again and again?His belief that one day he would become amovie star.2. What job did Larry find in order tosupport himself?Parking cars for one of Hollywood’s bigrestaurants.3. Was Larry well-paid and how did hemanage tomake a living?No, his pay was only basic. But he gotgenerous tips from guests driving into the restaurant.4. What happened one day that changedLarry\'s life?Larry parked the car of a famous filmdirector and was able to introduce himself to the man.135. Larry said: “A lot of big companies areafter me.” What can be the two meanings of this statement?a. Many big film companies are interestedin me.2. b. Many big companies are pressing me to pay their bills part cb d b aunit 101.Type of disaster 1) Earthquake Time 2) Three days agoPlace 3) TurkeyNumber of people killed 4) 10,000 Number of people injured 5) 34,000 2.2Type of disaster 1) ExplosionTime 2) Early this morningPlace ShijiazhuangNumber of people killed 3) 108 Number of people injured 4) 38 Number of people severely injured5) 11Cause Unknownpart b Exercise 1Listen tothe passage and complete the following chart with the missinginformation.Type of disaster Plane crashTime 1) Three months agoPlace 2) In the middle of a jungleCause 3) A terrible stormNumber of people killed 4) All on board theplane exceptthe narratorNumber of people injured 5) One (thenarrator)Exercise 21. What happened to the plane before itcrashed?It rolled and shook in the wind.112. Did the rescue team arrive immediatelyafter the crash? Why or why not?No. It arrived nine days later because itwas raining heavily and the helicopters couldn’t fly in theheavy rain. To make thematter worse, the plane crashed in a swampin the middle of a jungle.3. Was the narrator seriously injured?Yes. She was in terrible pain and couldn’tmove.4. How did she manage to stay alive?By drinking dirty floodwater.part cc d a bunit 11part a1. What is the spea ker’s attitude towardsNapoleon? Neutral. (The speaker mainly gives afactual account of Napoleon’s life even though he holds thatNapoleon waged wars against many countries.)2. What is the speaker’s attitude towardsTom Cruise? Positive. (“World renowned actor”, “almosteveryone respects him” and “international star” show thespeaker’s attitude.)3. What is the speaker’s attitude towardsWarren Edward Buffett?Positive, respectful. (In “regarded as oneof the world’s greatest stock market investors”, thechoice of the word “great” indicates the speaker’s attitude.)part b1. abdcaAlan GreenspanFather A 1) stockbrokerMother Worked in 2) retailingBorn on 3) March 6, 1926ParentsandChildhoodGrew up in 4) New YorkIn themid-1940sStudied at a 5) music school inNew York, graduated with adegree in 6) economics fromNew York University’s School of7) CommerceIn 1949 Got a 8) master’s degree at NYU EducationIn 1977 Earned a 9) PhD from NYU After leavingColumbiaUniversityWorked for the National 10)Industrial Conference BoardIn themid-1950sOpened an 11) economicconsulting companyWorkingExperienceIn 1987 Began to work in the 12) Federal142. Governmentpart cOn June 28, 2008, amid cheers and tears52-year-old Gates said good-bye to his 1) Microsoftemployees.The following is his closing remarks duringhis 2) farewell event in Redmond:“My life’s work really is about 3) softwareand workingwith incredible people. I love working withsmart people. I love working with Steve. I love working with allthe incredible people here. Even the times that were the4) toughest, in some ways those are the ones that bond you themost — when IBM decides to attack you, or when some 5)legal ruling isn’t quiteright. And you have to do a press conferenceafterwards.“Th e work here combines two things that Ithink are just so special. One is the 6) long-term impact —the impact on the world of what we do — is incredible. We canalways go out and see things that remind us of that. Seeblind people who, using our accessibility, can browse the Internet.You know, their lives are just totally different because of that.So we can say, wow,this is so 7) impactful.“But I think the second thing, 8) which isthat theday-to-day work is fun and enjoyable, that’sactually what’s made it so easy to want to work hard, towant to always improve things, to face up to whatever it is thatneeds to be done better. 9) 22So it’s a special group of people who putso much into it.“So let me just close by saying you’ve madeit so much for me. 10) There w on’t be a day of my lifethat I’m not thinking about Microsoft, and the great things thatit’s doing, and wantingto help. So thank you for making it thecenter of my life, and so much fun. Thank you.”unit 121. The main idea of the passage:Establishing computer labs for the schools in China’s poor rural areas.2. The main idea of the passage: China iscooperating with India in training software professionals.3. The main idea of the massage: Thecomputer virus, Code Red II, is about to attack again.part b1. bbdbca2,Listenagain and complete the following sentences with the informationyou’ve got from the recording. Then number the sentencesfrom 1 to 5 to put them in the right order.4 An emergency call reached an ambulancecrew where the student lived.2 Nathen learned that the message came froma student far away who had trouble breathing and moving.5 Nathen received the student’s thanks soonafter the rescuers came to her help. She was finally safe.1 Nathen was surfing the Net for fun whenhe received an15urgent message for help.3 After learning about her home address,Nathen rang up the international operator and asked theoperator to put a call2. through to thestudent’s country.partccbbaunit 131. ( f )2. ( e )3. ( d )part b1. acdabProfessor Sabbatucci’s Noble ActTime: last SaturdayPlace: ItalyPeople: a 58-year-old maths professor and a 35-year-old unemployed fatherWhat happened: While pretending to help the professor change a tire, a thief stole a suitcas e from thelatter’s car, but in doing so he dropped his lottery ticket at the scene.It was later picked upby the professor. Next day, the professorlearned from TV thatthe ticket was a winner. To return or keepthe prize troubled the professor’s conscience but in the end hedecided to return the money to its owner. By advertising innewspapers and on radio,he found the very man, though there werehundreds of people13trying to trick him into giving them thecash. Thus 60 million lire were handed over to the ow ner. This wasquite beyond the thief’s 2. expectation. The Professor’s noble act moved him to tears. part cpart cbdbdunit 14How the Hills Family Won theCopyright to the Song “Happy Birthday to You”Time Event2In 1893 Mildred and Patty Hill, twoAmerican kindergarten teachers, composed the song “Good MorningtoAll” to greet their students every morning.Later The title of the song was known as“Good Morning to You” when it was used for children togreet their teacher.In 1924 The song appeared in a book ofmusic edited by Robert Coleman. And a second verse “HappyBirthday to You” was added to it. Thewriter of thelyrics to the second verse remainedunknown.Bymid-1930sThe song appeared repeatedly in movies, radioshows, and Broadway musicals without thepermission of the Hill family.In 1934 Jessica Hill filed a suit and wonthe copyright tothe song “Happy birthday to You” for hereldersisters. She proved in court that “HappyBirthdayto You” was actually “Good Morning to All”with different lyrics.From thenonEvery time the song was sung publicly, theHillfamily gets paid.part b1. Exercise 11. Why does drive-in grocery shoppingappeal to customers?Because customers don’t need to fight for aparking space, push a grocery cart around in the market,or stand in line at the check-out.2. Who is Dave Burnstein?He is the vice-president for the Phone-InDrive-through Market.3. What are the two proven successful ideasapplied to grocery shopping according to Mr. Burnstein?One is the success of drive-throughconvenience — which has been proven to be successful with banks andfast food; the other is the proven success of catalogshopping.4. Why have they applied the two provensuccessful ideas to grocery shopping?To help customers save time.5. What are the disadvantages of drive-ingrocery shopping? Customers can’t stop and check if the goodsthey have ordered are of good quality or not; and they haveto pay a 1.50 servicecharge on each order.14Exercise 2Drive-in Grocery ShoppingStep1You make up your grocery list from a4,000-item catalog.Step2You phone in the item numbers of the goodsyou order.Step3The computer makes a print-out of your list. Step4Workers in the market find the goods onyour list in a warehouse. Step5Three hours later, you drive up to themarket, andpunch your code into a terminal.Step6You write a check while workers load yourgroceriesinto your car.part cbccd。

Unit 11. Sportsmanship and ChampionshipPart ⅠGetting readyA The following words and phrases will appear in this unit. Listen carefully and study the definitions.1. sports fan: a very keen follower or supporter of a sport2. championship: a competition held to find the champion3. dynamic: of force or power that causes movement4. referee: a judge in charge of some games5. foul: an act that is against the rules6. penalty area: (in football) a space in the shape of a rectangle which is in front of the goal7. commentary: spoken description (with opinions and explanations) that is broadcast with, and at the same time as, an event, occasion, football match, etc.8. final: the last and most important in a set of matches9. stamina: the strength of body or mind to fight tiredness, discouragement, or illness10. deuce: (in tennis) 40 : 40; 40 points to each player. After deuce has been reached, one of the players must then get two points in a row to win the game.B You are going to hear a news item about a basketball tournament. Write the scores in the circles. Which team wins each game? Which is the champion team? Write the teams’ names in the squares.Hello, sports fans, and welcome to "This Week's Sports". The big news this week, of course, is the basketball championship. It started on Friday. The Lions beat the Hawks, ninety-four to sixty-eight. That score again: The Lions won. Lions ninety-four, Hawks sixty-eight.Things were closer with the Tigers and the Eagles. The Eagles won. They won by just four points. The score: one hundred and three to ninety-nine. Again, the Eagles one-oh-three, the Tigers ninety-nine.Next, the Panthers played the Bears. The Panthers won over the Bears, eighty-seven to seventy-three. The Panthers eighty-seven, the Bears seventy-three.And in the last game, the Rockets beat the Comets. The Rockets won, seventy-two to sixty-five. Rockets seventy-two, Comets sixty-five.Then on Saturday, we saw some real action. It was the Lions against the Eagles. And the Lions won, with ninety-two points. The Eagles had eighty points. The score: Lions ninety-two, Eagles eighty.And in the other big game on Saturday, the Rockets beat the Panthers one hundred and seven to eighty-six. The Rockets won. Rockets one-oh-seven, Panthers eighty-six.That brings us to the championship game on Sunday. It was the Lions against the Rockets. It was a good game. And in the end, the Rockets won; they had one hundred and nine points. The Lions had ninety-eight. So the new champions are the Rockets. Rockets one-oh-nine, Lions ninety-eight.That's it for basketball action. Turning now to the excitement of professional bowling ...Part ⅡYoga exercisesA. You are going to hear a conversation between two students Paul and Lisa about some yoga exercises. Listen carefully. Match the names of the yoga postures with proper pictures.Paul: Hey, Lisa! Lisa.Lisa: Phew! Take it easy!Paul: Oh, it's, well, I just realized, after the yoga session, that the only notes I'd taken were the names of the yoga postures, and now I don't remember which was which ...Lisa: You are a dream, aren't you. You'll forget your head one day.Paul: You couldn't just run through the list with me and tell me what ... Lisa: ... OK, OK. But I haven't got long.Paul: Thanks a lot. I write down number one as the "Candle".Lisa: The "Candle"? Oh, that's the shoulder-stand ... where you start by lying on your back and then lift your legs up till all your weight's resting on your shoulders, and your legs are straight up in the air.Paul: Shoulder-stand.Lisa: Yes, and you do it for a minute. The second one was the "Plough", which you start by lying on your back and then ...Paul: Hold on a minute ... this is the "Plough" you're talking about?Lisa: Number two on your list, and mine. Start on your back and then stretch your legs over till your toes touch the floor behind you. And that takes two minutes including the dynamic stage.Paul: Two ... minutes ... including ... the ... dynamic ... stage. Right. And the "Fish"?Lisa: The "Fish" is the one where you start by lying on your back and then you arch your back and take the weight on the crown of your head.Paul: How long for?Lisa: She said one minute.Paul: And what are the "Plough" and the "Fish" good for?Lisa: Lots of things. Everything. Well, she said the "Plough" was especially good for the circulation of blood to the brain, so that would do you a lot of good. Might even make you less absent-minded.Paul: Thank you very much.Lisa: You're welcome.Paul: The "Forward Bend"?Lisa: In the "Forward Bend", you start by sitting straight and then you bend forward. What else did you think it was?Paul: And how long do you do it for?Lisa: Two minutes, including the dynamic bit where you hold on to your feet anduse your hands to pull yourself down till your head touches your knees. Paul: Right. Got that. What about the "Cobra"?Lisa: What does a real cobra do?Paul: Lie on its stomach and then raise its head into the air. And look at you, trying to hypnotize you.Lisa: Correct. One minute, including the dynamic bit.Paul: And what's it good for?Lisa: For you? Well, as you live on hamburgers and Coke, the "Forward Bend" would do your stomach and your whole digestive system a lot of good, and the "Cobra" might do a miracle and straighten your back.Paul: What about the, er, "Locust"?Lisa: Lie flat on your stomach with your arms by your sides and then raise your legs. One minute, including the half-locust. Good for your Coke circulation (I)mean your blood circulation, and for your back, since you seem to spend most of the day sitting down in a chair.Paul: I get the impression that you don't have a very high opinion of me. Lisa: I get the impression that you're not really interested in yoga at all. Paul: But I am, I am. What about the "Bow"?Lisa: The "Bow" is the one where you lie on your stomach and then raise your legs and your trunk till you can catch your feet with your hands and look like a bow. One minute of that is enough.Paul: What's it good for?Lisa: In your case, losing weight, losing all that fat you get from eating hamburgers. Now can we finish please because I've got another class to go to? Paul: And the "Headstand"?Lisa: In the "Headstand", Paul, you stand on your head, and you can do it for anything from one to ten minutes, and it does everything good. Now I must go, so good-bye.Paul: Thank you Lisa ... thank you. She looks so lovely when she's angry!B. Listen to the conversation again. While you listen, add more key words in the left-hand column. After listening, complete the descriptions for each yoga posture.C. Listen to the conversation once more. Complete the following chart with the help of the above notes.Part ⅢSignals used by referees and linesman in footballA You are going to hear a conversation between a football course tutor and several students about signals used by referees and linesmen. Listen carefully. Which signals in the following pictures are mentioned? Match them with the explanations by writing the correct numbers in the brackets.Course Tutor: Right. Now, you've all come on this course for referees and linesmen, so I ... or I suppose I should say "linespersons", should I? ... so I expect you've all watched quite a lot of football. But, I wonder if you've ever paid much attention to the signals that referees and linesmen give? I mean, now, they're not very complicated, but, of course, it's vital that they're used in the correct manner so that all the people involved in the game — the players and the officials — know exactly what's going on. So, I want to start off by seeing how much you already know about these signals. Now, for instance, does anyone know what signal to give if the referee wants play to continue — that's to say, if he doesn't want play to stop?Woman 1: Er, doesn't he put his hands forward, like this?Course Tutor: Yes. yes, that's right. The arms are held forwards, at waist height, with the palms upwards. That's good. And, can anyone tell me what this signal means: when I blow my whistle and point with the other hand down towards the ground?Man 1: Some sort of free kick, isn't it?Course Tutor: Yes, that's right. It is. What sort of a free kick is it, though? Man 2: Direct. Direct free kick.Course Tutor: That's right. That's right. A direct free kick. So, in that case, what is the signal for an indirect free kick?Woman 2: Oh ...Course Tutor: Yes?Woman 2: It's one palm raised up, and one down.Course Tutor: That's right — one hand held firmly beside ... down at the side, and the right hand held straight up in the air.Man 2: Palm up.Course Tutor: That's right. That's an indirect free kick. Good. Well now, going on to linesmen. What would a linesman do if he saw a foul?Man 1: Put his flag up.Course Tutor: Yes ...Woman 2: Yeah, but, but ... Held right up.Course Tutor: Yeah. Anything else? Does more than just ...?Woman 2: Wave it about — backwards and forwards.Course Tutor: That's ... yes. Now that is important. He waves it about, but he waves it backwards and forwards. The object, of course, is to catch the referee's eye, so the movement is more likely to catch the eye. That's why that signal is the way it is. Excellent! ...Man 3: Excuse me ...Course Tutor: Yes?Man 3: Doesn't it depend where the foul is?Course Tutor: Ah, well, yes. That's perfectly right, because if the foul is in the penalty area — if you obviously know the difference — you can tell me what the signal is.Man 3: Well, the linesman holds the flag across his body.Course Tutor: Yes. That's right. He holds it across his body, up towards his shoulder. Now ... another of the linesman's signals: what would he signal if he sees a player offside?Man 3: I used to know that.Woman 2: Isn't it when he holds it straight out in front of him? He's got the ...Course Tutor: That's right, that's right. Holding the flag straight out across the line of play in the direction in which the offside took place. Fair enough. Now then, moving back to referees for a moment, what does this signal mean — if the referee holds his hands up, palms outwards, in front of his chest?Man 1: That's when he ... That's when he wants a new ball, isn't it?Course Tutor: That's right, yes. He actually looks as though he's asking for the ball to be put in his hands. So, that's good. Right now, then — there's another signal that linesmen give. A linesman standing with the flag straight down by his right hand side and his hand in front of his thigh with two fingers pointing downwards, flat against his leg.Woman 1: Ti ... Oh! ...Course Tutor: What does that mean?Woman 1: Time up?Course Tutor: No, not time up. He's got two fingers pointing downwards.Woman 1: Two ... two minutes until ...Course Tutor: Two minutes ...Woman 1: ... till the end of the match.Course Tutor: Till the end of the match, according to his timing. That's right. He's indicating to the referee ...B Listen to the conversation again. While you listen, add more key words in the left-hand column. After listening, complete the descriptions for each signal. Part ⅣMore about the topic: Women in SportsThe following short passage is about professional women basketball players in America. Supply the missing words while listening.The Woman's National Basketball Association played its first season this past summer. The WNBA was organized by the man's National Basketball Association. The WNBA is called the little sister of the NBA. There're eight teams in the women's league. They play in eight major American cities.The women's basketball games have been more popular than expected. An average of almost 9 000 people attended the 28 games during the two-month-long season. Three American television networks also broadcast some of the games. Millions of people watch them. Major companies pay to advertise their products during the broadcasts of the games. The WNBA employs a lot of women. Female announcers describe the action during the games. Female referees make sure the players follow the rules.The WNBA is the second professional women's basketball league now playing in the United States. An independent group started the American Basketball League last fall. The nine ABL teams play in the autumn and winter in smaller cities. An average of 3 500 people attended the ABL games last year. The League is not as well known as the WNBA. However, several members of both the leagues are well known. They played for the United States on the women's basketball team that won a gold medal during the Olympic Games in Atlanta, Georgia.How is women's basketball different from men's basketball? One former college men's basketball coach says, "Women's basketball is easier to watch than men's basketball. It is more traditional. It has more structure. And the players work together more as a team. It costs much less to attend a WNBA game than a men's professional basketball game. So many families attend the women's games. More women and young girls also attend the games. Many young girls consider the women's basketball players to be their heroes. The players are evidence of another thing that women can do well."Another difference between men's and women's basketball is that female players have a closer relationship to the people who come to watch them play. For example, female players spend hours after the games meeting their fans and signing their names for them. However female players earn much less money than male professional basketball players. Last year ABL players earned an average of $70 000. The average pay for a male NBA player's is more than $2 000 000 a year.A star of the New York Liberty Team of the WNBA explains the difference between men's and women's basketball this way: "Women play a clean game —pure basketball. Right now women are still playing for the love of the game." People who attended the WNBA games could buy many kinds of basketballclothing and other products. One shirt described professional basketball this way: "Invented by man, perfected by woman."Part ⅤMemory test: Which Sport?A Below is a list of popular sports and a set of sports pictures. Listen carefully. Match the sports with their pictures.First commentator: ... and McAlister bringing up the rear. And Brown is a good 4 yards ahead at the half-way mark and he's still jumping smoothly and confidently. Smith is moving up steadily, though I think he's tiring. And Brown glances back over his shoulder, he's still got a good lead. Oh, my goodness me! He's fallen, what a tragedy, he's on the ground and Smith's going past him with a smile on his face. Oh this really is a terrible disappointment for young Leroy Brown from Croydon, who had such high hopes of making the final …Second commentator: ... backhand across court to Bradford, return across the net, Davis just reaches it at full stretch with a forehand low across the net, Bradford lobs and Davis smashes the ball into the net. Oh, what a bad mistake at this stage of the match by this 22-year-old New Zealander ...Umpire: Deuce.Commentator: And Bradford serves from the left-hand court, quick passing shot from Davis who smashes that one down ...Third commentator: ... and with sixty seconds left in this final round, Robson is still very much on the attack. A left-hand jab to the shoulder has Leonard staggering back onto the ropes and Leonard is really in trouble now as Robson moves in with that lethal right hand of his, he's really punishing this 18-year-old Scot. And the referee's moving forward pushing Robson away — he's having a word with him, I think he may be going to warn him, no he's not, he's having a word with Leonard now. Leonard is shaking his head and looking terribly tired ... and the referee ... he's stopped the fight ... it's all over and so Robson is now the new ...Fourth commentator: ... a fine shot puts the red into the center pocket and leaves him in a good position to take the pink and he's going to try to put it into the far pocket he may be making a big mistake here, but Thompson is a very experienced player and he doesn't usually make mistakes ... Oh dear, he's pocketed the cue ball ... a very bad error there and that really does leave it wide open for Donovan to take the frame ...Fifth commentator: ... so it's the All Stars in the lead at the beginning of thethird quarter and it's still anyone's match. Anderson with a high ball to Sampson who takes it up towards the Rochester net and passes to Green for a shot but it goes wide and the loose ball is picked up by Thomas for Rochester, across to Hunter, the 21-year-old Welsh international, who tries a long shot and it's in! 23 all now and everything to play for ...Sixth commentator: ... Williams takes the throw and St Mary's get the ball, it goes back to Murphy and out to Green and then to Jones, who's unmarked. He's got a clear run to the far corner if ... Oh, he's making for the post. This could be dangerous because the Richmond fullback is gaining on him now. He looks back but he's not going to make it. He tries a kick and ... he's just managed to make touch. Lucky there. And now there's a lineout on the far side, 20 yards from the Richmond goal line ...Seventh commentator: ... not a good start for the British girl but she's managing to make it up and the Russian girl is now only about five strokes ahead. And at the turn, Debbie is closing the gap, the Russian girl is visibly tiring, this is where stamina really counts and at 24 Ludmilla may well be less fit than 15-year-old Debbie Woods. And it's between the two of them, they're side by side now and with 10 yards to go ... what a finish! Come on Debbie, you can do it ... Come on Debbie ...B Listen to some extracts of sports commentaries. Decide which sport is being played in each extract you hear. You may find the above list helpful.。

Various customs FLTRP Task
4 t@ In this task, you will hear six customs in different countries. Practice listening for details.
igh Listening aids yr Czech /tSek/. 捷克（欧洲中部国家）
2 Task
Britain and Japan
In this task, you will hear a conversation between a British man and a Japanese student comparing life in Britain and Japan. Practice making comparisons and noting differences while listening.
Social Customs Unit 1
5 Task
Life in Victorian times and now
In this task, you will hear a discussion about whether life is better today than it was in Victorian England. Make comparisons of the respective advantages and disadvantages with what you hear.
2) Why is it called square dance?
3) How does the caller tell the dancers what they should do?

【答案】1) c2) a3) b4) a【原文】Bali is a beautiful island of mountains, forests and rice fields. It is also an island of artists. Almost everybody there is an artist of some kind. The people work all day at home, in the fields or on their boats, but in the evening they make music, dance, paint or carve things out of wood and stone.For the Balinese, art is part of religion. It is a way of pleasing their gods--and Bali, they believe, is full of gods. There are thousands of temples in Bali, and there are festivals at these temples when people die or get married, or when a child is born. At these festivals the people try to keep their gods happy by giving them food, by dancing, by acting, and by playing music for them.In the past, the Balinese did not care about the outside world. For them Bali was the whole world. But in the 1930s tourists began to visit Bali, and since the 1950s tourism has become big business there. So the islanders have begun to sell their art to tourists. These days the Balinese pro-duce more and more things for tourists; they make fewer things for their temples. They have less time for their gods, so there are fewer festivals.Each year more tourists bring more money to the island; they also bring newideas and a new way of life. The Balinese know that if fewer tourists come to the island, there will be less money. But they also know if there are too many tourists, the Balinese way of life will change drastically. The authorities are trying hard to organize and control tourism with caution. Bali has to change; nevertheless they want to make sure that it changes for the better, not for the worse.Task 3【答案】A.1) Because until 1980, it had been quiet for more than a hundred years.2) It was strange. No birds were singing, and the air was still.3) He was standing near the summit and reporting the eruption on radio.B.Washington; 35; 1980; 123; recreation; summit; tremors; small eruptions; no danger; 1980; dust; ash; rocks; mud; 40; peaceful; empty【原文】Most volcanoes are quiet. They rest peacefully for hundreds of years. No one pays much attention to them.Mount St. Helens was one of these volcanoes. Until 1980, it was a beautiful recreation area. Its last eruption had been 123 years ago. No one was worried about another one. Then, in March 1980, Mount St. Helens began to make noises. At first, there were tremors. Then, small eruptions occurred. Some residents left immediately. Others felt there was no danger.But on the morning of May 18, 1980, the mountain blew its top. With the power of twenty-five atomic bombs, Mount St. Helens exploded. Clouds of dust and ash rose more than twelve miles into the sky. Rocks and mud crashed down the slopes.Unfortunately, many people were still living, camping, or working in the area. Over forty people lost their lives. Others were rescued.Robert Baker was fishing with his family when the explosion occurred. He reported that the morning of May 18 was strange. No birds were singing. The air was still. Then, he saw a large black cloud coming down toward them. In minutes, day turned into night. He called his family to their van and they started on the slow dark ride away from the mountain. All the time, hot ash was raining on them.But other people were not so lucky. David Johnston, a volcano expert, was standing near the summit of the mountain. At 8:31 a. m. , he radioed, "This is it!" He was never heard from again.Mount St. Helens is peaceful now. But its slopes are empty. It will be many years before fish, plants, and trees will again live on the mountain.Task 4【答案】A.1) Mrs. Rakel Surlien is the Norwegian Minister of Environmental Protection, and she is about to begin a three-day visit to Britain.2) Britain.3) Britain insists the case against acid rain in general and its contribution inparticular is far from proven. / Britain insists that neither the disastrous effects of acid rain nor Britain’s responsibility in the issue has been proven.4) Sweden.5) It refers to a group of some 20 nations which are committed to reducing sulfur dioxide by a third.6) Norway is against Britain in the dispute over acid rain in spite of its cordial approach.B.1) fish; aquatic life; forest2) power stations3)remain isolateed【原文】Norway has decided to resume a "softly-softly approach" to Britain in the long-standing dispute over the issue of acid rain, as Mrs. Rakel Surlien, the Norwegian Minister of Environmental Protection, begins a three-day visit to Britain.All the Nordic countries believe that Britain is responsible for as much as a third of the acid deposit failing in southern Scandinavia, killing fish and most other aquatic life in thousands of lakes and rivers and possibly putting large areas of forest at risk. Emissions from coal and oil burning power stations are blamed mostly, but Britain insists the case against acid rain in general and its contribution in particular is far from proven.The issue has become almost fashionable since the Swedes raised it in 1972.More than 20 nations have agreed to join the so-called "30 Percent Club", committed to reducing sulfur dioxide by a third, and Britain is increasingly isolated in Western Europe by its refusal to do so.Mrs. Surlien says there has been no change in the Norwegian position in spite of the cordial approach, and she also scented victory, as she said, "I don't see you can remain isolated in this way for long. It must be very difficult to live with."Task 5【答案】1) four out of five; survive; rosy; forest flower; for centuries2) 2,000; fight cancer; 40; wildlife; the rain forest3) drugs; a South American tree; blood pressure; the snakeroot plant from Indian forests4) foods; tropical forests; winged bean5) rubber; oils; one; examined; 99; threatened【原文】A representative of an ecological organization is talking about the advantages and benefits for humans of the rain forests.Four out of five of all children who got leukemia in 1960 died. Now four out of every five survive. The secret of this miraculous change is the rosy periwinkle, a forest flower which tribal doctors had used for centuries.The United States National Cancer Institute has identified more than 2,000tropical rain forest plants with the ability to fight cancer. In fact, about 40 percent of all drugs given out in the United States today owe much of their strength to chemicals from wildlife, largely from the rain forest.Other drags include quinine, which comes from a South American tree, and drugs to relieve high blood pressure are derived from the snakeroot plant from Indian forests. The armadillo of South America is helping us find a cure for leprosy.The tropical forests also contain large amounts of new foods. For example, the winged bean of New Guinea is now grown in about 50 different countries. Japanese scientists have found a calorie-free substance in Paraguay which is 300 times sweeter than sugar, and a coffee free of caffeine has been found in the small forests of the Comoros islands.Every day we use products from the rain forests--robber, spices and oils, and of course wood. Less than one percent of the forest plants have been examined for their potential, but the remaining 99 percent is threatened by our endless search for wood. The South American Indians say the trees hold up the sky, and if they come down there will be a catastrophe.Task 6【答案】A.1) A solar eclipse occurs when the moon passes between the Earth and the sun, and the moon’s shadow covers part of the earth.2) A solar eclipse has occurred at Christmas only 30 times during the past 5,000years, the last time in 1954.3) The (retina of the) eye can be permanently damaged.4) It works by projecting the sun’s image on a piece of paper through a pinhole on another piece.5) The next eclipse at Christmas will occur in 2307; it can be observed on the west coast of Africa.B.1) T2) F3) T【原文】On December 25, 2000, many people across North America received a rare Christmas treat when the moon passed in front of the sun resulting in a partial solar eclipse.Solar eclipses occur when the moon passes between the earth and the sun, and the moon’s shadow covers part of the earth, and a total solar eclipse takes place when the moon’s shadow blocks out the sun entirely. What made this particular solar eclipse unique was that this event has occurred on December twenty-fifth only 30 times during the past five thousand years, the last time in 1954.But people must be exceptionally careful when attempting to view the solar eclipse. Without taking precautionary measures, one can permanently damage the retina of the eye; however, there are several safe methods of witnessing thisheavenly marvel.First, you can view a solar eclipse by using eclipse safety glasses for filtering out the sun’s harmful rays. They should be used when any part of the sun is visible.Sunglasses can block out some of the sun’s ultraviolet rays, but the results can be very deceptive. The eye’s natural reaction to this darken state when wearing sunglasses is to make the pupil larger, which allows in more light and can intensify the damage to the your eye.You can watch an eclipse by projecting the sun’s image on a piece of paper either by using a telescope, or easier yet, by creating a pinhole in a piece of paper and viewing the result on another piece of paper, thus called a pinhole projector.Only during a total eclipse when the sun is completely and briefly covered can you watch the eclipse without eye protection. Even then, extreme caution should be taken.In case you didn’t catch this last spectacular solar eclipse on December twenty-fifth, 2000, there is no need to fret. Your posterity can record the next eclipse on Christmas in the year 2307, but only if they’re visiting the west coast of Africa for the holidays.Task 7【答案】A.1) pottery; metal2) large cities; food production3) the late 1950s; borrow; returnable; one-trip4) pots; pansB.1) Because the food must be shipped from place to place when it is produced, andbecause of the increased variety of foods available and the convenience of precooked meals, it is impossible for the customer to collect many foods in his own container.2) Until the late 1950s Americans had to borrow soft-drink bottles by paying adeposit each time they bought one.3) Yes, beaus sales of soft drink climbed.4) Glass companies gave soft-drink sellers a helping hand. A US company,Consumer's Glass, made an arrangement with the bottler companies to reimburse them for much of the cost of one-trip bottles.5) Aluminium food packages now have their own electric plugs. After you eat thefood, you can just throw them away.6) The writer is mildly criticizing the trend toward one-trip living and thinks itprobably has gone too far.【原文】The product that most people throw out after using only once is packaging. This is not always tree. The pottery or metal container used in Roman times and in most rural areas of the world today is a permanent and valuable household item. Unless a container is accidentally broken, it lasts a lifetime, despite the manyjourneys from home to market, farm or water well and back. The growth of large cities and modem methods of food production changes all that. Because the food must be shipped from place to place while it is produced, and because of the increased variety of foods available and the convenience of precooked meals, it is impossible for the customer to collect many foods in his own container.It costs a great deal to provide a new container each time we buy milk, wine, beer and other drinks. Yet for a number of reasons the trend towards one-trip bottles for all these items is in full swing. The case of the vanishing returnable soft-drink bottle shows how much these containers add to the rising tide of waste.Until the late 1950s, Americans had to borrow soft-drink bottles by paying a deposit each time they bought one. But several years later, soft-drink bottlers decided that it was more convenient for the customer to throw the bottle away instead. A returnable bottle lasting 30 or more trips was replaced with 30 one-trip cans or bottles. Sales of soft drinks climbed and the container manufacturers smiled all the way to the bank. Glass companies gave soft-drink sellers a helping hand. A US company, Consumer's Glass, made an arrangement with the bottler companies to reimburse them for much of the cost of one-trip bottles.Other manufacturers have joined in promoting the throw-away spirit. The Aluminium Company of America announced that packages would soon replace pots and pans. Food packages were being designed with their own electric plugs. After you eat the food, you just throw away the pan with the messy old grease. What about a camping holiday? You can make a bonfire on the last day with thedisposable equipment that can now be purchased. In hospitals, there may well be a case on health grounds for disposable syringes. But isn't the use of one-trip sleeping bags and tents taking disposability too far?Task 8【答案】A.B.1) F2) F3) T【原文】Jane Goodall, a British field biologist, has devoted her life to wildlife conservation, in particular to the study of chimpanzees. She makes a special effort to reach out to young people. In 1991, Jane started an environmental and humanitarian programme for kids called Roots & Shoots. Today, there are more than 4,000 Roots & Shoots groups in 68 countries all over the world and a programme in every state in the US. The main purpose of the Roots & Shoots programme is to help kids develop a concern for animals, the environment, and their own communities. "Roots creep underground every-where and make a firm foundation. Shoots seem very weak, but to reach the light they can break through brick walls," Jane tells people as she speaks about the programme. Imagine the brick walls are all the problems humans have inflicted on the planet. Young people, like those roots and shoots, can break through those walls to change the world.A hundred years ago, Africa was home to about 2 million wild chimpanzees. Today the population of chimps has dropped to less than 150,000. Jane Goodall knows it will take a worldwide effort to save the species. She is working to sec that this effort is made.In November 2000, the Great Ape Conservation Act was signed into law in the United States. Jane worked hard to persuade members of the US Congress to support this bill. The act provides money for protecting the great apes of Africa and Asia that are in danger of extinction. Experts predict that if we do not protect them now, soon there will be no more great apes living in the Congo Basin, their last stronghold in Africa.Jane Goodall is hopeful about the future. She knows that each of us can do our part, no matter where we live, to protect wildlife and our environment. Her story shows us that one person really can make a difference.Task 9【答案】A.1) Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco.2) It’s San Francisco's world-famous landmark3) Because of the gap between the amount of cars and the amount of roadway available. Or: If you think of it as a supply/demand relationship, you’ll find that there’s a lot more demand than supply.4) Texas Transportation Institute.B.1) 852) 62; Los Angeles; 136; Seattle; Houston; New York; Miami; 693) Bigger cities; roadway; transit system4) expensive; $68 billion【原文】James Hattori, the Host:Hi, everybody. I'm James Hattori. Welcome to our program, this week from the Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco's world-famous landmark, at the mouth of the Golden Gate straits.42 million vehicles a year cross this bridge. That gives you an idea of the often nightmarish traffic drivers face around here. And, of course, we're not alone. Natalie Pawelski, our environment correspondent, has the numbers on what it costs Americans to cope with rush hour traffic, in time and money.Natalie Pawelski, the Environment correspondent:If you think traffic is getting worse in your town, you're probably right.There's a combination of factors. It's the amount of people, the amount of roadway that is there. It's sort of a demand/supply relationship. You can think of it that way, and there's a lot more demand than there is supply.The annual Urban Mobility Report from the Texas Transportation Institute finds in the average American city people traveled 85 percent more miles by car in the year 2000 than they did in 1982. And rush hour drivers are now wasting an average of 62 hours a year stuck in traffic. Now that's not total travel time, that's just the extra time spent going slow or going nowhere because of traffic congestion.The study says the worst traffic is in Los Angeles where the average rush hour driver loses 136 hours a year, more than three work weeks, to traffic jams. Therunners up in the time drained category San Francisco, D.C., Seattle, Houston, San Jose, Dallas, New York, Atlanta and Miami where the average rush hour driver loses an extra 69 hours a year stuck in traffic.Once you get to a big system, it's difficult to maintain the pace of the roadway and transit system development and you wind up falling behind. More congestion is typical in bigger cities.The report says traffic jams aren't just annoying, they are expensive. For the 75 cities studied, researchers added up all the extra time and fuel wasted because of traffic congestion. The price tag they figure is almost $68 billion a year.Task 10【答案】I.A. common; poor housing; unemployment; traffic problemsB. peculiar1. infrastructure2. urbanizationII.A. MigrationB. Depopulation; decrease; riseC. urban population growth rate1. adults2. large familiesD. social service; health; educationE. labor supply; low-productivityⅢ.A. (Promote a) more equal land distributionB. Improve rural social services; health; educationC. (Give) financial aid to agriculture; small landowners.【原文】Today I want to discuss problems of urbanization and in particular I want to talk about those problems which are peculiar to developing economies and to discuss three possible policies which could be used to control or to stem uncontrolled urbanization in developing countries. Certain urban problems of course are common to both developed and developing countries, for example, problems of poor housing, unemployment and those problems connected with traffic, for example, congestion, pollution and so on. However there are problems which are very peculiar to developing economies and this is due to the fact the developing countries need to create a basic infrastructure which is necessary for industrialization and consequently for economic growth. In fact it is the provision of this infrastructure which constitutes the urbanization process itself and this infrastructure or the provision of this infrastructure may have undesired effects on the economy as a whole. Now it’s these consequences on these effects which um I’d like to deal with next. I’m going to talk about five main consequences of this uncontrolled urbanization. In the first instance there’s the problem of themigration of people from the country to the city. Of course people living in the country see the city as a more desirable place to live, whether they are living in developing or developed countries. But the problem is much more serious in a developing country because there are in fact often more people who wish to migrate to the city.Now the fact of people migrating to the city causes a certain depopulation of rural areas. This is a second consequence if you like, and the result of this is a decrease in the production of food and in the supply of food to the country as a whole. This can in turn also lead to a rise in pricesbecause of the law of supply and demand.As a result of people moving to the city you get a high urban population growth rate. Now this is due not only to the fact of more adults moving to the city but can also be due to traditions of these people from the country because often people from rural areas have a tradition of large families and so on and so the population of the cities increases with these numerous children ofthe large families.This leads to a fourth consequence which is a dramatic pressure on the supply of social services in urban areas, in particular services related to health and education. In relation a health services we can see that there are endemic diseases which could be made worse by overcrowding people coming from the country to the city, and in the stresses on services in education, with more children there’s need for more schools schools and more teachers and so on.A fifth area which is affected by uncontrolled urbanization is that of the labour supply, and often uncontrolled urbanization leads to an excess of labour supply in the cities. This can lead to, in turn, an informal kind of labour activities of, if you like, what might be called lowproductivity activities. For example people selling things in the streets or you often find for instance in large urban areas in developing countries children watching cars and so on and asking for tips from their owners when they come back. This is really a sort of undesirable type of labour. So those are in fact the main consequences of uncontrolled urbanization. Now I’d like to talk more on the three possible policies which could be developed to stem this kind of uncontrolled urbanization in developing countries.The first one would be to promote a more equal land distribution. In this way farmers would be more motivated to stay on the land. They would be able to work more land, and thus be able to feed their families more adequately. Often the reasons why farmers wish to go to the city is that they cannot grow enough food to both feed their families and earn a living. So a more equal land distribution is one such policy to stem this kind of move to the city.A second policy would be to improve the supply of social services in the rural areas particularly in the field of health and education. Country people often move to the city because they feel that these services are better in the city areas and if they could compare the services and feel that there was perhaps not much difference between the two, it would be another reason for not moving.A third possible policy would be to give financial assistance to agricultureespecially to the small landowners.Now obviously the problem of uncontrolled urbanization, and the consequences which are not favorable, is a difficult problem to which there is no easy solution, but these three types of policies could help to reduce the problem which is felt in particular in developing countries.Task 11Planet Earth is 4,600,000,000 years old. If we condense this time span we can compare it to a person 46 years old. Only at the age of 42 did the Earth begin to flower. Dinosaurs and the great reptiles did not appear until one year ago, when the planet was 45. Mammals arrived only eight months ago, and in the middle of last week human-like apes developed into ape-like humans, and last weekend the last ice age covered the Earth.Modem man has been around for 4 hours. During the last hour agriculture was discovered. The Industrial Revolution began a minute ago. Since then, we have multiplied our numbers to plague proportions, caused the extinction of 500 species of animals, turned the planet upside down in the search for fuels, and now we stand, arrogant with power, on the edge of a war to end all wars, and close to effectively destroying this oasis of life in the solar system.。