商务英语写作
Absolute Advantage
absolute advantage In economics,absolute advantages refers to the ability of a party (an individual, firm, or country) to produce more of a good or service than competitors, using the same amount of resources.A party has an absolute advantage when using the same input as another party, it can produce a greater output.Since absolute advantage is determined by a simple comparison of labor productivities, it is possible for a party to have no absolute advantage in anything.It can be contrasted with the concept of comparative advantage which refers to the ability to produce a particular good at a lower opportunity cost.
Adam Smith developed the principle of absolute advantage. The economist Paul Craig Roberts notes that the comparative advantage principles developed by David Ricardo do not hold where the factors of production are internationally mobile. Limitations to the theory may exist if there are single kind
of utility. The very fact that people want food and shelter already indicates that multiple utilities are present in human desire. The moment the model expands from one good to multiple goods, the absolute may turn to a comparative advantage. However, global labor arbitrage, where one country exploits the cheap labor of another, would be a case of absolute advantage that is not mutually beneficial.
Generally, in international trade, countries export goods and services for which they have an absolute advantage in and import goods and services in which another country has the absolute advantage. According to the theory of absolute advantage, a country that has no absolute advantage in any product or service, then no trade will occur. The two concepts have applications outside international trade, though this is where they are most commonly used. Suppose that two castaways on a desert island gather both fruit and grain, which they then share equally between them. Suppose that Castaway A can gather more fruit per hour than Castaway B, and therefore has an absolute advantage in this good. Nonetheless, it may well make sense for A to leave some fruit-gathering to B. This is because it is possible that B gathers fruit slightly slower than A, but gathers grain extremely slowly. One needs to look at
comparative advantage rather than absolute advantage, to discover how A and B can each best allocate their effort. If A’s initial advantage over B in grain-gathering is greater than his or her advantage in fruit-gathering, then fruit-effort should be transferred from A to B, to the point where A’s comparative advantages in the two goods are equal. Thus it may be rational for fruit to flow from B to A, despite A’s absolute advantage.
The concept of absolute advantage is generally attributed to Adam Smith for his 1776 publication An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations in which he countered mercantilist ideas. Smith argued that it was impossible for all nations to become rich simultaneously by following mercantilism because the export of one nation is another nation’s import and instead stated that all nations would gain simultaneously if they practiced free trade and specialized in accordance with their absolute advantage. Smith also stated that the wealth of nations depends upon the goods and services available to their citizens, rather than their gold reserves. Absolute advantage does not take into account opportunity cost.
While there are possible gains from trade with absolute
advantage, comparative advantage extends the range of possible mutually beneficial exchanges. In other words it is not necessary to have an absolute advantage to gain from trade, only a comparative advantage.
Origin of the TheoryThe concept of absolute advantage is generally attributed to Adam Smith for his 1776 publication An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations in which he countered mercantilist ideas. Smith argued that it was impossible for all nations to become rich simultaneously by following mercantilism because the export of one nation is another nation’s import and instead stated that all nations would gain simultaneously if they practiced free trade and specialized in accordance with their absolute advantage. Smith also stated that the wealth of nations depends upon the goods and services available to their citizens, rather than their gold reserves. Absolute advantage does not take into account opportunity cost.
While there are possible gains from trade with absolute advantage, comparative advantage extends the range of possible mutually beneficial exchanges. In other words it is not necessary to have an absolute advantage to gain from trade, only a comparative advantage.
Examples Example 1Party A can produce 5 widgets per hour with 3 employees.
example 1
Party B can produce 10 widgets per hour with 3 employees.
Assuming that the employees of both parties are paid equally, Party B has an absolute advantage over Party A in producing widgets per hour. This is because Party B can produce twice as many widgets as Party A can with the same number of employees.
Example 2Country A can produce 1000 parts per hour with 200 workers.
example 2
Country B can produce 2500 parts per hour with 200 workers.
Country C can produce 10000 parts per hour with 200 workers.
Considering that labor and material costs are all equivalent, Country C has the absolute advantage over both Country B and Country A because it can produce the most parts per hour at the same cost as other nations. Country B has an absolute advantage over Country A because it can produce more parts per hour with the same number of employees. Country A
has no absolute advantage because it can’t produce more goods than either Country B or Country C given the same input.
Example 3You and your friends decided to help with fundraising for a local charity group by printing t-shirts and making birdhouses.
Scenario 1: One of your friends, Gina, can print 5 t-shirts or build 3 birdhouses an hour. Your other friend, Mike, can print 3 t-shirts an hour or build 2 birdhouses an hour. Because your friend Gina is more productive at printing t-shirts and building birdhouses compared to Mike, she has a comparative advantage in both printing t-shirts and building birdhouses.
Scenario 2: Suppose Gina wasn’t as agile with the hammer and could only make 1 birdhouse an hour, but she took a sewing class and could print 10 t-shirts an hour. Mike on the other hand takes woodworking and so he can build 5 birdhouses an hour, but he doesn’t know the first thing about making t-shirts so he can only print 2 t-shirts an hour. While Gina would have the absolute advantage in printing shirts, Mike would have an absolute advantage in building birdhouses.
EC商务英语高级写作需掌握的句型 1. It作先行主语和先行宾语的一些句型 She had said what it was necessary to say. 2. 强调句型 It is not who rules us that is important, but how he rules us. 3. “All+抽象名词”或“抽象名词+itself”(very+形容词)| He was all gentleness to her. 4. 利用词汇重复表示强调 A crime is a crime a crime. 5. “something(much)of”和 “nothing(little)of”“something of”相当于“to some extent”，表示水准。在疑问句或条件从句中，则为“anything of ”，可译为“有点”，“略微等。”“译为毫无”，“全无”。“much of”译为“大有”，“not much of”可译为“算不上”，“称不上”， “little of”可译为“几乎无”。 something like译为“有点像， 略似。” They say that he had no university education, but he seems to be something of a scholar. 6. 同格名词修饰是指of前后的两个名词都指同一个人或物，“of”以及它前面的名词构一个形容词短语，以修饰“of”后面的那 个名词。如“her old sharper of a father”，可译为：“她那骗子 般的父亲”。 Those pigs of girls eat so much.
商务英语写作（2）（B卷） 考试有关事项说明 考试日期：年月日（星期） 答题时间：120分钟。 考试地点： 考试形式：闭卷 Ⅰ. Fill in the blanks. (15%, 1 point for each blank) (1) Technical writing is a form of , a type of , an interactive that involves writers and readers who response to one another. (2) Some reports might present the to solve a business problem; other reports might record that will be useful to assist in future decision making. Either way, is being “reported” that will be useful in making decisions. (3) Doing a business, it usually includes and replies, , orders and their fulfillment, terms of payment, and , etc. (4) A business report conveys information to assist in . It may be long or short, , public or private, or reported on special occasions. (5) Technical writing has many forms, including letters, , reports, , presentations, and . Ⅱ. Multiple choices (15%, 1.5 point for each one)
商务英语写作复习题 1．建立业务关系的信函 ●信息来源（告知对方你是从何渠道了解到对方的） ●对你的公司做简单介绍（公司的业务范围，稍稍“宣传”一下你公司的 产品和服务。 ●写信的目的（你想与对方做什么生意，比如，想购买对方的产品，推 销你自己的产品，想与对方建立合资公司等）。 ●表达与对方合作和早日收到回复的愿望。 Sample Letter May 10, 2003 Dear Sirs, We have obtai ned the name and address of your corporation from the Commercial Counselor’s Office of your Embassy in our country, through whom we learned that you are the manufacturers and exporters of bamboo products. We are very pleased to communicate you for the possibility of trading together. We have been in business as importers of general merchandise since 1965 and can particularly boast of having vast and wide experience in the business line of bamboo products. Our bankers are Guarantee Trust bank, Holland, from whom you will be able to get any information you may require concerning our business character and financial standing. We should appreciate it if you would let us know your trade terms and forward us copy of your catalogue or helpful literature and your latest price list. We look forward to the pleasure of hearing from you soon. Yours faithfully 2．订购函 你公司准备向某公司订购一批产品。请你写一封订购信，其内容应
欢迎各位员工及家属参与。 All staff and their family members are welcome. 董事会将于8月4号星期五下午3点在1131室召开会议。 The board of directors will be conducting a meeting at 3 p.m on Friday ,august 4 in room 1131 我们的门诊政策有所变动，希望大家注意。 There has been a change in our clinic sercice policy which we would like to bring to your attention. This Wednesday’s regular meeting announced the establishment of Research and Development Department. 这个周三的公司例会宣布成立公司研发部。 Call zhang wen at 2397884 for more detailed information. 有关详情请联系张文，电话2397884 We wish to take this opportunity to thank you for being coopertive. 借此机会感谢大家的配合。 We very much hope that you will be able to attend our wedding ceremony and look forward to meeting you on 22 november. 我们非常希望你能参加我们的结婚典礼，希望能在11月22号那天见到你。 Mr .and mrs michael garwood request the honor of your presence at an gardon party to celebrate their daughter’s graduation from college。michael garwood 夫妇很荣幸能邀请您参加庆祝他们女儿大学毕业的花园聚会。 You and your family members are cordially invited to attend the pwc annual ball. 盛情邀请您和家人参加pwc的周年舞会 希望您能接受邀请，并在7月23日之前回复. l hope you will accept the invitation and reply before 23rd july. 晚宴开始前在209室会有茶点，欢迎前往。 Tea and cakes will be served before the evening dinner in room 209.welcome to join us. Please remit payment withhin ten days so that you can maintain your credit rating 请于10天内汇款，以维持你的信用等级。 Althought abc company has reserved the clubhouse for saturay ,we can instead offer you our conference room,which seats 60. 虽然ABC公司已预订在星期六使用会所，但是我们仍能为您提够60人的会议室。 You will be glad to know that your request for reimbursement for travel expense is granted. 您要求报销差旅费的请求已被批准，相信您一定很高兴得知这一消息。 Customers will be provided with the best service owing to our long experience in the catering business. 凭借在饮食业的丰富经验，我们能为顾客提供最好的服务。 We have noticed in your letter that the damages to five chairs in shipment were found. 从您的来信得知，已发现5把椅子在装运过程中受到损坏。 我们希望本月底以前收到您应付的金额。 We hope to receive the amount due by the end of this month. 我们希望你们能对货物满意，并期待收到你们更多的订单。 We hope you are satisfied with our goods,and look forward to receiving your future orders. 对于任何不便之处我们再次表示感谢。 We apologize again for any inconvenience.
商务英语之订单最常用句子 我们想订你们的货，今天会寄上正式的订单。 1. We'd like to order your products. We'll send our official order today. 你是否收到了我们订电话机的订单？ 2. Did you get our order for your telephones? 我们发现贵公司的订单最近逐渐减少了，对吗？ 3. We've noticed that your orders have been falling off lately, haven't you? 那是因为我们转向成衣生意的缘故。 4. That's because we have switched to made-up goods market. 目前有什么我可以代您订购的吗？ 5. Is there anything I can book for you now? 现在我们能向你订购的只有棉织品。 6. What we can order from you right now are cotton goods. 你可以告诉我货名和数量吗？ 7. Can you let me have the name and quantities? 除非你方三月订货，否则我们无法6月送货。 8. Unless you order in March, we won't be able to deliver in June. 我准备向你们订货，但是唯一的条件是，货物只限卖给芬兰的公司。
9. I'm ready to place an order with you, but only one condition is that the goods are confined to Finland. 前寄样品必须在8月底以前到达伦敦，否则所订货物都将无效。 10. Advanced samples must arrive in London before the end of August; otherwise the goods are useless. 我们可以修改一下29734号订单吗？ 11. Can we make a change on order No. 29734? 我们想增加99725号订单上AR-26的数量。 12. We want to increase the number of AR-26s on order No. 99725. 商务旅行必备48句经典句型 1 Do I have to make a reconfirmation? 我还要再确认吗? 2 Is there any earlier one? 3 Could you tell me my reservation number, please? 请你告诉我我的预订号码好吗? 4 Can I get a seat for today's 7:00 a.m train? 我可以买今天上午7点的火车票吗? 5 Could you change my flight date from London to Tokyo? 请你更改一下从伦敦到东京的班机日期好吗? 6 Is there any discount for the USA Railpass?
商务英语写作试卷 （课程代码：5440） I. Multiple-choice: For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. (1 point each) 1.Please let us know which of our products _______. A. you are interested B. are you interested C. they are interested D. you are interested in 2.We ______ your name and address _______ the Chinese Embassy in Bonn. A. are learning….from B. have learned ….from C. have come to know….of D. have been given ….from 3.We are now enclosing a pricelist for all the items you _______ in your letter under reply. A. required B. inquired about C. said D. informed 4.If you are prepared to increase your ______ to 15%, we shall be pleased to purchase the complete stock. A. price B. discount C. sales volume D. cost 5. A recent market survey reveals that such articles are no longer __________. A. in demand B. demanded C. on demand D. for demand 6.This is a new product but it is gaining _______ popularity in the world market. A. many more B. better and better C. increasingly steady D. steadily increasing 7.Concerning the ________ L/C, we wish to inform you that there are several clauses that need amendment. A. subjective B. caption C. subjected D. captioned 8.We wish to make it clear to you that we shall not ______ the shipment if they arrive after December 19, 2005. A. arrange B. receive C. accept D. acknowledge 9.Following your order ______ 400 pieces of electronic toys last year, we are pleased to receive your order No. 456 _______ the same quantity. A. for, of B. of , of C. for, for D. with, for 10.As agreed upon in our negotiation, payment _______ L/C. A. by B. will C. are by D. is to be made by 11.We will do our best to _______ shipment to meet your requirements in time. A. comply B. make C. expediting D. arranged 12.Any loss or damage noticed when the goods are delivered must be reported to the ______ at the time, otherwise he will not be responsible for it. A. consignor B. consignee C. shipper D. carrier 13.For all the remaining items the stated dates of delivery are approximate, but _______ would these dates be exceeded by more that ten days. A. in no case B. in any case C. by all means D. under any circumstances 14.Your failure to open the L/C in time will ________impossible for us to deliver goods within the period stipulated in the contract. A. make them be B. make it be C. make it D. make that be 15.The stipulations in your L/C _________ not in accordance with the contract, we have to request you to make an amendment. A. is B. being C. is to be D. would be 16.In _______ of quality, our make is superior. A. terms B. term C. connection D. connections 17.__________, the buyers have urged us to expedite shipment of their order. A. The season approaching B. The season is approaching C. As season approaching D. The season was approaching 18.We accept as an exception your order _________ business with you.
商务英语公司简介填写模版 使用方法：按照括号中提示填写相应的英文即可。 模版A： Established in (成立年份), (公司英文名称) is a manufacturer (生产兼贸易，可用manufacturer and trader) specialized in the research, development and production of (公司主打产品). We are located in (公司所在城市), with convenient transportation access.All of our products comply with international quality standards and are greatly appreciated in a variety of different markets throughout the world. If you are interested in any of our products or would like to discuss a custom order, please feel free to contact us. We are looking forward to forming successful business relationships with new clients around the world in the near future. 对应中文翻译： ABC公司成立于XX年，专业生产XXX产品，集产品研发和生产于一体。我公司地处XX 市，交通便利。我司所有产品采用国际质量标准，产品远销海外，享誉海内外众多市场。 如果贵司对我们任一款产品有意或有订单意向，欢迎随时联系我们。我们期待与全球客户携手合作，共创未来。 模版B： Established in （成立年份）, （公司英文名称）is a professional manufacturer and exporter that is concerned with the design, development and production of(行业产品). We are located in (公司所在城市), with convenient transportation access.All of our products comply with international quality standards and are greatly appreciated in a variety of different markets throughout the world. We have over (员工人数) employees, boast an annual sales figure that exceeds USD (销售额) and currently export(出口比例) of our production worldwide. Our well-equipped facilities and excellent quality control throughout all stages of production enable us to guarantee total customer satisfaction. As a result of our high quality products and outstanding customer service, we have gained a global sales network reaching(主要出口国家). If you are interested in any of our products or would like to discuss a custom order, please feel free to contact us. We are looking forward to forming successful business relationships with new clients around the world in the near future. ABC公司成立于XX年，专业生产和出口XXX产品，集产品设计、研发和生产于一体。我公司地处XX市，交通便利。我司所有产品采用国际质量标准，产品远销海外，享誉海内外众多市场。
商务英语常用句型40句 大家在商务英语写作的时候一定会为用哪些句型烦恼吧，下面小编为你分享商务英语常用句型吧！ 1. I am writing to confirm /enquire/inform you… 我写信是要确认/询问/通知你… 2. I am writing to follow up on our earlier decision on the marketing campaign in Q2. 我写信来追踪我们之前对于第二季度营销活动的决定。 3. With reference to our telephone conversation today… 关于我们今天在电话中的谈话... 4. In my previous e-mail on October 5… 先前在10月5日所写的信… 5. As I mentioned earlier about… 如我先前所提及关于… 6. As indicated in my previous e-mail… 如我在先前的信中所提出… 7. As we discussed on the phone… 如我们上次在电话中的讨论… 8. From our decision at the previous meeting… 如我们在上次会议中的决定… 9. As you requested/per your requirement… 按照你的要求… 10.In reply to your e-mail dated April 1，we decided… 回答你在4月1日写的信，我们决定… 11.This is in response to your e-mail today.
大学商务英语写作考试 复习题 https://www.doczj.com/doc/5112462219.html,work Information Technology Company.2020YEAR
商务英语复习题 1.What information should be contained in the first information section of a resume? A.the job objective B.family history and gender identification C.the date D.contect information 2.Which of the following is a “6C” A.Colorfulness B.Concreteness https://www.doczj.com/doc/5112462219.html,fortability https://www.doczj.com/doc/5112462219.html,patibility 3.What is the first thing to appear on a bussiness letter A.the date B.the letterhead C.the inside address D.the attention line 4.When writing the date on a business letter you should take care to do what? A.make sure you always put the year first before the month and day B.always use only numbers in the date field C.make sure you always put the month first before the date and year D.spell out the month 5.How many spaces are needed between the complimentary close of a letter and the typed name of the person writing the letter? A.3 B.2 C.4 D. as many as needed 6.What should you do if you are worried that the reader of a request you are asking will not honor your request? A.write the letter in an indirect style B.write the letter in a direct style C.ask them to please grant your request D.be forceful and demand they honor your request
Establishment of Correspondent Relationship Letter 1 (Letter from a Foreign Bank Suggesting the Establishment of Correspondent Relationship) We are a bank recently incorporated and established in the CCC Republic, wholly owned by citizens of the CCC Republic. We commenced our operation on Sept. 7, 1965 with a capital of US$ 10,000,000.00 fully paid. We have been receiving a number of requests from our customers to open irrevocable letters of credit or
to make remittances by mail and by cable in favour of beneficiaries in China. Until now we have been advising these transactions to you through our London correspondent, DEF Bank Ltd. , who has been acting as our reimbursing bank. Accordingly, it has long been our intention to establish direct correspondent relations with you in order to facilitate the handling of the above-mentioned transactions. Should this be agreeable to you, we will arrange for our Authorized Signatures and Telegraphic Test Key to be forwarded to you. We should be grateful if you would inform us too of the names of the banks to whom you would want us to remit the cover for our transactions, particularly for those expressed in Pound Sterling, U. S. dollars and Swiss francs. In order to acquaint you with the
商务英语考试(BEC)写作常用模版及句型 应用类文体常用模板 1. 信件的开头： We are writing to enquire about… We are writing in connection with… We are interested in … and we would like to know… 环境： You want to know the prices of some air conditioners. We are interested in your air conditioner and we would like to know the prices of some air conditioners. You saw an advertisement in the newspaper yesterday and you want further information. We are writing in connection with the advertisement in the newspaper yesterday. You want to know if the company you are writing to organizes holidays to Africa. We are writing to inquire about the holidays to Africa that your company organizes. 2. 回信的开头： Thank you for your letter of (date) We have received your letter of (date) asking if … enquiring about … enclosing … concerning … 环境： A company wrote to you on 23 July. They wanted to know if you sell photocopiers. Thank you for your letter of 23 July, asking if we sell photocopiers.
机密★启用前 大连理工大学网络教育学院 大工20春《商务英语写作-精品课程》课程考试 期末考试复习题 ☆注意事项：本复习题满分共：400分 一、单项选择题（本大题共30小题，每小题2分，共60分） 1.Please let us know which of our products _______. A. you are interested B. are you interested C. they are interested D. you are interested in 2.We ______ your name and address _______ the Chinese Embassy in Bonn. A. are learning….from B. have learned ….from C. have come to know….of D. have been given ….from 3.We are now enclosing a price list for all the items you _______ in your letter under reply. A. required B. inquired about C. said D. informed 4.If you are prepared to increase your ______ to 15%, we shall be pleased to purchase the complete stock. A. price B. discount C. sales volume D. cost 5. A recent market survey reveals that such articles are no longer __________. A. in demand B. demanded C. on demand D. for demand 6. We will do our best to _______ shipment to meet your requirements in time. A. comply B. make C. expediting D. arranged 7. Any loss or damage noticed when the goods are delivered must be reported to the ______ at the time, otherwise he will not be responsible for it. A. consignor B. consignee C. shipper D. carrier 8. For all the remaining items the stated dates of delivery are approximate, but _______ would these dates be exceeded by more that ten days. A. in no case B. in any case C. by all means D. under any circumstances 9. Your failure to open the L/C in time will ________impossible for us to deliver goods within the
I Fashion Co.Ltd. 6 2 1 – 1 2 # Student’s Apartment Business College of Shanxi University Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province China 9 May 2011 Mr. Rabbit: Sales Manager Empire Typewriters 190C Happy Street New York America Dear Mr. Rabbit Re: Office Furniture Details Thank you for your letter of May 8. We are grateful to you for your interest in our office furniture. In reply to your inquiry in your last letter, we hereby send you our illustrated catalogue and price list with details as follows. 20 Solid Wood Desks @ RMB 1,000 RMB 20,000 20 Office Swivel Chairs @ RMB 300 RMB 6,000 20 Solid Wood Bookcases @ RBM 1500 RMB 30,000 RMB 56,000 Less 15℅ discount for payment within 30days RMB 8,400 TOTAL RMB 47,600 The above quoted price includes transportation and insurance. Please note that this quotation is subject to acceptance within three weeks, we can guarantee delivery five days of receipt of a firm order. We look forward to your order and long-term cooperation with you. Yours sincerely for I FASHION
BEC商务英语写作开头结尾常用句型 第一部分、BEC作文段首句常用句型: 一、对立观点命题形式的首句： 1. Many people do not doubt that A is superior to B , while others think quite differently on the issue of _____. Personally, I stand on the side of A . 2. Some people say A , other people argue B . In a word , _____. But I cannot agree this point of view for many reasons. 3. There are different views concerning this topic . Some people like to CHOOSE A , some prefer to CHOOSE B . Personally , I prefer B . I think B has more advantages. 4. From my point of view , it is more advisable to CHOOSE A than to CHOOSE B . 5. Despite the fact that most people prefer A , I would like to choose B because the following reasons . 6. In general , I prefer to _____ . 7. As far as I am concerned , I would like to prefer _____ . 8. When it comes to _____ , most people tend to believe A . But others consider B as _____ . 9. When asked about _____ , the vast majority of people would support that A . But others regard B as _____ . 10. At the risk of address the issue too direct , I prefer A because I think that _____ . 11. When asked about _____ , many people give their opinions that _____ , but other people may see _____ differently . 12. When faced with _____ , quite a few would claim that _____ , but others , in contrast , deem _____ as _____ .