A new class of Solvent-in-Salt electrolyte for high-energy rechargeable metallic lithium batteries

improvement of both production rates and selectivity. This study deals with design, construction and validation of a new microreactor for organic electrosynthesis. The model reaction is the anodic oxidation of 4-methylanisole (4methoxy-toluene) to 4-methoxy-benzaldehyde-dimethylacetal. The reaction is important in industrial organic electrochemistry, due to the wide spread of the resulting aldehyde as a precursor and fragrance for fine chemicals production, including pharmaceuticals, dye-stuffs, plating additives, pesticides and flavour ingredients [1–4]. Because of poor space–time yields and considerable problems with work up and recycling of the electrolyte, indirect electrochemical processes have not been established industrially to date [5]. Hence, the direct oxidation of 4-methylanisole appears most promising for commercial production of benzaldehydes, and the reaction is performed by BASF with a production rate of 3,500 tons per year [2]. In methanol solution, the overall reaction of the electrochemical formation of anisaldehyde is described in Fig. 1 [6, 7]. The reaction mechanism consists of two distinctive steps: the electrochemical formation of the diacetal and the chemical hydrolysis to the respective aldehyde. A mechanism analogous to Fig. 2 has been proposed for the direct oxidation of toluenes in an alcohol solution [8–10]. The oxidation begins with an anodic electron transfer resulting in formation of a radical cation (step 1). This radical cation is stabilised in the methanol solvent by the formation of a benzylradical (step 2). Due to the lower oxidation potential of the benzylradical, it is transformed rapidly to a benzylcation (step 3). The benzylcation reacts with the methanol solvent (step 4), leading to the formation of the intermediate ether. The ether is then oxidised to the dimethylacetal by repeated electron transfers, stabilisation and addition of the methanol solvent (step 5). In the

Product Data SheetAkzoNobel Powder CoatingsInterpon RDX PZALZ66CSProduct Description Interpon RDX PZ is a powder coating primer containing zinc which is designed to give enhanced corrosion protection of mild steel.This duplex system combines cathodic protection and barrier effect. It consists of a two-layersystem with a zinc rich primer Interpon RDX PZ overcoated with a Interpon powder topcoator PU liquid topcoat.Dedicated to steel protection with a surface pre-treatment obtained by grit/shot. InterponRedox PZ is based on a specific epoxy zinc rich formulation that brings conductivity to enablethe cathodic protection. Interpon Redox PZ includes a specific anticorrosive function whichimproves the protection in case of scratch.Powder Properties Chemical type Thermosetting epoxyAppearance SmoothGloss level (60°)40-70%Color Zinc greyRecommended FilmThickness (µm)60 - 120 µmDensity (g/cm3)2,0 g/cm³Application ElectrostaticStorage Under dry, cool (≤ 25°C) conditionsShelf life At least 12 months from production dateCuring schedule See section curing bellowTest Conditions The results shown below are based on mechanical and chemical tests which (unlessotherwise indicated) have been carried out under laboratory conditions and are given forguidance only. Actual product performance will depend upon the circumstances under whichthe product is used.Substrate/Pretreatment Steel; Grit blastingPrimer Thickness 60-80 micronsPrimer Curing 10 minutes at 170°C (Object Temperature)Topcoat Interpon 600 / D1010Topcoat Thickness 60-80 micronsTopcoat Curing 10 minutes at 200°C (Object Temperature)Mechanical Tests Bending test(Cylindrical Mandrel)ISO 1519 Pass 5 mm (Primer)Adhesion ISO 2409(2mm crosshatch) Class 0 (Primer) Class 0 (system)Cupping ISO 1520 Pass 8 mm (Primer) Direct Impact GB 1732-93 Pass 50 kg.cm (Primer)Pass 30 kg.cm (System)Corrosion Tests Mild Steel The results shown are based on tests which (unless otherwise indicated) have been carried out under laboratory conditions and are given for advice only, actual performance depends upon the circumstances under which the product is used.Neutral Salt Spray ISO 9227 Results are detailed in Table1 of AppendixPretreatment Surface preparation depends upon the metal, the type of surface, its conditions and theApplication Interpon RDX PZ can be applied by manual or automatic electrostatic spray equipment. For tribo spray, it should be tested before commencing production.Application settings Fluidizing air pressure: 1.5kg/cm2 initially then 1kg/cm2Transport air pressure: 0.5 to 0.8 kg/cmRecommended voltage: 65 to 70kVCuring limits Primer should be cured using the recommended curingschedules, before application of the topcoat. The objecttemperature must not be below 110°C or above 220°C.Recommended DFT 60-120 µmRecycling Trials, with suitable recycling equipment, must be carriedout before commencing production. Attention should bepaid to the ratio of new powder, a minimum of 80% mustbe used. Gun nozzles must be cleaned every 30 minutes.Note: Failure to comply with the recommended curing conditions may affect the adhesion ofthe topcoat and cause performance degradation. Parts coated with Interpon RDX PZ shouldnot be handled if possible. If unavoidable, clean lint-free gloves must be worn.Curing Interpon RDX PZ shows a wide curing range must allowing application on substrates of different nature and thicknesses.Green curing Full semi-curingObject temperature Min Max Min Max110°C 15’ 40’130°C 12’ 30’160°C 12’ 23’170°C 8’ 17’180°C 6’13’200°C 2’ 8’220°C 1’30’’ 5’30’’The Interpon RDX PZ system provides excellent protection against corrosion on the surface to which it is applied. However, the efficiency of this protection depends on the surface, its preparation before coating and the topcoat applied.If there is penetrating damage through the coating system to the substrate, there may be localized signs of corrosion where damage has occurred but this will not affect the adhesion of the film to the adjacent surface. Interpon RDX PZ considerably limits the extent of spread of corrosion in the event of coating damage.Topcoat Application Primer should be over-coated on the same site within 12 hours of applying the primer. If the delay exceeds 12 hours the parts should be heated for 12 minutes at 160°C. (object temperature). The delay must not exceed 24 hours.Refer to the Product Data Sheet for the powder topcoat for application parameters.To ensure the integrity of the system, as well as optimum performance, the whole system must be cured in accordance with the recommended curing conditions for the topcoat. Curing should be carried out in a convection oven, optionally with infra-red heaters. There must be a uniform heat distribution inside the oven.Note: Failure to comply with the recommended final curing conditions may cause variations in color and gloss and cause performance degradation of the system. A detailed protocol for applying Interpon RDX PZ system is available on request.Damage repair Any damage of the Interpon RDX PZ coating system must be repaired as soon as possible.Surface preparationDamaged areas must be clean and free of grease or rust. Dry-sand the area with 600grade paper down to the substrate. The area must be completely free of dust and cleanedwith a non-aggressive solvent before proceeding.ApplicationFor repairs the following two-coat liquid paint system from International Protective Coatingsis recommended:1st Coat: two-pack zinc-rich epoxy primer, Interzinc 722nd Coat: two-pack polyurethane topcoat, Interthane 990Safety Precautions This product is intended for use only by professional applicators in industrial environments and should not be used without reference to the relevant health and safety data sheetwhich Akzo Nobel has provided to its customers.Disclaimer IMPORTANT NOTE: The information in this data sheet is not intended to be exhaustive and is based on the present state of our knowledge and on current laws: any person using the product for any purpose other than that specificallyrecommended in the technical data sheet without first obtaining written confirmation from us as to the suitability ofthe product for the intended purpose does so at his own risk. It is always the responsibility of the user to take allnecessary steps to fulfil the demands set out in the local rules and legislation. Always read the Material Data Sheetand the Technical Data Sheet for this product if available. All advice we give or any statement made about theproduct by us (whether in this data sheet or otherwise) is correct to the best of our knowledge but we have no controlover the quality or the condition of the substrate or the many factors affecting the use and application of the product.Therefore, unless we specifically agree in writing otherwise, we do not accept any liability whatsoever for theperformance of the product or for any loss or damage arising out of the use of the product. All products supplied andtechnical advices given are subject to our standard terms and conditions of sale. You should request a copy of thisdocument and review it carefully. The information contained in this data sheet is subject to modification from time totime in the light of experience and our policy of continuous development. It is the user's responsibility to verify thatthis data sheet is current prior to using the product.Brand names mentioned in this data sheet are trademarks of or are licensed to AkzoNobel.Appendix 1: Performance tables Neutral Salt SprayCoating System Interpon RDX PZ / ALZ66CS + Interpon D1010 Conditions Substrate Steel 2mmPretreatment Grit blastingSA 2.5 – Ra 6-12µmPrimer thickness 60 - 80 µmTopcoat thickness 80 - 100 µmAdhesion on surface before test Class 0Neutral Salt Spray ISO 9227 Time Quotation Average corrosion creep (mm) 1 440 hours Scribe 1,74 mm ± 0,36Coating System Interpon RDX PZ / ALZ66CS + Interpon D1010 Conditions Substrate Steel 2mmPretreatment Grit blastingSA 2.5 – Ra 6-12µmPrimer thickness 60 - 80 µmTopcoat thickness 80 - 100 µmAdhesion on surface before test Class 0Cyclic corrosion test ISO 20340 Time Quotation Average corrosion creep (mm) 25 weeklycyclesScribe 6,13 mm ± 1,32/contact-us/Copyright © 2020 Akzo Nobel Powder Coatings Ltd. Interpon is a registered trademark of AkzoNobel Interpon RDX PZ - Issue #1Last Revision Date: 20.11.2020 Author: Lab Songjiang Shanghai。

有机化学方面的专业英语Angular methyl group 角甲基Alkylidene group 亚烷基Allyl group 烯丙基Allylic 烯丙型[的]Phenyl group 苯基Aryl group 芳基Benzyl group 苄基Benzylic 苄型[的]Activating group 活化基团Chromophore 生色团Auxochrome 助色团Magnetically anisotropic group 磁各向异性基团Smally ring 小环Common ring 普通环Medium ring 中环Large ring 大环Bridged-ring system 桥环体系Spiro compound 螺环化合物Helical molecule 螺旋型分子Octahedral compound 八面体化合物Conjugation 共轭Conjugated-system 共轭体系Acyl cation 酰[基]正离子Benzylic cation 苄[基]正离子Arenirm ion 芳[基]正离子Ketyl radical 羰自由基Radical ion 自由基离子Radical cation 自由基正离子Radical anion 自由基负离子Isomerism 异构[现象] Acid form 酸式Fluxional structure 循变结构Stereochemistry 立体化学Optical activity 光学活性Dextro isomer 右旋异构体Laevo isomer 左旋异构体Tetrahedral configuration 四面体构型Stereoisomerism 立体异构[现象] Asymmetric atom 不对称原子Asymmetric carbon 不对称碳Pseudoasymmetric carbon 假不对称碳Phantom atom 虚拟原子Homotopic 等位[的]Heterotopic 异位[的] Enantiotopic 对映异位[腯Diastereotopic 非对映异位[的] Configuration 构型Absolute configuration 绝对构型Chiral 手性[的] Chiral center 手性中心Chiral molecule 手性分子Achiral 非手性[的]Fischer projection 费歇尔投影式Neoman projection 纽曼投影式D-L system of nomenclature D-L命名体系R-S syytem of nomenclature R-S命名体系Cahn-Ingold-Prelon sequence 顺序规则Symmetry factor 对称因素Plane of symmetry 对称面Mirror symmetry 镜面对称Enantiomer 对映[异构]体Diastereomer 非对映[异构]体Epimer 差向异构体Anomer 端基[差向]异构体Erythro configuration 赤型构型Erythro isomer 赤型异构体Threo configuration 苏型构型Threo isomer 苏型异构体Trigonal carbon 三角型碳Cis-trans isomerism 顺反异构 E isomer E异构体Z isomer Z异构体Endo isomer 内型异构体Exo isomer 外型异构体Prochirality 前手性Pro-R group 前R基团Pro-S proup 前S基团Re face Re面Si face Si面Racemic mixture 外消旋混合物Racemic compound 外消旋化合物Racemic solid solution 外消旋固体溶液Meso compound 内消旋化合物Quasi racemate 准外消旋体Conformation 构象Conformational 构象分析Torsion angle 扭转角Rotamer 旋转异构体Anti conformation 反式构象Bisecting conformation 等分构象Eclipsed conformation 重叠构象Gauche conformation, skew con-formation 邻位交叉构象Staggered conformation 对位交叉构象Steric effect 空间效应Steric hindrance 位阻Atropisomer 阻转异构体Puckered ring 折叠环Conformational inversion 构象反转Chair conformation 椅型构象Boat conformation 船型构象Twist conformation 扭型构象Skew boat conformation 扭船型构象Half-chair conformation 半椅型构象Pseudorotation 假旋转Envelope conformation 信封[型]构象Axial bond 直[立]键Equatorial bond 平[伏]键Cisoid conformation 顺向构象Transoid conformation 反向构象Retention of configuration 构型保持Regioselectivity 区域选择性Regiospecificity 区域专一性Stereoselectivity 立体选择性Stereospecificty 立体专一性Conformer 构象异构体Conformational effect 构象效应Stereochemical orientation 立体[化学]取向Conformational transmission 构象传递Homolog 同系物Ipso position 本位Ortho position 邻位Meta position 间位Para position 对位Trigonal hybridization 三角杂化Molecular orbiral method 分子轨道法Valence bond method 价键法Delocalezed bond 离域键Cross conjugation 交叉共轭Vinylog 插烯物Mesomeric effect 中介效应Resonance 共振Resonance effect 共振效应Hyperconjugation 超共轭Isovalent hyperconjugation 等价超共轭No-bond resonance 无键共振Aromaticity 芳香性Aromatic sexter 芳香六隅Huckel’rule休克尔规则Paramagnetic ring current 顺磁环电流Diamagnetic ring cruuent 抗磁环电流Homoaromaticity 同芳香性Antiaromaticity 反芳香性Alternant hydrocarbon 交替烃Non-alternant hydrocarbon 非交替烷Pericyclic reaction 周环反应Electrocyclic rearrangement 电环[化]重排Conrotatory 顺旋Disroatatory 对旋Cycloaddition 环加成Symmetry forbidden-reaction 对称禁阻反应Synfacial reaction 同面反应Antarafacial reaction 异面反应Lewis structure 路易斯结构Coordinate-covalent bond 配位共价键Banana bond 香蕉键Pauling electronegativity scale 鲍林电负性标度Polarizability 可极化性Inductive effect 诱导效应Field effect 场效应Electrical effect 电场效应tautomerism 互变异构Tautomerization 互变异构化Keto-enol tautomerism 酮-烯醇互变异构Phenol-keto tautomerism 酚-酮互变异构Imine-enamine atutomerism 亚胺-烯胺互变异构Ring-chain tautomerism 环-链互变异构Valence tautomerism 价互变异构Solvent effect 溶剂Ambident 两可[的]效应Acid-base catalyzed reaction 酸-碱催化反应Basic solvent 碱性溶剂Dielectric constant 介电常数Solvated electron 溶剂化电子Acid-base catalyzed reaction 酸碱催化反应Conjugated acid 共轭酸Conjugated base 共轭碱Thermodynamic acidity 热力学酸度Kinetic acidity 动力学酸度Electron donator-acceptor complex, EDA complex 电子给[体]受体络合物Host 主体Guest 客体Primary isotope effect 一级同位素效应Secondary isotope effect 二级同位数效应Inverse isotope effect 逆同位素效应Kinetic control 动力学控制Thermodynamic control 热力学控制Substrate 底物Intermediate 中间体Reactive intermediate 活泼中间体Microscopic reversibility 微观可逆性Hammond postulate 哈蒙德假说Linear free energy 线性自由能Non-bonded interaction 非键相互作用Torsional effect 扭转效应Restricted rotation 阻碍旋转Eclipsing effect 重叠效应Eclipsing strain 重叠张力Small-angle strain 小角张力Large angle strain 大角张力Transannular interaction 跨环相互作用Transannular strain 跨环张力Anomeric effect 端基异构效应Walden inversion 瓦尔登反转Racemization 外消旋化Isoinversion 等反转Isoracemization 等消旋Homochiral 纯手性[的] Mechanism 机理Unimolecular nucleophilic substitution单分子亲核取代分子亲核取代（含烯丙型重排）Internal nucleophilic substitution 分子内亲核取代Aromatic nucleophilic substitution 芳香亲核取代Unimolecular electrophilic substitution 单分子亲电取代Bimolecular electrophilic substitution 双分子亲电取代Nucleophile-assisted unimolecular electrophilic substitution 亲核体协助单分子亲电取代Unimolecular elimination 单分子消除Bimolecular elimination 双分子消除Unimolecular elimination through the conjugated base 单分子共轭碱消除Bimolecular elimination through the conjugated base 双分子共轭碱消除Bimolecular elimination with formation of a carbonyl group 双分子消除形成羰基Unimolecular acid-catalyzed acyl-oxygen cleavage 单分子酸催化酰氧断裂Bimolecular base-catalyzed acyl-oxygen cleavage 双分子碱催化酰氧断裂Unimolecular acid-catalyzed alkyl-oxygen cleavage 单分子酸催化烷氧断裂Bimolecular base-catalyzed alkyl-oxygen cleavage 双分子碱催化烷氧断裂π-allyl complex mechanism π烯丙型络合机理Borderline mechanism 边理机理Homolysis 均裂Heterolysis 异裂Heterolytic mechanism 异裂机理Counter ion 反荷离子Ion pair 离子对Carbocation 碳正离子Nonclassical carbocation 非经典碳正离子Carbanion 碳负离子Masked carbanion 掩蔽碳负离子Carbenoid 卡宾体Carbene 卡宾Nitrene 氮宾Carbine 碳炔Electrophilic addition 亲电加成Electrophile 亲电体Diaxial addition 双直键加成Ma rkovnikov’s rule 马尔科夫尼科规则Anti-Markovnikov addition 反马氏加成Michael addition 迈克尔加成Substitution 取代Electrophilic substitution 亲电取代Addition-elimination mechanism 加成消除机理Electrophilic aromatic substitution 亲电芳香取代Electron transfer 电子转移Electron-donating group 给电子基团Electron-withdrawing group 吸电子基团Deactivating group 钝化基团Orinentation 取向Ortho-para directing group 邻对位定位基Meta directing group 间位定位基Ortho effect 邻位效应Partial rate factor 分速度系数Nucleophilic reaction 亲核反应Internal return 内返Nucleophilicitor亲核体Nucleophilicity 亲核性α-effect α-效应Backside attack 背面进攻Inversion 反转Umbrella effect 伞效应Push-pull effect 推拉效应Leaving group 离去基团Electrofuge 离电体Nucleofuge 离核体Phase-transfer catalysis 相转移催化Neighboring group participation 邻基参与Neighboring group assistance, anchimeric assistance 邻助作用Neighboring group effect 邻基效应Apofacial reaction 反面反应Bridgehead displacement 桥头取代Aryl cation 芳正离子Benzyne 苯炔Zaitsev rule 札依采夫规则Anti-Zaitsev orientation 反札依采夫定向Hofmann’s rule 霍夫曼规则Bredt rule 布雷特规则Initiation 引发Anionic cleavage 负离子裂解Partial bond fixation 键[的]部分固定化02．3有机化学反应Alkylation 烷基化C- alkylation C-烷基化O- alkylation O-烷基化N-alkylation N-烷基化Silylation 硅烷[基]化Exhaustive methylation 彻底甲基化Seco alkylation 断裂烷基化Demethylation 脱甲基化Ethylation 乙基化Arylation 芳基化Acylation 酰化Formylation 甲酰化Carbalkoxylation 烷氧羰基化。

2013—2014学年度第一学期应用化学专业专业英语课程试卷A注意事项：1. 考生务必将自己姓名、学号、专业名称写在指定位置；2. 密封线和装订线内不准答题;一、词汇填空 写出下列每个词汇对应的英汉单词共20小题,每空1分,共20分 1、 分子 molecule2、 物理性质 physical property3、 硬度 hardness4、 电解质 electrolyte5、 熔点 melting point6、 沸点 boiling point7、 离子键 ionic bond or electrovalent bond8、 晶体 crystal9、 硅 silicon10、钾 potassium11、溶解度 solubility12、构型 configuration13、挥发性 volitility14、正电荷 positive charge15、phosphorus 磷16、alcohol 乙醇17、acetone 丙酮18、base 碱19、acid 酸20、ether 乙醚二、给下列无机化合物的英语名称共10小题, 每小题2分,共20分1、 NaCN Sodium cyanide2、 BaOH 2 Barium hydroxide3、 KMnO 4 Potassium permanganate4、 H 2SO 4 Sulfuric acid5、 ZnSO 4 zinc sulfate or zinc sulphate6、 FeS Iron II sulfide or Ferrous sulfide7、 H 3PO 4 phosphoric acid8、 H 2SO 3 Sulfurous acid9、 HClO 4 Perchloric acid10、FeCl 3 iron III chloride or ferric chloride二、给下列有机化合物的英语名称共5小题, 每小题4分,共20分1. 甲乙醚 ethyl methyl ether2.对甲基苯酚 4-methyl phenol3.苯乙烯 styrene4.CH3CH＝CCH2CH3 CH2 OH 2-ethyl-2-buten-1-ol5.CH33CCH2CH2OH 4,4-dimethyl-1-butanol or 4,4-dimethyl butanol三、英译汉共10小题, 每小题4分,共40分1、Carbon-sodium and carbon-potassium bonds are largely ionic incarbon-lead, carbon-tin, carbon-thallium and carbon-mercury bonds are essentially covalent.碳-钠键和碳-钾键有较大的离子性,碳-铅键,碳-锡键,碳-铊键和碳-汞键基本上属于共价键;2、The reactivity of organometallic compounds increases with the percent ionic character ofthe carbon-metal bond.金属有机化合物的反应活性随着碳金属键中离子性所占的百分数的增大而增强;3、Organometallic compounds of lithium and magnesium are of great importance in organicsynthesis.锂和镁的金属有机化合物在有机合成上有重大的意义;4、Unlike absorption, in which solute molecules diffuse from the bulk of a gas phase to thebulk of a liquid phase, in adsorption molecules diffuse from the bulk of the fluid to the surface of the solid adsorbent, forming a distinct adsorbed phase.在吸收过程中,溶质分子从气相主体中扩散的液相主体中;但是在吸附过程中,分子从流体主体中扩散到固体吸附剂的表面,形成一个独立的吸附相;5、Equipment for extraction must be capable of providing intimate contact between two phasesso as to affect transfer of solute between them and also of ultimate effecting a complete separation of the phases.提取的设备必须能够让两相有紧密的接触,使得两相中溶质的转移得以实现; 同时这个设备还要让两相的分离得以实现;6、Any potential application of adsorption has to be considered along with alternatives, notablydistillation, absorption and liquid extraction.任何可能的对于吸附的应用必须和其他的分离手段一起考虑来比较优劣,例如蒸馏,吸收和液相萃取;7、Leaching refers to the extraction of a soluble constituent from a solid by means of a solvent.浸提指的是通过使用一种溶剂把一种可溶性组分从固体中分离出来的提取办法;8、Separation of the compounds of a mixture by distillation takes advantages of the fact thatdifferent substances can differ in the degree to which they can be vaporized under the conditions of the experiment.通过蒸馏来分离混合物中的组分利用的是这样一个原理：不同的物质在同一个实验条件下气化的程度有区别;9、In a mixture of two completely immiscible liquids, each exerts its own vapor pressureindependently of the other.在一个由两个完全不互溶的液体所形成的混合物中,每一种液体都形成各自独立的蒸气压,相互不影响;10、On both large and small scale crystallization is the most important method for thepurification of solid organic compounds无论是在大规模还是小规模上,结晶都是一种非常重要的提纯固体有机物的方法;。

Nickel electrolysis process at OutokumpuHarjavalta Metals Oy奥托昆普哈贾瓦尔塔金属公司镍电解工艺AbstractThis paper deals with the electrolysis of nickel from sulphate solution and its electrochemical principles. As an example, the nickel electrolysis process at Outokumpu Harjavalta Metals Oy is discussed in more detail. The leaching of nickel matte and the purification of the nickel sulphate solution prior to electrolysis is also discussed. In addition, a short review of other hydrometallurgical nickel matte treatment processes and nickel electrolysis technologies is given.摘要：本论文主要研究了硫酸镍溶液的电解过程及其电化学原理。

作为例子，本论文主要在细节方面讨论了奥托昆普哈贾瓦尔塔金属公司的镍电解过程。

同时也讨论了电解过程之前的镍浸出及净化过程。

除此之外，其它镍湿法冶金处理过程及电解技术也在文中涉及到。

Outokumpu has produced electrolytic nickel at Harjavaita works since 1960. Nickel is electrowon from a nickel sulphate solution using diaphragm cells where a diaphragm cloth is used to prevent the catholyte solution and the acidic anolyte frommixing. Nickel is deposited on thin nickel starter sheets and the anodes are of unalloyed lead. The current density is 200 A/m2 and the deposition time is seven days. The ready cathodes weigh about 65 kg and they are harvested, washed and cut into squares and strips and finally packed for delivery. Electrolytic nickel is supplied to the electroplating, melting and superalloying industry.早在1960年开始，奥托昆普便在哈贾瓦尔塔工厂开始生产电解镍。

2014~2015学年秋季学期化工专业英语期末考试一、简单词汇翻译（每题1分，共20分）1、Alkali ( )2、sulphuric ( )3、ammonia ( )4、polymer ( )5、polyethylene( )6、polyurethane ( )7、cyclohexane ( ) 8、hydrogen( )9、nitric ( ) 10、profitability( )11、Seale-up ( ) 12、leaching( )13、corriosion ( ) 14、distillation( )15、gradient ( ) 16、exothermic( ) 17、polycarbonate( )18、isothermal( )19、cybernetics ( ) 20、filtration( )二、句子翻译（每题5分，共30分）1、Once the pilot plant is operational,performance and optimization data can be obtained in order to evaluate the process from an economic point of view.___________________________________________________________2、By contrast,the chemical engineer typically works with much larger quantities of material and with very large equipment.___________________________________________________________3、pressure drives the equilibrium forward ,as four molecules of gas are being transformed into two.___________________________________________________________4、What industry needs to achieve in the process is an acceptable combination of reaction speed and reaction yield.___________________________________________________________5、The ammonia and air mixture can be oxidized to dinitrogen and water.___________________________________________________________6、The important point to keep in mind is that all energy of all kinds must be included,although it may be converted to a single equivalent.___________________________________________________________三、化工专业名词书写（每题一分，共24分）1、加热（）2、焙烧（）3、吸收（）4、冷凝（）5、沉降（）6、结晶（）7、粉碎（）8、电解（）9、搅动（）10、离心（）11、平衡（）12、体积（）13、催化剂（）14、一（）15、二（）16、三（）17、四（）18、五（）19、六（）20、七（）21、八（）22、九、（）23、十（）24、氮基化合物（）四、表达方式运用，用括号里的单词翻译下列句子（每题5分，共20分）1、化学工程师经典的角色是把化学家在实验室里的发现拿来并发展成为能赚钱的、商业规模的化学过程。

磨擦甩色 颜色沉 颜色光亮 喷油表面不平滑 移印过多 移印不完整 丝印不良 印油过多
热熨不良 电镀不良 电镀阴阳色 电镀发黑 手指模印
杂声 电池弹簧凸出 接触不良及焊锡不良 间竭功能 无声 灯泡无光 电线凸出 电线甩掉 电线焊接不良 短路 开关不良 开关无功能 电路板松
超声不良 超声压花
贴纸翘起 热封不良 油渍 胶水渍 牙松 滑牙 公仔手脚不能动 混错装
screw rust 螺丝生锈 blister poor heat sealing &unse吸塑不良或无粘 excess material inside blister 吸塑有外来物件 incorrect blister used 错用吸塑罩 blister cannot stand 吸塑不能站立 blister card wrinkle 吸塑卡皱 blister card damage 吸塑卡烂 blister card poor die-cut 吸塑卡裁剪不良 fold mark on blister card 吸塑卡折痕 polybag damage 胶袋损坏 polybag shrinkage 胶袋缩水 j-hook damage/wrinkle 挂钩烂/皱 j-hook sticker dislocate 挂钩胶贴移位 butterfly hook damage/wrinkle 蝴蝶孔烂/皱 butterfly hook poor die-cut 蝴蝶孔裁剪不齐 fold mark on gift box 彩盒折痕 window box film stress 彩盒胶穿顶白 window box film detach 彩盒胶窗甩 window box film poor sealing 彩盒胶窗无粘合不良 window box flap seam open 彩盒缝口爆开 window box film poor transparen 彩盒胶窗透明度不良 missing accessories/componen 漏散件/附件 missing/wrong date code 漏/错日期印 missing instruction sheet 漏说明书 part dislocate 配件移位 包装 master carton shipping carton inner carton blister pack gift box pack instruction sheet bilingual pack 车缝及车梳 soft toy poor stuffing uneven stuffing stuffing disproportion poor sketching poor sewing seam allowance expose poor marrowing

For personal use only in study and research;not for commercial use铝锭aluminum ingot包装材料Packaging Material包装设备packaging equipment表面处理设备Surface Treatment Equipment 表面预处理surface pretreatment冰晶石cryolite薄铝片aluminum foil彩铝板colored Aluminum plate槽型铝材aluminum channel超高铝制烟囱aluminum skyscraper超声波清洗ultrasonic clesning成型薄铝板aluminum profile sheet成型薄铝板aluminum profiled sheet成型铝板aluminum profile panel成型铝板aluminum profiled panel除灰desmutting纯碱alkali纯铝板pure Aluminum plate磁电设备magnetoelectricity Equipment磁性上辊magnetic roller催化剂catalyzer 打渣剂fluxing medium带式磨光belt grinding氮化铝aluminum nitride道路照明铝制电杆aluminum street lighting column电镀electroplating电解electrolysis电解浸蚀electrolytic etching电解滤液electrolyse filtrate电解铝electrolyse aluminum电解抛光electroplishing电解液electorlyte电解增光electrobrightening电流密度current density电流效率current efficiency镀铝aluminum plating缎面处理satin finishing锻用铝合金aluminum alloy for temper锻制铝合金aluminum wrought alloy多孔铝制天花板aluminum perforated ceiling矾土水泥aluminum cement防腐剂anticorrodant防腐剂anticorrosive agent防腐涂料anticorrosive paint防蚀铝线alumite wire防雨铝板aluminum flashing废铝aluminium scrap分布能力throwing power氟化铝aluminium fluoride氟化盐fluoride salt辅助电极auxiliary electrode复合铝板clad aluminium覆盖剂covering agent刚铝石水泥alundum cement钢芯铝绞线aluminium cable steel reinforcing高岭土aluminum flake高铝矿渣aluminous clinker高铝陶瓷alumina ceramics高铝砖alumina brick隔热设备Thermal-insulation Equipment工业炉Industrial furnace工业铝原料industrial Aluminum materials工业毛毡Industrial felt 功能性氧化膜functional coating挂架rack (jig)光亮浸渍bright dipping硅酸铝aluminum silicate硅酸铝aluminum silicate硅酸铝耐火材料aluminosilicate refractory 滚动式铝格栅aluminum rolling grille滚筒磨光tumbling过滤板screen plate过滤器filter含铝材料alumina-bearing material焊接设备Jointing equipment厚纸板cardboard花纹铝板Aluminum embossed sheet花纹铝箔aluminum checker/checkered foil 化学镀electroless plating化学抛光chemical polishing化学增光chemical brightening化学转化chemical conversion活化activation机械设备Machinery equipment挤压铝窗台extruded aluminum sill挤压铝管extruded aluminum pipe挤压铝制品aluminum extrusion挤压设备extrusion equipment夹层铝板aluminum sandwich panel剪切设备shearing equipment检测设备inspection equipment焦碳. coke浸蚀etching精拉铝管finishing Aluminum tube精炼剂refining agent净化设备Purifying Equipment卷开铝质百叶窗aluminum rolling shutter 冷轧设备Cold-rolled Equipment临界电流密度critical current density硫酸铝aluminum sulphate硫酸铝aluminum sulphate sulfate楼面铝aluminum floor covering楼面铝覆面层aluminum flooring楼面铝覆面层aluminum flooring finish 滤清油filtering oil铝百叶aluminum shutter铝板Aluminum Board/plate/sheet 铝板放护板aluminum slatted blind铝板隔墙aluminum partition铝板卷开百叶窗aluminum slatted rollor blink铝板条aluminum strip铝板贴面吸声天花板aluminum absorbent ceiling铝板屋顶aluminum deck/deck roof铝板屋面aluminum sheet roof铝板屋面aluminum sheeting roof铝棒Aluminum stick/rod铝包皮aluminum skin铝标牌aluminium scutcheon铝箔Aluminum foil铝箔背衬aluminum foil backing铝箔绝热aluminum foil insert铝箔绝热aluminum foil insertion铝箔制品Aluminum foil products铝材aluminum product铝仓筒aluminum silo铝车身aluminum body铝衬裹aluminum lining铝窗格aluminum grid铝窗框aluminum sash铝窗装置aluminum window furniture铝打底涂料aluminum primer铝带/铝条Aluminum strip铝电极法aluminum electrode method铝电解设备aluminium electrolysis Equipment铝电解设备Aluminum electrolyse Equipment铝钉aluminum nail铝顶板构件aluminum deck unit铝锭Aluminum Ingot铝镀覆层aluminized coat铝锻件Aluminum forge铝矾土bauxite铝粉Aluminum powder铝扶手aluminum railing铝盖Aluminum cover铝钢aluminum steel铝铬钢aluminum chrome steel铝管Aluminum pipe/tube铝管避雷器aluminium cell lightning arrester铝硅合金aluminum silicon alloy铝硅酸盐aluminosilicate 铝轨aluminum track铝辊式破碎机aluminum rolling plant铝焊料aluminum solder铝焊料aluminum solder铝焊条aluminum welding rod铝合金Aluminum alloy铝合金洗涤盒aluminum sink铝合金洗涤盒aluminum sink unit铝合金线Aluminum alloy wire铝化合物aluminum compound铝化荧光屏aluminized screen铝黄铜aluminum brass铝黄铜aluminum brass铝基硅镁合金anticorodal铝基合金aluminum base alloy铝挤压型材：Aluminum Extrusion 或Aluminium Extrusion铝结构型材aluminum section铝结构型材aluminum shape铝结构型材aluminum trim铝金aluminum gold铝卷Aluminum roll铝雷管aluminum blasting cap铝雷管aluminum cap铝梁aluminum beam铝檩条aluminum purlin铝轮毂aluminum wheel spider/hub铝螺丝aluminum screw铝铆钉aluminum rivet铝镁合金aluminum magnesium alloy铝镁合金aluminum magnesium alloy铝门窗Aluminum Doors & Windows铝门拉手aluminum pull铝门拉手aluminum pull handle铝密封alumiseal铝密封垫圈aluminum gasket铝模aluminum mould铝模板aluminum shuttering铝木组合结构aluminum wood composite system铝幕墙Aluminum curtain wall铝镍合金aluminum nickel alloy铝皮镶面aluminum sheet facing铝皮镶面aluminum sheet lining 铝皮镶面aluminum sheet surface铝片sheet aluminium铝铺面aluminum surfacing铝汽封aluminum vapor barrier铝砌合屋顶屋面aluminum bonded roof covering铝墙板aluminum siding铝墙纸aluminum wallpaper铝桥aluminum bridge铝青铜aluminum bronze铝青铜aluminum bronze铝青铜涂料aluminum bronze paint铝曲管bended aluminium tube铝热法aluminothermic process/ aluminothermy铝热焊aluminothermic welding铝热还原aluminothermic reduction铝熔炼厂aluminum smelting plant铝砂aloxite铝声控天花板aluminum sound control ceiling铝石砖alundum tile铝饰镶面aluminum facing铝塑板Aluminum plastic board铝酸aluminic acid铝酸盐aluminate铝酸盐夹杂物aluminate inclusion铝梯Aluminum stairs铝天花Aluminum ceiling铝铁aluminum iron铝铁合金aluminum iron alloy铝铜合金aluminum copper alloy铝涂料aluminum paint铝土矿alumyte铝网aluminum mesh铝纤维aluminum wool铝线Aluminum thread/wire铝箱Aluminum trunk铝斜坡Aluminium Ramps铝心电缆aluminum cable铝心电缆甲套aluminum cable sheath铝芯电缆aluminum conductor铝型材：Aluminium Profile 或Aluminum profile铝型材地板Aluminium Flooring Profiles 铝型材挤压模具Aluminum Section-Bar Extruding Mould铝型材生产工艺中常用到的专业术语：铝颜料aluminum pigment铝氧粉alundum铝圆棒Aluminum round bar铝圆片Aluminum wafer铝皂aluminum soap铝皂润滑脂aluminum grease铝支承结构aluminum bearing structure铝支柱底板aluminum outrigger base铝指板aluminum finger plate铝制波纹构件aluminum corrugated unit铝制波纹片aluminum corrugated sheet铝制波纹形aluminum corrugated profile铝制波纹型材aluminum corrugated section铝制玻璃格条aluminum patent glazing bar铝制扶手aluminum hand railing铝制格栅aluminum grille铝制过梁aluminum lintel铝制建筑板材aluminum building sheet铝制建筑板材aluminum sheet铝制建筑构件aluminum building member铝制建筑构件aluminum building unit铝制建筑构件aluminum component铝制建筑构件aluminum member铝制建筑构件aluminum unit铝制建筑外门aluminum building entrance door铝制建筑外门aluminum entrance door铝制建筑制品aluminum building product铝制铰链aluminum hinge铝制结构立面aluminum facade铝制结构立面aluminum front铝制卷板条aluminum rolling slat铝制框架aluminum frame铝制模板aluminum form铝制模板aluminum form work铝制品Aluminum products铝制器皿aluminium ware铝制网格天花板aluminum grid ceiling铝制围栏aluminum fence铝制屋顶aluminum roofing铝制小五金aluminum fillings铝制小五金aluminum hardware 铝制檐沟aluminum eave gutter/ trought铝制遮阳板aluminum sunblind铝制遮阳板aluminum sunbreaker铝制折板屋顶aluminum folded plate roof铝制支架底板aluminum stabilizer base铝柱aluminum post铝铸件Aluminum casting铝铸件aluminium castings铝装饰型材aluminum decorative section铝装饰型材aluminum ornamental section氯化铝aluminum chloride镁助熔剂eliminate magnesium flux门窗幕墙设备Doors& Windows and Curtain Wall Equipment密封铝皮aluminum seal/sealing sheeting明矾石alumite明矾石alumstone磨光grinding耐火材料refractory material耐蚀铝合金corrosion-proof/ corrosion- resistant/ corrosion resisting aluminum alloy抛光polishing抛光剂polishing composition抛光设备polishing unit喷玻璃丸glass bead blasting喷磨abrasive blasting喷砂sand blasting喷涂设备spraying equipment喷丸shot blasting其他others气体发生设备gas generation equipment气体发生设备Gas processing Equipment 铅制结构正面aluminum face切割设备cutting apparatus切割设备Cutting Equipment氢氧化铝aluminum hydrate氢氧化铝Hydrogen alumina清洗cleaning清洗设备cleaning equipment去磁器demagnetizer去离子作用deionization去氧化物处理deoxidizing热轧设备Heat-rolled Equipment熔剂油flux oil熔炼焊剂smelting flux 熔铸设备Founding Equipment乳烛液脱脂emulsion degreasing软铝棉aluminum soft wool软轮抛光buffing散热器Radiator伸缩铝管extension Aluminum tube渗铝aluminizing石灰石limestone刷光brushing双开式弹簧铝门aluminum swing door 水洗rinsing酸洗pickling添加剂additive铁分离器iron separator涂层设备Coating equipment涂料coating推拉式铝门aluminum sliding door脱膜stripping脱脂degreasing无缝铝管seamless Aluminum pipe稀土tombar thite/ rare-earth(RE)硝酸铝aluminum nitrate锌铝aluminum zinc型材拉弯设备Profiles Bending Equipment絮凝flocculate絮凝剂flocculating agent/ admixture压延设备Plain Rolled Equipment压铸铝aluminum die casting亚光处理matte finnishing阳极anode阳极效率anode efficiency阳极氧化anodic oxidation阳极氧化复合膜combined anodic coating阳极氧化膜anodic oxide coating阳极氧化膜再活化reactivation (of an anodic oxide coating)氧化铝alumina ，aluminum oxide氧化铝板alumite tile氧化锌zinc oxide液碱液压油hydraulic liquid/medium阴极cathode银粉漆涂层aluminum paint coating银灰漆aluminum paste 硬铝板duralumin sheet硬脂酸铝aluminum stearate有机聚合物喷涂膜spraying coating有机溶剂脱脂organic solvent degreasing 有效面significant surface原辅材料Raw Materials原铝virgin Aluminum增光brightening振动筛vibration sieve整型机integer machine纸板paperboard纸管paper tube纸制品paper products铸铝aluminum casting铸铝合金aluminum casting alloy铸扎设备Founding Equipment自然氧化natural oxidation香槟Champagne银白silvery white不锈钢色the color of stainless steel古铜色bronze金黄色golden yellow铝材aluminum profile氧化电泳铝材anodizing & electrophoresis profiles佛山耀银山铝业有限公司：FOSHAN YAOYINSHAN ALUMINIUM CO., LTD.铝合金建筑型材：wrought aluminium alloy extrude profiles for architecture阳极氧化型材：anodized colored profiles中国有色金属协会：CHINA NONFORROUS METALS ASSOCIATION电泳涂漆型材：electrophoretic coating profiles粉末喷漆型材：powder coating profiles Domicile:BaShi Industrial Area,Genghe Town Gaoming District,FoshanCity,Guangdong.P.R, China仅供个人用于学习、研究；不得用于商业用途。

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This equilibrium favors the weaker C-H acid.
Equation 1 illustrates the most common method of converting terminal alkynes to Grignard reagents. The corresponding alkynylsodium reagents are similarly prepared by reaction with NaNH2. The other equations are examples of common lithiation reactions.
Chapter 27 Organometallic Compounds 金属有机化合物
27-1 Main Group Organometallic Compounds
Organic compounds incorporating carbon-metal bonds are called organometallic compounds. Such compounds have been known and studied for nearly 200 years, and their unique properties have been widely used to effect synthetic transformations.
Diethylzinc may be prepared and distilled (b.p. 117 ºC) under a protective armosphere of CO2. Grignard and alkyl lithium reagents are not distillable liquids, and react rapidly with CO2 to give carboxylic acid salts.

颜色：Grey 灰色Plum 洋红Purple 紫色Red 红色Black 黑色Brown 棕色Green 绿色White 白色Silver 银色（metallic silver 金属银色）Cream 淡黄色Clear 透明Buff 浅黄色涂料种类：C: Conventional Paint 常规涂料B: Bituminous Paint 沥青系涂料C/R: Chlorinated Rubber Paint 氯化橡胶系涂料P/E: Pure Epoxy Paint 纯环氧涂料T/E: Coal Tar Epoxy Paint 环氧沥青系涂料V/T: Vinyl Tar Paint 乙烯沥青系涂料P/U: Polyurethane Paint 聚氨脂涂料I/Z: Inorganic Zinc Silicate 无机硅酸锌涂料SPC: Self Polishing Copolymer 自抛光涂料B/E: Bleached Type Tar Epoxy Paint 漂白型环氧沥青A.C: Anti-corrosive Paint 防腐漆R.P: Rust Preventive Paint 防锈漆A.F: Anti-fouling Paint 防污漆T.S: Topside Paint 干弦漆D.P: Deck Paint 甲板漆F.P:: Finish Paint 面漆U.C: Under Coat 底漆（中间漆）B.C: Binder Coat 过渡层漆H.P: Hold Paint 货舵漆H.R: Heat Resistance Paint 耐热漆O.R: Oil Resistance Paint 耐油漆A.R: Acid Resistance Paint 耐酸漆R.I: Rust Inhibitive Oil 防锈油A.P: Aluminium Paint 铝粉漆H.B: High-built Type 厚膜漆N.S: Non-slip Type 防滑型W.S: Water Soluble Type 水溶性涂料G.P: Paint For Galvanized Parts 镀锌件底漆N.B: Non-bleed Type 非渗色型S.P: Shop Primer 车间底漆Wash Primer: 磷化底漆Varnish: 清漆Luminescent Paint: 荧光漆Epoxy Paint: 环氧漆Alkyd Paint: 醇酸漆月份：一月Jan 二月Feb 三月Mar四月Apr 五月May 六月Jun七月July 八月Aug 九月Sept十月Oct 十一月Nov 十二月Dec星期：星期一Monday 星期二Tuesday 星期三Wednesday 星期四Thursday 星期五Friday 星期六Saturday 星期日Sunday相关术语：局部修补settling 修补touch-up刷涂brushing 漏涂holidays复涂overcoating 满涂full coat预涂stripe coat 空气喷涂air spray无气喷涂airless spray 光泽gloss失光loss of gloss 半光semi-gloss光滑glossy 开裂cracking/checking流挂sagging/running 起泡blistering出汗sweating/perspiration 结露condensation/dewing露点dew point 缩孔/露底crater发花floating 色差color difference色斑staining 渗色bleeding收缩/起皱shrinkage/ wrinkling 桔皮orange peel结皮skinning 遮盖力hiding power遮盖力弱lack of hiding 附着力adhesion咬底lifting 发白blushing剥落peeling 翘皮peeling off刷痕brush mark 烧损burn damage机械损伤mechanical damage 腻子putty飞溅spatter/spattering 打磨grinding/griting锈rusting 返锈rerusting除锈derusting 氧化皮mill scale绝缘insulation/illumination 抹布rag铲刀scraper 敲/铲chipping/scraping刷子brush 滚刷（筒）roller口罩mask/respirator 砂纸打磨sanding钢丝盘刷wire wheel 砂皮纸sandpaper盘型砂纸disc-sand 叉车fork lifter点蚀pitting 麻点/点蚀pocking/pitting/blister喷溅麻点spatting 手电筒flashlight/electric torch 针孔pinhole 气孔blowhole焊渣slag 熔渣burn slag焊条electrode 焊丝wire焊接weld 温度计thermometer湿度计hygrometer 测厚仪thickness gauge湿膜仪wet film thickness gauge 干膜厚度dry film thickness湿膜厚度wet film thickness 湿度humidity氧气oxygen 渗漏leakage轮机machinery 电气electricity车间workshop 平台platform/flat横梁beam 码头wharf/quay栏杆handrail/rail 梯子ladder吊杆boom 脚手架staging/scaffold脚手架踏板stage plant 跳板foot board天花板ceiling 三角板/接地支架bracketR孔scallop 流水孔scupper排水孔drain hole/scupper 小孔orifice角钢angle bar 槽钢channel bar扁钢steel flat 球边钢bulbangle球扁钢bulb plate/bar 工字钢H-beam高压淡水冲洗HPFW 酸洗picking酸洗池picking tub(bath) 化学清洗chemical cleaning外部external 内部internal脱脂degreasing 除油oil removing去油剂detergent 油脂/黄油grease砂sand/grit 锤子hammer砂斗container 斜面/有坡度sloping上斜坡upper hopper 下斜坡lower hopper搅拌agitation 搅拌器agitator/mixer喷漆泵spray pump 喷枪spray gun枪嘴spray nozzle 肋骨frame加强肋骨web frame 边肋骨side frame斜肋骨cant beam 斜梁cant beam加强衍stiffening girder 加强板stiffener/stiffening plate 加强筋stiffening rib 分段block水密的watertight 焊缝weld seam大接缝master butt 底座/基座foundation粗糙度roughness 除湿机dehumiditifier空调机air conditioner 压缩机compressor压缩空气compressed air 吸砂机vacuum recovery水分离器water-separator 集尘器dust collector灰尘dust 粉尘ash喷砂grit/sand blasting 扫喷砂sand sweeping点喷砂spot blasting 湿喷砂wet blasting棱角钢砂喷砂grit blasting 熔块/金属渣regulus表面处理surface preparation 表面处理surface treatment钢板表面steel surface 受热面heating surface挥发evaporate 粉化chalking雾化atomization 风化crosion风向wind direction 风力wind force自然干燥natural seasoning 复涂间隔recoating interval复涂间隔期recoating limits 间隔时间the time interval污染contamination 油漆配套paint scheme仓库wear house 施工application等级grade 配件attachment边（缘）edge 开口边缘eye edge切割边缘cutting edge 咬边/下陷under cut组装/装配assembly 条件condition咬口underout 毛刺lamination油迹oil residue 通风ventilation湿气moisture 建议recommendation相对湿度the relative humidity 保持maintain满意satisfactory 清洁clean标准standard 符合in accordance with 矿质磨料mineral abrasive 残留磨料spent abrasive锈层scale 电导率conductivity除湿de-humidification 直接directly自由边edges of cut outs 垂流curtaining软底鞋套soft footwear 检验inspection保护protection 验收accepted漆膜paint film 粘度viscosity流平性leveling 预热chalking熟化ripening 沉淀/麻点pocking mark调整/校对adjust 树脂resin多余的excess 油污oil and grease粘土slime 涂布率coverage胶带tape 补焊repair welding拒绝reject 承包人contractor工人workman 工头foreman活络扳adjustable spanner 螺丝刀screwdriver螺栓(螺丝) bolt 螺母（螺帽）nut漆雾paint dust/overspray 干喷漆雾dry spray/over spray 基料base 固化剂curing agent溶剂solvent 稀料thinner底漆undercoat/primer 面漆topcoat旧油漆previous paint 已涂油漆present paint将涂油漆succeeding paint 厚膜涂料high-build coating桥吊：前大梁boom后大梁girder海侧梯形架waterside pylon龙门架(陆侧梯形架) gantry frame海侧上横梁seaside portal beam海侧下横梁seaside sill beam陆侧上横梁landside portal beam陆侧下横梁landside sill beam左海侧立柱left seaside leg右海侧立柱right seaside leg左陆侧立柱left landside leg右陆侧立柱right landside leg左水平联系梁left horizontal beam右水平联系梁right horizontal beam前拉杆forestay后拉杆backstay后撑杆inner backstay门框斜撑frame diagonal行走机构gantry traveling机房底盘machinery house foundation 机房围棚machinery house wall小车架trolley拖架小车catenary trolley维修行车maintenance crane理货室checker’s cab司机室driver’s cab俯仰室boom operation吊具spreader吊具上架headblock梯子平台walkways, ladders and platforms栏杆handrailQuayside container crane 桥吊Rubber tyre gantry crane 轮胎吊Rail-mounted gantry crane 轨道吊船舶：船体hull 轮机machinery电气electricity 舾装outfitting外板shell outside 甲板exposed deck干舷topside 水线boottop直底vertical bottom 平底flat bottom左舷portside 右舷starboard舵叶rudder 水侧字draft上甲板upperdeck 上层建筑superstructure 船台/泊位berth/slipway 舷墙bulwark舱壁bulkhead 球鼻首bulbbow桅杆mast 前桅fore mast灯桅lamp mast 桅屋mast house雷达桅radar mast 桅柱derrick post天线架aerial mast 天蓬awing码头wharf/quay 舱底tank top横梁beam 舷梯gutter way/gangway 船头bow 船尾stern舷窗porthole 舷墙排水孔wash port舷墙方柱walk stay 舷边栏杆gunwale railing 旋梯winding stair 吊艇架davit吊艇臂davit arm 吊货杆cargo boom舵杆rudder stem frame 反顶under deck食品吊provision crane 克林吊crane foundation 汽车吊truck crane 门机gantry crane锚机windlass 锚链筒hawse pipe锚链孔hawse hole 人孔access hole角孔angle hole 甲板排水孔deck drain实肋板人孔manhole of solid floor 水泥cement锌板zinc plate 锌盐zinc salt/white dust 镀锌galvanizing/zincing 镀锌板galvanized steel plate 镀锌铁板galvanized iron 镀锌管galvanized pipe 舭（船底弯曲部）bilge 舭龙骨bilge keel防鼠挡板rat-guard 船首防浪板bow chock首封板forecastle break bulkhead 尾封板poop front bulkhead 波形舱壁corrugated bulkhead 舱壁板bulkhead横隔舱壁thwartship bulkhead 纵舱壁longitudinal bulkhead 中纵舱壁center line bulkhead 挡水板scupper board 花铁板floor plate 龙骨墩keelblock纵缝longitudinal seam 边翼/侧面wing浮船坞floating dock 坞门caisson坞底dock bottom 进坞docking出坞undocking 热风炉air oven导缆器fairlead 导缆孔chock带缆桩bollard 平方米square meter 通风筒ventilator 船体车间hull shop涂装车间coating shop 筛网sieve艏柱stempost 艏灯桅stem light mast 甲板室deck house 货舱cargo hold 螺旋桨propeller 海底阀箱sea chest海底塞bottom plug 舱口hatch way舱底水limber water 花钢板chequered plate 干隔舱cofferdam 空仓void space管弄pipe tunnel 油盘oil pan格栅grating 双层底double bottom 货舱盖hatch cover 箱型舱盖hatch pontoon 舱口围hatch coaming 橡皮槽rubber channel 水沟（槽）gutter water way 锅炉boiler托架pedestal 堵塞chock up起居甲板accommodation deck 驾驶甲板navigating deck 罗经甲板compass deck 桥楼甲板bridge deck船长甲板captain deck 遮阳甲板shade deck首楼甲板forecastle deck 尾楼甲板poop deck救生艇甲板boat deck 接地片lug突出部位profile 凹面recessed area 拆除dismantle 上部涂层upper area 海水试验salt water test 灌满fill up with 污泥mud 淤积物deposit海生物sea animal 海藻sea weed/grass 管虫tubeworm 水解层hydrolyze layer 口头地verbally 便条verbal note 指触干dry to touch 硬干hard dry冰冻freeze 海试sea-trial热井cascard/hot well 测爆gas free牺牲阳极sacrificial anode 阳极保护anode shield 阴极保护cathodic protection 慢挥发溶剂slow-evaporating 艏尖舱fore peak tank 尾尖舱after peak tank 淡水舱fresh water tank 饮水舱drink water tank/potable water tank 压载舱ballast water tank 燃油舱fuel oil tank柴油舱diesel oil tank 货油舱cargo oil tank滑油舱lubricating oil tank 污油舱dirty oil tank污水舱bilge water tank 污水柜sewage tank污水井bilge well 海水舱sea water tank 隔离舱cofferdams tank 溢流舱overflow tank 泄放舱drain tank 锅炉水舱feed water tank 蒸馏水舱distilled water tank 首燃油舱forward F.O.tank 尾燃油舱after F.O.tank 深燃油舱 F.O.deep tank 重柴油舱heavy diesel oil tank 顶边水舱topside tank 舱底水舱bilge water tank 冷却水舱cooling water tank 测深仪舱sounder room 计程仪舱log room含油水舱oily water tank 污油水舱bilge oil water tank 汽缸油柜cylinder oil tank 机舱油柜engine room tank 燃油日用柜 F.O.service tank 燃油沉淀柜 F.O.settling tank 燃油缓冲柜 F.O.buffer tank 燃油溢流舱 F.O.spill tank 滑油循环柜L.O.circulating tank 滑油沉淀柜L.O.settling tank 滑油储存柜L.O.storage tank 滑油储藏舱L.O.storage tank 柴油日用柜 D.O.service tank 污油油渣舱sludge oil tank 轻柴油储存柜light D.O.storage tank 柴油沉淀舱M.D.O settling tank 柴油储存舱M.D.O store tank 舵机舱steering gear room 格栅顶面grating top 深水舱deep tank通海阀箱sea inlet valve chest 边舱wing tank污油水舱slop tank 剩下的舱residual tank 泵舱pump room 居住区域accommodation space 应急消防泵舱emergency fire fight pump tank应急发电机室emergency generator room地板裸露部位floor bare steel甲板机械下部under deck machinery转机设备底座under machinery seat舵机底座下部区域under steering gear seat舵机舱地板裸露部分steering gear room floor bare steel双层底甲板main floor-top of double bottom急救室1st AID Room泡沫材料&防火控制站Foam &Fire Control Station轮机长办公室Engine Office甲板和机舱更衣室Deck &Engine Changing Room苏伊士房间/检疫处Suez Crew Room/Quarantine Room 医务室Hospital被服库Linen Locker洗衣间Ship’s Laundry主楼梯Main Stair Way健身房Gymnasium公共厕所Public Toilet机舱入口E/R Entrance救生设备储存室L/S(Life Save) Equipment Store空调室Air Condition Room油漆储藏间Paint Store水手储藏室Bosun Store干货储藏室Dry Provision Store蔬菜库Vegetable Chamber鱼库Fish Chamber肉库Meat Chamber奶库Dairy Chamber冷藏库Refrigerated Chamber粮食库Provision Chamber油漆库Paint Chamber氧气库Oxygen Room乙炔间Acetylene Room机舱棚Engine Room Casing储物舱Locker液压泵室Hydro Power Unit Room 货物泵舱Cargo Pump Room惰性气体洗气室I.G.S Scrubber Room隔舱Cofferdam官员起居室Officer Living Room货油控制站Cargo Control Room会议室Conference Room船员起居室Crew Living Room官员餐厅Off’s Mess Room电缆&管弄间Cable &P/D Room快餐间Snack Room船员餐厅Crew’s Mess Room船员配餐室Crew Pantry厨房Galley官员配餐室Office Pantry加油工Oiler泵管理员Pump Man甲板实习生Deck Cadet清洁员室Wiper备用船员室Available装配工Fitter轮机实习生Engine Cadet海员室Able Seaman水手长Boat Swain普通海员室Ordinary Seaman通道Passage厨师室Cook服务员室Steward大副休息室Chief Mate Day Room官员洗衣房Officer’s Laundry三副3rd Mate(3/officer)二副2nd Mate(2/officer)船长休息室Captain Day Room船东室Owner轮机长休息室C/Engine Day Room大管2nd Engineer二管3rd Engineer电气工程师室Electric Engine卧室Bed Room检察员室Inspector大副休息室C/Officer Day Room二副休息室2nd Engine Day Room海图桌Chart Table海图区域、无线电区域Chart Space引水员Pilot储存室Store电池间Battery LKR电气储存室Electric LKR英语会话：Hello! / Hi! 你好！Good morning! 早上好！Good afternoon! 下午好！Good evening! 晚上好！How are you? 你好吗？/ Fine, thank you, and you? 很好，谢谢，你呢？My name is …(I’m…) 我叫…Nice to meet you! 很高兴认识你！How do you do! 你好！Thank you! 谢谢！Goodbye. 再见。

锂离子电池电解液及功能添加剂的研究进展何争珍;杨明明【摘要】From two aspects including the composition of electrolytes and the safety performance, research progress of electrolytes for the Li-ion batteries was introduced. From composition aspect of the electrolytes, organic solvents that have high dielectric constant and can form effective SEI on the graphite electrode surface were found out. At the same time, electrolytes that have good conductivity and stable electrochemical characteristics were also found out. Aiming at the electrolyte functional additives, the key research was to find out suitable additives which can improve safety performance of the Li-ion batteries.%从电解液的组成和功能添加剂两大方面,综合阐述了锂离子电池电解液的研究进展.在电解液组成方面,找到具有高的介电常数和能在石墨类电极表面形成有效SEI的有机溶剂,并且找到具有良好电导率、稳定电化学性能的电解质.而电解液功能添加剂方面,重点研究是找到改善电池安全性能的添加剂.【期刊名称】《当代化工》【年(卷),期】2011(040)009【总页数】3页(P928-930)【关键词】锂离子电池;电解液;安全性能;添加剂【作者】何争珍;杨明明【作者单位】成都理工大学材料与化学化工学院,四川成都610059;成都理工大学材料与化学化工学院,四川成都610059【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TM911.3锂离子电池电解液及功能添加剂的研究已经成为当今锂离子电池研究的一个焦点。

Fundamentals of Materials Science 材料科学基础名词与术语第一章绪论metal: 金属ceramic：陶瓷polymer：聚合物Composites：复合材料Semiconductors: 半导体Biomaterials: 生物材料Processing：加工过程Structure: 组织结构Properties：性质Performance：使用性能Mechanical properties: 力学性能Electrical properties：电性能Thermal behavior：热性能Magnetic properties：磁性能Optical properties：光性能Deteriorative characteristics：老化特性第二章原子结构与原子键Atomic mass unit （amu）：原子质量单位Atomic number：原子数Atomic weight：原子量Bohr atomic model: 波尔原子模型Bonding energy: 键能Coulombic force: 库仑力Covalent bond：共价键Dipole （electric）：偶极子electronic configuration：电子构型electron state：电位Electronegative: 负电的Electropositive：正电的Ground state：基态Hydrogen bond: 氢键Ionic bond: 离子键Isotope: 同位素Metallic bond：金属键Mole：摩尔Molecule：分子Pauli exclusion principle：泡利不相容原理Periodic table：元素周期表Polar molecule：极性分子Primary bonding: 强键Quantum mechanics：量子力学Quantum number：量子数Secondary bonding：弱键valence electron：价电子van der waals bond：范德华键Wave—mechanical model: 波粒二象性模型第三章金属与陶瓷的结构Allotropy：同素异形现象Amorphous：无定形Anion: 阴离子Anisotropy: 各向异性atomic packing factor（APF): 原子堆积因数body—centered cubic (BCC）: 体心立方结构Bragg’s law：布拉格定律Cation：阳离子coordination number：配位数crystal structure：晶体结构crystal system：晶系crystalline: 晶体的diffraction: 衍射face—centered cubic （FCC)：面心立方结构第五章晶体缺陷Alloy：合金A metallic substance that is composed of two or more elements。

化学化⼯专业英语长句完整版答案.doc化学化⼯专业英语答案第九章长句练习课后习题答案1, The two pairs of electrons of oxygen mav be shared with, one carbon alone forming a double bond,or with two separate carbons, or with one carbon and one hydrogen forming only single bonds.-译⽂：氧上的两对电⼦可与⼀个碳共⽤⽽形成双键，也可与两个不直接相连的碳原⼦共⽤形成单键，也可与⼀个碳原⼦和氢原⼦分别形成单键。

（相当于三个并列句，顺译法）?2, [Although] organic chemistry is more than 150 years old, its progresses faster than ever5[ as the result of newtheoretical concepts and experimental techniques fromother areas of science.]-译⽂：尽管有机化学的历史已超过150年，但由于其它领域内不断浦现出新的理论与实验技术，有机化学的发展速度⽐以往任何时候都要快。

（倒译法，把as引导的状语从句提前）3、The synthesis of organic compounds involves conversion of available substances of known structure,through a sequence of particular, controlled chemicalreactions, into other compounds bearing a desiredmolecular structure.译⽂对屈类物质的处理通常是将硝酸与硫酸按⼀定浓度 ?'-译⽂：有机化合物的合成是将已知结构的物质，通过特定的、可控制的化学反应，转化为含有⽬标分⼦结构的其它化合物。

Abietic Acid松脂酸.Abrasion Resistance耐磨性.Abrasives磨料,刷材.ABS树脂.Absorption吸收(入).Ac Impedance交流阻抗.Accelerated Test(Aging)加速老化(试验). Acceleration速化反应.Accelerator 加速剂,速化剂.Acceptability,Acceptance 允收性,允收.Access Hole露出孔,穿露孔.Accuracy准确度.Acid Number (Acid Value)酸值.Acoustic Microscope (AM)感音成像显微镜. Acrylic压克力(聚丙烯酸树脂).Actinic Light (or Intensity, or Radiation)有效光. Activation活化.Activator活化剂.Active Carbon活性炭.Active Parts(Devices)主动零件.Acutance解像锐利度.Addition Agent添加剂.Additive Process加成法.Adhesion附着力.Adhesion Promotor附着力促进剂.Adhesive胶类或接着剂.Admittance导纳(阻抗的倒数).Aerosol喷雾剂,气熔胶,气悬体.Aging老化.Air Inclusion气泡夹杂.Air Knife风刀.Algorithm算法.Aliphatic Solvent脂肪族溶剂.Aluminium Nitride(AlN)氮化铝.Ambient Tamp环境温度.Amorphous无定形,非晶形.Amp-Hour安培小时.Analog Circuit/Analog Signal模拟电路/模拟讯号. Anchoring Spurs着力爪.Angle of Contack接触角.Angle of Attack攻角.Anion阴离子.Anisotropic异向性,单向的.Anneal 韧化(退火).Annular Ring孔环.Anode阳极.Anode Sludge阳极泥.Anodizing阳极化.ANSI美国标准协会.Anti-Foaming Agent消泡剂.Anti-pit Agent抗凹剂.AOI自动光学检验.Apertures开口,钢版开口.AQL品质允收水准.AQL(Acceptable Quality Level)允收品质水准.Aramid Fiber聚醯胺纤维.Arc Resistance耐电弧性.Array排列.Artwork底片.ASIC特定用途绩体电路器.Aspect Ratio纵横比.Assembly组装装配.A-stage A阶段.ATE自动电测设备.Attenuation讯号衰减.Autoclave压力锅.Axial-lead轴心引脚.Azeotrope共沸混合液.*****B*****Back Light (Back Lighting)背光法.Back Taper反锥斜角.Backpanels, Backplanes支撑板.Back-up 垫板.Balanced Transmission Lines平衡式传输线.Ball Grid Array球脚数组(封装).Bandability弯曲性.Banking Agent护岸剂.Bare Chip Assembly裸体芯片组装.Barrel孔壁,滚镀.Base Material基材.Basic Grid基本方格.Batch批.Baume波美度(凡液体比重比水重则Be=145-(145÷Sp.Gr) 凡液体比重比水轻则Be=140÷(Sp.Gr-130)*Sp.Gr 为比重即同体绩物质对"纯水"1g/cm的比值). Beam lead光芒式的平行密集引脚.Bed-of-Nail Testing针床测试.Bellows Conact弹片式接触.Beta Ray Backscatter贝他射线反弹散射. Bevelling切斜边.Bias斜纲布,斜纤法.Bi-Level Stencil]双阶式钢板.Binder粘结剂.Bits头(Drill Bits).Black Oxide黑氧化层.Blanking冲空断开.Bleack 漂洗.Bleeding溢流.Blind Via Hole肓通孔.Blister局部性分层或起泡.Block Diagram电路系统块图. Blockout封纲.Blotting干印.Blotting Paper吸水纸.Blow Hole吹孔.Blue Plaque蓝纹(锡面钝化层).Blur Edge (Circle)模糊边带(圈).Bomb Sight弹标.Bond Strength结合强度.Bondability结合性.Bonding Layer结合层接着层.Bonding Sheet(Layer)接合片.Bonding Wire结合线.Bow, Bowing板弯.Braid编线.Brazing硬焊(用含银的铜锌合金焊条). 在425℃~870℃下进行熔接的方式). Break Point显像点.Break-away Panel可断开板. Breakdown Voltage崩溃电压.Break-out破出.Bridging搭桥.Bright Dip光泽浸渍处理.Brightener光泽剂.Brown Oxide棕氧化.Brush Plating刷镀.B-stageB阶段.Build Up Process增层法制程.Build-up堆积.Bulge鼓起.Bump 突块.Bumping Process凸块制程.Buoyancy浮力.Buried Via Hole埋导孔.Burn-in高温加速老化试验.Burning烧焦.Burr毛头.Bus Bar汇电杆.Butter Coat 外表树脂层.*****C*****C4 Chip JointC4芯片焊接.Cable电缆.CAD计算机辅助设计.Calendered Fabric轧平式纲布.Cap Lamination帽式压合法.Capacitance电容.Capacitive Coupling电容耦合.Capillary Action毛细作用.Carbide碳化物.Carbon Arc Lamp碳弧灯.Carbon Treatment, Active活化炭处理.Card卡板.Card Cages/Card Racks电路板构装箱.Carlson Pin卡氏定位稍.Carrier载体.Cartridge滤心.Castallation堡型绩体电路器.Catalyzed Board, Catalyzed Substrate催化板材. Catalyzing催化.Cathode阴极.Cation阴向离子, 阳离子.Caul Plate隔板.Cavitation空泡化半真空.Center-to-Center Spacing中心间距.Ceramics瓷.Cermet金粉.Certificate证明书.CFC氟氢碳化物.Chamfer倒角.Characteristic Impedance特性阻抗.Chase纲框.Check List检查清单.Chelate螯合.Chemical Milling化学研磨.Chemical Resistance抗化性.Chemisorption化学吸附.Chip芯片(粒).Chip Interconnection芯片互连.Chip on Board芯片粘着板.Chip On Glass晶玻接装(COG).Chisel钻针的尖部.Chlorinated Solvent含氯溶剂,氯化溶剂. Circumferential Separation环状断孔.Clad/Cladding披覆.Clean Room无尘室.Cleanliness清洁度.Clearance余地,余环.Clinched Lead Terminal紧箝式引脚.Clinched-wire Through Connection通孔弯线连接法 . Clip Terminal绕线端接.Coat, Coating皮膜表层.Coaxial Cable同轴缆线.Coefficient of Thermal Expansion热膨胀系数.Co-Firing共绕.Cold Flow冷流.Cold Solder Joint冷焊点.Collimated Light平行光.Colloid胶体.Columnar Structure柱状组织.Comb Pattern梳型电路.Complex Ion错离子.Component Hole零件孔.Component Orientation零件方向.Component Side组件面.Composites,(CEM-1,CEM-3)复合板材. Condensation Soldering凝热焊接,液化放热焊接. Conditioning整孔.Conductance导电.Conductive Salt导电盐.Conductivity导电度.Conductor Spacing导体间距.Conformal Coating贴护层.Conformity吻合性, 服贴性.Connector连接器.Contact Angle接触角.Contact Area接触区.Contact Resistance接触电阻.Continuity连通性.Contract Service协力厂,分包厂.Controlled Depth Drilling定深钻孔.Conversion Coating 转化皮膜. Coplanarity共面性.Copolymer共聚物.Copper Foil铜皮.Copper Mirror Test铜镜试验.Copper Paste铜膏.Copper-Invar-Copper (CIC)综合夹心板. Core Material层板材,核材.Corner Crack 通孔断角.Corner Mark板角标记. Counterboring方型扩孔. Countersinking锥型扩孔.Coupling Agent 偶合剂.Coupon, Test Coupon板边试样. Coverlay/Covercoat表护层.Crack裂痕.Crazing白斑.Crease皱折.Creep潜变.Crossection Area截面积.Crosshatch Testing十字割痕试验. Crosshatching十字交叉区. Crosslinking, Crosslinkage交联,架桥. Crossover越交,搭交.Crosstalk噪声, 串讯.Crystalline Melting Point晶体熔点.C-Stage C阶段.Cure硬化,熟化.Current Density电流密度.Current-Carrying Capability载流能力. Curtain Coating濂涂法.*****D*****Daisy Chained Design菊瓣设计.Datum Reference基准参考.Daughter Board子板.Debris碎屑,残材.Deburring去毛头.Declination Angle斜射角.Definition边缘逼真度.Degradation 劣化.Degrasing脱脂.Deionized Water去离子水. Delamination分离.Dendritic Growth 枝状生长.Denier丹尼尔(是编织纺织所用各种纱类直径单位,定义9000米纱束所具有的重量(以克米计)).Densitomer透光度计.Dent凹陷.Deposition 皮膜处理.Desiccator干燥器.Desmearing去胶渣.Desoldering解焊.Developer显像液,显像机.Developing显像.Deviation偏差.Device电子组件.Dewetting缩锡.D-glassD玻璃.Diaze Film偶氮棕片.Dichromate重铬酸盐.Dicing芯片分割.Dicyandiamide(Dicy)双氰胺.Die 冲模.Die Attach晶粒安装.Die Bonding晶粒接着.Die Stamping冲压.Dielectric 介质.Dielectric Breakdown Voltage介质崩溃电压.Dielectric Constant介质常数.Dielectric Strength介质强度.Differential Scanning Calorimetry(DSC)微差扫瞄热卡分析法. Diffusion Layer扩散层.Digitizing数字化.Dihedral Angle双反斜角.Dimensional Stability尺度安定性.Diode二极管.Dip Coating浸涂法.Dip Soldering浸焊法.DIP(Dual Inline Package)双排脚封装体.Dipole偶极,双极.Direct / Indirect Stencil直接/间接版膜.Direct Emulsion直接乳胶.Direct Plating直接电镀.Discrete Compenent散装零件.Discrete Wiring Board散线电路板,复线板.Dish Down碟型下陷.Dispersant分散剂.Dissipation Factor散失因素.Disspation Factor散逸因子.Disturbed Joint受扰焊点.Doctor Blade修平刀,刮平刀.Dog Ear狗耳.Doping掺杂.Double Layer双电层.Double Treated Foil双面处理铜箔.Drag In / Drag Out带[进/带出.Drag Soldering拖焊.Drawbridging吊桥效应.Drift漂移.Drill Facet钻尖切削面.Drill Pointer钻针重磨机.Drilled Blank已钻孔的裸板.Dross浮渣.Drum Side铜箔光面.Dry Film干膜.Dual Wave Soldering 双波焊接.Ductility展性.Dummy Land假焊垫.Dummy, Dummying假镀(片).Durometer橡胶硬度计.DYCOstrate电浆蚀孔增层法.Dynamic Flex(FPC)动态软板.*****E*****E-Beam (Electron Beam)电子束.Eddy Current涡电流.Edge Spacing板边空地.Edge-Board Connector板边(金手指)承接器.Edge-Board Contact板边金手指.Edge-Dip Solderability Test板边焊锡性测试. EDTA乙二胺四乙酸.Effluent排放物.E-glass电子级玻璃.Elastomer弹性体.Electric Strength(耐)电性强度.Electrodeposition电镀.Electro-deposition Photoresist电着光阻, 电泳光阻. Electroforming电铸.Electroless-Deposition无电镀.Electrolytic Tough Pitch电解铜..Electrolytic-Cleaning电解清洗.Electro-migration电迁移.Electro-phoresis电泳动, 电渗.Electro-tinning镀锡.Electro-Winning电解冶炼.Elongation 延伸性, 延伸率.Embossing凸出性压花.EMF(Electromotive Force)电动势.EMI(Electromagnetic Interference)电磁干扰. Emulsion乳化.Emulsion Side药膜面.Encapsulating胶囊.Encroachment沾污,侵犯.End Tap封头.Entek有机护铜处理.Entrapment夹杂物.Entry Material盖板.Epoxy Resin环氧树脂.Etch Factor蚀刻因子.Etchant蚀刻剂(液).Etchback回蚀.Etching Indicator蚀刻指针.Etching Resist蚀刻阻剂.Eutetic Composition共融组成.Exotherm放热(曲线).Exposure曝光.Eyelet铆眼.*****F*****Fabric纲布.Face Bonding反面朝下结合.Failure故障.Fan Out Wiring/Fan In Wiring扇出布线/扇入布线. Farad 法拉.Farady法拉第.Fatigue Strength抗疲劳强度.Fault缺陷.Fault Plane断层面.Feed Through Hole导通孔.Feeder 进料器.Fiber Exposure玻纤显露.Fiducial Mark基准记号.Filament纤丝.Fill纬向.Filler填充料.Fillet圆填角.Film底片.Film Adhesive接着膜,粘合膜.Filter过滤器.Fine Line细线.Fine Pitch密脚距,密线距,密垫距.Fineness粒度, 纯度.Finger手指.Finishing终修(饰).Finite Element Method有限要素分析法. First Article首产品.First Pass-Yield初检良品率.Fixture夹具.Flair刃角变形.Flame Point自燃点.Flame Resistant耐燃性.Flammability Rate燃性等级.Flare扇形崩口.Flash Plating闪镀.Flashover闪络.Flat Cable扁平排线.Flat Pack扁平封装(之零件).Flatness平坦度.Flexible Printed Circuit (FPC)软板.Flexural Failure挠曲损坏.Flexural Module弯曲模数, 抗挠性模数. Flexural Strength抗挠强度.Flip Chip覆晶,扣晶.Flocculation絮凝.Flood Stroke Print覆墨冲程印刷.Flow Soldering (Wave Soldering)流焊. Fluorescence荧光.Flurocarbon Resin碳氟树脂.Flush Conductor嵌入式线路, 贴平式导体. Flush Point闪火点.Flute退屑槽.Flux助焊剂.Foil Burr铜箔毛边.Foil Lamination铜箔压板法.Foot残足(干膜残余物).Foot Print (Land Pattern)脚垫.Foreign Material 外来物,异物.Form-to-List布线说明清单.Four Point Twisting四点扭曲法.Free Radical自由基.Freeboard干舷.Frequency频率.Frit 玻璃熔料.Fully-Additive Process全加成法.Fungus Resistance抗霉性.Fused Coating熔锡层.Fusing熔合.Fusing Fluid助熔液.*****G*****G-10由连续玻纤所织成的玻纤布与环氧树脂粘结剂所复合成的材料.Gage, Gauge量规.Gallium Arsenide (GaAs)砷化镓.Galvanic Corrosion贾凡尼式腐蚀(电解式腐蚀).Galvanic Series贾凡尼次序(电动次序).Galvanizing镀锌.GAP第一面分离,长刃断开.Gate Array闸列,闸极数组.Gel Time胶化时间.Gelation Particle胶凝点.Gerber Data ,Gerber File格博档案(是美商Gerber公司专为PCB面线路图形与孔位,所发展一系列完整的软件档案).Ghost Image阴影.Gilding镀金(现为:Glod Plating).Glass Fiber玻纤.Glass Fiber Protrusion/Gouging, Groove玻纤突出/挖破.Glass Transition Temperature, Tg玻璃态转化温度.Glaze釉面,釉料.Glob Top圆顶封装体.Glouble Test球状测试法.Glycol (Ethylene Glycol)乙二醇.Golden Board测试用标准板.Grain Size结晶粒度.Grass Leak 大漏.Grid标准格.Ground Plane /Earth Plane接地层.Ground Plane Clearance接地空环.Guide Pin导针.Gull /Wing Lead鸥翼引脚.*****H*****Halation环晕.Half Angle半角.Halide卤化物.Haloing白圈,白边.Halon海龙,是CFC"氟碳化物"的一种商品名.Hard Anodizing硬阳极化.Hard Chrome Plating镀硬铬.Hard Soldering硬焊.Hardener (Curing Agent)硬化剂(或Curing Agent).Hardness硬度.Haring-Blum Cell海固槽.Harness电缆组合.Hay Wire跳线.Heat Cleaning烧洁.Heat Dissipation散热.Heat Distortion Point (Temp)热变形点(温度).Heat Sealing热封.Heat Sink Plane散热层.Heat Transfer Paste导热膏.Heatsink Tool散热工具.Hertz(Hz)赫.High Efficiency Particulate Air Filter (HEPA)高效空气尘粒过泸机. Hipot Test 高压电测.Hi-Rel高度靠度.Hit 击(钻孔时钻针每一次"刺下"的动作).Holding Time停置时间.Hole Breakout孔位破出.Hole Counter数孔机.Hole Density孔数密度.Hole Preparation通孔准备.Hole Pull Strength孔壁强度.Hole Void破洞.Hook 切削刀缘外凸.Hot Air Levelling喷锡.Hot Bar Soldering热把焊接.Hot Gas Soldering热风手焊.HTE(High Temperature Elongation)高温延伸性.Hull Cell哈氏槽.Hybrid Integrated Circuit混成电路.Hydraulic Bulge Test液压鼓起试验.Hydrogen Embrittlement氢脆.Hydrogen Overvoltage氢过(超)电压.Hydrolysis水解.Hydrophilic亲水性.Hygroscopic吸湿性.Hypersorption超吸咐.*****I*****I.C. Socket绩体电路器插座.Icicle锡尖.Illuminance照度.Image Transfer影像转移.Immersion Plating浸镀.Impedance阻抗.Impedance Match阻抗匹配.Impregnate含浸.In-Circuit Testing组装板电测.Inclusion异物,夹杂物.Indexing Hole基准孔.Inductance(L)电感.Infrared(IR)红外线.Input/Output输入/输出.Insert, Insertion插接.Inspection Overlay套检底片.Insulation Resistance绝缘电阻.Integrated Circuit(IC)绩体电路器.Inter Face接口.Interconnection互连.Intermetallic Compound (IMC)接口共化物.Internal Stress应力.Interposer互边导电物.Interstitial Via-Hole(IVH)局部层间导通孔.Invar殷钢(63.8%Fe,36%Ni,0.2%C).Ion Cleanliness离子清洁度.Ion Exchange Resins离子交换树脂.Ion Migration离子迁移.Ionizable (Ionic) Contaimination离子性污染.Ionization游离,电离.Ionization Voltage (Corona Level)电离化电压(电缆部狭缝空气中,引起其电离所施加之最小电压).IPC美国印刷电路板协会.Isolation隔离性,隔绝性.*****J*****JEDEC(Joint Electronic Device 联合电子组件工程委员会.Engineering Council)J-LeadJ型接脚.Job Shop专业工厂.Joule焦耳.Jumper Wire跳线.Junction接(合)面,接头.Just-In-Time(JIT)适时供应,及时出现.*****K*****Kapton聚亚醯胺软板.Karat克拉(1克拉(钻石)=0.2g 纯金则24k金为100%的钝金.Kauri-Butanol Value考立丁醇值(简称K.B.值).Kerf.切形,裁剪.Kevlar聚醯胺纤维.Key电键Key Board键盘.Kiss Pressure吻压, 低压.Knoop Hardness努普硬度.Known Good Die(KGD)已知之良好芯片.Kovar科伐合金(Fe53%,Ni29%,Co17%).Kraft Paper牛皮纸.*****L*****Lamda Wave延伸平波.Laminar Flow平流.Laminar Structure片状结构.Laminate Void板材空洞.Laminate(s)基板.Lamination Void压合空洞.Laminator压膜机.Land孔环焊垫,表面焊垫.Landless Hole无环通孔.Laser Direct Imaging (LDI)雷射直接成像.Laser Maching雷射加工法.Laser Photogenerator(LPG), Laser Photoplotter雷射曝光机. Laser Soldering雷射焊接法.Lay Back 刃角磨损.Lay Out布线,布局.Lay Up 叠合.Layer to Layer Spacing层间距离Leaching焊散漂出,熔出.Lead 引脚.Lead Frame脚架.Lead Pitch脚距.Leakage Current漏电电流.Legend文字标记.Leveling整平.Lifted Land孔环(焊垫)浮起.Ligand错离子附属体.Light Emitting Diodes (LED)发光二极管.Light Integrator光能累积器.Light Intensity光强度.Limiting Current Density极限电流密度.Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)液晶显示器.Liquid Dielectrics液态介质.Liquid Photoimagible Solder Mask, (LPSM)液态感光防焊绿漆.Local Area Network区域性网络.Logic 逻辑.Logic Circuit 逻辑电路.Loss Factor损失因素.Loss Tangent (TanδDK)损失正切.Lot Size批量.Luminance发光强度.Lyophilic亲水性胶体.*****M*****Macro-Throwing Power巨观分布力.Major Defect主要(严重)缺点.Major Weave Direction主要织向.Margin刃带(钻头尖部).Marking标记.Mask阻剂.Mass Finishing大量整面(拋光).Mass Lamination大型压板.Mass Transport质量输送.Master Drawing主图.Mat席(用于CEM-3(Composite Epoxy Material)的复合材料.)Matte Side毛面(电镀铜皮(ED Foil)之粗糙面). Mealing泡点.Mean Time To Failure (MTTF)故障前可用之平均时数. Measling白点.Mechanical Stretcher机械式网机.Mechanical Warp机械式缠绕.Mechanism机理.Membrane Switch薄膜开关.Meniscograph Test弧面状沾锡试验.Meniscus弯月面.Mercury Vaper Lamp汞气灯.Mesh Count纲目数.Metal Halide Lamp 金属卤素灯.Metallization金属化.Metallized Fabric金属化纲布.Micelle微胞.Micro Wire Board微封线板.Micro-electronios微电子.Microetching微蚀.Microsectioning微切片法.Microstrip 微条.Microstrip Line微条线,微带线.Microthrowing Power微分布力.Microwave微波.Migration迁移.Migration Rate迁移率.Mil英丝.Minimum Annular Ring孔环下限.Minimum Electrical Spacing电性间距下限.Minor Weave Direction次要织向.Misregistration 对不准度.Mixed Componmt Mounting Technology混合零件之组装技术. Modem调变及解调器.Modification修改.Module模块.Modulus of Elasticity弹性系数.Moisture and Insulation Resistance Test湿气与绝缘电阻试验. Mold Release 脱模剂,离型剂.Mole摩尔.Monofilament单丝.Mother Board主机板,母板.Moulded Circuit模造立体电路机.Mounting Hole安装孔.Mounting Hole组装孔,机装孔.Mouse Bite鼠齿(蚀刻后线路边缘出现不规则缺口).Multi-Chip-Module(MCM)多芯片芯片模块.Multiwiring Board (or Discrete Wiring Board)复线板.N.C.数值控制.Nail Head钉头.Near IR近红外线.Negative负片,钻尖的第一面外缘变窄.Negative Etch-back反回蚀.Negative Stencil负性感光膜.Negative-Acting Resist负性作用之阻剂.Network纲状元件.Newton牛顿.Newton Ring 牛顿环.Newtonian Liquid牛顿流体.Nick缺口.N-Methyl Pyrrolidine (NMP)N-甲基四氢哔咯.Noble Metal Paste贵金属印膏.Node节点.Nodule节瘤.Nomencleature标示文字符号.Nominal Cured Thickness标示厚度.Non-Circular Land非圆形孔环焊垫.Non-flammable非燃性.Non-wetting不沾锡.Normal Concentration (Strength)标准浓度,当量浓度. Normal Distribution常态分布.Novolac酯醛树脂.Nucleation , Nucleating核化.Numerical Control数值控制.Nylon尼龙.*****O*****Occlusion吸藏.Off-Contact架空.Offset第一面大小不均.OFHC(Oxyen Free High Conductivity)无氧高导电铜. Ohm欧姆.Oilcanning盖板弹动.OLB(Outer Lead Bond)外引脚结合.Oligomer寡聚物.Omega Meter离子污染检测仪.Omega Wave振荡波.On-Contact Printing密贴式印刷.Opaquer不透明剂,遮光剂.Open Circuits断线.Optical Comparater光学对比器(光学放大器.) Optical Density光密度.Optical Inspection光学检验.Optical Instrument光学仪器.Organic Solderability Preservatives (OSP)有机保焊剂. Osmosis渗透.Outgassing出气,吹气.Outgrowth悬出,横出,侧出.Output产出,输出.Overflow溢流.Overhang总悬空.Overlap 钻尖点分离.Overpotantial(Over voltage)过电位,过电压. Oxidation氧化.Oxygen Inhibitor氧化抑制剂.Ozone Depletion臭氧层耗损.*****P*****Packaging封装,构装.Pad焊垫,圆垫.Pad Master圆垫底片.Pads Only Board唯垫板.Palladium钯.Panel制程板.Panel Plating全板镀铜.Panel Process全板电镀法.Paper Phenolic纸质酚醛树脂(板材).Parting Agent脱膜剂.Passivation钝化,钝化外理.Passive Device (Component)被动组件(零件)Paste膏,糊.Pattern板面图形.Pattern Plating线路电镀.Pattern Process线路电镀法.Peak Voltage峰值电压.Peel Strength抗撕强度.Periodic Reverse (PR) Current周期性反电流.Peripheral周边附属设备.Permeability透气性,导磁率.Permittivity诱电率,透电率.pH Value酸碱值.Phase相.Phase Diagram相图.Phenolic酚醛树脂.Photofugitive感光褪色.Photographic film感光成像之底片.Photoinitiator感光启始剂.Photomask光罩.Photoplotter, Plotter光学绘图机.Photoresist光阻.Photoresist Chemical Machinning (Milling)光阻式化学(铣刻)加工. Phototool底片.Pick and Place拾取与放置.Piezoelectric压电性.Pin 插脚,插梢,插针.Pin Grid Array (PGA)矩阵式针脚对装.Pinhole针孔.Pink Ring粉红圈.Pitch跨距,脚距,垫距,线距.Pits凹点.Plain Weave平织.Plasma电浆.Plasticizers可塑剂,增塑剂.Plated Through Hole镀通孔.Platen热盘.Plating镀.Plotting标绘.Plowing犁沟.Plug插脚,塞柱.Ply层,股.Pneumatic Stretcher气动拉伸器.Pogo Pin伸缩探针.Point 钻尖.Point Angle钻尖面.Point Source Light点状光源.Poise泊."粘滞度"单位=1dyne*sec/cm2. Polar Solvent极性溶剂.Polarity电极性.Polarization分极,极化.Polarizing Slot偏槽.Polyester Films聚酯类薄片.Polymer Thick Film (PTF)厚膜糊. Polymerization聚合.Polymide(PI)聚亚醯胺.Popcorn Effect爆米花效应.Porcelain瓷材,瓷面.Porosity Test疏孔度试验.Positive Acting Resist正性光阻剂.Post Cure后续硬化,后烤.Post Separation后期分离,事后公离. Pot Life运用期,锅中寿命.Potting铸封,模封.Power Supply电源供应器.Preform 预制品.Preheat预热.Prepreg胶片,树脂片.Press Plate钢板.Press-Fit Contact挤入式接触. Pressure Foot 压力脚.Pre-tinning预先沾锡.Primary Image线路成像.Print Through压透,过度挤压..Probe探针.Process Camera制程用照像机. Process Window操作围.Production Master生产底片.Profile轮廓,部面图,升温曲线图棱线. Propagation传播.Propagation Delay传播延迟.Puddle Effect水坑效应.Pull Away拉离.Pulse Plating脉冲电镀法.Pumice Powder 浮石粉.Punch冲切.Purge, Purging净空,净洗.Purple Plague紫疫(金与铝的共化物层).Pyrolysis热裂解,高温分解.*****Q*****Quad Flat Pack (QFP)方扁形封装体.Qualification Agency资格认证机构.Qualification Inspection资格检验.Qualified Products List合格产品(供应者).Qualitative Analysis定性分析.Quality Conformance Test Circuitry (Coupon)品质符合之试验线路(样板). Quantitative Analysis定量分析.Quench 淬火,骤冷.Quick Disconnect快速接头.Quill纬纱绕轴.*****R*****Rack 挂架.Radial Lead放射状引脚.Radio Frequency Interference (RFI)射频干扰.Rake Angle抠角,耙角.Rated Temperature, Voltage额定温度,额定电压.Reactance电抗.Real Estate底材面,基板面.Real Time System 实时系统.Reclaiming再生,再制.Rediometer辐射计,光度计.Reel to Reel卷轮(盘)式操作.Reference Dimension参考尺度.Reference Edge参考边缘.Reflection反射.Reflow Soldering重熔焊接,熔焊.Refraction折射.Refractive Index折射率.Register Mark对准用标记.Registration对准度.Reinforcement补强物.Rejection剔退,拒收.Relamination(Re-Lam)多层板压合.Relaxation松弛.缓和.Relay继电器.Release Agent, Release Sheets脱模剂,离模剂.Reliability可靠度,可信度.Relief Angle浮角.Repair修理.Resin Coated Copper Foil背胶铜箔.Resin Content胶含量,树脂含量.Resin Flow胶流量,树脂流量.Resin Recession树脂下陷.Resin Rich Area 多胶区,树脂丰富区.Resin Smear胶(糊)渣.Resin Starve Area缺胶区,树脂缺乏区.Resist阻膜,阻剂.Resistivity电阻系数,电阻率.Resistor电阻器,电阻.Resistor Drift电阻漂移.Resistor Paste电阻印膏.Resolution解像,解像度,分辨率.Resolving Power解析(像)力,分辨力.Reverse Current Cleaning反电流(电解)清洗. Reverse Etchback反回蚀.Reverse Image负片影像(阻剂).Reverse Osmosis (RO)反(逆渗透).Reversion反转,还原.Revision修正版.改订版.Rework(ing)重工,再加工.Rhology流变学,流变性质.Ribbon Cable圆线缆带.Rigid-Flex Printed Board硬软合板.Ring 套环.Rinsing水洗,冲洗.Ripple纹波(指整流器所输出电流中不稳定成分). Rise Time上升时间.Roadmap 线路与零件之布局图.Robber辅助阴极.Roller Coating辊轮涂布.Roller Coating滚动涂布法.Roller Cutter辊切机.Roller Tinning辊锡法,滚锡法.Rosin松香.Rotary Dip Test摆动沾锡试验.Routing切外型.Runout偏转,累绩距差.Rupture迸裂.*****S*****Sacrificial Protection牺牲性保护层.Salt Spray Test盐雾试验.Sand Blast喷砂.Saponification皂化作用.Saponifier皂化剂.Satin Finish缎面处理.Scaled Flow Test比例流量实验. Schemetic Diagram电路概略图. ScoringV型刻槽.Scratch刮痕.Screen Printing纲版印刷.Screenability纲印能力.Scrubber磨刷机,磨刷器.Scum透明残膜.Sealing封孔.Secondary Side第二面.Seeding下种.Selective Plating选择性电镀.Self-Extinguishing自熄性.Selvage布边.Semi-Additive Process半加成制程.Semi-Conductor半导体.Sensitizing敏化.Separable Component Part可分离式零件. Separator Plate隔板, 钢板.Sequential Lamination接续性压合法. Sequestering Agent螯合剂.Shadowing阴影,回蚀死角.Shank钻针柄部.Shear Strength 抗剪强度.Shelf Life储龄.Shield遮蔽.Shore Hardness萧氏硬度.Short短路.Shoulder Angle肩斜角.Shunt分路.Side Wall侧壁.Siemens电阻值.Sigma (Standard Deviation)标准差. Signal讯号.Silane硅烷.Silica Gel硅胶砂.Silicon硅.Silicone硅铜.Silk Screen纲版印刷,丝纲印刷.Silver Migration银迁移.Silver Paste 银膏.Single-In-Line Package(SIP)单边插脚封装体.Sintering烧结.Sizing上胶,上浆.Sizing上浆处理.Skin Effect集肤效应(高频下,电流在传递时多集中在导体表面,使得道线部通过电流甚少, 造成部导体浪费,并也使得表面导体部分电阻升高.Skip Printing, Skip Plating漏印,漏镀.Skip Solder 缺锡, 漏焊.Slashing浆经.Sleeve Jint套接.Sliver边丝,边余.Slot, Slotting槽口.Sludge于泥.Slump塌散.Slurry稠浆,悬浮浆.Small Hole小孔.Smear胶渣.Smudging锡点沾污.Snap-off弹回高度.Socket插座.Soft Contact轻触.Soft Glass 软质玻璃(铅玻璃).Solder焊锡.Solder Ball锡球.Solder Bridging锡桥.Solder Bump 焊锡凸块.Solder Column Package锡柱脚封装法.Solder Connection焊接.Solder Cost焊锡着层.Solder Dam锡堤.Solder Fillet填锡.Solder Levelling喷锡,热风整平.Solder Masking(S/M)防焊膜绿漆.Solder Paste锡膏.Solder Plug锡塞(柱).Solder Preforms预焊料.Solder Projection焊锡突点.Solder Sag 焊锡垂流物.Solder Side焊锡面.Solder Spatter溅锡.Solder Splash贱锡.Solder Spread Test散锡试验.Solder Webbing锡纲.Solder Webbing锡纲.Solder Wicking渗锡,焊锡之灯芯效应.Solderability可焊性.Soldering软焊,焊接.Soldering Fluid, Soldering Oil助焊液,护焊油.Solid Content固体含量,固形分.Solidus Line固相线.Spacing间距.Span跨距.Spark Over闪络.Specific Heat 比热.Specification (Spec)规,规格.Specimen样品,试样.Spectrophotometry分光光度计检测法.Spindle主轴,钻轴.Spinning Coating自转涂布.Splay斜钻孔.Spray Coating喷着涂装.Spur底片图形边缘突出.Sputtering溅射.Squeege刮刀.Stagger Grid蹒跚格点.Stalagometer滴管式表面力计.Stand-off Terminals直立型端子.Starvation缺胶.Static Eliminator静电消除器.Steel Rule Die(钢)刀模.Stencil版膜.Step and Repeat逐次重复曝光.Step Plating梯阶式镀层.Step Tablet阶段式曝光表.Stiffener补强条(板).Stop Off防镀膜, 阻剂.Strain变形,应变.Strand绞(指由许多股单丝集束并旋扭而成的丝束).Stray Current迷走电流, 散杂电流(在电镀槽系统中,其直流电由整流器所提供,应在阳极板与被镀件之间的汇电杆与槽体液体中流通,但有时少部分电流也可能会从槽体本身或加热器上迷走,漏失).Stress Corrosion应力腐蚀.Stress Relief消除应力.Strike预镀.Stringing拖尾.Stripline条线.Stripper剥除液(器).Substractive Process减成法.Substrate底材.Supper Solder超级焊锡.Supported Hole(金属)支助通孔.Surface Energy表面能.Surface Insulation Resistance表面绝缘电阻. Surface Mount Device 表面粘装组件.Surface Mounting Technology (SMT)表面粘装技术. Surface Resistivity表面电阻率.Surface Speed钻针表面速度.Surface Tension表面力.Surfactant表面润湿剂.Surge突流,突压.Swaged Lead压扁式引脚.Swelling Agents, Sweller膨松剂.Swimming 线路滑离.Synthetic Resin合成树脂.*****T*****Tab接点,金手指.Taber Abraser泰伯磨试器.Tackiness粘着性, 粘手性.Tape Automatic Bonding (TAB)卷带自动结合. Tape Casting 带状铸材.Tape Test撕胶带试验.Tape Up Master原始手贴片.Taped Components卷带式连载组件.Taper Pin Gauge锥状孔规.Tarnish污化.Tarnish 污化, 污着.Teflon铁氟龙(聚4氟乙烯).Telegraphing浮印,隐印.Temperature Profile温度曲线.Template模板.Tensile Strength抗拉强度.Tensiomenter力计.Tenting盖孔法.Terminal端子.Terminal Clearance端子空环.Tetra-Etch氟树脂蚀粗剂.Tetrafunctional Resin四功能树脂.Thermal Coefficient of Expansion (TCE)热膨胀系数. Thermal Conductivity导热率.Thermal Cycling热循环,热震荡.Thermal Mismstch感热失谐.Thermal Relief散热式镂空.Thermal Via导热孔.Thermal Zone感热区.Thermocompression Bonding热压结合.Thermocouple热电偶.Thermode发热体.Thermode Soldering热模焊接法.Thermogravimetric Analysis, (TGA)热重分析法. Thermomechanical Analysis (TMA)热机分析法. Thermoplastic热塑性.Thermosetting热固性.Thermosonic Bonding热超音波结合.Thermount聚醯胺短纤席材.Thermo-Via导热孔.Thick Film Circuit厚膜电路.Thief辅助阳极.Thin Copper Foil薄铜箔.Thin Core薄基板.Thin Film Technology薄膜技术.Thin Small Outline Package(TSOP)薄小型绩体电路器. Thinner调薄剂.Thixotropy抗垂流性,摇变性.Three Point Bending三点压弯试验.Three-Layer Carrier三层式载体.Threshold Limit Value (TLV)极限值.Through Hole Mounting通孔插装.Through Put物流量,物料通过量.Throwing Power分布力.Tie Bar分流条.Tin Drift锡量漂飘失.Tin Immersion浸镀锡.Tin Pest锡疫(常见白色金属锡为"β锡",当温度低于13.2℃时则β锡将逐渐转变成粉末状灰色"α锡"称为"锡疫". Tin Whishers锡须.Tinning热沾焊锡.Tolerance公差.Tombstoning墓碑效应.Tooling Feature工具标示物.Topography表面地形.Torsion Strength抗扭强度.Touch Up触修,简修.Trace 线路,导线.Traceability追溯性,可溯性.Transducer转能器.Transfer Bump移用式突块.Transfer Laminatied Circuit转压式线路.Transfer Soldering移焊法.Transistor晶体管.Translucency半透性.Transmission Line传输线.Transmittance透光率.Treament, Treating含浸处理.Treeing枝状镀物,镀须.Trim修整, 精修.Trim Line裁切线.Trimming修整,修边.True Position真位.Tungsten钨Tungsten Carbide碳化钨.Turnkey System包办式系统.Turret Solder Terminal塔立式焊接端子.Twill Weave斜织法.Twist板扭.Two Layer Carrier两层式载体.*****U*****UL Symbol(UL.为Under-Writers 保俭业试验所标志. Laboratories,INC)Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS)极限抗拉强度.Ultra High Frequency (UHF)超高频率.Ultra Violet Curing (UV Curing)紫外线硬化. Ultrasonic Bonding超音波结合.Ultrasonic Cleaning超音波清洗.Ultrasonic Soldering超音波焊接.Unbalanced Transmission Line非平衡式传输线. Undercut, Undercutting侧蚀.Underplate底镀层.Universal Tester汛用型电测机.Unsupported Hole非镀通孔.Urea尿素.Urethane胺基甲酸乙脂.*****V*****Vacuoles焊洞.Vacuum Evaporation(or Deposition)真空蒸镀法. Vacuum Lamination真空压合.Van Der Waals Force凡得华力.Vapor Blasting蒸汽喷砂.Vapor Degreasing蒸汽除油法.Vapor Phase Soldering气相焊接.Varnish凡力水,清漆(树脂之液态单体).V-cutV型切槽.Very Large-Scale Integration(VLSI)极大绩体电路器. Via Hole 导通孔.Vickers Hardness维氏硬度.Viscosity粘滞度,粘度.Vision Systems视觉系统.Visual Examination目视检验.Void 破洞,空洞.Volatile Content挥发份含量.Voltage电压.Voltage Breakdown崩溃电压.Voltage Drop 电压降落.Voltage Efficiency电压效率.Voltage Plane电压层.Voltage Plane Clearance电压层的空环.Volume Resistivity体绩电阻率.Volume Resistivity体绩电阻率.Volumetric Analysis容量分析法.Vulcanization交联,硫化.*****W*****Wafer晶圆.Waive暂准过关,暂不检查.Warp Size 浆经处理.Warp, Warpage板弯.Washer垫圈.Waste Treatment废弃处理.Water Absorption吸水性.Water Break水膜破散,水破.Water Mark水印.Watt瓦特.Watts Bath瓦兹镀镍液.Wave Guide导波管.Wave Soldering波焊.Waviness 波纹,波度.Wear Resistance耐磨性,耐磨度.Weatherability耐候性.Weave Eposure织纹显露.Weave Texture织纹隐现.Web蹼部.Wedge Bond 楔形结合点.Wedge Void楔形缺口(破口).Weft Yarn纬纱.Welding熔接.Wet Blasting湿喷砂.Wet Lamination湿压膜法.Wet Process湿式制程.Wetting Agent润湿剂.Wetting Balance沾锡天平.Wetting Balance沾锡,沾湿.Whirl Brush旋涡式磨刷法.Whirl Coating旋涡涂布法.Whisker晶须.White Residue白色残渣.White Spot白点.Wicking灯蕊效应.Window操作围,传动齿孔.Wiping Action 滑动接触(导电).Wire Bonding打线结合.Wire Gauge线规.Wire Lead金属线脚.Wire Pattern布线图形.Wire Wrap绕线互连.Working Master工作母片.Working Time (Life)堪用时间.Workmanship 手艺,工艺水平,制作水准.Woven Cable扁平编线.Wrinkle皱折, 皱纹.Wrought Foil锻碾金属箔.*****X*****X AxisX轴.X-Ray X光.X-Ray FluorescenceX萤光.*****Y*****Yarn纱线.Y-AxisY轴.Yield良品率,良率,产率.Yield Point屈服点.ZZ-AxisZ轴.Zero Centering中心不变(叠合法).Zig-Zag In-Line Package (ZIP)炼齿状双排脚封装件Abietic Acid松脂酸. Abrasion Resistance耐磨性.Abrasives磨料,刷材.ABS树脂.Absorption吸收(入).Ac Impedance交流阻抗.。

1 学科及专业名称采矿mining[ˈmainiŋ]地下采矿underground mining露天采矿open cut mining, open pit mining, surface mining采矿工程mining engineering选矿（学）mineral[ˈminərəl] dressing, ore beneficiation[ˈbeniˌfiʃiˈeiʃən], mineral processing [prəʊˈsesiŋ]矿物工程mineral engineering冶金（学）metallurgy [miˈtælədʒi]过程冶金（学）process metallurgy提取冶金（学）extractive metallurgy化学冶金（学）chemical metallurgy物理冶金（学）physical metallurgy金属学Metallkunde冶金过程物理化学physical chemistry of process metallurgy冶金反应工程学metallurgical[ˌmetəˈlə:dʒikəl] reaction engineering冶金工程metallurgical engineering钢铁冶金（学）ferrous metallurgy, metallurgy of iron and steel有色冶金(学) nonferrous metallurgy真空冶金(学) vacuum metallurgy等离子冶金(学) plasma [ˈplæzmə] metallurgy微生物冶金(学) microbial [maiˈkrəubiəl] metallurgy喷射冶金(学) injection metallurgy钢包冶金(学) ladle metallurgy二次冶金(学) secondary metallurgy机械冶金(学) mechanical [miˈkænikəl] metallurgy焊接冶金(学) welding metallurgy粉末冶金(学) powder metallurgy铸造学foundry[ˈfaʊndri:]火法冶金(学) pyrometallurgy[ˌpairəumeˈtælədʒi]湿法冶金(学) hydrometallurgy[ˌhaidrəumeˈtælə:dʒi]电冶金(学) electrometallurgy氯冶金(学) chlorine[ˈklɔ:ri:n] metallurgy矿物资源综合利用engineering of comprehensive utilization of mineral resources中国金属学会The Chinese Society for Metals中国有色金属学会The Nonferrous Metals Society of China2 采矿及选矿采矿工艺mining technology有用矿物valuable mineral冶金矿产原料metallurgical mineral raw materials矿床mineral deposit特殊采矿specialized mining海洋采矿oceanic[ˌəuʃiˈænik] mining, marine [məˈri:n] mining矿田mine field矿山mine露天矿山surface mine地下矿山underground mine矿井shaft矿床勘探mineral deposit exploration [ˌekspləˈreiʃən]矿山可行性研究mine feasibility [ˌfi:zəˈbiləti] study 矿山规模mine capacity矿山生产能力mine production capacity矿山年产量annual mine output矿山服务年限mine life矿山基本建设mine construction矿山建设期限mine construction period矿山达产arrival at mine full capacity开采强度mining intensity矿石回收率ore recovery ratio矿石损失率ore loss ratio工业矿石industrial[inˈdʌstriəl] ore采出矿石extracted ore矿体orebody矿脉vein[vein] 静脉;叶脉海洋矿产资源oceanic mineral resources矿石ore矿石品位ore grade岩石力学rock mechanics [miˈkæniks]岩体力学rock mass mechanics选矿厂concentrator, mineral processing plant工艺矿物学process mineralogy [ˌminəˈrælədʒi]开路open circuit闭路closed circuit流程flowsheet[fləuˈʃi:t] 流程图方框流程block flowsheet产率yield回收率recovery矿物mineral粒度particle size粗颗粒coarse[kɔ:s] particle细颗粒fine particle超微颗粒ultrafine particle粗粒级coarse fraction细粒级fine fraction网目mesh[meʃ] 网孔原矿run of mine, crude精矿concentrate粗精矿rough concentrate混合精矿bulk concentrate最终精矿final concentrate尾矿tailings尾渣粉碎comminution[ˌkɔmiˈnju:ʃən]破碎crushing磨碎grinding研磨团聚agglomeration[əˌglɔməˈreiʃən] 结块筛分screening, sieving分级classification富集concentration浓度；含量分选separation手选hand sorting重选gravity separation, gravity concentration磁选magnetic separation电选electrostatic [iˈlektrəuˈstætik] 静电的separation 浮选flotation化学选矿chemical mineral processing自然铜native copper [ˈkɔpə]铝土矿bauxite[ˈbɔ:ksait]冰晶石cryolite[ˈkraiəulait]磁铁矿magnetite赤铁矿hematite假象赤铁矿martite [ˈma:tait]钒钛磁铁矿vanadium[vəˈneidiəm] titano-magnetite 铁燧石taconite[ˈtækənait]褐铁矿limonite菱铁矿siderite[ˈsidəˌrait]镜铁矿specularite[ˈspekjuləˌrait]硬锰矿psilomelane[saiˈlɔmilein]软锰矿pyrolusite[ˌpaiərəuˈlu:sait]铬铁矿chromite[ˈkrəumait]黄铁矿pyrite[ˈpaiˌrait]钛铁矿ilmennite金红石rutile[ˈru:tail]萤石fluorite[ˈflu(:)ərait]高岭石kaolinite[ˈkeiəlinait]菱镁矿magnesite[ˈmæɡnəsait]重晶石barite[ˈbɛərait]石墨graphite石英quartz[kwɔ:ts]方解石calcite[ˈkælsait]石灰石limestone白云石dolomite[ˈdɔləmait]云母mica[ˈmaikə]石膏gyps um [ˈdʒipsəm]硼砂borax[ˈbɔ:ræks]石棉asbestos[æsˈbestəs, æz-]蛇纹石serpentine[ˈsə:pəntain]阶段破碎stage crushing粗碎primary crushing中碎secondary crushing细碎fine crushing对辊破碎机roll crusher粉磨机pulverizer震动筛vibrating screen筛网screen cloth筛孔screen opening筛上料oversize筛下料undersize粗磨coarse grinding细磨fine grinding球磨机ball mill衬板liner分级机classifier自由沉降free setting沉积sedimentation[ˌsedimenˈteiʃən]石灰lime松油pine oil硫化钠sodium[ˈsəudiəm] 钠sulfide [ˈsʌlfaid] 硫化物硅酸钠（水玻璃）sodium silicate [ˈsilikit] 硅酸盐, water glass 过滤filtration[filˈtreiʃən]过滤机filter给矿，给料feeding给矿机feeder在线分析仪on line analyzer在线粒度分析仪on line size analyzer超声粒度计ultrasonic particle sizer, supersonic particle sizer 3 冶金过程物理化学3.1冶金过程热力学冶金过程热力学thermodynamics of metallurgical processes 统计热力学statistical thermodynamics不可逆过程热力学thermodynamics of irreversible processes 化学热力学chemical thernodynamics表面热力学surface thermodynamics合金热力学thermodynamics of alloys冶金热力学数据库thermodynamics databank in metallurgy系system单元系single-component system多元系multicomponent system均相系统homogeneous system广度性质extensive property强度性质intensive property过程process等温过程isothermal[ˌaisəuˈθə:məl] process 等压过程isobaric[ˌaisəuˈbærik] process等容过程isochoric process绝热过程adiabatic[ˌædiəˈbætik] process可逆过程reversible process不可逆过程irreversible[riˈvə:səbl] process 自发过程spontaneous process自理过程physical process化学过程chemical process冶金过程metallurgical process化学反应chemical reaction化合反应combination reaction分解反应decomposition reaction置换反应displacement reaction可逆反应reversible reaction不可逆反应irreversible reaction电化学反应electrochemical reaction多相反应multiphase reaction固态反应solid state reaction气一金(属)反应gas-metal reaction渣一金（属）反应slag-metal reaction平衡equilibrium[ˌi:kwəˈlibri:əm]化学平衡chemical equilibrium相平衡phase equilibrium热力学平衡thermodynamic equilibrium亚稳平衡metastable[ˌmetəˈsteibl] equilibrium热力学函数thermodynamic function偏摩尔量partial molar[ˈməulə]摩尔的quantity [ˈkwɔntiti]总摩尔量integral molar quantity标准态standard state焓enthalpy [ˈenˌθælpi:]生成焓enthalpy of formation反应焓enthalpy of reaction熵entropy[ˈentrəpi]吉布斯能Gibbs[ɡibz] energy生成吉布斯能Gibbs energy of formation反应吉布斯能Gibbs energy of reaction溶解吉布斯能Gibbs energy of solution吉布斯能函数Gibbs energy function化学位chemical potential热化学thermochemistry热效应heat effect热容heat capacity熔化热heat of fusion [ˈfju:ʒən]汽化热heat of vaporization升华热heat of sublimation [ˌsʌbliˈmeiʃən]相变热heat of phase transformation放热反应exothermic reaction吸热反应endothermic reaction赫斯定律Hess’s law相律phase rule相图phase diagram一元相图single-component phase diagram 二元相图binary-component phase diagram 三元相图ternary-component phase diagram 液相线liquidus固相线solidus共晶点eutectic[ju:ˈtektik] point杠杆规则lever rule溶液solution溶质solute[ˈsɔlju:t]溶剂solvent[ˈsɔlvənt]固溶体solid solution溶液浓度concentration of solution摩尔分数mole[məʊl]摩尔fraction冶金熔体metallurgical melt金属熔体metal melt(炉)渣,熔渣slag熔盐molten salt, fused salt理想溶液ideal solution真实溶液real solution正规溶液regular solution活度activity活度系数activity coefficient [ˌkəuiˈfiʃənt]拉乌尔定律Raoult’s law亨利定律Henry’s law纯物质标准态pure substance standard质量1%溶液标准(态) 1 mass% solution standard无限稀溶液参考态reference state of infinityly dilute[daiˈlju:t] solution 相互作用系数interaction coefficient化学反应等温式chemical reaction isotherm吉布斯～亥姆霍兹方程Gibbs-Helmholtz equation质量作用定律law of mass action平衡常数equilibrium constant平衡值equilibrium value直接还原direct reduction间接还原indirect reduction金属热还原metallothermic reduction选择性氧化selective oxidation渣碱度basicity of slag光学碱度optical basicity酸性氧化物acid oxide碱性氧化物basic oxide两性氧化物amphoteric[ˌæmfəˈterik]泡沫渣foaming slag熔渣的分子理论molecular[məuˈlekjulə] theory of slag熔渣的离子理论ionization[ˌaiənaiˈzeiʃən]电离theory of slag脱氧平衡deoxidation equilibrium脱氧常数deoxidation constant熔渣脱硫desulfurization by slag气态脱硫desulfurization in the gaseous[ˈgæsi:əs] state硫分配比sulfur partition ratio硫化物容量sulfide capacity氧化脱磷dephosphorization under oxidizing atmosphere[di:fɔsfəraiˈzeiʃən]碳一氧平衡carbon-oxygen equilibrium真空脱碳vacuum decarburization [di:ˌkɑ:bjuəraiˈzeiʃən]去气degassing去除非金属夹杂(物) elimination of nonmetallic inclusion[inˈklu:ʒən]非金属夹杂(物)变形form modification of nonmetallic inclusion脱硅desiliconization脱锰demanganization分配平衡distribution law化学气相沉积chemical vapor deposition(CVD)冶金电化学metallurgical electrochemistry熔盐电化学electrochemistry of fused salts固态离子学solid state ionics [aiˈɔnik]离子的ionic compounds离子化合物电解质溶液electrolyte[iˈlektrəulait]电解液;电解质solution阳离子cation[ˈkætaiən]阴离子anion[ˈænaiən]电导conductance电导率conductivity电阻resistance电极electrode阴极cathode[ˈkæθəud]阳极anode电镀electroplating固体电解质solid electrolyte稳定的氧化锆stablized zirconia [zə:ˈkəuniə]氧传感器oxygen sensor硅传感器silicon sensor定氧测头oxygen probe定硅测头silicon probe冶金物理化学研究方法research methods in metallurgical physicalchemistry热电偶thermocouple量热计calorimeter[ˌkæləˈrimitə]热太平thermobalance热分析thermal analysis差热分析differential thermal analysis,DTA热重法thermogravimetry[ˌθə:məuɡrəˈvimitri]分子筛molecular sieve3.2冶金过程动力学微观动力学microkinetics化学动力学chemical kinetics反应途径reaction path反应机理reaction mechanism基元反应elementary reaction平行反应parallel链反应chain reaction总反应overall reaction反应速率reaction rate反应速率常数reaction rate constant反应级数reaction order零级反应zero order reaction一级反应first order reaction二级反应second order reactionn级反应nth[enθ]第n个的order reaction碰撞理论collision theory活化能activation energy表现活化能apparent activation energy阿伦尼乌斯方程Arrhenius[əˈri:niəs] equation半衰期half-life宏观动力学macrokinetics[ˌmækrəkaiˈnetiks]冶金过程动力学kinetics of metallurgical process 传输现象transport phenomena传质mass transfer传热heat transfer动量传输momentum[məuˈmentəm] transfer层流laminar flow湍流turbulent flow气泡gas bubble鼓泡bubbling射流jet液滴liquid droplet粘度viscosity[visˈkɔsəti]边界层boundary layer流率flow rate通量flux扩散diffusion菲克第一扩散定律Fick’s 1st law of diffusion菲克第一扩散定律Fick’s 2nd law of diffusion扩散系数diffusion coefficient传质系数mass transfer coefficient热传导heat conduction热对流heat convection[kənˈvekʃən]自然对流natural convection强制对流forced convection热辐射heat radiation导热率thermal conductivity传热系数heat transfer coefficient体内浓度bulk concentration未反应核模型unreacted core model扩散控制反应diffusion-controlled reaction化学控制反应chemical-controlled reaction混合控制反应mixed-controlled reaction相似原理priciple of similarity雷诺数Reynold’s[ˈrenəld] number固定床fixed bed填充床packed bed移动床moving bed流态化床fluidized bed混合时间mixing time停留时间residence time, retention(retain的名词形式) time 催化catalysis[kəˈtælisis] 催化作用催化剂catalyst[ˈkætəlist]表面能surface energy表面张力surface tension界面能interfacial[intəˈfeiʃəl] energy界面张力interfacial tension润湿wetting表面活性物质surface-active substance吸收absorption吸附adsorption4 钢铁冶金4.1炼焦炼焦coking高温炭化high temperature carbonization塑性成焦机理plastic mechanism of coke formation中间相成焦机理mesophase mechanism of coke formation 选煤coal preparation [ˌprepəˈreiʃən], coal washing配煤coal blending配煤试验coal blending test炼焦煤coking coal[kəul]气煤gas coal肥煤fat coal瘦煤lean coal焦炉coke oven焦化室oven chamber焦饼coke cake结焦时间coking time周转时间cycle time装煤coal charging捣固装煤stamp charging推焦coke pushing焦炭熄火coke quenching [ˈkwentʃiŋ]淬火,熄干法熄焦dry quenching of coke焦台coke wharf [wɔ:f] 码头,停泊处装煤车larry[ˈlæri]小车,称量车car推焦机pushing machine拦焦机coke guide熄焦车quenching car焦炉焖炉banking for coke oven焦炭coke冶金焦metallurgical coke铸造焦foundry coke焦炭工业分析proximate analysis of coke焦炭元素分析ultimate analysis of coke焦炭落下指数shatter index of coke焦炭转鼓指数drum index of coke焦炭热强度hot strength of coke焦炭反应性coke reactivity焦炭反应后强度post-reaction strength of coke 焦炭显微强度microstrength of coke焦炉煤气coke oven gas发热值calorific value煤焦油coal tar粗苯crude benzol [ˈbenzɔl]不纯苯,安息油苯benzene[ˈbenzi:n]甲苯toluene[ˈtɔljui:n]二甲苯xylene[ˈzaili:n]苯并呋喃-茚树脂coumarone-indene[ˈku:məˌrəun]-[ˈindi:n] resin[ˈrezin]精萘refined naphthalene [ˈnæfθəli:n]精蒽refined anthracene [ˈænθrəsi:n]煤[焦油]沥青coal tar pitch [pitʃ] 沥青沥青焦pitch coke针状焦needle coke型焦form coke4.2耐火材料耐火材料refractory materials耐火粘土fireclay火泥,耐火土高岭土kaolin[ˈkeiəlin] 瓷土硬质粘土flint[flint]燧石,火石clay轻质粘土soft clay陶土pot clay蒙脱石montmorillonite[ˌmɔntəməˈriləˌnait]叶蜡石pyrophyllite[ˌpairəuˈfilait]膨润土bentonite[ˈbentəˌnait] 斑脱土,皂土鳞石英tridymite[ˈtraidəˌmait]方石英cristobalite[krisˈtəubəlait]砂岩sandstone耐火石firestone莫来石mullite[ˈmʌlait]氧化铝alumina[əˈlju:minə]烧结氧化铝sintered alumina电熔氧化铝fused alumina刚玉corundum[kəˈrʌndəm] 金刚砂红柱石andalusite[ˌændəˈlu:sait]蓝晶石kyanite[ˈkaiənait],cyanite [ˈsaiənait]硅线石sillimanite[ˈsilimənait]橄榄石olivine[ˌɔliˈvi:n]方镁石periclase[ˈperikleis]镁砂magnesia[mæɡˈni:ʃə] 氧化镁合成镁砂synthetic sintered magnesia电熔镁砂fused magnesia烧结白云石砂sintered dolomite [ˈdɔləmait] clinker [ˈkliŋkə]炉渣,渣块合成镁铬砂synthetic magnesia chromite clinker尖晶石spinel[spiˈnel]镁铬尖晶石magnesia chrome spinel, magnesiochromite镁铬铁矿硅藻土diatomaceous[ˌdaiətəˈmeiʃəs]硅藻的earth, infusorial earth蛭石vermiculite[və:ˈmikjulait]珍珠岩perlite [ˈpə:lait]碳化硅silicon carbide [ˈkɑ:baid] 碳化物氮化硅silicon nitride [ˈnaitraid] 氮化物氮化硼boron[ˈbɔ:rɔn] nitride粘土熟料chamotte[ʃəˈmɔt] 火泥,耐火黏土熟料grog轻烧light burning, soft burning死烧dead burning, hard burning成型模注shaping moulding [ˈməuldiŋ]模制件,铸造物机压成型mechanical pressing等静压成型isostatic pressing摩擦压砖机friction press液压压砖机hydraulic[haiˈdrɔ:lik] press捣打成型ramming[ˈræmiŋ] process熔铸成型fusion cast process砖坯强度green strength, dry strength隧道窑tunnel kiln [kiln] 窑回转窑rotary[ˈrəutəri] kiln倒焰窑down draught kiln耐火砖refractory brick标准型耐火砖standard size refractory brick泡砂石quartzite[ˈkwɔ:tsait]石英岩,硅岩sandstone酸性耐火材料acid refractory [material]硅质耐火材料siliceous[siˈliʃəs] refractory [material]硅砖silica[ˈsilikə]硅石brick, dinas [ˈdi:nəs]砂石,硅石brick 熔融石英制品fused quartz product硅酸铝质耐火材料aluminosillicate refractory半硅砖semisilica brick粘土砖fireclay brick,chamotte brick石墨粘土砖graphite clay brick高铝砖high alumina brick硅线石砖sillimanite brick莫来石砖mullite brick刚玉砖corundum brick铝铬砖alumina chrome[krəum]铬brick熔铸砖fused cast brick碱性耐火材料basic refractory [material]镁质耐火材料magnesia refractory [material]镁砖magnesia brick镁铝砖magnesia alumina brick镁铬砖magnesia chrome brick镁炭砖magnesia carbon brick中性耐火材料neutral[ˈnju:trəl] refractory [material]复合砖composite [ˈkɔmpəzit] brick铝炭砖alumina carbon brick铝镁炭转alumina magnesia brick锆炭砖zirconia graphite brick镁钙炭砖magnesia clacia carbon brick长水口long nozzle [ˈnɔzl] 喷嘴,管口浸入式水口immersion nozzle,submerged nozzle定径水口metering nozzle氧化铝-碳化硅-炭砖Al2O3-SiC-C brick透气砖gas permeable [ˈpɜ:mi:əbəl] brick, porous brick滑动水口slide gate nozzle水口砖nozzle brick塞头砖stopper绝热耐火材料insulating refractory轻质耐火材料light weight refractory袖砖sleeve brick格子砖checker brick,chequer[ˈtʃekə]方格图案brick陶瓷纤维ceramic[siˈræmik] fiber耐火纤维refractory fiber耐火浇注料refractory castable耐火混凝土refractory concrete荷重耐火性refractoriness under load抗渣性slagging resistance耐磨损性abrasion[əˈbreiʒən]磨损resistance[含]碳[元]素材料carbon materials无定形碳amorphous [əˈmɔ:fəs]非结晶的,无定形的carbon 金刚石diamond炭相[学]carbon micrography [maiˈkrɔɡrəfi] 显微照相炭黑carbon black石油沥青petroleum[piˈtrəuliəm] pitch石油焦炭petroleum coke石墨化graphitization[ˌɡræfitaiˈzeiʃən]石墨化电阻炉electric resistance furnace for graphitization石墨纯净化处理purification treatment of graphite炭砖carbon brick炭块carbon block碳化硅基炭块SiC-based carbon block炭电极carbon electrode连续自焙电极Soderberg electrode石墨电极graphite electrode超高功率石墨电极ultra-high power graphite electrode石墨电极接头graphite electrode nipple[ˈnipl]乳头;加油嘴,喷嘴石墨电极接头孔graphite electrode socket[ˈsɔkit]孔,穴;插孔;插座plug[plʌɡ]插头,插座;塞子,栓电极糊electrode paste[peist]面团,糨糊; 粘贴石墨坩埚graphite crucible [ˈkru:sibl]石墨电阻棒graphite rod resistor炭刷carbon brush高纯石墨high purity graphite4.3铁合金铁合金ferroalloy硅铁ferrosilicon硅钙calcium silicon金属硅silicon metal锰铁ferromangnanese低碳锰铁low carbon ferromanganese硅锰silicomanganese金属锰manganese metal铬铁ferrochromium低碳铬铁low carbon ferrochromium微碳铬铁extra low carbon ferrochromium硅铬silicochromium金属铬chromium metal钨铁ferrotunsten钼铁ferromolybdenum钛铁ferrotitanium硼铁ferroboron铌铁ferroniobium磷铁ferrophosphorus镍铁ferronickel锆铁ferrozirconium硅锆silicozirconium稀土硅铁rare earth ferrosilicon稀土镁硅铁rare earth ferrosilicomagnesium成核剂nucleater孕育剂incubater,inoculant球化剂nodulizer蠕化剂vermiculizer中间铁合金master alloy复合铁合金complex ferroalloy电碳热法electro-carbothermic process电硅热法electro-silicothermic process铝热法aluminothermic process,thermit process 电铝热法electro-aluminothermic process开弧炉open arc furnace埋弧炉submerged arc furnace半封闭炉semiclosed furnace封闭炉closed furnace矮烟罩电炉electric furnace with low hood 矮炉身电炉low-shaft electric furnace4.4烧结与球团人造块矿ore agglomerates [əˈɡlɔməreit]烧结矿sinter压块矿briquette [briˈket]球团[矿] pellet [ˈpelit]针铁矿goethite[ˈɡəuθait]自熔性铁矿self-fluxed iron ore复合铁矿complex iron ore块矿lump ore粉矿ore fines矿石混匀ore blending配矿ore proportioning矿石整粒ore size grading返矿return fines储矿场ore stockyard矿石堆料机ore stocker匀矿取料机ore reclaimer熔剂flux消石灰slaked lime活性石灰quickened[ˈkwikən]加快lime有机粘结剂organic[ɔ: ˈɡænik] binder烧结混合料sinter mixture烧结铺底料hearth layer for sinter烧结sintering烧结热前沿heat front in sintering烧结火焰前沿flame front in sintering渣相粘结slag bonding扩散粘结diffusion bonding带式烧结机Dwight-Lloyd sintering machine环式烧结机circular travelling sintering machine烧结梭式布料机shuttle conveyer belt烧结点火料sintering ignition furnace烧结盘sintering pan [pæn] 平底锅,盘子烧结锅sintering pot烧结冷却机sinter cooler带式冷却机straight-line cooler环式冷却机circular cooler,annular cooler生球green pellet,ball生球长大聚合机理ball growth by coalescence生球长大成层机理ball growth by layering生球长大同化机理ball growth by assimilation精矿成球指数balling index for iron ore concentrates生球转鼓强度drum strength of green pellet生球落下强度shatter strength of green pellet生球抗压强度compression strength of green pellet生球爆裂温度cracking temperature of green pellet圆筒造球机balling drum圆盘造球机balling disc竖炉陪烧球团shaft furnace for pellet firing带式机陪烧球团traveling grate [ɡreit]炉箅for pellet firing 链算机-回转窑陪烧球团grate-kiln for pellet firing环式机陪烧球团circular grate for pellet firing冷固结球团cold bound pellet维式体wustite[ˈwu:stait]铁橄榄石fayalite[faiˈɑ:lait]铁尖晶石hercynite铁黄长石ferrogehlenite铁酸半钙calcium diferrite铁酸钙calcium ferrite [ˈferait] 铁酸盐,铁素体铁酸二钙dicalcium ferrite锰铁橄榄石knebelite [ˌnebəˈlait]钙铁橄榄石kirschsteinite[kə:ʃˈsteinait]钙铁辉石hedenbergite[ˈhedənbə:ɡait]钙铁榴石andradite [ˈændrədait]钙长石anorthite[əˈnɔ:θait]钙镁橄榄石monticellite[ˌmɔntiˈselait]钙钛矿perovskite [pəˈrɔvzˌkait]硅灰石wollastonite[ˈwuləstənait]硅酸二钙dicalcium silicate [ˈsilikit] 硅酸盐硅酸三钙tricalcium silicate镁橄榄石forsterite[ˈfɔ:stəˌrait]镁黄长石akermanite [ˈækə:mənait]镁蔷薇辉石manganolite钙铝黄长石gehlenite钛辉石titanaugite枪晶石cuspidine预还原球团pre-reduced pellet金属化球团metallized pellet转鼓试验drum test,tumbler [ˈtʌmblə] test落下试验shatter test4.5高炉炼铁炼铁iron making高炉炼铁[法] blast furnace process高炉blast furnace鼓风炉blast furnace炉料charge, burden矿料ore charge焦料coke charge炉料提升charge hoisting小车上料charge hoisting by skip吊罐上料charge hoisting by bucket [ˈbʌkit] 水桶皮带上料charge hoisting by belt conveyer装料charging装料顺序charging sequence储料漏斗hopper[ˈhɔpə] 料斗,漏斗双料钟式装料two-bells system charging无料钟装料bell-less charging布料器distributor炉内料线stock line in the furnace探料尺gauge[ɡeidʒ]厚度,直径,规格rod [rɔd] 竿, 杆, 棒利用系数utilization coefficient冶炼强度combustion intensity鼓风blast风压blast pressure风温blast temperature鼓风量blast volume鼓风湿度blast humidity全风量操作full blast慢风under blowing休风delay喷吹燃料fuel injection喷煤coal injection喷油oil injection富氧鼓风oxygen enriched blast,oxygen enrichment 置换比replacement ratio喷射器injector热补偿thermal compensation焦比coke ratio,coke rate燃料比fuel ratio,fuel rate氧化带oxidizing zone风口循环区raceway蒸汽鼓风humidified blast混合喷吹mixed injection脱湿鼓风dehumidified blast炉内压差pressure drop in furnace煤气分布gas distribution煤气利用率gas utilization rate炉况furnace condition顺行smooth running焦炭负荷coke load,ore to coke ratio软熔带cohesive[kəuˈhi:siv] zone,softening zone 渣比slag to iron ratio,slag ratio上部[炉料]调节burden conditioning下部[鼓风]调节blast conditioning高炉作业率operation rate of blast furnace休风率delay ratio高炉寿命blast furnace campaign悬料hanging崩料slip沟流channeling结瘤scaffolding炉缸冻结hearth freeze-up开炉blow on停炉blow off积铁salamander炉型profile,furnace lines炉喉throat炉身shaft,stack [stæk] 堆积炉腰belly炉腹bosh[bɔʃ] 胡说炉缸hearth炉底bottom炉腹角bosh angle炉身角stack angle有效容积effective volume工作容积working bolume铁口iron notch[nɔtʃ]渣口cinder[ˈsində] notch, slag notch风口tuyere窥视孔peep hole风口水套tuyere cooler渣口水套slag notch cooler风口弯头tuyere stock热风围管bustle pipe堵渣机stopper泥炮mud gun,clay gun开铁口机iron notch drill铁水hot metal铁[水]罐iron ladle [ˈleidl]鱼雷车torpedo[tɔ: ˈpi:dəu] car 主铁沟sow [səu]出铁沟casting house铁沟iron runner渣沟slag runner渣罐cinder ladle, slag ladle撇渣器skimmer冷却水箱cooling plate冷却壁cooling stave汽化冷却vaporization cooling 热风炉hot blast stove燃烧室combustion chamber 燃烧器burner热风阀hot blast valve [vælv]烟道阀chimney valve冷风阀cold blast valve助燃风机burner blower切断阀burner shut-off valve旁通阀by-pass valve混风阀mixer selector valve送风期on blast of stove,on blast燃烧期on gas of stove, on gas换炉stove changing放散阀blow off valve内燃式热风炉Cowper stove外燃式燃烧炉outside combustion stove顶燃式热风炉top combustion stove炉顶放散阀bleeding valve放散管bleeder上升管gas uptake放风阀snorting valve均压阀equalizing valve高压调节阀septum[ˈseptəm]隔膜valve炉顶高压elevated top pressure铸铁机pig-casting machine铸铁模pig mold冲天炉cupola[ˈkju:pələ]水渣granulating slag水渣池granulating pit [pit]坑渣场slag disposal pit高炉煤气top gas,blast furnace gas高炉煤气回收topgas recovery,TGR非焦炭炼铁non-coke iron making直接还原炼铁[法]direct reduction iron making 直接还原铁directly reduced iron,DRI竖炉直接炼铁direct reduction in shaft furnace流态化炼铁fluidized-bed iron making转底炉炼铁rotary hearth iron making米德雷克斯直接炼铁[法]Midrex processHYL直接炼铁[法] HYL process克虏伯回转窑炼铁[法] Krupp rotary kiln iron-making 熔态还原smelting reduction铁浴法iron-bath process科雷克斯法COREX process生铁pig iron海绵铁sponge iron镜铁spiegel[ˈspi:ɡəl] iron清铁法H-rion process4.6炼钢钢steel炼钢steelmaking钢水liquid steel,molten steel钢semisteel沸腾钢rimming steel,rimmed steel镇静钢killed steel半镇静钢semikilled steel压盖沸腾钢capped steel坩埚炼钢法crucible steelmaking双联炼钢法duplex steelmaking process连续炼钢法continuous steelmaking process直接炼钢法direct steelmaking process混铁炉hot metal machine装料机charging machine装料期charging machine加热期heating period熔化期melting period造渣期slag forming period精炼期refining period熔清melting down脱氧deoxidation预脱氧preliminary dexidation 还原渣reducing slag酸性渣acid slag碱性渣basic slag脱碳decarburization增碳recarburization脱磷dephosphorization回磷rephosphorization脱硫desulfurization回硫resulfurization脱氮denitrogenation过氧化overoxidation出钢tapping冶炼时间duration of heat出钢样tapping sample浇铸样casting sample不合格炉次off heat熔炼损耗melting loss铁损iron loss废钢scrap废钢打包baling of scrap造渣材料slag making materials添加剂addition reagent脱氧剂deoxidizer脱硫剂desulfurizer冷却剂coolant回炉渣return slag喷枪lance浸入式喷枪submerged lance钢包ladle出钢口top hole出钢槽pouring lining炉顶furnace roof炉衬furnace lining炉衬侵蚀lining erosion渣线slag line炉衬寿命lining life分区砌砖zoned lining补炉fettling热修hot repair喷补gunning火焰喷补flame gunning转炉converter底吹转炉bottom-blown converter酸性空气底吹转炉air bottom-blown acid converter碱性空气底吹转炉air bottom-blown basic converter侧吹转炉side-blown converter卡尔多转炉Kaldo converter氧气炼铁oxygen steelmaking氧气顶吹转炉top-blown oxygen converter,LI converter氧气底吹转炉bottom-blown oxygen converter quiet basic oxygen furnace,QBOF顶底复吹转炉top and bottom combined blown converter喷石灰粉顶吹氧气转炉法oxygen lime process底吹煤氧的复合吹炼法Klockner-Maxhutte steelmaking process,KMS住友复合吹炼法Sumitomo top and bottom blowing process,STB LBE复吹法lance bubbling equilibrium process,LBE顶枪喷煤粉炼钢法Arved lance carbon injection process,ALCI蒂森复合吹炼法Thyssen Blassen Metallurgical process,TBM面吹surface blow软吹soft blow硬吹hard blow补吹reblow过吹overblow后吹after blow目标碳aim carbon终点碳end point carbon高拉碳操作catch carbon practice增碳操作recarburization practice单渣操作single-slag operation双渣操作double-slag operation渣乳化slag emulsion二次燃烧postcombustion吹氧时间oxygen blow duration吹炼终点blow end point倒炉turning down喷渣slopping喷溅spitting静态控制static control动态控制dynamic control氧枪oxygen lance氧枪喷孔nozzle of oxygen lance多孔喷枪multi-nozzle lance转炉炉体converter body炉帽upper cone炉口mouth,lip ring装料大面impact pad活动炉底removable bottom顶吹氧枪top blow oxygen lance副枪sublance多孔砖nozzle brick单环缝喷嘴single annular tuyere双环缝喷嘴double annular tuyere挡渣器slag stopper挡渣塞floating plug电磁测渣器electromagnetic slag detector 废气控制系统off gas control system,OGCS 平炉open-hearth furnace平炉炼钢open-hearth steelmaking冷装法cold charge practice热装法hot charge practice碳沸腾carbon boil石灰沸腾lime boil炉底沸腾bottom boil再沸腾reboil有效炉底面积effective hearth area酸性平炉acid open-hearth furnace碱性平炉basic open-hearth furnace固定式平炉stationary open-hearth furnace 倾动式平炉tilting open-hearth furnace双床平炉twin-hearth furnace顶吹氧气平炉open-hearth furnace with roof oxygen lance蓄热室regenerator沉渣室slag pocket电炉炼钢electric steelmaking电弧炉electric arc furnace超高功率电弧炉ultra-high power electric arc furnace直流电弧炉direct current electric arc furnace双电极直流电弧炉double electrode direct current arc furnace 竖窑式电弧炉shaft arc furnace电阻炉electric resistance furnace工频感应炉line frequency induction furnace中频感应炉medium frequency induction furnace高频感应炉high frequency induction furnace电渣重熔electroslag remelting,ESR电渣熔铸electroslag casting,ESC电渣浇注Bohler electroslag tapping,BEST真空电弧炉重熔vacuum arc remelting,V AR真空感应炉熔炼vacuum induction melting,VIM电子束炉重熔electron beam remelting,EBR等离子炉重炼plasma-arc remelting,PAR水冷模电弧熔炼cold-mold arc melting等离子感应炉熔炼plasma induction melting,PIM等离子连续铸锭plasma progressive casting,PPC等离子凝壳铸造plasma skull casting,PSC能量优化炼钢炉energy optimizing furnace,EOF氧燃喷嘴oxygen-fuel burner氧煤助熔accelerated melting by coal-oxygen burner氧化期oxidation period还原期reduction period长弧泡沫渣操作弧长控制long arc foaming slag operation白渣white slag电石渣carbide slag煤氧喷吹coal-oxygen injection炉壁热点hot spots on the furnace wall偏弧arc bias透气塞porous plug出钢到出钢时间tap-to-tap time虹吸出钢siphon tapping偏心炉底出钢eccentric bottom tapping,EBT中心炉底出钢centric bottom tapping,CBT侧面炉底出钢side bottom tapping,SBT滑动水口出钢slide fate tapping4.7精炼、浇铸及缺陷铁水预处理hot metal pretreatment机械搅拌铁水脱硫法KR process torpedo desulfurization 鱼雷车铁水脱磷torpedo dephosphorization二次精炼secondary refining钢包精炼ladle refining合成渣synthetic slag微合金化microalloying成分微调trimming钢洁净度steel cleanness钢包炉ladle furnace,LF直流钢包炉DC ladle furnace真空钢包炉LF-vacuum真空脱气vacuum degassing真空电弧脱气vacuum arc degassing,V AD真空脱气炉vacuum degassing furnace,VDF。

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有机化学专业英语词汇（精)acetal 醛缩醇acetal—乙酰acid 酸—al 醛alcohol 醇-aldehyde 醛alkali- 碱allyl 烯丙基［propenyl(丙烯基）］alkoxy—烷氧基-amide 酰胺amino—氨基的—amidine 脒-amine 胺—ane 烷anhydride 酐anilino—苯胺基aquo- 含水的-ase 酶—ate 含氧酸的盐、酯-atriyne 三炔azo- 偶氮benzene 苯bi- 在盐类前表示酸式盐bis- 双-borane 硼烷bromo- 溴butyl 丁基—carbinol 甲醇carbonyl 羰基—carboxylic acid 羧酸centi- 10-2chloro—氯代cis- 顺式condensed 缩合的、冷凝的cyclo—环deca—十deci 10-1-dine 啶dodeca—十二—ene 烯epi—表epoxy- 环氧-ester 酯—ether 醚ethoxy—乙氧基ethyl 乙基fluoro- 氟代form 仿-glycol 二醇hemi- 半hendeca—十一hepta—七heptadeca—十七hexa—六hexadeca- 十六—hydrin 醇hydro- 氢或水hydroxyl 羟基hypo—低级的，次hyper- 高级的，高—ic 酸的,高价金属-ide 无氧酸的盐，酰替胺，酐-il 偶酰-imine 亚胺iodine 碘iodo- 碘代iso- 异，等，同—ite 亚酸盐keto- 酮ketone 酮—lactone 内酯mega— 106meta—间，偏methoxy- 甲氧基methyl 甲基micro— 10-6milli— 10-3mono- （ mon—) 一，单nano— 10—9nitro—硝基nitroso- 亚硝基nona- 九nonadeca- 十九octa- 八octadeca—十八—oic 酸的-ol 醇—one 酮ortho—邻，正，原—ous 亚酸的，低价金属oxa- 氧杂—oxide 氧化合物-oxime 肟oxo—酮oxy- 氧化—oyl 酰para—对位，仲penta- 五pentadeca—十五per—高，过petro- 石油phenol 苯酚phenyl 苯基pico- 10-12poly- 聚，多quadri- 四quinque—五semi—半septi- 七sesqui 一个半sulfa—磺胺sym—对称syn—顺式，同，共ter- 三tetra- 四tetradeca- 十四tetrakis- 四个thio—硫代trans- 反式，超，跨thio- 硫代tri—三trideca—十三tris- 三个undeca—十一uni—单，一unsym- 不对称的，偏位-yl 基-ylene 撑(二价基，价在不同原子上) -yne 炔organic compounds 有机化合物compounds of carbon 碳化合物hydrocarbons and their derivatives 碳氢化合物及其衍生物organic chemistry 有机化学structure of molecule 分子结构chemical bond 化学键covalent bond 共价键hybrid orbital 杂化轨道bond length 键长bond angle 键角bond energy键能polarity 极性dissociation energy 离解能constitution构造contiguration构型conformation构象stereochemistry立体化学tetrahedral正四面体cis-顺trans-反isomerism同分异构现象isomer异构体stereoisomer立体异构constitutional isomer构造异构structural formula 结构式octet八隅体perspective 透视式eclipsed conformation重叠式构象staggered conformation交叉式构象newman projection纽曼投影式functional group 官能团chain compoud 链状化合物carbocyclic compound碳环化合物heterocyclic compound杂环化合物dipole—dipole interactions 偶极-偶极相互作用van der Waals forces 范德华力hydrogen bonding 氢键dipole moment偶极矩electronegativity 电负性physical property物理性质melting point熔点boiling point 沸点reaction mechanism反应机理homolysis均裂free redical自由基heterolysis异裂ionic type离子型electrophilic reagent亲电试剂electrophilic reaction亲电反应nucleophilic reagent亲核试剂nucleophilic reaction 亲核反应英文名汉文名Angular methyl group 角甲基Alkylidene group 亚烷基Allyl group 烯丙基Allylic 烯丙型［的]Phenyl group 苯基Aryl group 芳基Benzyl group 苄基Benzylic 苄型[的］Activating group 活化基团Chromophore 生色团Auxochrome 助色团Magnetically anisotropic group 磁各向异性基团Smally ring 小环Common ring 普通环Medium rimg 中环Large ring 大环Bridged—ring system 桥环体系Spiro compound 螺环化合物Helical molecule 螺旋型分子Octahedral compound 八面体化合物Conjugation 共轭Conjugated—system 共轭体系Acyl cation 酰[基］正离子Benzylic cation 苄［基］正离子Arenirm ion 芳［基]正离子Ketyl radical 羰自由基Radical ion 自由基离子Radical cation 自由基正离子Radical anion 自由基负离子Isomerism 异构[现象]Aci form 酸式Fluxional structure 循变结构Stereochemistry 立体化学Optical activity 光学活性Dextro isomer 右旋异构体Laevo isomer 左旋异构体Tetrahedral configuration 四面体构型Stereoisomerism 立体异构[现象] Asymmetric atom 不对称原子Asymmetric carbon 不对称碳Pseudoasymmetric carbon 假不对称碳Phantom atom 虚拟原子Homotopic 等位[的］Heterotopic 异位［的]Enantiotopic 对映异位［的] Diastereotopic 非对映异位［的］Configuration 构型Absolute configuration 绝对构型Chirality 手性Chiral 手性［的］Chiral center 手性中心Chiral molecule 手性分子Achiral 非手性[的］Fischer projection 费歇尔投影式Neoman projection 纽曼投影式D-L system of nomenclature D-L命名体系R-S syytem of nomenclature R—S命名体系Cahn-Ingold—Prelon sequence 顺序规则Symmetry factor 对称因素Plane of symmetry 对称面Mirror symmetry 镜面对称Enantiomer 对映[异构］体Diastereomer 非对映［异构]体Epimer 差向异构体Anomer 端基[差向]异构体Erythro configuration 赤型构型Erythro isomer 赤型异构体Threo configuration 苏型构型Threo isomer 苏型异构体Trigonal carbon 三角型碳Cis—trans isomerism 顺反异构E isomer E异构体Z isomer Z异构体Endo isomer 内型异构体Exo isomer 外型异构体Prochirality 前手性Pro-R group 前R基团Pro—S proup 前S基团Re face Re面Si face Si面Racemic mixture 外消旋混合物Racemic compound 外消旋化合物Racemic solid solution 外消旋固体溶液Meso compound 内消旋化合物Quasi recemate 准外消旋体Conformation 构象Conformational 构象分析Torsion angle 扭转角Rotamer 旋转异构体Anti conformation 反式构象Bisecting conformation 等分构象Anti periplanar conformation 反叠构象Synperiplanar conformation 顺叠构象Synclinal conformation 反错构象Synclinal conformation 顺错构象Eclipsed conformation 重叠构象Gauche conformation, skew con-formation 邻位交叉构象Staggered conformation 对位交叉构象Steric effect 空间效应Steric hindrance 位阻Atropismer 阻转异构体Puckered ring 折叠环Conformational inversion 构象反转Chair conformation 椅型构象Boat conformation 船型构象Twist conformation 扭型构象Skew boat conformation 扭船型构象Half—chair conformation 半椅型构象Pseudorotation 假旋转Envelope conformation 信封[型］构象Axial bond 直［立]键Equatorial bond 平[伏］键Cisoid conformation 顺向构象Transoid conformation 反向构象Retention of configuration 构型保持Regioselectivity 区域选择性Regiospecificity 区域专一性Stereocelectivity 立体选择性Stereospecificty 立体专一性Conformer 构象异构体Conformational effect 构象效应Cram's rube 克拉姆规则Prelog'rule 普雷洛格规则Stereochemical orientation 立体［化学]取向Conformational transmission 构象传递Homolog 同系物Ipso position 本位Ortho position 邻位Meta position 间位Para position 对位Amphi position 远位Peri position 近位Trigonal hybridization 三角杂化Molecular orbiral method 分子轨道法Valence bond method 价键法Delocalezed bond 离域键Cross conjugation 交叉共轭Vinylog 插烯物Mesomeric effect 中介效应Resonance 共振Resonance effect 共振效应Hyperconjugation 超共轭Isovalent hyperconjugation 等价超共轭No-bond resonance 无键共振Aromaticity 芳香性Aromatic sexter 芳香六隅Huckel'rule 休克尔规则Paramagnetic ring current 顺磁环电流Diamagnetic ring cruuent 抗磁环电流Homoaromaticity 同芳香性Antiaromaticity 反芳香性Alternant hydrocarbon 交替烃Non—alternant hydrocarbon 非交替烷Pericyclic reaction 周环反应Electrocyclic rearrangement 电环［化]重排Conrotatory 顺旋Disroatatory 对旋Cycloaddition 环加成Symmetry forbidden—reaction 对称禁阻反应Synfacial reaction 同面反应Antarafacial reaction 异面反应Mobius system 默比乌斯体系Leois structure 路易斯结构Coordinate—covalent bond 配位共价键Banana bond 香蕉键Pauling electronegativity scale 鲍林电负性标度Polarizability 可极化性Inductive effect 诱导效应Field effect 场效应Electrical effect 电场效应tautomerism 互变异构Tautomerization 互变异构化Keto-enol tautomerism 酮-烯醇互变异构Phenol-keto tautomerism 酚—酮互变异构Imine-enamine atutomerism 亚胺-烯胺互变异构Ring—chain tautomerism 环—链互变异构Valence tautomerism 价互变异构Ambident 两可[的］Solvent effect 溶剂效应Acid—base catalyxed reaction 酸性溶剂Basic solvent 碱性溶剂Dielectric constant 介电常数Solvated electron 溶剂化电子Acid—base catalyzed reaction 酸碱催化反应Conjugate base 共轭酸Conjugate base 共轭碱Therm odynamic acidity 热力学酸度Kinetic acidity 动力学酸度Electron donof—acceptor complex，EDAcomplex 电子给[体]受体络合物Host 主体Guest 客体Primary isotope effect 一级同位素效应Secondary isotope effect 二级同位数效应Inverse isotope effect 逆同位素效应Kinetic control 动力学控制Thermodynamic control 热力学控制Substrate 底物Intermediate 中间体Reactive intermediate 活泼中间体Microscopic reversibility 微观可逆性Hammond postulate 哈蒙德假说Linear free energy 线性自由能Non—bonded interaction 非键相互作用Torsional effect 扭转效应Pitzer strain 皮策张力Restricted rotation 阻碍旋转Eclipsing effect 重叠效应Eclipsing strain 重叠张力Small-angle strain 小角张力Large angle strain 大角张力Transannular interaction 跨环相互作用Transannular strain 跨环张力I strain 内张力F strain 前张力B strain 后张力Anomeric effect 端基异构效应Walden inversion 瓦尔登反转Racemization 外消旋化Isoinversion 等反转Isoracemization 等消旋Homochiral 纯手性[的］Mechanism 机理Unimolecular nucleophilic 单分子亲核取代Bimolecular nucleophilic sub—stitution 双分子亲核取代Bimolecular nucleophilic substi-tution（with allylic rearrange—ment）双分子亲核取代（含烯丙型重排）Internal nucleophilic substiru—tion 分子内亲核取代Aromatic nucleophilic substitu-tion 芳香亲核取代Unimolecular electrophilic sub—stitution 单分子亲电取代Bimolecular electrophilic substi—tution 双分子亲电取代Nucleophile-assisted unimolecu—lar electrophilic substitution 亲核体协助单分子亲电取代Unimolecular elimination 单分子消除Bimolecular elimination 双分子消除Unimolecular elimination through the conjugate base 单分子共轭碱消除Bimolecular elimination through the conjugate base 双分子共轭碱消除Bimolecular elimination with for-mation of a carbonyl group 双分子羰基形成消除Unimolecular acid-catalyzed acyl-oxygen cleavage 单分子酸催化酰氧断裂Bimolecular base—catalyzed acyl-oxygen cleavage 双分子碱催化酰氧断裂Unimolecular acid-catalyzed alkyl—oxygen cleavage 单分子酸催化烷氧断裂Bimllecular base-catalyzed al-kyl-oxygen cleavage 双分子碱催化烷氧断裂π—allyl complex me chanism π烯丙型络合机理Borderline mechanism 边理机理Homolysis 均裂Heterolysis 异裂Heterolytic michanism 异裂机理Counrer[gegen］ion 反荷离子Ion pair 离子对Carbocation 碳正离子Nonclassical carbocation 非经典碳正离子Carbanion 碳负离子Masked carbanion 掩蔽碳负离子Carbenoid 卡宾体Carbene 卡宾Nitrene 氮宾Carbine 碳炔Electrophilic addition 亲电加成Electrophile 亲电体Diaxial addition 双直键加成Markovnikov's rube 马尔科夫尼科规则Anti-Markovnikov addition 反马氏加成Michael addition 迈克尔加成Substitution 取代Electrophilic substitution 亲电取代Addition—elimination mechanism 加成消除机理Electrophilic aromatic substitu—tion 亲电芳香取代Electron transfer 电子转移Electron-donating group 给电子基团Electron—Withdrawing group 吸电子基团Deactivating group 钝化基团Orinentation 取向Ortho-para directing group 邻对位定位基Meta directing group 间位定位基Ortho effect 邻位效应Partial rate factor 分速度系数Nucleophilic reaction 亲核反应Internal return 内返Nucleophilicity 亲核体Nucleophilicity 亲核性α—effect α—效应Backside attack 背面进攻Inversion 反转Umbrella effect 伞效应Push-pull effect 推拉效应Leaving group 离去基团Electrofuge 离电体Nucleofuge 离核体Phase—transfer catalysis 相转移催化Neighboring group participation 邻基基参与Neighboring proup assistance，anchimeric assistance 邻助作用Neighboring group effect 邻基效应Apofacial reaction 反面反应Briddgehead displacement 桥头取代Aryl action 芳正离子Benzyne 苯炔Zaitsev rule 札依采夫规则Anti-Zaitsev orientation 反札依采夫定向Hofmann’s rule 霍夫曼规则Bredt rule 布雷特规则Initiation 引发Anionic cleavage 负离子裂解Partial bond fixation 键[的]部分固定化02．3有机化学反应Alkylation 烷基化C- alkylation C-烷基化O- alkylation O—烷基化N-alkylation N—烷基化Silylation 硅烷［基]化Exhaustive methylation 彻底甲基化Seco alkylation 断裂烷基化Demethylation 脱甲基化Ethylation 乙基化Arylation 芳基化Acylation 酰化Formylation 甲酰化Carbalkoxylation 烷氧羰基化Carboamidation 氨羰基化Carboxylation 羧基化Amination 氨基化Bisamination 双氨基化Cine substitution 移位取代Transamination 氨基交换Hydroxylation 羟基化acyloxyation 酰氧基化Decarboxylative nitration 脱羧卤化Allylic halogenation 烯丙型卤化Dehalogenation 脱卤Nitration 硝化Decarboxylative nitration 脱羧硝化Nitrosation 亚硝化Sulfonation 磺化Chlorosulfonation 氯磺酰化Desulfonation 脱磺酸基Sulfenylation 亚磺酰化Sulfonylation 磺酰化Chlorosulfenation 氯亚磺酰化Chlorocarbonylation 氯羰基化Diazotization 重氮化Diazo transfer 重氮基转移Coupling reaction 偶联反应Diazonium coupling 重氮偶联Cross—coupling reaction 交叉偶联反应1,4-addition 1，4—加成Conjugate addition 共轭加成Dimerization 二聚Trimefization 三聚Additive dimerization 加成二聚sulfurization 硫化Selenylation 硒化Hydroboration 硼氢化Oxyamination 羟氨基化Insertion 插入carbonylation 羧基化Hydroformylation 加氢甲酰基化Hydroacylation 加氢酰化Oxo process 羰基合成Decarbonylation 脱羰Hydrocarboxylation 氢羧基化Homologization 同系化Cyanoethylation 氰乙基化Decyanoethylation 脱氰乙基Ring clsure 环合Diene synthesis 双烯合成Dienophile 亲双烯体Endo addition 内型加成Exo addition 外型加成Diels—Alder reaction 第尔斯-尔德反应Retro Diels—Alder reaction 逆第尔斯-阿尔德反应Ene synthesis 单烯合成Anionic cycloaddition 负离子环加成Dipolar addition 偶极加成— elimination —消除- elimination -消除— elimination -消除-elimination —消除Dehydrohalogenation 脱卤化氢Deamination 脱氨基Pyrolytic elimination 热解消除Elimination—addition 消除-加成Decarboxylation 脱羧Decarboxamidation 脱酰胺Decyanation 脱氰基Alkylolysis，alkyl cleavage 烷基裂解Acylolysis，acyl cleavage 酰基裂解Flash pyrolysis 闪热裂Fragmentation 碎裂Chiletropic reaction 螯键反应Chelation 螯环化Esterification 酯化Transesterification 酯交换Saponification 皂化Alcoholysis 醇解Ethanolysis 乙醇解Cyanomethylation 氰甲基化Aminomethylation 氨甲基化Hydroxymethylation 羟甲基化Hydroxyalkylation 羟烷基化Cholromethylation 氯甲基化Haloalkylation 卤烷基化Transacetalation 缩醛交换Enolization 烯醇化Haloform reaction 卤仿反应Condensation 缩合Aldol condensation 羟醛缩合Cross aldol condensation 交叉羟醛缩合Retrograde aldol condensation 逆羟醛缩合Acyloin condensation 偶姻缩合Cyclization 环化Annulation,annelation 增环反应Spiroannulation 螺增环Autoxidation 自氧化Allylic hydroperoxylation 烯丙型氢过氧化Epoxidation 环氧化Oxonolysis 臭氧解Electrochemical oxidation 电化学氧化Oxidative decarboxylation 氧化脱羧Aromatization 芳构化Catalytic hydrogenation 催化氢化Heterogeneous hydrogenation 多相氢化Homogeneous hydrogenation 均相氢化Catalytic dehydrogenation 催化脱氢Transfer hydrogenation 转移氢化Hydrogenolysis 氢解Dissolving metal reduction 溶解金属还原Single electron transfer 单电子转移Bimolecular reduction 双分子还原Electrochemical reduction 电化学还原Reductive alkylation 还原烷基化Reductive acylation 还原酰化Reductive dimerization 还原二聚Deoxygenation 脱氧Desulfurization 脱硫Deselenization 脱硒Mitallation 金属化Lithiation 锂化Hydrometallation 氢金属化Mercuration 汞化Oxymercuration 羟汞化Aminomercuration 氨汞化Abstraction 夺取[反应］Internal abstraction 内夺取[反应］Rearrangement 重排Prototropic rearrangement 质了转移重排Double bond migration 双键移位Allylic migration 烯丙型重排Allylic migration 烯丙型迁移Ring contraction 环缩小［反应]Ring expansion，ring enlargement 扩环[反应]-ketol rearrangement —酮醇重排Pinacol rearrangement 频哪醇重排Retropinacol rearrangement 逆频哪醇重排Semipinacol rearrangement 半频哪醇重排Benzilic rearrangement 二苯乙醇酸重排Acyl rearrangement 酰基重排Migratory aptitude 迁移倾向Transannular insertion 跨环插入Transannular rearrangement 跨环重排Migration 迁移Prototropy 质子转移Cationotropic rearrangement 正离子转移重排Anionotropy 负离子转移Anionotropic rearrangement 负离子转移重排Sigmatropic rearrangement -迁移重排Homosigmatropic rearrangement 同迁移重排Electrophilic rearrangement 亲电重排Photosensitization 光敏化Forbidden transition 禁阻跃迁photooxidation 光氧化Photoisomerization 光异构化Photochemical rearrangement 光化学重排2．4 有机化合物类名Aliphatic compound 脂肪族化合物Hpdrocarbon 碳氢化合物Alkane 烷Wax 蜡Paraffin wax 石蜡Alkene 烯Alkyen 炔Acetylide 炔化物Active hydrogen compounds 活泼氢化合物Carbon acid 碳氢酸Super acid 超酸Diene 双烯Triene 三烯Allene 丙二烯Ccumulene 累积多烯Enyne 烯炔Diyne 二炔Alkyl halide 卤代烷Alcohol 醇Homoallylic alcohol 高烯丙醇Ether 醚Epoxide 环氧化物Cellosolve 溶纤剂Crown ether 冠醚Netro compound 硝基化合物Amine 胺Quaternaryammonium com-pound 季铵化合物Amine oxide 氧化胺Diazoalkane 重氮烷Mercaptan 硫醇Sulfonic acid 磺酸Sulfoxide 亚砜Sulfone 砜Aldehyde 醛Detone 酮Aldehyde hydrate 醛水合物Ketone hydrate 酮水合物Hemiacetal 半缩醛Acetal 缩醛Ketal 缩酮Dithiane 二噻烷Aminal 缩醛胺imine 亚胺Aldimine 醛亚胺Oxime 肟Aldimine 醛肟Oxime 亚硝基化合物aldoxime 硝酮Hydrazone 腙Azine 嗪Semicarbazone 缩氯基脲Cyanohydrin 羟腈Pinacol 频哪醇Enol 烯醇Enol ether 烯醇醚Enol ester 烯醇酯Enamine 烯胺Ynamine 炔胺Mannich base 曼尼希碱Carboxylic acid 羧酸Ester 酯orthoester 原酸酯Acyl halide 酰卤Acyl fluoride 酰氟Acyl chloride 酰氯Acyl rtomide 酰溴Acyl iodide 酰碘Carbobenzoxy chloride 苄氧甲酰氯Acyl tosylate 酰基对甲苯磺酸酐Ketene 乙烯酮Peracid 过酸Perester 过酸酯Acyl peroxide 酰基过氧化物Nitrile 腈Nitrile oxide 氧化腈Isonitrile 异腈Amide 酰胺Imide 二酰亚胺N—bromo compound N—溴化物Hydrazide 酰肼Acyl azide 酰叠氮Amidine 脒Keto ester 酮酸酯Acyl cyanide 酰腈Carbon suboxide 二氧化三碳Glycidic acid 环氧丙酸Carbammic acid 氨基甲酸Carbamate 氨基甲酸酯Urea 脲Cyanamide 氨腈Carbodiimide 碳二亚胺Allophanate 脲基甲酸酯Thioester 硫代酸酯Thiol acid 硫羰酸Lactone 内酯Lactol 内半缩醛Macrolide 大环内酯Amino acid 氨基酸Zwitterions 两性离子Inner salt 内盐Betaine 甜菜碱Lactam 内酰胺Hydantion 乙内酰脲Peptide 肽Glycol 二醇Aldol 羟醛Acyloin 偶姻Carbohydrate 碳水化合物Aldose 醛糖Ketose 酮糖Furanose 呋喃糖Pyranose 吡喃糖Glycoside 糖苷Glucoside 葡［萄]糖苷Aglycon 苷元Saccharide 糖类Oligosaccharide 寡糖Polysaccharide 多糖Alditol 糖醇Osazone 脎Alicyclic compound 脂环化合物Cycloalkene 环烷Spirane 环烯Cage compound 螺烷Propellane 笼型化合物Rotazane 螺桨烷Catenane 轮烷Rused ring 索烃。