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传感器中英文介绍

传感器中英文介绍
传感器中英文介绍

. sensors

sensors(English name: transducer/sensor) is a kind of detection device, can feel the measured information, and will feel information transformation according to certain rule become electrical signal output, or other form of information needed to satisfy the information transmission, processing, storage, display, record and control requirements.

Sensor's features include: miniaturization, digital, intelligent, multi-functional, systematic and network. It is the first step of automatic detection and automatic control. The existence and development of the sensor, let objects have sensory, such as touch, taste and smell let objects become live up slowly. Usually according to its basic cognitive functions are divided into temperature sensor, light sensor, gas sensor, force sensor, magnetic sensor, moisture sensor, acoustic sensor, radiation sensitive element, color sensor and sensor etc. 10 major categories.

temperature transducer

Temperature sensors (temperature transducer) refers to can feel temperature translates into usable output signal of the sensor. The temperature sensor is the core part of the temperature measuring instrument, wide variety. According to measuring methods could be divided into two types: contact and non-contact, according to the sensor material and electronic

component features divided into two categories, thermal resistance and thermocouple.

1 principle of thermocouple

Thermocouple is composed of two different materials of metal wire, the welded together at the end. To measure the heating part of the environment temperature, can accurately know the temperature of the hot spots. Because it must have two different material of the conductor, so called the thermocouple. Different material to make the thermocouple used in different temperature range, their sensitivity is also each are not identical. The sensitivity of thermocouple refers to add 1 ℃ hot spot temperature changes, the output variation of potential difference. For most of the metal material support thermocouple, this value about between 5 ~ 40 microvolt / ℃.

As a result of the thermocouple temperature sensor sensitivity has nothing to do with the thickness of material, use very fine material also can make the temperature sensor. Also due to the production of thermocouple metal materials have good ductility, the slight temperature measuring element has high response speed, can measure the process of rapid change.

Its advantages are:

(1)high precision measurement. Because of thermocouple direct contact with the object being measured, not affected by intermediate medium.

(2)the measurement range. Commonly used thermocouple from 1600 ℃to 50 ℃~ + sustainable measurement, some special thermocouple minimum measurable to - 269 ℃(e.g., gold iron nickel chrome), the highest measurable to + 2800 ℃ (such as tungsten rhenium).

(3) simple structure, easy to use. Thermocouple is usually composed of two different kinds of metal wire, but is not limited by the size and the beginning of, outside has protective casing, so very convenient to use. The thermocouple type and structure of the form.

2. The thermocouple type and structure formation

(1)the types of thermocouple

The commonly used thermocouple could be divided into two types: standard thermocouple and non-standard thermocouple. Standard thermocouple refers to the national standard specifies its thermoelectric potential and the relationship between temperature, permissible error, and a unified standard score table of thermocouple, it has with matching display instrument to choose from. Rather than a standard thermocouple or on the order of magnitude less than the range to use standardized thermocouple, in general, there is no uniform standard, it is mainly used for measurement of some special occasions.

Standardized thermocouple is our country from January 1, 1988, thermocouple and thermal resistance of all production according to IEC international standard, and specify the S, B, E, K, R,

J, T seven standardization thermocouple type thermocouple for our country unified design.

(2)to ensure that the thermocouple is reliable, steady work, the structure of thermocouple requirements are as follows:

①of the two thermocouple thermal electrode welding must be strong;

②two hot electrode should be well insulated between each other, in case of short circuit;

③compensation wires connected to the free cod of a thermocouple to convenient and reliable;

④protect casing thermal electrodes should be able to make sufficient isolation and harmful medium.

3.The thermocouple cold end temperature compensation

Due to the thermocouple materials are generally more expensive (especially when using precious metals), and the temperature measurement points are generally more far, the distance to the instrument in order to save materials, reduce cost, usually adopt the compensating conductor) (the free end of the cold junction of the thermocouple to the steady control of indoor temperature, connected to the meter terminals. It must be pointed out that the role of the thermocouple compensation wire extension hot electrode, so that only moved to the control room of the cold junction of the thermocouple instrument on the terminal, it itself does not eliminate the cold end temperature change on the influence of temperature, cannot have the compensation effect. So, still need to take some of the other correction method to compensate of the cold end temperature especially when t0 indicates influence on measuring temperature 0 ℃.

Must pay attention to when using thermocouple compensating conductor model match, cannot be wrong polarity, compensation conductor should be connected to the thermocouple temperature should not exceed 100 ℃.

传感器

传感器(名称:transducer/sensor)是一种检测装置,能感受到被测量的信息,并能将感受到的信息,按一定规律变换成为电信号或其他所需形式的信息输出,以满足信息的传输、处理、存储、显示、记录和控制等要求。

传感器的特点包括:微型化、数字化、智能化、多功能化、系统化、网络化。它是实现自动检测和自动控制的首要环节。传感器的存在和发展,让物体有了触觉、味觉和嗅觉等感官,让物体慢慢变得活了起来。通常根据其基本感知功能分为热敏元件、光敏元件、气敏元件、力敏元件、磁敏元件、湿敏元件、声敏元件、放射线敏感元件、色敏元件和味敏元件等十大类。

温度传感器:

温度传感器(temperature transducer)是指能感受温度并转换成可用输出信号的传感器。温度是的核心部分,品种繁多。按测量方式可分为接触式和非接触式两大类,按照及电子元件特性分为热电阻和两类。

1、热电偶原理

热电偶由两个不同材料的金属线组成,在末端焊接在一起。再测出不加热部位的环境温度,就可以准确知道加热点的温度。由于它必须有两种不同材质的导体,所以称之为热电偶。不同材质做出的热电偶使用于不同的温度范围,它们的灵敏度也各不相同。热电偶的灵敏度是指加热点温度变化1℃时,输出电位差的变化量。对于大多数金属材料支撑的热电偶而言,这个数值大约在5~40微伏/℃之间。

由于热电偶温度传感器的灵敏度与材料的粗细无关,用非常细的材料也能够做成温度传感器。也由于制作热电偶的金属材料具有很好的延展性,这种细微的测温元件有极高的响应速度,可以测量快速变化的过程。

它的优点是:

(1)测量精度高。因热电偶直接与被测对象接触,不受中间介质的影响。

(2)测量范围广。常用的热电偶从-50℃~+1600℃可持续测量,某些特殊热电偶最低可测到-269℃(如金铁镍铬),最高可测到+2800℃(如钨-铼)。

(3)构造简单,使用方便。热电偶通常是由两种不同的金属丝组成,而且不受大小和开头的限制,外有保护套管,所以用起来非常方便。

2、热电偶的种类及结构形成

(1)热电偶的种类

常用的热电偶可分为标准热电偶和非标准热电偶两大类。所谓标准热电偶是指国家标准规定了其热电势与温度的关系、允许误差、并有统一的标准分度表的热电偶,它有与其配套的显示仪表可供选用。而非标准化热电偶在使用范围或数量级上均不及标准化热电偶,一般也没有统一的标准,它主要用于某些特殊场合的测量。

标准化热电偶是我国从1988 年1 月 1 日起,热电偶和热电阻的生产全部按IEC 国际标准进行,并指定S、B、E、K、R、J、T 七种标准化热电偶为我国统一设计型热电偶。

(2)为了保证热电偶可靠、稳定地工作,对热电偶的结构要求如下:

①组成热电偶的两个热电极的焊接必须牢固;

②两个热电极彼此之间应能很好地绝缘,以防短路;

③补偿导线与热电偶自由端的连接要方便、可靠;

④保护套管应能保证热电极与有害介质充分隔离。

3、热电偶冷端的温度补偿

由于热电偶的材料一般都比较贵重(特别是采用贵金属时),而测温点到仪表的距离一般都比较远,为了节省材料,降低成本,通常采用补偿导线把热电偶的冷端(自由端)延伸到温度比较稳定的控制室内,连接到仪表端子上。必须指出的是,热电偶补偿导线的作用只起延伸热电极、使热电偶的冷端移动到控制室的仪表端子上的作用,它本身并不能消除冷端温度变化对测温的影响,不能起到补偿作用。因此,还需采用其它修正方法来补偿冷端温度特别是当t0≠0℃时对测温的影响。

在使用热电偶补偿导线时必须注意型号相配,极性不能接错,补偿导线与热电偶连接

端的温度不能超过100℃。

传感器技术论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献

中英文对照资料外文翻译文献 附件1:外文资料翻译译文 传感器新技术的发展 传感器是一种能将物理量、化学量、生物量等转换成电信号的器件。输出信号有不同形式,如电压、电流、频率、脉冲等,能满足信息传输、处理、记录、显示、控制要求,是自动检测系统和自动控制系统中不可缺少的元件。如果把计算机比作大脑,那么传感器则相当于五官,传感器能正确感受被测量并转换成相应输出量,对系统的质量起决定性作用。自动化程度越高,系统对传感器要求越高。在今天的信息时代里,信息产业包括信息采集、传输、处理三部分,即传感技术、通信技术、计算机技术。现代的计算机技术和通信技术由于超大规模集成电路的飞速发展,而已经充分发达后,不仅对传感器的精度、可靠性、响应速度、获取的信息量要求越来越高,还要求其成本低廉且使用方便。显然传统传感器因功能、特性、体积、成本等已难以满足而逐渐被淘汰。世界许多发达国家都在加快对传感器新技术的研究与开发,并且都已取得极大的突破。如今传感器新技术的发展,主要有以下几个方面: 利用物理现象、化学反应、生物效应作为传感器原理,所以研究发现新现象与新效应是传感器技术发展的重要工作,是研究开发新型传感器的基础。日本夏普公司利用超导技术研制成功高温超导磁性传感器,是传感器技术的重大突破,其灵敏度高,仅次于超导量子干涉器件。它的制造工艺远比超导量子干涉器件简单。可用于磁成像技术,有广泛推广价值。 利用抗体和抗原在电极表面上相遇复合时,会引起电极电位的变化,利用这一现象可制出免疫传感器。用这种抗体制成的免疫传感器可对某生物体内是否有这种抗原作检查。如用肝炎病毒抗体可检查某人是否患有肝炎,起到快速、准确作用。美国加州大学巳研制出这类传感器。 传感器材料是传感器技术的重要基础,由于材料科学进步,人们可制造出各种新型传感器。例如用高分子聚合物薄膜制成温度传感器;光导纤维能制成压力、流量、温度、位移等多种传感器;用陶瓷制成压力传感器。

机器人上用的传感器的介绍

机器人上用的传感器的介绍 作者:Ricky 文章来源:https://www.doczj.com/doc/508190350.html,更新时间:2006年05月20日打印此文浏览数:18549 感知系统是机器人能够实现自主化的必须部分。这一章,将介绍一下移动机器人中所采用的传感器以及如何从传感器系统中采集所需要的信号。 根据传感器的作用分,一般传感器分为: 内部传感器(体内传感器):主要测量机器人内部系统,比如温度,电机速度,电机载荷,电池电压等。 外部传感器(外界传感器):主要测量外界环境,比如距离测量,声音,光线。 根据传感器的运行方式,可以分为: 被动式传感器:传感器本身不发出能量,比如CCD,CMOS摄像头传感器,靠捕获外界光线来获得信息。 主动式传感器:传感器会发出探测信号。比如超声波,红外,激光。但是此类传感器的反射信号会受到很多物质的影响,从而影响准确的信号获得。同时,信号还狠容易受到干扰,比如相邻两个机器人都发出超声波,这些信号就会产生干扰。 传感器一般有以下几个指标: 动态范围:是指传感器能检测的范围。比如电流传感器能够测量1mA-20A的电流,那么这个传感器的测量范围就是10log(20/0.001)=43dB. 如果传感器的输入超出了传感器的测量范围,那么传感器就不会显示正确的测量值了。比如超声波传感器对近距离的物体无法测量。 分辨率:分辨率是指传感器能测量的最小差异。比如电流传感器,它的分辨率可能是5mA,也就是说小于5mA的电流差异,它没法检测出。当然越高分辨率的传感器价格就越贵。 线性度:这是一个非常重要的指标来衡量传感器输入和输出的关系。 频率:是指传感器的采样速度。比如一个超声波传感器的采样速度为20HZ,也就是说每秒钟能扫描20次。 下面介绍一下常用的传感器: 编码器:主要用于测量电机的旋转角度和速度。任何用电机的地方,都可以用编码器来作为传感器来获得电机的输出。

光电传感器论文86094

光电传感器 关键字:光电效应光电元件光电特性传感器分类传感器应用摘要:在科学技术高速发展的现代社会中,人类已经入瞬息万变的信息时代,人们在日常生活,生产过程中,主要依靠检测技术对信息经获取、筛选和传输,来实现制动控制,自动调节,目前我国已将检测技术列入优先发展的科学技术之一。由于微电子技术,光电半导体技术,光导纤维技术以及光栅技术的发展,使得光电传感器的应用与日俱增。这种传感器具有结构简单、非接触、高可靠性、高精度、可测参数多、反应快以及结构简单, 形式灵活多样等优点,在自动检测技术中得到了广泛应用,它一种是以光电效应为理论基础,由光电材料构成的器件。 正文: 一、理论基础——光电效应 光电效应一般有外光电效应、光导效应、光生伏特效应。光照在照在光电材料上,材料表面的电子吸收的能量,若电子吸收的能量足够大是,电子会克服束缚脱离材料表面而进入外界空间,从而改变光电子材料的导电性,这种现象成为外光电效应 根据爱因斯坦的光电子效应,光子是运动着的粒子流,每种光子的能量为hv(v 为光波频率,h 为普朗克常数,h=6.63*10-34 J/HZ),由此可见不同频率的光子具有不同的能量,光波频率越高,光子能量越大。 假设光子的全部能量交给光子,电子能量将会增加,增加的能量一部分用于克服正离子的束缚,另一部分转换成电子能量。根据能量守恒定律: 12 m h - A 2 式中,m为电子质量,v 为电子逸出的初速度,A 微电子所做的功。由上式可知,要使光电子逸出阴极表面的必要条件是h>A。由于不同材料具有不同的逸出功,因此对每一种阴极材料,入射光都有一个确定的频率限,当入射光的频率低于此频率限时,不论光强hc多大,都不会产生光电子发射, 此频率限称为“红限”。相应的波长为K A式中,c为光速,A为逸出功。 当受到光照射时,吸收电子能量,其电阻率降低的导电现象称为光导效应。它属于内光电效应。当光照在半导体上是,若电子的能量大与半导体禁带的能级宽度,则电子从价带跃迁到导带,形成电子,同时,价带留下相应的空穴。电子、空穴仍留在半导体内,并参与导电在外电场作用下形成的电流。 除金属外,多数绝缘体和半导体都有光电效应,半导体尤为显著,根据光导效应制造的光电元件有固有入射光频率,当光照在光电阻上,其导电性增强,电阻值下降。光强度愈强,其阻值愈小,若停止光照,其阻值

各类传感器介绍

目前,被人们所关注传感器的类型: 压力传感器、光电传感器、位移传感器、超声波传感器、温度传感器、湿度传感器、光纤传感器。 一、压力传感器 压力传感器、压力变送器的种类及选用 压力传感器及压力变送器分为表压、绝压、差压等种类。常见0.1、0.2、0.5、1.0等精度等级。可测量的压力范围很宽,小到几十毫米水柱,大的可达上百兆帕。不同种类压力传感器及压力变送器的工作温度范围也不同,常分成0~70℃、-25~85℃、-40~125℃、-55~150℃几个等级,某些特种压力传感器的工作温度可达400~500℃。 压力传感器及压力变送器基于不同的材料及结构设计有着不同的防水性能及防爆等级,接液腔体由于材料、形状的差异可测量的流体介质种类也不同,常分为干燥气体、一般液体、酸碱腐蚀溶液、可燃性气液体、粘稠及特殊介质。压力传感器及压力变送器作为一次仪表需与二次仪表或计算机配合使用,压力传感器及压力变送器常见的供电方式为:DC 5V、12V、24V、±12V等,输出方式有:0~5V、1~5V、0.5~4.5V、0~10mA、 0~20mA、 4~20mA等及Rs232、Rs485等与计算机的接口。 用户在选择压力传感器及压力变送器时,应充分了解压力测量系统的工况,根据需要合理选择,使系统工作在最佳状态,并可降低工程造价。 压力传感器常见精度参数及试验设备 传感器静态标定设备:活塞压力计:精度优于0.05% 数字压力表: 精度优于 0.05% 直流稳压电源: 精度优于0.05%。 传感器温度检验设备:高温试验箱:温度从0℃~+250℃温度控制精度为±1℃,低温试验箱:温度能从0℃~-60℃温度控制精度为±1℃ 传感器静态性能试验项目:零点输出、满量程输出、非线性、迟滞、重复性、零点漂移、超复荷。 传感器环境试验项目:零点温度漂移、灵敏度漂移、零点迟滞、灵敏度迟滞。(检查产品在规定的温度范内对温度的适应能力,此项参数对精度影响极为重要) 压力传感器使用注意事项 压力传感器及压力变送器在安装使用前应详细阅读产品样本及使用说明书,安装时压力接口不能泄露,确保量程及接线正确。压力传感器及压力变送器的外壳一般需接地,信号电缆线不得与动力电缆混合铺设,压力传感器及压力变送器周围应避免有强电磁干扰。压力传感器及压力变送器在使用中应按行业规定进行周期检定。 压力传感器是工业实践中最为常用的一种传感器,其广泛应用于各种工业自控环境,涉及水利水电、铁路交通、智能建筑、生产自控、航空航天、军工、石化、油井、电力、船舶、机床、管道等众多行业,简单介绍一些常用传感器原理及其应用:

无线传感器网络论文中英文资料对照外文翻译

中英文资料对照外文翻译 基于网络共享的无线传感网络设计 摘要:无线传感器网络是近年来的一种新兴发展技术,它在环境监测、农业和公众健康等方面有着广泛的应用。在发展中国家,无线传感器网络技术是一种常用的技术模型。由于无线传感网络的在线监测和高效率的网络传送,使其具有很大的发展前景,然而无线传感网络的发展仍然面临着很大的挑战。其主要挑战包括传感器的可携性、快速性。我们首先讨论了传感器网络的可行性然后描述在解决各种技术性挑战时传感器应产生的便携性。我们还讨论了关于孟加拉国和加利 尼亚州基于无线传感网络的水质的开发和监测。 关键词:无线传感网络、在线监测 1.简介 无线传感器网络,是计算机设备和传感器之间的桥梁,在公共卫生、环境和农业等领域发挥着巨大的作用。一个单一的设备应该有一个处理器,一个无线电和多个传感器。当这些设备在一个领域部署时,传感装置测量这一领域的特殊环境。然后将监测到的数据通过无线电进行传输,再由计算机进行数据分析。这样,无线传感器网络可以对环境中各种变化进行详细的观察。无线传感器网络是能够测量各种现象如在水中的污染物含量,水灌溉流量。比如,最近发生的污染涌流进中国松花江,而松花江又是饮用水的主要来源。通过测定水流量和速度,通过传感器对江水进行实时监测,就能够确定污染桶的数量和流动方向。 不幸的是,人们只是在资源相对丰富这个条件下做文章,无线传感器网络的潜力在很大程度上仍未开发,费用对无线传感器网络是几个主要障碍之一,阻止了其更广阔的发展前景。许多无线传感器网络组件正在趋于便宜化(例如有关计算能力的组件),而传感器本身仍是最昂贵的。正如在在文献[5]中所指出的,成功的技术依赖于

光电传感器的设计

光电传感器的设计-CAL-FENGHAI-(2020YEAR-YICAI)_JINGBIAN

光电传感器的设计 题目:光电传感器的设计 院(系):信息工程学院 专业:光电信息科学与工程 姓名:褚飞亚 学号: 20 指导教师:张洋洋 2016年6月27号

摘要 随着信息技术的迅猛发展,传感器的应用技术也在飞速发展,新的应用技术呈现出爆炸式的发展。传感器作为作为测控系统中对象信息的入口,作为捕获信息的主要工具,在现代化事业中的重要性已被人们所认识。光电传感器的应用技术为信息科学的一个分支,俗称“电眼”。它是将传统光学技术与现代微电子技术以及计算机技术机密结合的纽带,是获取光信息或借助光提取其他信息的重要手段。现如今汽车成为大多数人必不可少的东西。经常开车的朋友们,应该都有过这样的苦恼每次开车到了单位或者小区大门口都要等门卫来开门或者等其按动电动门的开关,既费时间又费人力,如果巧妙地利用光电传感器就可以实现光控大门。所以借此次课程设计来设计一个光控大门,即把光敏电阻装在大门上并且在汽车灯光能照到的地方,把带动大门的电动机接在干簧管的电路中,那么夜间汽车开到大门前,灯光照射到光敏电阻时,干簧继电器就可以自动接通电动机电路,电动机就能带动大门打开。这样就解决了上述的问题。

目录 1、设计要求...............................................错误!未定义书签。 功能与用途 ............................................................................................. 错误!未定义书签。 指标要求 ................................................................................................. 错误!未定义书签。 2、光电传感器介绍及工作原理 ...............错误!未定义书签。 、光电传感器 ......................................................................................... 错误!未定义书签。 工作原理 ................................................................................................. 错误!未定义书签。 3、方案设计...............................................错误!未定义书签。 4、元件选择和电路设计 ...........................错误!未定义书签。 元件选择 ................................................................................................. 错误!未定义书签。 电路设计 ................................................................................................. 错误!未定义书签。 5、总结.......................................................错误!未定义书签。参考文献.....................................................错误!未定义书签。

中英文翻译传感器重点

传感器的基础知识 Basic knowledge of transducers A transducer is a device which converts the quantity being measured into an optical,mechanical, or-more commonly-electrical signal. The energy-conversion process that takesplace is referred to as transduction. Transducers are classified according to the transduction principle involved and the form of themeasured. Thus a resistance transducer for measuring displacement is classified as aresistance displacement transducer. Other classification examples are pressure bellows, force diaphragm, pressure flapper-nozzle, and so on. 1. Transducer Elements Although there are exception ,most transducers consist of a sensing element and a conversionor control element. For example, diaphragms,bellows,strain tubes and rings, bourdon tubes,and cantilevers are sensing elements which respond to changes in pressure or force and convert these physical quantities into a displacement. This displacement may then be used tochange an electrical parameter such as voltage, resistance, capacitance, or inductance. Such combination of mechanical and electrical elements form electromechanical transducing devices or transducers. Similar combination can be made for other energy input such as thermal. Photo, magnetic and chemical,giving thermoelectric, photoelectric,electromaanetic,and electrochemical respectively. 2. Transducer Sensitivity The relationship between the measured and the transducer output signal is usually obtained bycalibration tests and is referred to as the transducer sensitivity Kl=output-signal increment /measured increment. In practice, the transducer sensitivity is usually known, and, bymeasuring the output signal, the input quantity is determined from input = output-signal increment / Kl.

压力传感器外文翻译

压力传感器 合理进行压力传感器的误差补偿是其应用的关键。压力传感器主要有偏移量误差、灵敏度误差、线性误差和滞后误差,本文将介绍这四种误差产生的机理和对测试结果的影响,同时将介绍为提高测量精度的压力标定方法以及应用实例。 目前市场上传感器种类丰富多样,这使得设计工程师可以选择系统所需的压力传感器。这些传感器既包括最基本的变换器,也包括更为复杂的带有片上电路的高集成度传感器。由于存在这些差异,设计工程师必须尽可能够补偿压力传感器的测量误差,这是保证传感器满足设计和应用要求的重要步骤。在某些情况下,补偿还能提高传感器在应用中的整体性能。 本文以摩托罗拉公司的压力传感器为例,所涉及的概念适用于各种压力传感器的设计应用。 摩托罗拉公司生产的主流压力传感器是一种单片压阻器件,该器件具有 3 类: 1.基本的或未加补偿标定; 2.有标定并进行温度补偿; 3.有标定、补偿和放大。 偏移量、范围标定以及温度补偿均可以通过薄膜电阻网络实现,这种薄膜电阻网络在封装过程中采用激光修正。 该传感器通常与微控制器结合使用,而微控制器的嵌入软件本身建立了传感器数学模型。微控制器读取了输出电压后,通过模数转换器的变换,该模型可以将电压量转换为压力测量值。传感器最简单的数学模型即为传递函数。该模型可在整个标定过程中进行优化,并且模型的成熟度将随标定点的增加而增加。 从计量学的角度看,测量误差具有相当严格的定义:它表征了测量压力与实际压力之间的差异。而通常无法直接得到实际压力,但可以通过采用适当的压力标准加以估计,计量人员通常采用那些精度比被测设备高出至少 10 倍的仪器作为测量标准。 由于未经标定的系统只能使用典型的灵敏度和偏移值将输出电压转换为压 力,测得的压力将产生如图 1 所示的误差。 这种未经标定的初始误差由以下几个部分组成: a.偏移量误差。由于在整个压力范围内垂直偏移保持恒定,因此变换器扩散和激光调节修正的变化将产生偏移量误差。 b.灵敏度误差,产生误差大小与压力成正比。如果设备的灵敏度高于典型值,灵敏度误差将是压力的递增函数(见图 1)。如果灵敏度低于典型值,那么灵敏度误差将是压力的递减函数。该误差的产生原因在于扩散过程的变化。

传感器外文翻译

Basic knowledge of transducers A transducer is a device which converts the quantity being measured into an optical, mechanical, or-more commonly-electrical signal. The energy-conversion process that takes place is referred to as transduction. Transducers are classified according to the transduction principle involved and the form of the measured. Thus a resistance transducer for measuring displacement is classified as a resistance displacement transducer. Other classification examples are pressure bellows, force diaphragm, pressure flapper-nozzle, and so on. 1、Transducer Elements Although there are exception ,most transducers consist of a sensing element and a conversion or control element. For example, diaphragms,bellows,strain tubes and rings, bourdon tubes, and cantilevers are sensing elements which respond to changes in pressure or force and convert these physical quantities into a displacement. This displacement may then be used to change an electrical parameter such as voltage, resistance, capacitance, or inductance. Such combination of mechanical and electrical elements form electromechanical transducing devices or transducers. Similar combination can be made for other energy input such as thermal. Photo, magnetic and chemical,giving thermoelectric, photoelectric,electromaanetic, and electrochemical transducers respectively. 2、Transducer Sensitivity The relationship between the measured and the transducer output signal is usually obtained by calibration tests and is referred to as the transducer sensitivity K1= output-signal increment / measured increment . In practice, the transducer sensitivity is usually known, and, by measuring the output signal, the input quantity is determined from input= output-signal increment / K1. 3、Characteristics of an Ideal Transducer The high transducer should exhibit the following characteristics a) high fidelity-the transducer output waveform shape be a faithful reproduction of the measured; there should be minimum distortion. b) There should be minimum interference with the quantity being measured; the presence of the transducer should not alter the measured in any way. c) Size. The transducer must be capable of being placed exactly where it is needed.

光电传感器介绍

光电式传感器 1.概述 光电传感器是采用光电元件作为检测元件的传感器。它首先把被测量的变化转换成光信号的变化,然后借助光电元件进一步将光信号转换成电信号。光电传感器一般由光源、光学通路和光电元件三部分组成。光电检测方法具有精度高、反应快、非接触等优点,而且可测参数多,传感器的结构简单,形式灵活多样,因此,光电式传感器在检测和控制中应用非常广泛。光电传感器是各种光电检测系统中实现光电转换的关键元件,它是把光信号(红外、可见及紫外光辐射)转变成为电信号的器件。 光电式传感器是以光电器件作为转换元件的传感器。它可用于检测直接引起光量变化的非电量,如光强、光照度、辐射测温、气体成分分析等;也可用来检测能转换成光量变化的其他非电量,如零件直径、表面粗糙度、应变、位移、振动、速度、加速度,以及物体的形状、工作状态的识别等。光电式传感器具有非接触、响应快、性能可靠等特点,因此在工业自动化装置和机器人中获得广泛应用。近年来,新的光电器件不断涌现,特别是CCD图像传感器的诞生,为光电传感器的进一步应用开创了新的一页。 2.物理特性 2.1外光电效应 2.1.1光子假设 1887年,赫兹发现光电效应,爱因斯坦第一个成功解释光电效应。爱因斯坦根据普朗克量子假说而进一步提出的光量子,即光子概念,对光电效应研究做出了决定性的贡献。爱因斯坦光子假说的核心思想是:表面上看起来连续的光波是量子化的。单色光由大量不连续的光子组成。若单色光频率为n,那么每个 光子的能量为E=hv, 动量为。 由爱因斯坦光子假说发展成现代光子论(photon theory)的两个基本点是:

(1) 光是由一颗一颗的光子组成的光子流。每个光子的能量为E = hv,动量 为。由N个光子组成的光子流,能量为N hv。 (2) 光与物质相互作用,即是每个光子与物质中的微观粒子相互作用。 根据能量守恒定律,约束得最不紧的电子在离开金属面时具有最大的初动 能,所以对于电子应有: 2.2 内光电效应 光电传感器通常是指能敏感到由紫外线到红外线光的光能量,并能将光能转化成电信号的器件。其工作原理是基于一些物质的光电效应。 光电效应:当具有一定能量E的光子投射到某些物质的表面时,具有辐射能量的微粒将透过受光的表面层,赋予这些物质的电子以附加能量,或者改变物质的电阻大小,或者使其产生电动势,导致与其相连接的闭合回路中电流的变化,从而实现了光—电转换过程。在光线作用下能使物体电阻率改变的称为内光电效应。属于内光电效应的光电转换元件有光敏电阻以及由光敏电阻制成的光导管等。 2.2.1光电导效应 光照变化引起半导体材料电导变化的现象称光电导效应(又称为光电效应、光敏效应),即光电导效应是光照射到某些物体上后,引起其电性能变化的一类光致电改变现象的总称。当光照射到半导体材料时,材料吸收光子的能量,使非传导态电子变为传导态电子,引起载流子浓度增大,因而导致材料电导率增大。在光线作用下,对于半导体材料吸收了入射光子能量,若光子能量大于或等于半导体材料的禁带宽度,就激发出电子-空穴对,使载流子浓度增加,半导体的导电性增加,阻值减低,这种现象称为光电导效应。光敏电阻就是基于这种效应的光电器件。

传感器——通信电子工程类中英文翻译、外文翻译

What is a smart sensor One of the biggest advances in automation has been the development and spread of smart sensors. But what exactly is a "smart" sensor? Experts from six sensor manufacturers define this term. A good working "smart sensor" definition comes from Tom Griffiths, product manager, Honeywell Industrial Measurement and Control. Smart sensors, he says, are "sensors and instrument packages that are microprocessor driven and include features such as communication capability and on-board diagnostics that provide information to a monitoring system and/or operator to increase operational efficiency and reduce maintenance costs." No failure to communicate "The benefit of the smart sensor," says Bill Black, controllers product manager at GE Fanuc Automation, "is the wealth of information that can be gathered from the process to reduce downtime and improve quality." David Edeal, Temposonics product manager, MTS Sensors, expands on that: "The basic premise of distributed intelligence," he says, is that "complete knowledge of a system, subsystem, or component's state at the right place and time enables the ability to make 'optimal' process control decisions." Adds John Keating, product marketing manager for the Checker machine vision unit at Cognex, "For a (machine vision) sensor to really be 'smart,' it should not require the user to understand machine vision." A smart sensor must communicate. "At the most basic level, an 'intelligent' sensor has the ability to communicate information beyond the basic feedback signals that are derived from its application." says

传感器技术外文文献及中文翻译

Sensor technology A sensor is a device which produces a signal in response to its detecting or measuring a property ,such as position , force , torque , pressure , temperature , humidity , speed , acceleration , or vibration .Traditionally ,sensors (such as actuators and switches )have been used to set limits on the performance of machines .Common examples are (a) stops on machine tools to restrict work table movements ,(b) pressure and temperature gages with automatics shut-off features , and (c) governors on engines to prevent excessive speed of operation . Sensor technology has become an important aspect of manufacturing processes and systems .It is essential for proper data acquisition and for the monitoring , communication , and computer control of machines and systems . Because they convert one quantity to another , sensors often are referred to as transducers .Analog sensors produce a signal , such as voltage ,which is proportional to the measured quantity .Digital sensors have numeric or digital outputs that can be transferred to computers directly .Analog-to-coverter(ADC) is available for interfacing analog sensors with computers . Classifications of Sensors Sensors that are of interest in manufacturing may be classified generally as follows: Machanical sensors measure such as quantities as positions ,shape ,velocity ,force ,torque , pressure , vibration , strain , and mass . Electrical sensors measure voltage , current , charge , and conductivity . Magnetic sensors measure magnetic field ,flux , and permeablity . Thermal sensors measure temperature , flux ,conductivity , and special heat . Other types are acoustic , ultrasonic , chemical , optical , radiation , laser ,and fiber-optic . Depending on its application , a sensor may consist of metallic , nonmetallic , organic , or inorganic materials , as well as fluids ,gases ,plasmas , or semiconductors .Using the special characteristics of these materials , sensors covert the quantity or property measured to analog or digital output. The operation of an ordinary mercury thermometer , for example , is based on the difference between the thermal expansion of mercury and that of glass. Similarly , a machine part , a physical obstruction , or barrier in a space can be detected by breaking the beam of light when sensed by a photoelectric cell . A proximity sensor ( which senses and measures the distance between it and an object or a moving member of a machine ) can be based on acoustics , magnetism , capacitance , or optics . Other actuators contact the object and take appropriate action ( usually by electromechanical means ) . Sensors are essential to the conduct of intelligent robots , and are being developed with capabilities that resemble those of humans ( smart sensors , see the following ). This is America, the development of such a surgery Lin Bai an example, through the screen, through a remote control operator to control another manipulator, through the realization of the right abdominal surgery A few years ago our country the

传感器类型

传感器的种类 传感器有许多分类方法,但常用的分类方法有两种,一种是按被测物理量来分;另一种是按传感器的工作原理来分。按被测物理量划分的传感器,常见的有:温度传感器、湿度传感器、压力传感器、位移传感器、流量传感器、液位传感器、力传感器、加速度传感器、转矩传感器等。 按工作原理可划分为: 1.电学式传感器 电学式传感器是非电量电测技术中应用范围较广的一种传感器,常用的有电阻式传感器、电容式传感器、电感式传感器、磁电式传感器及电涡流式传感器等。 电阻式传感器是利用变阻器将被测非电量转换为电阻信号的原理制成。电阻式传感器一般有电位器式、触点变阻式、电阻应变片式及压阻式传感器等。电阻式传感器主要用于位移、压力、力、应变、力矩、气流流速、液位和液体流量等参数的测量。 电容式传感器是利用改变电容的几何尺寸或改变介质的性质和含量,从而使电容量发生变化的原理制成。主要用于压力、位移、液位、厚度、水分含量等参数的测量。 电感式传感器是利用改变磁路几何尺寸、磁体位置来改变电感或互感的电感量或压磁效应原理制成的。主要用于位移、压力、力、振动、加速度等参数的测量。 磁电式传感器是利用电磁感应原理,把被测非电量转换成电量制成。主要用于流量、转速和位移等参数的测量。 电涡流式传感器是利用金屑在磁场中运动切割磁力线,在金属内形成涡流的原理制成。主要用于位移及厚度等参数的测量。 2.磁学式传感器 磁学式传感器是利用铁磁物质的一些物理效应而制成的,主要用于位移、转矩等参数的

测量。 3.光电式传感器 光电式传感器在非电量电测及自动控制技术中占有重要的地位。它是利用光电器件的光电效应和光学原理制成的,主要用于光强、光通量、位移、浓度等参数的测量。 4.电势型传感器 电势型传感器是利用热电效应、光电效应、霍尔效应等原理制成,主要用于温度、磁通、电流、速度、光强、热辐射等参数的测量。 5.电荷传感器 电荷传感器是利用压电效应原理制成的,主要用于力及加速度的测量。 6.半导体传感器 半导体传感器是利用半导体的压阻效应、内光电效应、磁电效应、半导体与气体接触产生物质变化等原理制成,主要用于温度、湿度、压力、加速度、磁场和有害气体的测量。 7.谐振式传感器 谐振式传感器是利用改变电或机械的固有参数来改变谐振频率的原理制成,主要用来测量压力。 8.电化学式传感器 电化学式传感器是以离子导电为基础制成,根据其电特性的形成不同,电化学传感器可分为电位式传感器、电导式传感器、电量式传感器、极谱式传感器和电解式传感器等。电化学式传感器主要用于分析气体、液体或溶于液体的固体成分、液体的酸碱度、电导率及氧化还原电位等参数的测量。 另外,根据传感器对信号的检测转换过程,传感器可划分为直接转换型传感器和间接转换型传感器两大类。前者是把输入给传感器的非电量一次性的变换为电信号输出,如光敏电

光电传感器英文和译文

Progress in Materials Science V olume 46, Issues 3–4, 2001, Pages 461–504 The selection of sensors J Shieh, J.E Huber, N.A Fleck, , M.F Ashby Department of Engineering, Cambridge University, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK Available online 14 March 2001. https://www.doczj.com/doc/508190350.html,/10.1016/S0079-6425(00)00011-6, How to Cite or Link Using DOI Permissions & Reprints Abstract A systematic method is developed to select the most appropriate sensor for a particular application. A wide range of candidate sensors exist, and many are based on coupled electrical and mechanical phenomena, such as the piezoelectric, magnetostrictive and the pyro-electric effects. Performance charts for sensors are constructed from suppliers data for commercially available devices. The selection of an appropriate sensor is based on matching the operating characteristics of sensors to the requirements of an application. The final selection is aided by additional considerations such as cost, and impedance matching. Case studies illustrate the selection procedure. Keywords Sensors; Selection; Sensing range; Sensing resolution; Sensing frequency 1. Introduction The Oxford English Dictionary defines a sensor as “a device which detects or measures some condition or property, and records, indicates, or otherwise responds to the information received”. Thus, sensors have the function of converting a stimulus into a measured signal. The stimulus can be mechanical, thermal, electromagnetic, acoustic, or chemical in origin (and so on), while the measured signal is typically electrical in nature, although pneumatic, hydraulic and optical signals may be employed. Sensors are an essential component in the operation of engineering devices, and are based upon a very wide range of underlying physical principles of operation. Given the large number of sensors on the market, the selection of a suitable sensor for a new

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