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4雅思托福语法之限定词

4雅思托福语法之限定词
4雅思托福语法之限定词

限定词

认识限定词

1. 限定词和修饰语不同,限定词对中心词或所指或数或量或所属的意义进行限定。

比较:

a desk

*charming desk

2. 限定词源于:冠词、数词、量词、名词属格和部分代词(物主代词、指示代词、不定代词、疑问代词和关系代词)。

使用限定词

1. 和可数单数、可数复数和不可数均可搭配

定冠词、不定代词some, any, no, other、物主代词、疑问代词、关系代词和名词属格均能与三类名词同行:

可数单数可数复数不可数the book books ink

some

any

no

the other

my

whose

what

Tom’s

2. 只和可数单数名词搭配

不定冠词、基数词one,不定代词another, each, every, either, neither和复合限定词many a 和such a:

可数单数可数复数不可数

a book *books *ink

one

another

each

every

either

neither

many a

such a

12

注1:many a VS many

1. many a 只和单数可数名词合作,意义与many 意义相同;

2. 后者更多发生于否定语境,而前者多为肯定:

Many a ship has been wrecked on those rocks.

Many ships have been wrecked on those rocks.

I don’t have many boy friends.

? I don’t have many a friend.

注2:each VS every

1. each 能指“二或更多”而every 只能指“三或更多”:

She had a child holding on to each hand.

*She had a child holding on to every hand.

You look more beautiful each time I see you.

You look more beautiful every time I see you.

2. each 侧重“单独”、“分别”;every 倾向“整体”、“所有”:

Each person in turn went to see the doctor.

He gave every patient the same medicine.

3. 只和复数名词搭配

不定代词many, several, both, few, a few,其他基数词,指示代词these, those,量词a number of等:

可数单数可数复数不可数

many *book books *ink

several

these

those

both

few

a few

two

a great number of

a great many

注1:both of VS both

1. both of 的情形多见于美语,这时both是代词:

She’s eaten both the chops

She’s eaten both of the chops

Both these oranges are bad.

Both of these oranges are bad.

2. 以下各例中both是副词,句中位于代词和助动词之后:

Mary sends you both her love.

The children have both gone to bed.

My parents both work in education.

4. 只和不可数名词搭配

只能与不可数名词搭配的限定词有little, much, a little, amount of, a bit of, a great deal of 等:

可数单数可数复数不可数

much *book *books ink

little

a little

less

least

a bit of

a little bit of

a great deal of

a large amount of

注1:much VS many

1. much 和many 常见于问句和否定句,但在so, as和too之后例外:

How much money have you got?

He’s got lots of men friends, but he doesn’t know many women.

There was so much traffic that it took me an hour to get home. And there was a lot of bad driving on the road.

You made too many mistakes – a lot of spelling mistakes, for example.

5.和可数单数及复数名词搭配

只有序数词:

可数单数可数复数不可数

the first book books *ink

the next

the last

为避免重复,中心词可省略:

If I cannot catch the first train at least I won’t miss the last.

6.和可数单数及不可数名词搭配

指示代词this和that与可数单数以及不可数名词搭配:

可数单数可数复数不可数

this book *books ink

that

注:以下各例中的this和that分别为代词或强化副词:

Hello. This is Elisabeth. Is that Ruth?

I didn’t realize it was going to be this hot.

If your son is that clever, why isn’t he rich?

7.与可数复数和不可数名词合作

a lot of, lots of, plenty of, enough, more, most, such, other, a quantity of, quantities of 等:

可数单数可数复数不可数

a lot of *book books ink

lots of

plenty of

enough

more

most

such

other

a quantity of

quantities of

注1:other+可数单数

1. other之前有其它限定词时才能与可数单数的中心词完成搭配:

*There is other way of doing this exercise.

Wilson found there was only one other guest besides himself.

Have you any other book on this subject?

Fortunately it was the gentry who sent peasants to be locked up, now it was the other way round.

Don’t write on every line; write on every other line.

He has no other place to go.

注2:a quantity of VS quantities of

1. a quantity of 和quantities of均可限定可数复数和不可数名词,前者通常伴有修饰语:

Quantities of nuts and raisins are used in the cake.

Quantities of food are on the table.

You can see a large quantity of flowers on shown.

The hotel buys a vast quantity of meat every day.

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找茬之改错篇

1. Correct the errors in the following sentences or try to improve them if there are only minor mistakes:

(1) Do you mind if I put any music on?

(2) Let’s have dinner together some time next week.

(3) Com on! We haven’t lots of time.

(4) A few people can say that they always tell the truth.

(5) Few such meat is tainted.

(6) The librarian has catalogued each book in the fiction section.

(7) He has much more problems than he used to.

(8) Both sentences are not correct English.

(9) She has written such a beautiful poetry that it is hard to believe she has never had formal education.

(10) The farmers are hoping that there will be a great many rainfall this year than there was last year

翻译篇

1. 对于大学或高中生打工这一现象,校园里进行着广泛的争论。

2. 通过从事一切和专业相关的工作,学生不仅能够提高他们的专业能力,而且能获得从课本上得不到的经验。

3. 近几十年,虽然人们的生活有了惊人的改变,但必须承认,由于学费和书费的日益飞涨,资金的短缺仍然是学生们面临的最大问题之一。

4. 因此,兼职工作挣来的钱将强有力的支持学生们继续他们的求学生活。

5. 通过上面的讨论,我们不难得出结论:兼职工作对于学生们会产生深远的影响,应鼓励学生们从事兼职工作,这将有利于学生和他们的家庭,甚至社会。

6. 现在,越来越多的人们开始抱怨工作比以前压力大,休闲时间越来越少。许多专家指出这是现代社会发展的必然结果,无法避免。

7. 人们普遍认为计算机和其他机器已经成为了我们社会必不可少的一个部分,它们是我们生活更舒适,减少了大量的劳动力。

8. 同时,随着这些机器带给我们的好处,员工们也必须要学习与之相关的知识以便只使用他们。

9. 成千上万的人们不得不花费更多的精力和时间学习新的技术和知识,从而是他们再就业时常能保持优势。

10. 根据最近一项调查,越来越多的人表达了想从事另外工作或加班以赚取更多的钱来补贴家用的强烈愿望。

TOEFL语法讲解

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雅思写作常用连接词2

在雅思写作的四大评分标准当中,连贯性与衔接性是其中的一项评分标准,连贯性与衔接性其中一方面就是用连接手段(即连接词)来实现的。连接词本身是非常繁琐的知识,在教授连接词时也会遇到很多困难,那么学连接词首先把连接词词性掌握并掌握各词性的用法,学连接词就简便得多。朗阁海外考试研究中心分析认为,连接词大体可分为四种词性:连词,副词,介词和短语,它们各自的用法又不一样。 连词 如but, and,后接句子,连接并列句时前面逗号可有可无。当然连词也可放句首,这一点在考官范文里有很多体现。 例:In the past, populations were partly regulated by frequent war and widespread disease, but in recent years the effects of those factors have been diminished. (并列句中的连词) 段落开始:But how should it be achieved ( 连词放句首) 介词 如before, despite:后接名词或动名词 例:Before talking about the essential role of death penalty, you have to think about the meaning, and the purpose, of any kind of punishment. 副词 副词连接并列句,前面用句号或分号,后面用逗号(当然,如果副词前用句号,那就是另起一句了,不称之为并列句) 例:In many places today, children start primary school at around the age of six or seven. However, because it is more likely now that both parents work, there is little opportunities for children to stay in their own home up to that age.( 副词另起一句) The crime rate is increasingly high; therefore, the government needs to enforce more laws to curb this situation. ( 副词在并列句中) 短语 如on the contrary, in addition:用法和副词用法完全一样 例:They feel this is one area of life where they have the right to make decisions for themselves. For that reason, it would seem that the best approach would be work by persuasion rather than compulsion. The government plays a crucial role in scientific research; on the other hand, private companies hold certain advantages in conducting scientific research. ( 短语在并列句中) 掌握连接词的四大词性及用法以后,连接词的教学和运用就容易展开。我们可以参看考官范文,看看各类关系的时候考官如何使用连接词,使文章凸显出来。 因果关系 根据词性及用法可归结于: because / since/ as / for, so (连词), because of/ due to / owing to/ as a result of (介词) for that reason/as a result/ therefore/ accordingly (短语和副词) 例:I think the amount of waste produced is also as a result of our tendency to use sth once and throw it away. (可代替词汇because of/ due to / owing to)

雅思听力中常见的同音词

雅思听力中常见的同音词 很多同学在雅思听力中最担心的就是听错单词,导致句子理解错误,从而痛失分数,今天新通教育就为大家介绍一下雅思听力考试中常见的同音词,希望大家注意辨别。 雅思听力常见同音词: eight - number between 7 and 9, 八 ate - past tense of eat, 吃的过去式 bear - a big, hairy animal bear - to be able to withstand something bare - exposed bred - past tense of breed 繁殖的过去式 bread - a type of food 面包 be - is 主动词be bee - an insect 蜜蜂 caught - past tense of catch 抓的过去式 ccot - a portable bed that folds for storage 轻便小床 fan - a device for moving air 风扇 fan - short for fanatic 狂热,爱好者 groan - noise made in misery 呻吟 grown - fully mature 长大的 hart- 雄鹿 1

heart - energetic or enthusiastic 心脏 herd - a group of animals 牧群 heard - past tense of hear 听的过去式 I - me, myself 我 scent - smell 气味 sent - past tense of send 邮寄的过去式 see - to view something sea - large body of salt water threw - past tense of throw through - finished or completed, also, to give direction (Go through the tunnel) tail - cats and dogs have them 尾巴 tale - a story 故事 they're their week - 7 days weak - not strong worn - well used 用旧的,疲倦的 warn - to give notice of potential danger 警告 wood - what we get from trees would - past tense of will 2

雅思写作十大原则核心词汇

雅思写作十大原则核心词汇 1. 金钱原则(MONEY) 2. 时间原则(TIME) 3. 健康原则(HEALTH) 4. 情感原则(EMOTION) 5. 智力与教育原则(INTELLECT AND EDUCA TION) 6. 心理原则(PSYCHOLOGY) 7. 权利原则(RIGHTS) 8. 环保原则(ENVIRONMENT) 9. 文化与传统原则(CULTURE AND TRADITION) 10. 道德与犯罪原则(MORALITY AND CRIME) 1 金钱原则(MONEY) a tight budget 资金紧张 alleviate vt.减轻,使(痛苦等)易于忍受 bankrupt n .破产者;adj.破产了的 be short of 缺乏 beggar n .乞丐 burden n..担子,压力,负担;v .担负 burn money 浪费钱 charity hospital 慈善医院 consumption n .消费(量) costly adj.昂贵的,贵重的 dear adj.昂贵的 destitute adj.穷困的,缺乏的 economic burden 经济负担 economic difficulty 经济困难 eligible children 适龄儿童 eliminate vt.排除,消除 expend vt.花费,消耗,支出 expenditure n .花费,支出,消耗 expensive adj.花费的,昂贵的 finance vt.资助,供给……经费,负担经费;n .财政,金融financial aid 经济资助 financial strain 资金紧张,以济压力 foreign currency 外汇 go broken 破产 government revenue 政府税收 health care 医疗保健 homeless adj.无家的,无家可归的 hunger n .饥饿 illiteracy n .文盲

托福雅思15种语法

雅思常考的15种语法现象 一、动词时态及语态题 1、The manager told us that this factory was built in 1958. 2、By the time we got there, the play had already begun. 3、When I was a child, I knew that the earth turns about its axis. 4、When Mr.Delay got home after a day’s exhausting work, his wife and children were sleeping. 二、非谓语动词题 1、The film showed last night was very moving. 2、Having finishing his lecture, the teacher asked if anyone wished to asked a question. 3、The problem being discussed is very important. 4、Given more time, we are sure to finish it. 5、Will you please make yourself known to everyone here? 三、It作形式主语及形式宾语题 1、It is difficult to study English well. 2、We think it is important to pass the exam. 四、强调句型 1、It was at an evening party that I first saw her. 2、It is what you will do that is important. 3、When was it that he bought a new car? 五、倒装句型 全部倒装句 1、Stop talking! There comes the teacher. 部分倒装句 1、So badly was he hurt in the accident that he had to be sent to hospital. 2、Not only does he study well, but also he is always ready to help others. 3、Mary has done well in the English exam. So she has. She always does well in the exam. 六、从句中选择关系词题 1、It was in so friendly a way that he talked with us. 2、Oct.15, 2005 is a day when we will take our English examination. 3、We want to buy the same book as you are reading. 4、The sun heats the earth, which is very important to living things. 七、虚拟语气 1、I would have done it better if I had had more time. 2、I wish you would go with us tomorrow. 3、I suggest that we (should )adopt a different policy. 4、Had it not been for your help, we would never have been able to get over the difficulties. 八、情态动词题 1、The ground is so wet, it must have rained last night. 2、She must be a doctor, I think. 3、I should have called you last week, but I was too busy then. 九、几组形容词及副词区别题(注意比较级、最高级、倍数表达; likely/possible/probable; worth/worthy; too much/much too; already/yet等) 1、His books are three time as many as my books.

雅思听力常出答案词汇

以下是雅思听力考试题库常出答案内容,考生应该做到会念,会写,全面掌握单词的“音形义”,唯有如此,当你坐在考场的时候,听到这些词才能耳熟能详,使其顺利地成为你自己的听力答案。origin industry interest project comfortable January一月 February二月 March三月 April四月 May五月 June六月 July 七月 August八月 September九月 October十月 November十一月 December十二月 Monday星期一 Tuesday星期二 Wednesday星期三 Thursday星期四 Friday星期五 Saturday星期六 Sunday星期天 a break 一次休息 a concert 一场音乐会 A plus 学习成绩A+ a sheet of paper 一张纸a yellow box 黄色盒子 ability 能力 academic 学术的 academic circles 学术圈 Academic English 学术英语 academic problem 学术问题 accommodation 食宿,住处 accountant(s) 会计 action plan 行动计划 activity 活动 add panic 加剧恐慌情绪 additional fee 附加费 administration 管理 administrator 行政人员 adopt 收养 adult(s) 成年人 Advance Insurance Co. 前进保险公司 Advanced English 高级英语 Advertisement 广告 advertising 广告 adventure 探险 after lunch 午饭后 agriculture 农业 airport 机场 air pollution 空气污染 air pump 抽气机 alarm system 警报系统 Alaska 阿拉斯加州(美国州名) allergy ['?l?d??]过敏 amber ['?mb?]琥珀 ambulance 救护车

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自雅思进入中国以来,雅思写作和口语两门主观类学科成为了最让大陆考生头疼的 问题。网上的各种学习资料也有各种方法、各种tips告诉大家怎么做怎么写才能提分。所以,今天要说的不是怎么提分,而是告诉大家在雅思写作当中最容易被扣分的地方,看看雅思写作考官是如何给大家打分的。 1.雅思写作可能扣分项:字数 众所周知,雅思写作部分Task 1 的字数要求是至少150字,Task 2是250字。 那么字数少于要求真的会扣分么? 从下表可以看出对于Task 1 来说,141-150字是不会因为字数原因丢分的。但是!如果你的字数低于140字就要开始扣分了。同理,在Task 2 中241-250字不会扣分。所以,对于那些差2-3个字到达要求的同学可以放心了。 那么字数多于题目要求会有加分么? 根据考官打分规则,雅思写作打分是扣分原则,也就是错的越多,分就越低。如 果你的写作单词以及语法很好,那么确实会提高一定分数。但是,如果你的语法和用 词没那么好,有错误,那么请记住一句话:多说多错!不要写太多,这样只会造成更多的“扣分”。 那么理想字数是多少字呢? 对于英语水平较高的同学来说,小作文170-200字,大作文280-350字是比较合 适的字数。 2.雅思写作可能扣分项:格式 根据雅思官方数据,25%的考生因为写作格式的原因而被扣分。即使words 以及grammar 都很好,但是格式是错误的,那么得分也就只有5分。 雅思官方认可两种写作格式分别是: 首行缩进(开头空5个字母的位置) 定格空行 在这里需要提醒的是 两种格式不能混用! 两种格式不能混用!

两种格式不能混用! 重要的事情说三遍! 3.雅思写作可能扣分项:字迹 一个雅思考官平均只会用4-5分钟去给1个考生的task 1以及task 2 打分。这个时间是非常短的。所以在这里要说的是字迹非常重要。不需要英文写的多好看,但是请保持卷面整洁以及字迹清晰。因为考官不会因为你写的不清楚而去仔细辨认你写的是什么! 写错了不要画疙瘩,一定要用橡皮擦干净,至少要让考官可一眼看出你写的是什么单词,千万不要让考官去半蒙半猜的去看你的试卷。 4.雅思写作可能扣分项:copy题目 不论是task 1 还是task 2,在introduction段落总是要描述题目作为文章的开头段。要注意的是,不是copy(抄)题目而是paraphrase(改写)题目。 因为判卷规则中有这么一个潜规则:如果考生在题目中使用了题目中的句子写在了文章中,那么考官在做字数统计的时候,是要把这个copy来的句子从在数统计里面去掉的。也就是说260字的作文完全有可能被算成230字。 另外,关键词要学会替换,很大的原因是因为如果关键字出现了3次以上,那么这个关键词的计数也是要被文章字数统计中刨除的。 举例来说: 如果关键字:nuclear power 在整篇文章里面出现了20次,原文250字的文章就会因为剔除关键字重复20次,而造成低于文章字数要求而扣分! 5.雅思写作可能扣分项:总结段 很多同学可能不太清楚,对于task 1 来说,conclusion是可有可无的,根据文章情况自行安排。但是在Task 2 中conclusion paragraph是必须有的!否则成绩大概也就是5-5.5左右。 总结段需要包含以下三点: 1. 用1-2句话简单总结在body段落中出现过的双方观点。 2.用不同的表达表述你的论点。 3.基于题目给出你的预测或评论。

托福必备英语语法手册

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无老师iBT新托福语法全集

当看到《无老师iBT新托福语法》这个名字的时候,很多人感觉为之一振,因为感觉这就是自己想要的,当看到这个标题的时候,很多人有可能寄望于在这里,找到的是类似于一本书,可以详细的教会我们托福考试所需要的所有的语法,但是很遗憾,无老师在这里写的更像是一个类似于目录或者提纲类的文章。而考友们需要做的是,通过无老师列出的提纲,按图索骥,把托福考试所需要的语法点全都解决,而不是简单的胡子眉毛一把抓,这是不可取的。换句话说,《无老师的iBT新托福语法》更像是一个新托福或者说托福考生专用版的语法书使用手册。而无老师的参照物就是被广泛推荐的《张道真实用英语语法》。 当我们说道iBT新托福考试语法的时候,首先要对新托福考试,或者说更为广义上的托福考试有一个很清醒的认识,托福考试与我们平时遇到的国内考试有非常大的不同,国内的考试追求的是庞杂,而托福考试考察的是“常用”,当然很多中国考友之所以学不好英语,其实很多时候不是自身的问题,而是我们的英语考试或者说英语教育本身的问题。中国英语教育问题就在于,我们应该学的是那些常用的英语表达,而不是考的那些大多数情况都用不到的语法现象! 那么回到托福考试里面。到底哪些语法是需要我们重点掌握的呢?

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