BRIDGE WORLD STANDARD 2017
Master Solvers' Club problems) appear in Bridge World issues for the months of March, April, May and June 2016 and at https://www.doczj.com/doc/503093042.html,
I. Definitions
A distribution shown with hyphens refers to any pattern including those suit lengths (for example, 5-4-3-1 means any hand with one five-card suit, one four-card suit, one tripleton and one singleton). A distribution shown with equal signs refers to specific suit lengths (for example, 5=4=3=1 means a hand with five spades, four hearts, three diamonds and one club). Balanced means 4-3-3-3, 4-4-3-2 or 5-3-3-2.
A competitive action is one taken over an opponent's bid, double or redouble. A competitive action taken in direct position immediately follows an opponent's action; one taken in reopening position follows an opponent's action and two passes.
Points refer to 4-3-2-1 high-card points (HCP).
Adjectives for double:
takeout: Announces a hand-type that suggests reaching a contract in other than the current strain.
cooperative-takeout: Suggests that partner take out with normal distribution for the earlier auction, pass only with strong defensive orientation.
cooperative-penalty: Suggests that partner pass with normal distribution for the earlier auction, take out only with strong offensive orientation.
penalty: Suggests that partner pass.
II. General Understandings and Defaults
Artificial bid doubled: After an opponent's double of an artificial bid, a simple return to an agreed or indicated suit is the weakest action.
Bypass rule: If a player bypasses a natural notrump bid to make a nonforcing bid, then later bids notrump uninvited over an opposing bid, that notrump bid is unusual (showing additional distribution, not offering to play in notrump).
Conversions: When either a double or a notrump bid, when followed by a conversion, would show length in the same two suits: starting with a double suggests more in high cards, starting with a notrump bid suggests more in shape.
Doubles subject to no explicit agreement:
(a) when a pass would be forcing, a double discourages further offensive bidding;
(b) when a pass would be nonforcing, a double is penalty if the doubler is limited, cooperative-takeout if the doubler is unlimited.
Five notrump: If an undiscussed but clearly forcing noncompetitive five-notrump bid might logically be interpreted as more than one of these alternatives, the priority order of interpretation is: (1) choice of slam, (2) Grand-Slam Force, (3) control-showing. Forcing vs. nonforcing: When a call could logically be interpreted as either forcing or nonforcing, and there is no explicit agreement: In a competitive situation, treat as nonforcing; in a noncompetitive situation, treat as forcing or nonforcing by which seems more sensible to the observer. Specific cases:
(a) Vulnerability exerts influence solely in that some situations are forcing only when our side is vulnerable against not. Those situations include at least when the opponents bid at
or above game and our side has shown strength or itself bid game nonpreemptively (but there is no explicit agreement about other cases).
(b) If we have been forced to game but have not bid game, competitive situations thereafter above the game level are forcing.
(c) If we have bid game nonpreemptively, the default applies.
(d) If we have invited game and the invitation has not been declined, competitive situations thereafter are forcing only as high as where the force would have expired noncompetitively.
(e) A two-notrump opening does not create a force if the opponents bid.
(f) If a two-club opening is overcalled, responder's pass is forcing at every level.
(g) No force is created after: (1) our penalty double or penalty pass of a takeout double when the partnership is not otherwise committed to further bidding; (2) an opponent raises over our takeout double, simple overcall, or jump-overcall of a preemptive opening;
(3) an opponent's preemptive bid over our one-over-one response; (4) a
strength-showing redouble by an already-limited hand.
(h) A strength-showing redouble by an unlimited hand creates a force to at least a level dictated by the logic of the auction. Special case: A new-suit bid by opener after responder's redouble of a suit one-bid is nonforcing.
Form of scoring: BWS makes no adjustments in its agreements to match changes in the form of scoring (as in matchpoints vs. imps).
Four notrump:
(a) If an undiscussed but clearly forcing noncompetitive four-notrump bid might logically be interpreted as more than one of these alternatives, the priority order of interpretation is: (1) ace- or key-card-asking, (2) general slam encouragement, (3) control-showing; (b) If an undiscussed competitive four-notrump bid that might logically be interpreted as more than one among these alternatives, the priority order is (1) takeout, (2)
key-card-asking, (3) ace-asking.
Interpretation priorities: When a call is subject to different possible interpretations and there is no explicit system agreement, it should be considered as follows:
(a) natural rather than artificial;
(b) if a double, the most sensible interpretation to the observer;
(c) lead-directing or not by which seems more sensible to the observer;
(d) if a redouble, business or escape by which seems more sensible to the observer;
(e) if a pass over an opponent's redouble, penalty or escape by which seems more sensible to the observer.
Jumps:
(a) the default interpretation of an otherwise-undefined bid one level above a
strength-showing force (e.g., one club - one diamond - one heart - three spades) is a splinter;
(b) the default interpretation of a bid one level above a splinter (e.g., one spade - five diamonds) is Exclusion Key-Card Blackwood. Exceptions include: A triple jump-response of four of a major is natural (preemptive in nature).
Lead-directing doubles:
(a) a double of a suitless auction to three notrump or four notrump requests the lead of
leader's shorter major;
(b) no special lead is suggested by a double: (1) of a suitless auction to six notrump or seven notrump; (2) when some combination of dummy's suit, leader's suit, and doubler's suit is available; (3) when there are expected and unexpected leads; or (4) after the opponents' previously uncontested Stayman auction;
(c) a double for an unusual lead against a suit contract cancels any earlier lead-directional messages.
Opposing doubles: When a forcing bid is doubled and there is no contrary explicit system agreement or logic from the auction, a pass is forcing and a redouble is to play (suggests a contract).
Passed-hand situations: When it is logically possible and there is no explicit understanding to the contrary, an action taken by a passed hand has the same general meaning as the corresponding action taken by an unpassed hand, subject to whatever constraints are imposed by the failure to open the bidding.
Passes over redoubles: A pass over a redouble is:
(a) for penalty when a preemptive opening is doubled in either position, a suit one-bid is doubled in reopening position, or a bid at the two-level or higher is doubled after the opponents have bid three or more times;
(b) for takeout when a suit one-bid is doubled in direct position or a new-suit response is doubled;
(c) subject to no special agreement when a raise of a one-bid is doubled, or a
one-notrump response is doubled, or a one-level bid after the opponents have bid three or more times is doubled.
Redoubles: A redouble is natural (to play) except the following, which are for takeout: any redouble in passout seat when at least two other strains are possible; opener's redouble of the direct double of a suit one-bid passed for penalty; advancer's redouble of either the penalty double of a simple overcall of a one-bid or the double of a two-notrump overcall of a weak two-bid.
Splinters vs. Fragments: When two bids are to be used systemically to show distribution, and either each will show shortness in the suit bid ("splinter") or each will show shortness in the suit left unbid ("fragment"), the splinter interpretation applies in all cases.
Suit jumps: If an undiscussed competitive suit jump might logically be interpreted in more than one way, it is natural.
Two notrump: Competitive two-notrump bids that might be used artificially to help distinguish actions designed to contest the auction from those of a constructive nature are natural.
III. Slam-Bidding Methods
Ace- and Key-Card-Asking:
(a) When a four-notrump bid is Key-Card Blackwood (KCB), the replies are: five clubs = 0 or 3 key cards; five diamonds = 1 or 4; five hearts (spades) = 2 without (with) the trump queen.
(b) When a four-notrump bid is Six-Key-Card Blackwood (6KCB), the replies are similar with "trump queen" replaced by "key queen."
(c) When a four-notrump bid is Blackwood but is neither KCB nor 6KCB, or when a bid other than four notrump or four clubs asks for aces, the replies are 0|3-1|4 [one step = 0 or 3 aces; two steps = 1 or 4; three steps = 2].
(d) When Gerber (four clubs asking for aces) is used, the replies are in steps: one step = 0 aces, two steps = 1 ace, and so forth.
Agreed Suit and Number of Keys:
When four notrump is a key-card ask, it is 6KCB when and only when two suits have been supported. In KCB, absent an explicit agreement, the priority order for determining the agreed suit is: the only supported suit; the only shown suit; the most recently shown suit. Specific cases:
(a) After a two-club opening and a later Blackwood four-notrump bid by opener when there is no explicitly agreed suit: If opener has shown length in only one suit, four notrump is KCB with that suit agreed; otherwise, it is KCB and the usual rules apply. (b) When the response to a suit one-bid is a strong jump-shift, and responder then bids four notrump, that is KCB in responder's suit.
Approaches to slam decisions:
First Slam-Try: When the first slam-try after suit agreement is made by a player who has shown no suit other than the agreed suit, it shows length in the bid suit (or, when applicable, where a high-card value will be especially useful).
Kaplan Control Principles: When there is an agreed suit:
(a) After a slam-try by one partner at or below four of the agreed suit: (1) a non-signoff bid or redouble by the other is slam-positive and indicates a specific control; (2) failure to show a control is slam-negative, but does not deny that control.
(b) After a slam-try by one partner above four of the agreed suit, the other must show any biddable control below five of the agreed suit (and doing so carries no implication of overall extra values).
Last Train: Any time there is only one call that indicates slam interest or further slam interest without raising the partnership's level of commitment, it is a Last-Train slam-try, unrelated to the strain named (unless followed by an uninvited further action: a voluntary continuation by the Last-Train bidder converts the Last-Train bid to a control-bid).
Mild and Serious Slam-Tries: When an eight-plus-card major-suit fit has been established, neither partner has made a natural two-notrump bid, and the auction is forcing to game, a nonjump bid of three notrump is a mild slam-try, and a control-bid or a long-suit indicator is a strong slam-try.
Open suit: When one partner has requested that the other (replier) bid slam with at least second-round control of a particular suit (the open suit) regardless of the rest of the holding, this scheme is used for replier's actions: with no control in the open suit, pass or return to (usually five of) the agreed suit; with second-round control, bid six of the agreed suit (or five notrump with the guarded king); with first-round control, control-bid in the
open suit (or, with, additionally, first-round or maximum-possible and an
as-yet-unshown control in another suit, control-bid in that suit).
Asking follow-ups:
(a) A later bid in the agreed suit (or, in 6KCB, in either of the raised suits) is a signoff (but Teller, with the higher number of key cards for an ambiguous initial reply, may bid on).
(b) After a 0|3 or 1|4 reply to KCB, the cheapest forcing bid by the Blackwood bidder other than a specific-king-ask is a trump-queen-ask, and the negative reply is a return to the agreed suit. After a 0|3 or 1|4 reply to 6KCB, the cheapest bid by the Blackwood bidder below five of a raised suit is a queen-ask relating to both raised suits, with replies in steps: one step, no queen; two steps, one queen; three or more steps, two queens. (c) A five-notrump bid by the Blackwood (or KCB or 6KCB) bidder confirms partnership possession of all the aces (or of all key cards and the trump queen or key queens or equivalents), invites a grand slam, and asks for specific kings outside the agreed suit (in KCB) or outside the raised suits (in 6KCB).
Exclusion Blackwood: When a call is defined as Exclusion Blackwood (EB), the replies are in steps similar to Key-Card Blackwood, but the replier does not count the ace of an excluded suit. The EB interpretation applies to certain jumps that name an excluded suit, and also when a player makes a slam-try, indicates a short suit, receives no encouragement, and then bids four notrump (in which case the indicated short suit is an excluded suit).
Grand-Slam Force: When a five-notrump bid is the Grand-Slam Force:
(a) The scheme for determining the agreed suit is the same as it is for Key-Card Blackwood.
(b) Replier bids above the agreed suit with two (or three) of the top three trump honors. With a lesser trump holding, he bids cheapest-weakest (the higher the bid, the stronger the holding).
Interference:
(a) When there is interference after an ace- or key-card-ask, the replies are: (1) at low enough levels, DOPI (double or redouble = 0 or 0|3, pass = 1 or 1|4, cheapest bid = 2 or 2 without the trump queen, etc.); (2) at high enough levels, DEPO (double = even, pass = odd).
(b) When there is interference after a Grand-Slam Force, the replies are: (1) at low enough levels, DOPI (double or redouble substitutes for what would have been the cheapest bid, pass substitutes for what would have been the second-cheapest bid, the cheapest bid substitutes for what would have been the third-cheapest bid, etc., subject to the logic of the auction); (2) at high enough levels, DEPO (double = even, pass = odd). (c) When an artificial slam-try (such as a control-bid or a splinter) is doubled, the weakest action by the next player to speak is a return to the agreed suit (or whatever would have been the weakest action without the double).
Pass and Pull: Making a forcing pass and pulling partner's double is stronger than the same action taken directly.
Slow arrival: Except where there is a specific agreement to the contrary, when there is a choice between two game-forcing bids in a particular strain, BWS uses slow arrival (a
jump is either stronger than a simple bid or it is a picture bid with a specific descriptive meaning).
Voids: A reply to an ace- or key-card-ask above the usual range shows a void:
(a) the cheapest void-showing reply shows two [or an even number of] aces or key cards, plus a void;
(b) a higher action indicates one [or an odd number of] aces or key cards, plus a void, and, when possible, indicates the suit of the void.
IV. Partnership-Bidding Methods
This section describes agreements about auctions in which our side makes the first bid and the opponents do nothing but pass.
A. Opening-Bid Requirements
BWS-2017 is a mostly natural system based on an artificial, strong two-club opening, weak two-bids in the other suits, strong notrump (with Stayman and transfers), and
five-card majors (with a semi-forcing one-notrump response and game-forcing
two-over-one responses). Opening requirements are neither extremely sound nor light. The minimum requirement to open with a long minor is about half a point higher than with a long major.
? A Q x xx ? A x x ? J x xx ? x
is a minimum one-spade opening bid as dealer with neither side vulnerable.
? A K Q J 10 ? A K Q ? K 10 9 x ? x
or
? A K Q J 10 ? A K Q ? Q 10 9 x ? x
is a minimum two-club opening bid as dealer with neither side vulnerable.
This scheme is used for opening the bidding with a balanced hand:
suit, then minimum notrump: 12 to 14 HCP
one notrump: 15 to 17 HCP
suit, then strong action in notrump: 18 to 19 HCP
two notrump: 20 to weak 22 HCP
two clubs, then minimum notrump: strong 22 to 24 HCP
two clubs, then two hearts (Birthright) over a two-diamond response, then two notrump over a two-spade relay: 25-plus HCP
It is optional to open one notrump with any of these distributions: 5-3-3-2 with a long major, 2=4=2=5, 2=4=5=2, 6-3-2-2 with a long minor.
It is acceptable to open two notrump (or two clubs, intending to rebid in notrump) with an unstopped doubleton, a five-card major, a six-card minor, or five-four distribution including a five-card minor.
On the understanding that requirements within an overall style vary with form of scoring, table position and vulnerability, the BWS requirements for initial preemptive openings are not extreme in any direction.
A three-notrump opening is gambling (solid seven-card minor with little side strength).
An opening of four of a minor is natural.
A first- or second-position weak two-bid that includes three of this list of characteristics is unacceptable: five cards in the bid suit; seven cards in the bid suit; flimsy (definition adjusted to suit the vulnerability) six cards in the bid suit; side void; side four-card or longer suit. Otherwise, opener may use judgment.
B. Choice of Suit
When opening a one-bid in a minor suit: with three-three in the minors, always bid one club; with either four-four in the minors or four diamonds, five clubs and a
minimum-range hand, use judgment to decide which minor to open.
With a minimum-range five-six hand, open in the higher and shorter suit only when the long suits are adjacent.
On a hand calling for an opening one-bid with five-five in the black suits, opener should always bid one spade.
In third or fourth position, it is acceptable to open in a strong four-card major if the auction rates to be manageable thereafter.
C. After Our Preempt
Responding to preemptive openings in a suit: When responder is an unpassed hand:
(a1) if the opening is not in clubs and not at the four-level, a four-notrump response is an ace-ask, a four-club response is a key-card-ask;
(a2) when the opening is three clubs or at the four-level, four notrump is a key-card-ask;
(b) a raise of a major-suit preempt to five is a trump-ask after a four-bid, otherwise preemptive (a bar);
(c) a simple new-suit response to partner's game-level preemptive opening is an
asking-bid about the suit named (replies: one step, neither first- nor second-round control; two steps, second-round control; three steps, first-round control; higher, first- and second-round controls);
(d) a simple below-game new-suit response is a one-round force;
(e) a below-game, jump new-suit response other than four clubs is an asking-bid about the bid suit;
(f) a two-notrump response to a weak two-bid invites game and suggests a fit for opener's suit.
Responses to a three-notrump opening:
(a) club bids are pass-or-correct;
(b) four notrump is invitational;
(c) four diamonds asks for side shortness (opener bids four of a major with shortness there, four notrump with no shortness, or five of a minor with shortness in the other minor;
(d) any other bid is natural.
Weak two-bidder's continuations: After a two-notrump response to a weak two-bid, opener's rebids are: Feature-showing with a maximum.
D. After Our Two Clubs
A two-diamond response to two clubs denies the values for a positive response in a hand with either a strong suit (at least six-card length or five cards headed by at least two honors) or acceptable orientation to bid notrump.
A suit-bid response to two clubs from three hearts to four diamonds indicates a one-loser suit.
After a two-diamond response and a natural simple new-suit rebid by opener, responder's cheapest minor-suit bid through three diamonds is a double negative (after which opener's same-suit rebid of three of a major may be passed), new-suit single jump is a splinter raise, and double raise is a picture bid (strong trumps and little else). Two clubs — two diamonds — two hearts is Birthright (responder relays with two spades, after which opener bids two notrump to show a balanced, game-going hand or anything else to show hearts and whatever shape is shown by the most-recent bid).
E. After Our Two-Notrump-Family Opening
These methods apply after a two-notrump opening bid, a two-notrump rebid by a
two-club opener following a two-diamond response, and a two-notrump rerebid by a
two-club opener in the sequence two clubs — two diamonds — two hearts (Birthright) —two spades (relay) — two notrump:
(a) Texas (four-level) transfers, after which four notrump is Key-Card Blackwood and a new-suit bid is Exclusion Key-Card Blackwood;
(b) Gerber;
(c) three spades showing both minors;
(d) Jacoby (three-level) transfers, after which a notrump bid or a new-suit bid is natural, a self-raise to the four-level is a slam-try, and a new-suit jump is an autosplinter (a
one-suiter with shortness in the bid suit);
(e) Stayman, with responder's three-of-a-major rebid over three diamonds Smolen. There is no agreement on the difference between showing the same major-suit shape via transfer and via Smolen.
F. After Our One-Notrump Opening
Responses to a one-notrump opening:
(a) Texas (four-level) transfers, after which four notrump is Key-Card Blackwood, and a new-suit bid is Exclusion Key-Card Blackwood;
(b) Gerber;
(c) Jacoby (two-level) transfers, after which a notrump bid or a new-suit bid is natural (Transferring to spades and then bidding hearts shows at least five-five. Transferring to hearts and then bidding two spades shows at least four spades, at least five hearts, and at least game-invitational strength; this is the only way to invite game with four spades and five hearts. Over two spades, opener with a minimum bids three of a major or two notrump, any of which responder may pass; with a maximum, opener bids something else, which is a game-force.); a self-raise to the three-level is invitational; a self-raise to the four-level is a slam-try; and a new-suit jump is an autosplinter (a one-suiter with shortness in the bid suit);
(d) Stayman (possibly a weak hand; opener bids hearts with both majors), followed by responder's bid of: (i) two hearts is weak (scrambling for a two-level contract with length in both majors); (ii) two spades is invitational; (iii) three of a major is invitational if a direct raise, or Smolen (forcing; ostensibly four of the bid major and five of the other) if over two diamonds, or a slam-try in opener's shown major with an unspecified splinter if in the unbid major (then, the cheapest bid by opener is a relay and responder shows the short suit in steps: lowest-|middle-|highest-ranking possible short suit; if a step bid would be inappropriately nonforcing, the next available bid substitutes for it); (iv) four clubs is a key-card-ask if opener showed a major, otherwise shows four=six in the majors; (v) four diamonds is a slam-try in opener's major with no short suit, otherwise shows
six=four in the majors;
(e) modified four-suit transfers with two spades = either a range inquiry (opener bids two notrump with a minimum) or clubs (simple new-suit rebid by responder shows shortness), two notrump = diamonds (simple new-suit rebid by responder shows shortness), three clubs = both minors weak (nonforcing), three of another suit = both minors strong (three diamonds = no major-suit shortness; three of a major = at most one card in the suit bid).
G. After Our Major-Suit Opening
(See also section I., below)
Responder is unpassed except where otherwise stated.
Responses:
(a) a one-notrump response is semiforcing (limited to at most game-invitational strength; opener may pass with 5-3-3-2 or 4=5=2=2 and a hand deemed no stronger than 12
high-card points);
(b) a two-over-one response is forcing to game;
(c) a single raise is moderately constructive (when responding with a weaker fitting hand, bid one notrump planning to rebid two of the major, a sequence that could also show 6-9 HCP and a doubleton fit);
(d) a double raise is invitational with four or more trumps (with equivalent values and only three trumps, respond one notrump planning to rebid three of the major after a minimum new-suit rebid);
(e) two notrump (no side shortness) or a new-suit double jump (splinter) shows
game-forcing strength with at least a four-card fit;
(f) a jump-shift to three of an underranking suit is invitational; a two-spade response to one heart is strong and indicates a hand stronger than ordinary game-going values [a strong jump-shift shows more than ordinary game-going strength (the equivalent of
16-plus HCP), a substantial suit (at least five-card length with at least two of the top three honors), and one of three hand-types: balanced, one-suited, support];
(g) three notrump or a triple raise is a weak preemptive raise, the former showing some defensive strength;
(h) a double jump-shift is a splinter;
(i) except for one heart - four spades (which is natural), a triple jump-shift is Exclusion Key-Card Blackwood.
Opener's rebids:
After a one-spade response to one heart:
(a) a one-notrump or two-notrump rebid may include a singleton spade;
(b) a three-notrump rebid shows long, strong hearts;
(c) a four-heart rebid is unrestricted as to spade length;
(d) a four-of-a-minor rebid is a splinter raise.
One heart — one notrump — two spades is forcing.
One of a major — one notrump — two notrump is invitational; responder's continuation of three of a suit other than opener's is a transfer.
One of a major — one notrump — rebid one level above a forcing reverse or jump-shift is an autosplinter (big one-suiter; shortness bid).
After a two-over-one response, a two-level reverse or a non-jump three-level new-suit bid shows extra strength, but two notrump or a single raise may be based on a minimum hand.
After a single raise:
(a) a reraise to three is preemptive;
(b) two notrump is forcing with at least game-invitational strength;
(c) a simple new-suit bid is a game-try showing length (or a suit where honor strength would be helpful).
After a two-notrump forcing raise: a simple new-suit bid shows shortness, a new-suit jump shows a two-suiter, and the three other game-and-below bids (simple same-suit rebid, three notrump, jump same-suit rebid), herein called TOBs, deny the requirements for any new-suit bid. The TOBs are graded from strongest to weakest (cheapest bid is strongest).
After a direct game-invitational raise to three of opener's major: the cheapest bid asks for shortness. One heart — three hearts — three notrump is a control-bid in spades. Later actions:
(a) After one heart — one notrump — two of a minor — ?, two spades is a strong raise of opener's minor and is forcing to three of opener's minor;
(b) After one spade — one notrump — two diamonds — ?, three hearts is a strong raise of diamonds that bears no direct relationship to hearts;
(c) After one heart — one notrump — two clubs — ?, three diamonds shows long diamonds in a hand improved by the two-club bid;
(d) After one of a major — one notrump — two of a lower-ranking suit — ? or a
one-notrump response and a jump-shift, four of a suit ranking below opener's second suit is a control-bid supporting opener's second suit.
(e) After one spade — one notrump — two clubs — ?, a two-diamond rebid is Bart, artificially temporarily suggesting five hearts and converting natural rebids by responder to showing stronger hands than if the same action had been taken directly.
Passed-Hand Situations: These methods apply to responding to a major-suit opening by a passed hand:
(a) one notrump is semiforcing (6-12 points);
(b) two clubs is a strong raise (a hand too strong for a single raise, but unsuited to a higher bid);
(c) three clubs is natural, similar to two diamonds but with long clubs;
(d) a jump-shift other than three clubs is a strong raise with length in the suit bid;
(e) a double jump-shift is a splinter raise.
H. After Our Minor-Suit Opening
(See also section I., below)
Responder is unpassed except where otherwise stated.
Responses: In response to one club, with four of a major and four-plus diamonds, responder bids: one of the major with four diamonds, one diamond with invitational-plus values (otherwise one of the major) with five diamonds, one diamond with six diamonds. In response to one diamond: two clubs is forcing to game; three clubs is invitational. A one-notrump response shows 6-10 points. A jump-shift to the two-level is limited with majors if two of a major (five-plus spades, four-plus hearts, game-invitational if two spades, weaker than game-invitational if two hearts), strong [see section G, above, for requirements] if two diamonds. A two-notrump response to a minor opening is natural and invitational. A single minor-suit raise is game-invitational or stronger, forcing to three of the raised minor, and denies a four-card or longer major; a double raise is preemptive (but of sufficient strength to support a contract of three notrump or four of the minor opposite a balanced hand with 18-19 HCP); a double jump-shift is a
game-forcing splinter. A three-notrump response shows a balanced hand, 16-17 HCP, and little suit-slam interest. A triple jump-shift response is natural (an exception to "one level above a splinter is Exclusion Key-Card Blackwood").
Opener's Rebids:
A one-notrump rebid may include a singleton in responder's suit.
In rebidding, after having opened in a minor suit:
(a) with 4=3=3=3 or 3=4=3=3, rebid in notrump over a one-over-one response that does not hit a four-card fit;
(b) with 4-4-3-2 too weak to open one notrump and lacking four-card support, rebid in a four-card suit at the one-level when possible, except with 4=4=2=3 (bid one notrump); (c) with 4-4-3-2 too strong to open one notrump and lacking four-card support: (1) with 4=4=2=3 after a one-diamond response, rebid two notrump; (2) otherwise use judgment to decide whether to rebid two notrump or a four-card suit at the one-level.
Opener's rebid one level above either a jump-shift or a forcing reverse is a
game-forcing splinter raise.
Opener's rebid one level above a jump-reverse shows a void in a strong raise.
After a one-of-a-suit response, opener's double-jump rebid in his own suit (e.g., one club — one spade — four clubs) shows a game-forcing raise with strong four-card support and a long (typically six-card), strong suit.
Opener's reverse after a one-notrump response is forcing. Opener's reverse after a one-level suit response is forcing and promises a rebid below game.
After a strong single minor raise, opener can: (1) show willingness to play in three of his minor by bidding it; (2) bid two notrump natural (but the bidding is forced to three ofthe minor); or (3) bid a new suit (after which the bidding may still stop at three of the agreed minor).
Opener's reverse of the form one diamond — two clubs — two of a major does not promise extra values and is ambiguous as to diamond length.
After a two-notrump response: a same-suit rebis is nonforcing; a new-suit bid of three clubs is natural and forcing; a three-level reverse shows a short suit.
Passed-Hand Situations: When responder to a minor-suit opening is a passed hand: (a) A one-notrump response shows 6-10 HCP;
a two-notrump response shows 11-12 HCP.
(b) A single raise is invitational or stronger but not forcing.
(c) A preemptive double raise has the same range as by an unpassed hand.
(d) A jump-shift shows a strong hand, a fit, and length in the bid suit.
(e) A double jump-shift is a splinter raise.
I. After Any Suit One-Bid
Responder is unpassed except where otherwise stated.
After a one-level new-suit response:
(a) opener's single raise shows a minimum opening of requisite shape;
(b) with 4=3=5=1 or 4=3=1=5 distribution, opener should rebid in spades after a
one-heart response. [After one of a minor — one heart — one spade — one notrump — ?, opener may bid two hearts with four=three in the majors, shortness in the unbid suit, and any strength consistent with the one-spade rebid.]
(c) opener's double jump to three notrump shows a long, usually strong suit.
After a one-level new-suit response and opener's simple new-suit rebid:
(a) two notrump or three of any suit previously bid is invitational;
(b) a fourth-suit bid at the two- or three-level is forcing to game;
(c) after one club — one diamond — one heart — ?, one spade shows spades [then, if opener bids one notrump: two of a minor is invitational; three of a minor is forcing; two spades is an artificial game-force; if opener bids two clubs: two diamonds is invitational; two spades (artificial) is game-forcing; three diamonds is forcing], two spades is an artificial fourth-suit bid;
(d) a bid one level above a game-forcing fourth-suit bid is a splinter.
After opener's one-notrump rebid:
(a) responder's rebid of two clubs is a puppet to two diamonds (with responder's
non-jump continuation invitational); responder's rebid of two diamonds is a
game-forcing checkback; after one club — one diamond — one notrump — ?, responder's rebid of two of a major is forcing to game;
(b) responder's rebid of three of the cheapest unbid minor is weak;
(c) four clubs is Gerber.
After a one-level suit response and opener's simple same-suit rebid:
(a) a third-suit bid that is a reverse or a three-level bid is forcing to game;
(b) a third-suit non-reverse at the two-level is forcing for one round, and responder may pass if opener bids two of responder's first suit or three of opener's suit;
(c) a non-reverse jump to three of a third suit is natural (five-five or more) and
game-forcing (to invite with the same shape, responder bids two and then three of the third suit);
(d) a bid one level above a game-forcing third-suit bid is a splinter.
After a one-level new-suit response and opener's further-bid-promising reverse: Any rebid by responder is forcing to game except two of his original suit and the cheaper of a fourth-suit bid and two notrump.
After a one-level new-suit response and opener's (game-forcing) jump-shift: Responder bids naturally.
After opener's raise of a one-level major-suit response to two:
(a) a reraise and two notrump are invitational and nonforcing;
(b) three of opener's minor is forcing for one round;
(c) one heart — one spade — two spades — three hearts is forcing to game (similar to after a response of two of a minor; with only invitational strength, responder must either choose a different game-try or bid one notrump originally).
After a one-level new-suit response and opener's two-notrump rebid:
(a) responder's three-club rebid is artificial, and opener bids three diamonds unless he has three-card support for responder's major (responder's next bid up to and including three of his original suit is nonforcing; otherwise, responder's next bid is a signoff if that is possible; otherwise, it is a choice of games if that is possible; otherwise, it is a checkback for an eight-card major-suit fit if possible; otherwise, it converts the three-club rebid into a natural bid in the minor that three diamonds over two notrump
would not have shown);
(b) responder's three-diamond rebid shows a fit for opener's minor;
(c) four clubs is Gerber.
After a one-notrump response and opener's reverse: Responder's rebids of two notrump, three of opener's first-bid suit, and three of a suit ranking below opener's original suit are nonforcing.
After opener's double jump to three notrump: five clubs is a key-card-ask for opener's suit; four of a new suit shows a control; four notrump is invitational.
After a one-level new-suit response: responder's rebid of four of opener's minor is:
(a) a splinter after opener's simple new-suit rebid;
(b) natural and forcing after opener's simple or jump same-suit rebid.
After a new-suit response at the two-level: opener's jump-shift or jump-reverse to the three-level is a splinter that may be based on any strength.
Passed-Hand Situations: When responder is a passed hand, a third-suit or fourth-suit bid is not forcing unless it is a reverse.
V. Competitive-Bidding Methods
This section describes agreements about auctions in which our side makes the first bid and the opponents do something other than pass.
A. Competition After Our Preempt
When our preemptive opening is doubled:
(a) Responder's redouble is strength-showing, temporarily suggests playing for a penalty, and creates a force to the next level of opener's suit.
(b) Responder's simple new-suit bid below game is forcing, but lead-directional (presumably with a fit).
(c) Responder's jump new-suit bid below game is forcing, fit-showing, lead-directional. When our preemptive opening is overcalled:
(a) Responder's simple new-suit bid below game is forcing, suggesting length (can be raised).
(b) Responder's jump new-suit bid below game is forcing and fit-showing.
When our weak two-bid is overcalled: Responder's competitive two-notrump response is forcing and similar to the same bid made noncompetitively.
When responder raises a preempt to game, whether competitively or not, and an opponent bids, opener may not bid but may double (indicating maximum defensive potential).
When responder raises a preempt below game, whether competitively or not, and an opponent overcalls, opener may not bid and there is no special agreement over whether he may double.
B. Competition After Our Two-Club Opening
If two clubs is overcalled, responder's double shows double-negative strength and a pass is forcing. Opener's double of the overcall shows a balanced hand.
There is no agreement about responder's actions after two clubs is doubled.
After a negative response to two clubs and an overcall:
(a) opener's pass is forcing;
(b) opener's double is for penalty.
C. Competition After Our One-Notrump Opening (a) A double of a natural two- or three-level overcall is negative, of a higher bid is penalty.
(b) Over a two-level overcall: (i) After a natural overcall other than two clubs, lebensohl [two notrump is a puppet to three clubs and responder's rebid below three of overcaller's suit is nonforcing; a direct bid of three of an underranking suit is forcing] applies, with "fast denies stopper" for cue-bid (similar to Stayman) and three-notrump direct responses versus responder's rebids following a two-notrump response. (ii) After a natural two-club overcall, normal system meanings apply with a double substituting for a two-club response. (iii) An artificial action is treated as though it had been a natural bid in an anchor suit indicated.
(c) A below-game new-suit jump is forcing.
(d) A redouble of an artificial double is strength-showing.
(e) A double of an artificial bid suggests a penalty double of the escape.
(f) After any penalty suggestion: the opening side is forced to two notrump, below-game new-suit bids are forcing, raises and two notrump are not forcing.
(g) A bid in a suit shown by an artificial defense indicates at least a game-invitation and is forcing to two notrump.
(h) Bids in suits not indicated (although possibly bid) by an artificial action have the same meaning as if the interference had been a natural bid in an indicated suit [for example, one notrump — (two hearts, showing spades) — three hearts is equivalent to one notrump — (two spades, natural) — three hearts].
(i) One notrump — (overcall) — pass — (pass) — double is takeout, but one notrump —(pass) — pass — (overcall) — double is penalty.
(j) Over an overcall, Texas transfers apply if the overcall was no higher than four clubs.
(k) After a two-notrump overcall (ostensibly showing minors), three of a minor is Stayman, three diamonds and three hearts are transfers.
(l) After one notrump — (pass) — two clubs — (double) — ?, opener passes with no club stopper or bids with a stopper; if opener passes or redoubles (showing strong clubs), two diamonds or two hearts by responder indicates a Garbage-Stayman hand-type.
(m) After a two-level transfer is doubled, opener should: (i) superaccept (bid above two of the suit indicated by responder) with any of the same, or roughly the same, set of hands that would have been suitable for superacceptance had intervenor passed; (ii) accept (or, if appropriate, superaccept) the transfer with at least three-card support for the suit indicated by responder; (iii) redouble rather than pass with significant length and strength in the suit bid.
(n) After a two-level transfer and an overcall: a nonjump, nonreverse new-suit bid by responder is nonforcing.
D. Competition After Our Major-Suit Opening (See also section F., below)
In responding to a major-suit opening over a takeout double:
(a) a one-spade response is forcing (by an unpassed hand);
(b) a two-level new-suit response is not forcing;
(c) two notrump shows a game-invitational or stronger raise of the major (direct
jump-raises are preemptive);
(d) a jump-shift is preemptive;
(e) a double jump-shift is a splinter raise;
(f) a redouble shows any other hand-type with 10-plus HCP.
In responding to a major-suit opening over an overcall:
(a) a double is negative through three spades;
(b) two notrump is natural (invitational) and nonforcing (jump or not);
(c) over a simple overcall, a cue-bid shows a raise with game-invitational or greater strength, and a jump cue-bid is a splinter (direct jump-raises are preemptive);
(d) four-notrump is Key-Card Blackwood (jump or not);
(e) a jump-shift is preemptive.
In responding to a major-suit opening over an artificial action:
Over a Michaels cue-bid (other major plus a minor):
(a) a bid in a minor is nonforcing;
(b) a virtual cue-bid in overcaller's anchor major is a game-invitational-plus raise.
Over a bid showing two fixed suits: (a) a bid in the remaining suit is nonforcing; (b) the cheapest cue-bid (actual or virtual) is a game-invitational or stronger raise; (c) the second-cheapest cue-bid is a one-round force with the remaining suit.
After one of a major — (pass) — one notrump — (overcall) — ?: a double by opener is takeout, a double by responder (after two passes) is cooperative-takeout.
E. Competition After Our Minor-Suit Opening (See also section
F., below)
After our minor-suit opening and a takeout double:
(a) a one-level new-suit response is forcing (by an unpassed hand);
(b) one diamond — (double) — two clubs is not forcing;
(c) two notrump shows a game-invitational or stronger raise of opener's suit (direct jump-raises are preemptive);
(d) a direct single raise is natural, similar to a single major-suit raise;
(e) a jump-shift is preemptive;
(f) a double jump-shift is a splinter raise;
(g) a redouble shows any hand with 10-plus HCP that is not suitable for a raise or a
new-suit bid.
After our minor-suit opening and an overcall:
(a) a double is negative through three spades;
(b) two notrump is natural (invitational) and nonforcing (jump or not);
(c) over a simple overcall, a cue-bid shows a raise with game-invitational or greater strength, and a jump cue-bid is a splinter (direct jump-raises are preemptive);
(d) a jump-shift is preemptive.
In responding to a minor-suit opening over an artificial action:
Over a Michaels cue-bid (both majors):
(a) a bid in the unbid minor is nonforcing;
(b) the cheapest virtual cue-bid shows a game-invitational or stronger action in the unbid minor; the second-cheapest virtual cue-bid shows a game-invitational or stronger raise of opener's minor
Over another bid showing two fixed suits:
(a) a response in the remaining suit is nonforcing;
(b) the cheapest cue-bid (actual or virtual) shows at least game-invitational strength and the remaining suit; the second-cheapest cue-bid (actual or virtual) shows a
game-invitational or stronger raise of opener's minor.
F. Competition After Any Suit One-Bid
When responder passes:
(a) Opener's double of a new-suit advance of an overcall is takeout for opener's suit and the unbid suit.
(b) After a reopening one-notrump bid by opener, responder's only below-game forces are cue-bids.
A simple new-suit response over an overcall is forcing (by an unpassed hand). If at the two-level, it is forcing to the next level of opener's suit, and opener's raise of responder's suit is nonforcing.
Negative doubles: A negative double at the one-level or when there is exactly one unbid major guarantees at least four cards in any unbid major (opener may rebid in a three-card suit there in a pinch); a negative double of one heart shows exactly four spades [then: opener's one-spade rebid shows a hand with three spades too weak to raise a noncompetitive one-spade response to two; opener's two-spade rebid shows four spades and a hand worth a possibly-minimum raise of a noncompetitive one-spade response to two]; after a negative double at a higher level, opener should not rebid in a three-card suit. When responder's negative double guarantees length in an unbid major, opener's bids in that suit function as would raises in the corresponding noncompetitive auction. After one club — (one of a major) — double — (pass) — ?, opener's two-diamond rebid shows four diamonds but does not show extra values. After opener's one-notrump rebid, responder's two-level cue-bid shows invitational-plus strength. After a negative double of a two-level overcall, opener's two-notrump rebid could be based on no extra values.
Support and related doubles and redoubles: After a one-level response and an opposing double or overcall below two of responder's suit, opener's redouble or double (even of a natural or artificial one notrump) shows a three-card fit for responder's suit and not doubling denies such a fit (except in a freakish hand).
After four-card support: If opener shows four-card support with a single raise of a
major-suit response, any bid by responder is forcing to at least three of the raised major. Opener's maximal-bid doubles: In any sequence in which responder has made a nonforcing single raise of opener's suit, and there is an opponent's bid one step below three of the raised suit, opener's double is a game-try that may include shortness in the suit doubled.
After opener's one-notrump rebid when responder bid competitively: Responder's
cue-bid is a one-round force, and other low-level bids are natural.
Raise then double: After one of a suit — (pass|double|simple overcall) — single raise —(single raise|simple new-suit bid|simple overcall) — pass — (pass) — ?: responder's double is cooperative-penalty.
After a redouble:
(a) After one of a suit — (double) — redouble — (bid) — ?, opener's pass is forcing everywhere.
(b) After one of a suit — (double) — redouble — (pass) — pass — (bid) — ?, responder's pass is forcing everywhere.
(c) Responder's redouble followed by a penalty double is a weaker penalty suggestion than if responder passes over the double and later doubles for penalty.
(d) A nonjump, nonreverse new-suit bid by opener is nonforcing.
After a jump-overcall: Responder's jump-shift is fit-showing.
Responder's reopening double of a sandwich overcall is cooperative-takeout through the three-level after a one-level response, is cooperative-penalty through the three-level after a two-level response.
After a competitive two-notrump response: A nonreverse three of a new suit by opener is nonforcing.
After an overcall of a strong single minor-suit raise: A pass by opener is forcing to three of the agreed minor.
Pseudo-reverses: If opener makes a competitive rebid that would have been a reverse in the absence of competition, it shows extra values but can be weaker than reverse strength and is nonforcing; among responder's rebids, the only below-game forces are cue-bids and jumps.
After a sandwich overcall: a simple, nonreverse new-suit bid by responder is nonforcing. VI. Defensive-Bidding Methods
This section describes agreements about auctions in which the opponents makes the first bid.
A. Initial Defensive-Action Requirements
Generally, the BWS requirements for initial constructive defensive actions (takeout doubles and overcalls) are moderate, but two-level overcalls are sound. The vulnerability somewhat affects the minimum strength required.
The requirements for initial preemptive defensive actions (jump overcalls; the weak version of two-suited actions) are possibly light.
? A Q x xx ? x xx ? Q x xx ? x
is a minimum one-spade overcall of one club with neither side vulnerable.
? A x xx ? A x xx ? Q x xx ? x
is a minimum takeout double of one club with neither side vulnerable.
BWS does not use minimum equal-level conversions (minELC), in which doubler's same-level suit bids over a suit advance may be based on minimum high-card strength (with appropriate shape).
? A K Q 10 x ? A K x ? Q x xx ? x
is slightly too strong for a one-spade overcall of one club with neither side vulnerable.
The normal simple overcall maximum is 18 HCP with 5-3-3-2 distribution or the equivalent after trading off high cards for shape.
A direct-position one-notrump overcall shows a strong 15 to 18 HCP, regardless of the suit opened.
In reopening-position: a one-notrump overcall shows 10-14 HCP (by a passed hand, 10 HCP to a maximum non-opening); a two-notrump overcall shows 18-19 HCP, regardless of the suit opened.
An unpassed-hand's cue-bid in opener's suit, in either direct or reopening position, shows
(a) both majors if the cue-bid is in a minor; or
(b) the unbid major and an unspecified minor if the cue-bid is in a major. The same bid
(二)选修Z课程 l.《选修1一1》 本模块是选修模块。由“曲线运动与宇宙探索”“动量与碰撞现象” “机械振动与机械波”三个主题组成。 1.1曲线运动与宇宙探索 内容标准 1.1.1经历实验研究平抛运动的过程，能通过对实验数据的分析得 出平抛运动的规律。会用运动合成与分解的方法分析抛体运动。能体会将复杂运动分解为简单运动的物理思想。能关注并分析日常生活中的抛体运动。 例1分别以物体在水平方向和竖直方向的位移为横坐标和纵坐标，描绘做抛体运动物体的轨迹。 1. 1. 2会用线速度、角速度、周期描述匀速圆周运动。知道匀速圆周运动向心加速度的大小和方向。能用牛顿第二定律分析匀速圆周运动的向心力。了解生产生活中离心现象产生的原因。 例2探究为什么公路拐弯处路面有一定的倾斜度。 l.} 1. 3通过史实，了解万有引力定律的发现过程。知道万有引力定律。认识发现万有引力定律的重要意义。体会科学定律对人类探索未知世界的作用。 例3通过用万有引力定律发现海王星等事实，说明科学定律的作用。 例4了解重物下落与天体运动的多样性与统一性，知道万有引力定律对科学发展的重要作用。 1. 1. 4会计算人造卫星的环绕速度。知道第二宇宙速度和第三宇宙速度。 例5了解经典力学对航天技术发展的重大贡献。 1. 1. 5会用洛仑兹力定量分析带电粒子在匀强磁场中的圆周运动。了解电子束的磁偏转原理以及在科学技术中的应用。 例b观察阴极射线在磁场中的偏转。 例7了解质谱仪和回旋加速器的工作原理。 1. 1. 6初步了解广义相对论的几个主要观点以及主要观测证据。关注宇宙学研究的新进展。 活动建议 C} )通过查找资料，对比炮弹的实际弹道与理想抛物线的差异， 尝试做出解释。 C2)收集资料，探讨自行车拐弯时受到的向心力。 C3)观看有关人造地球卫星、航天飞机、空间站的录像片。 C4)收集我国和世界航天事业发展历史和前景的资料，写出调查 报告。 C5)阅读有关相对论的科普书刊，在同学中举办小型讨论会。 Cb)观看有关宇宙起源的科教电视片，了解宇宙的演化与发展。1. 2动量与碰撞现象 内容标准 1. 2. 1经历探究碰撞规律的实验过程，初步形成系统和守恒的概念。
2017年版历史新课标学习心得体会 高中新课程改革已拉开帷幕，2017年版普通高中历史课程标准，也已经出台。看完之后既兴奋又担忧，兴奋的是面对新时期的各种新变化、新问题、新成果，新课标都有了明确的解答与对策，让历史教学与现实生活紧密地结合在一起，担忧的是在具体的教学过程中如何能高效地将这些变化反映在日常的教学中，如何认真落实核心素养这一关键任务。为此我们认为课堂教学必须紧紧围绕着培养学生核心素养这一主线展开。 首先我们要明确什么是核心素养。学科核心素养是学科育人价值的集中体现，是学生通过学科学习而逐步形成的正确价值观念、必备品格和关键能力。包括唯物史观、时空观念、史料实证、历史解释、家国情怀五个方面。通过诸素养的培育，达到立德树人的要求。如何培养核心素养是我们在教学过程中应该重点解决的问题。 具体从以下几个方面着手： 1.设计教学目标——培养核心素养的出发点 教学目标是课堂教学活动的出发点，而教学目标的设计则直接关系到学生核心素养的培养与发展。教师在设计教学目标时，要深刻领会历史学科核心素养的内涵，仔细研读历史课程标准，把握好历史核心素养的具体目标及其之间的内在联系，并要充分认识到，学生核心素养的培养与发展是一个循序渐进、不断深化的过程，不是所有的核心素养目标都能在一节课中完成的。衡量教学目标是否有效，一看它是否贴切，即目标是否准确，与实际的教学内容、学生的认知水平和心理特征相契合，具有可检测性；二看它是否具体，即目标阐述是否细化、多层，具有可操作性；三看它是否适度，即目标是否符合学生的内在需求，是否适合学生已有的思维结构与能力层次；四看它是否落实到位，即目标是否落到了整个课堂教学活动中去。 2.创设问题情境——培养核心素养的切入点 所谓“问题情境”是指在具体目标指引下，能够通过分析、理解、归纳等策略达成目标的空间学习环境，它具有一定的针对性、启发性、新颖性、趣味性、互动性。创设问题情境能够激发学生探究问题和解决问题的积极性和创造性的思维活动，真正促进学生变被动学习为主动学习，由“学会”向“会学”的学习方式转变，是实现培养与发展学生核心素养的有效手段。在教学中，教师要找准“问题情境”这个切入点，创设形式多样的问题情境，挖掘学生的潜能，以提高学生对问题探究的内驱力，培养学生的求异思维和创新精神。教师可用悬念创设问题情境以培养学生的史料实证意识和历史解释的能力。 3.倡导合作探究——培养核心素养的着力点 创新精神和实践能力是学生重要的核心素养。在教学中，教师应抓牢“合作探究”这个着力点。所谓“合作探究学习”就是从学科领域或社会生活中选择和确定研究主题，在教
普通高中语文课程标准（2017年版）解读 来源：中国教师资格网时间：2018-01-23 16:39:03 解读及教师考试备考指导 1月16日上午，教育部召开新闻发布会，宣布历时4年的普通高中新课程方案和语文学科等学科课程标准修改工作已全部完成，经国家教材委员会审查通过，于2017年底印发，并将于2018年秋季开始执行。新版课标的发布，也意味着之后的教师考试笔试和面试，都将迎来一定的变化，为此中公教育教师考试研究院给大家送上热乎的新课标解读和教师考试笔试、面试备考指导。 与2003年相比，新的课程标准有哪些变化?
提要： ①新版课标新增了语文学科核心素养; ②新版课标提出了新的课程结构，并详细说明了设计依据和具体操作建议; ③新版课标创造性地提出了学业质量，并详细阐述了其内涵、水平以及学业质量水平与考试评价的关系;
④新版课标在实施建议部分，增加了学业水平考试与高考命题建议、地方和学校实施本课程的建议; ⑤新版课标在附录部分，把关于诵读篇目和课外读物的建议，变成了古诗文背诵推荐篇目和关于课内外读物的建议，删掉了选修课程举例。 提要： ①新版课标进一步明确了语言文字的重要地位，指出语言文字不仅是人类文化的重要组成部分，还存在于人类生活的各个方面;
②新版课标新增了对语文课程的性质、特点及育人功能的具体阐述; ③新版课标对高中语文课程性质不仅保留了旧版课标中对语文素养、思想道德素质、科学文化素质、终身学习、个性发展等的要求，还提出了对传承和发展文化、增强民族凝聚力和创造力的新要求。 提要： ①新版课标在强调提高语文素养的同时，提出了以核心素养为本的理念; ②新版课标在强调发挥语文课程的育人功能的同时，明确提出了立德树人、增强文化自信的理念; ③新版课标在强调构建开放、有序的语文课程的同时，还提出了注重时代性、多样性的理念。
《普通高中物理课程标准》解读 一、修订背景 1.研究制订学生发展核心素养体系和学业质量标准。 ——源于2014年教育部的文件《关于全面深化课程改革落实立德树人根本任务的意见》，文件研究提出各学段学生发展核心素养体系，对正在修订的《高中课程标准》明确要求，要把学科核心素养贯穿始终。 2.减轻中小学生课业负担;开发特色课程。 ——2010年国务院审议通过的《国家中长期教育改革和发展规划纲要》(2010-2020年)，刚要中提出要切实减轻中小学生课业负担，开发特色课程，本次修订也贯彻了该刚要的精神。 3.课改实验十余年的成果和经验积累。 04开始，宁夏等四省区率先开始新课程改革，之后全国其他省市相继进入课改，到17年经历了十余年的实践，新的教学理念、教学方式已深入人心，这一轮的课改积累了大量的成功经验，也发现了一些问题，对这些问题有了新的、科学的认识，对新课标的修订给出依据。 4.国际科学教育的最新发展(学习进阶、核心概念、STEM教育……) 1997年国际经济合作与发展组织率先提出核心素养，引发世界范围内的广泛关注，联合国教科文组织，欧盟、美国等进行了研究，我国也是同样，这次修订可以说是与世界同步。 本次修订物理课标内容和变化有哪些？→▲▲ 二、物理课标的修订的主要内容和变化 (一)关于课程方案 1.进一步明确了普通高中教育的定位。 普通高中的培养目标是进一步提升学生综合素质，着力发展核心素养。 2.进一步优化了课程结构。 (1)将课程类别调整为必修课程、选择性必修课程和选修课程; (2)进一步明确了各类课程的功能定位，与高考综合改革相衔接。 (二)关于学科课程标准 1.学科核心素养贯穿始终
小学语文新课程标准【2017年修订版 】 一、课程性质与地位 工具性与人文性的统一，是语文课程的基本特点。 语文课程应致力于学生语文素养的形成与发展。 二、课程的基本理念 （一）全面提高学生的语文素养。 九年义务教育阶段的语文课程，必须面向全体学生。 （二）正确把握语文教育的特点。 应该尊崇学生在学习过程中的独到体验。 语文是实践性很强的课程，应留意培养学生的语文实践能力，而培养这种能力的主要途径也应是语文实践，合宜刻意追求语文知识的系统和统统。语文又是母语教育课程，学习资源和实践机会无处不在，无时不有。 （三）积极倡导自主、合作、探究的学习方式。 爱护学生的好奇心、求知欲，充分激发学生的主动意识和进取精神。 课程目标 一、总目标 1．在语文学习过程中，逐步形成积极的人生态度和正确的价值观。 4．在发展语言能力的同时。逐步养成实事求是，崇尚真知的科学态度，初步掌握科学的 5．结合上下文和生活实际了解课文中词句的意思，在阅读中积累词语。 6．关心自然和生命，并乐于与人交流。
（四）口语交际 2．能认真听别人讲话，努力了解讲话的主要内容。 4．能较统统地讲述小故事，能扼要讲述自己感兴趣的见闻。 5．与别人交谈，态度自然大方，有礼貌。 6．有表达的自信心。积极参加讨论，对感兴趣的话题发表的意见。 （五）综合性学习 第二学段（3～4年级） （一）识字与写字 4．能使用硬笔熟练地书写正楷字，做到规范、端正、整齐。用毛笔临摹正楷字帖。 （二）阅读 2．能对课文中不理解的地方提出疑问。 3．能联系上下文，理解词句的意思，体会课文中关键词句在表情达意方面的作用。 4．能初步把握文章的主要内容，体会文章表达的思想感情。 5．能复述叙事性作品的大意。 （三）习作 3．愿意将自己的习作读给人听，与他人分享习作的喜悦。 5．尝试在习作中运用自己平时积累的语言材料，特别是有新鲜感的词句。 7．学习修改习作中有明明错误的词句。 （四）口语交际
普通高中课程标准（2017年版）解读专辑编者按：2018年1月，教育部 印发了语文等14门学科的普通高中课程标准（2017年版），并将于今年秋季 开始执行。普通高中课程标准（2017年版）在文本结构、内容及其实施要求等 方面进行了哪些改进和完善？其主要的变化有哪些？这些变化基于什么样的 教育现实展开，凝结着修订组什么样的教育思考？这些变化又将对今后的高中 各科教学产生什么样的影响？为了更好地促进读者深入理解普通高中课程标（2017年版），我刊约请包括课标修订组负责人、核心成员等在内的专家学者 对各学科课标进行了分析解读。 实现物理课程功能促成学生素养发展 ———《普通高中物理课程标准（2017年版）》问题探讨 《普通高中物理课程标准（2017年版）》修订组负责人/廖伯琴 莆田第一中学/陈国文 2017年版”）。整体上看，高中课标2017年版进一步强化了物理学科的育人功能，思想性、科学性、时代性、整体性均明显增强。高中课标2017年版公 布后，莆田第一中学陈国文老师第一时间研读、梳理出一线教师关注的若干问题。以下是陈国文老师与廖伯琴教授的对话整理。 问题1：高中课标2017年版有哪些亮点？ 按照教育部统一部署，高中物理课程标准修订组对2003年由教育部颁布的《普 通高中物理课程标准（实验）》（以下统称“高中课标实验版”）进行修订， 总体讲，修订后的高中课程标准有以下变化。 一是凝练物理学科核心素养，凸显物理课程的育人功能。根据国际比较、国内调研，以及关于物理课程功能的探索等，修订组经过认真研究、反复讨论，凝练出的高中物理学科核心素养，主要包含“物理观念”“科学思维”“实验探究”“科学态度与责任”四个方面，其中“物理观念”含有物质观念、运动与相互作用观念及能量观念；“科学思维”含有模型建构、科学推理、科学论证、质疑创新要素；“科学探究”含有问题、证据、解释、交流要素；“科学态度与责任”含有科学本质、科学态度、社会责任要素。 二是优化高中课程结构，注重课程基础性、系统性与选择性。本次修订既注重课程的基础性，为全体学生发展、国民科学素养提升设计必修课程，又注重课程的系统性与选择性，为国家物理人才的培养、学生有个性的发展设计选择性必修和选修课程。高中物理必修课程由必修1、必修2和必修3构成，是全体学生必须学习的课程，学生学完必修课程可参加学业水平合格性考试；选择性必修课程由选择性必修1、选择性必修2和选择性必修3构成，是学生根据个人需求与升学要 求选择学习的课程，对那些拟参加物理学科学业水平等级性考试的学生则是必须学习的课程；选修课程由选修1、选修2和选修3构成，分别侧重物理学与社会 发展、物理学与技术应用及近代物理学初步等方面的内容，由学校或地方自主开
★2017年版普通高中语文课程标准 四、课程内容 （一）学习任务群 学习任务群1 整本书阅读与研讨 本任务群旨在引导学生通过阅读整本书，拓展阅读视野，建构阅读整本书的经验，形成适合自己的读书方法，提升阅读鉴赏能力，养成良好的阅读习惯，促进学生对中华优秀传统文化、革命文化、社会主义先进文化的深入学习和思考，形成正确的世界观、人生观和价值观。 本任务群的学习贯串必修、选择性必修和选修三个阶段。 1．学习目标与内容 （1）在阅读过程中，探索阅读整本书的门径，形成和积累自己阅读整本书的经验。重视学习前人的阅读经验，根据不同的阅读目的，综合运用精读、略读与浏览的方法阅读整本书，读懂文本，把握文本丰富的内涵和精髓。 （2）在指定范围内选择阅读一部长篇小说。通读全书，整体把握其思想内容和艺术特点。从最使自己感动的故事、人物、场景、语言等方面入手，反复阅读品味，深入探究，欣赏语言表达的精彩之处，梳理小说的感人场景乃至整体的艺术架构，理清人物关系，感受、欣赏人物形象，探究人物的精神世界，体会小说的主旨，研究小说的艺术价值。 （3）在指定范围内选择阅读一部学术著作。通读全书，勾画圈点，争取读懂；梳理全书大纲小目及其关联，做出全书内容提要；把握书中的重要观点和作者的价值取向。阅读与本书相关的资料，了解本书的学术思想及学术价值。通过反复阅读和思考，探究本书的语言特点和论述逻辑。 （4）利用书中的目录、序跋、注释等，学习检索作者信息、作品背景、相关评价等资料，深入研读作家作品。 （5）联系个人经验，深入理解作品；享受读书的愉悦，从作品中汲取营养，丰富自己的精神世界，逐步形成正确的世界观、人生观和价值观。用自己的语言撰写全书梗概或提要、读书笔记与作品评介，通过口头、书面形式或其他媒介与他人分享。 2．教学提示 本任务群在必修阶段安排1学分，18课时。应完成一部长篇小说和一部学术著作的阅读，重在引导学生建构整本书的阅读经验与方法。在选择性必修和选修阶段要运用这些经验与方法阅读相关作品，不专门安排学分。 （1）指定阅读的作品，应语言典范，内涵丰富，具有较高的思想水平和文化价值。根据学生的生活世界和发展需要，注意选择反映中华优秀传统文化、革命文化和社会主义先进文化的作品。制定阅读的作品可从教材课文结算的长篇作品中选择。也可由诗圣共同商定3—5部作品，学生从中选择一部阅读；选择相同作品的学生可以自由组合，进行交流讨论。 （2）课时可安排在两个学期，宜集中使用，便于学生静下心来，集中时间和精力，认真阅读一本书。学生在反复阅读过程中，每读一遍，重点解决一两个问题，有些地方应仔细推敲，有些地方可以略读或浏览。阅读要有笔记，记下自己思考、探索、研究的心得。 （3）阅读整本书，应以学生利用课内外时间自主阅读、撰写笔记、交流讨论为主，不以教师的讲解代替或限制学生的阅读与思考。教师的主要任务是提出专题学习目标，组织学习活动，引导学生深入思考、讨论与交流。教师应以自己的阅读经验，平等地参与交流谈论，解答学生的疑惑。 （4）教师应善于发现学生阅读整本书的成功经验，及时组织交流与分享。应善于发现、保护和支持学生阅读中的独到见解。 学习任务群2 当代文化参与 本任务群旨在引导学生关注和参与当代文化生活，学习剖析、评价文化现象，积极参与中国特色社会主义先进文化的传播和交流，增强文化自信。
普通高中历史新课程标准 （一）学科核心素养 学科核心素养是学科育人价值的概括性、专业化表述，是知识与能力、过程与方法、情感态度和价 值观的整合与提炼，是学生在学完本课程之后所形成的、在解决真实情境中的问题时所表现出来的必备 品格和关键能力。 历史学科核心素养是学生在学习历史过程中逐步形成的具有历史学科特征的必备品格和关键能力， 是历史知识、能力和方法、情感态度和价值观等方面的综合表现，包括唯物史观、时空观念、史料实证、 历史解释、家国情怀五个方面。唯物史观是学习和探究历史的核心理论和指导思想;时空观念是了解和理解历史的基础，是认识历史所必备的重要观念;史料实证是学习历史和认识历史所特有的思维品质，是理 解和解释历史的关键能力与方法;历史解释是在形成历史理解和认识的基础上叙述历史的能力，是检验学 生的历史观和历史知识、能力、方法等方面发展水平的主要指标;家国情怀是学习历史和认识历史在思想、 观念、情感、态度等方面的重要体现，是实现历史教育育人功能的重要标志。 1.唯物史观 唯物史现是揭示人类社会历史客观基础及发展规律的科学历史观和方法论。人类对历史的认识是由 表及里、逐渐深化的，要透过历史的纷杂表象认识历史的本质，科学的历史观和方法论是非常重要的。 唯物史观使历史学成为一门科学，只有运用唯物史观的立场、观点和方法，才能对历史有全面、客观的 认识。 2.时空观念 时空观念是在特定的时间联系和空间联系中对事物进行观察、分析的意识和思维方式。任何历史事 物都是在特定的、具体的时间和空间条件下发生的，只有在特定的时空框架当中，才可能对史事有准确 的理解。 3.史料实证 史料实证是指对获取的史料进行辨析，并运用可信的史料努力重现历史真实的态度与方法。 历史过程是不可逆的，认识历史只能通过现存的史料。要形成对历史的正确、客观的认识，必须重 视史料的搜集、整理和辨析，去伪存真，去粗取精，这是历史学的重要方法。 4.历史解释 历史解释是指以史料为依据，以历史理解为基础，对历史事物进行理性分析和客观评判的态度、能 力与方法。 所有历史叙述在本质上都是对历史的解释，区别只是在于解释的正误、深浅。人们通过多种不同的 方式描述和解释过去，通过对史料的搜集、整理和辨析，辩证、客观地理解历史事物，不仅要将其描述 出来，还要揭示其表象背后的深层因果关系。通过对历史的解释，不断接近历史真实。 5.家国情怀 家国情环是学习和探究历史应具有的社会责任与人文追求。学习和探究历史应具有价值关怀，要充 满人文情怀并关注现实问题，以服务于国家强盛、民族自强和人类社会的进步为使命。 （二）课程目标 1.了解唯物史观的基本观点和方法，理解唯物史观是科学的历史观;能够正确认识人类历史发展的总趋势;能够将唯物史观运用于历史的学习与探究中，并将唯物史观作为认识和解决现实问题的指导思想。 2.知道特定的史事是与特定的时间和空间相联系的;能够知道划分历史时间与空间的多种方式，并能 够运用这些方式叙述过去;能够按照时间顺序和空间要素，建构历史事件、历史人物、历史现象之间的相 互关联;能够在不同的时空框架下理解历史上的变化与延续、统一与多样、局部与整体，并据此对史事作 出合理解释。在认识现实社会时，能够将认识的对象置于具体的时空条件下进行考察。
部分服装、服饰产品国家或行业标准编号 一、机（梭）织类： 1、男西服、大衣（含毛呢服装）：GB/T2664-2009产品等级分优等品、一等品、合格品 2、女西服、大衣（含毛呢服装）：GB/T2665-2009产品等级分优等品、一等品、合格品 3、西裤（含毛呢西服裙）：GB/T2666-2009 产品等级分优等品、一等品、合格品 4、衬衫：GB/T2660-2008产品等级分优等品、一等品、合格品 5、风衣（2010-4-1）：FZ/T81010-2009产品等级分优等品、一等品、合格品 6、单、夹服装：FZ/T81007-2003 产品等级分优等品、一等品、合格品 7、水洗整理服装：GB/T22700-2008 产品等级分优等品、一等品、合格品 8、牛仔服装：FZ/T81006-2007 产品等级分优等品、一等品、合格品 9、茄克衫：FZ/T81008-2004产品等级分一等品、合格品 10、棉服装：GB/T2662-2008产品等级分优等品、一等品、合格品 11、连衣裙、裙套：FZ/T81004-2003 产品等级分优等品、一等品、合格品 12、儿童服装、学生服：FZ/T81003-2003 产品等级分优等品、一等品、合格品 13、机织学生服：GB/T23328-2009 产品等级分优等品、一等品、合格品 14、婴幼儿服装：FZ/T81014-2008 产品等级分优等品、一等品、合格品 15、睡衣套：FZ/T81001-2007产品等级分优等品、一等品、合格品 16、羽绒服装：GB/T14272-2002产品等级分优等品、一等品、合格品 17、丝绸服装：GB/T18132-2008 产品等级分优等品、一等品、合格品 18、领带：GB/T23314-2009 产品等级分优等品、一等品、合格品 19、缝制帽：FZ/T82002-2006 产品等级分优等品、一等品、合格品 20、围巾、披肩：FZ/T81012-2006 产品等级分优等品、一等品、合格品 21、婚纱和礼服：FZ/T81015-2008 产品等级分优等品、一等品、合格品 二、针织类： 1、棉针织内衣：GB/T8878-2009产品等级分优等品、一等品、合格品 2、化纤针织内衣：FZ/T73024-2006 产品等级分一等品、合格品 3、针织保暖内衣：FZ/T73022-2004 产品等级分优等品、一等品、合格品
小学语文新课程标准【2017年修订版】 一、课程性质与地位 工具性与人文性的统一，是语文课程的基本特点。 语文课程应致力于学生语文素养的形成与发展。 二、课程的基本理念 （一）全面提高学生的语文素养。 九年义务教育阶段的语文课程，必须面向全体学生。 （二）正确把握语文教育的特点。 应该尊重学生在学习过程中的独特体验。 语文是实践性很强的课程，应着重培养学生的语文实践能力，而培养这种能力的主要途径也应是语文实践，不宜刻意追求语文知识的系统和完整。语文又是母语教育课程，学习资源和实践机会无处不在，无时不有。 （三）积极倡导自主、合作、探究的学习方式。 爱护学生的好奇心、求知欲，充分激发学生的主动意识和进取精神。 课程目标 一、总目标 1．在语文学习过程中，逐步形成积极的人生态度和正确的价值观。 4．在发展语言能力的同时。逐步养成实事求是，崇尚真知的科学态度，初步掌握科学的思想方法。 7．具有独立阅读的能力。学会运用多种阅读方法。 9．具有日常口语交际的基本能力，在各种交际活动中，学会倾听，表达与交流，初步学会文明地进行人际沟通和社会交往，发展合作精神。 10．初步具备搜集和处理信息的能力。 二、阶段目标 第一学段（1～2年级） （一）识字与写字 1．有主动识字的愿望。 3．掌握汉字的基本笔画和常用的偏旁部首；注意间架结构。 4．养成正确的写字姿势。 6．能借助汉语拼音认读汉字。能用音序和部首检字法查字典，学习独立识字。 （二）阅读 3．学习默读，做到不出声，不指读。
5．结合上下文和生活实际了解课文中词句的意思，在阅读中积累词语。 6．关心自然和生命，并乐于与人交流。 （四）口语交际 2．能认真听别人讲话，努力了解讲话的主要内容。 4．能较完整地讲述小故事，能简要讲述自己感兴趣的见闻。 5．与别人交谈，态度自然大方，有礼貌。 6．有表达的自信心。积极参加讨论，对感兴趣的话题发表的意见。 （五）综合性学习 第二学段（3～4年级） （一）识字与写字 4．能使用硬笔熟练地书写正楷字，做到规范、端正、整洁。用毛笔临摹正楷字帖。（二）阅读 2．能对课文中不理解的地方提出疑问。 3．能联系上下文，理解词句的意思，体会课文中关键词句在表情达意方面的作用。4．能初步把握文章的主要内容，体会文章表达的思想感情。 5．能复述叙事性作品的大意。 （三）习作 3．愿意将自己的习作读给人听，与他人分享习作的快乐。 5．尝试在习作中运用自己平时积累的语言材料，特别是有新鲜感的词句。 7．学习修改习作中有明显错误的词句。 （四）口语交际 1．能用普通话与人交谈。在交谈中能认真倾听，领会要点，并能就不理解的地方向对方请教，就不同的意见与人商讨。 2．听人说话能把握主要内容，并能简要转述。 第三学段（5～6年级） （一）识字与写字 2．硬笔书写楷书，行款整齐，有一定的速度。 3．能用毛笔书写楷书，在书写中体会汉字的美感。 （二）阅读 2．默读有一定的速度，默读一般读物每分钟不少于300字。 3．能借助词典阅读，理解词语在语言环境中的恰当意义，辨别词语的感情色彩。4．联系上下文和自己的积累，推想课文中有关词句的内涵，体会其表达效果。 5．在阅读中揣摩文章的表达顺序，初步领悟文章基本的表达方法。在交流和讨论中，敢于提出自己的看法，作出自己的判断。 6．阅读说明性文章，能抓住要点，了解文章的基本说明方法。 （三）习作
1月16日上午，教育部召开新闻发布会，介绍《普通高中课程方案和语文等学科课程标准(2017年版)》有关情况。 教育部部长助理、党组成员、教材局局长郑富芝在发布会上介绍，教育部组织260多位专家对普通高中课程方案和语文等14门学科课程标准进行了修订，历时4年已全部完成，经国家教材委员会审查通过，于2017年底印发，并于2018年秋季开始执行。 新版语文课程标准与2003年版相比，有哪些主要变化?提出了哪些新概念? 增加了哪些新内容?一起来看为你总结的五大变化和两大热点! 1变化一:提出四大学科核心素养 新课标提出了“学科核心素养”的概念。那么何为学科核心素养?新课标指出，学科核心素养是学科育人价值的集中体现，是学生通过学科学习而逐步形成的正确价值观念、必备品格和关键能力。语文学科核心素养主要包括四个方面的内容，分别为: 语言构建与运用 思维发展与提升 审美鉴赏与创造 文化传承与理解 2变化二:由五大课程目标变为十二大课程目标 2003版的课程标准中，设置五大课程目标，分别为:积累·整合、感受·鉴 赏、思考·领悟、应用·拓展、发现·创新。2017版课标则变为十二大课程目标，分别为: 语言积累与构建 语言表达与交流 语言梳理与整合 增强形象思维能力 发展逻辑思维 提升思维品质 增进对祖国语言文字的美感体验 鉴赏文学作品 美的表达与创造 传承中华文化 理解多样文化 3变化三:新增选择性必修课程
相较于2003年版的必修课程+选修课程的课程结构，新版课程标准新增了选择性必修课程，即课程结构调整为必修课程+选择性必修课程+选修课程。三类课程分别安排7-9个学习任务群，中华优秀传统文化、革命文化和社会主义先进文化方面的内容始终贯串这三类课程。 必修课程，每名高中学生必须修习，开设2个学期，8学分;选择性必修课程，学生根据个人需求与升学考试要求选择修习，开设2个学期，6学分;选修课程，学生可自由选择学习，开设2个学期，设计12学分课程，供学生自由选择。 高中语文学习任务群的比重按学分计，安排如下。 4变化四:设置十八个学习任务群 新的课程标准提出了十八个学习任务群，这十八个任务群被归置于必修、选择性必修和选修三类课程中。 整本书阅读与研讨 当代文化参与 跨媒介阅读与交流、 语文积累、梳理与探究 文学阅读与写作 思辨性阅读与表达 实用性阅读与交流 中国传统文化经典研习 中国革命传统作品研习 中国现当代作家作品研习 外国作家作品研习 科学与文化论著研习 汉字汉语专题研讨 中国传统文化专题研讨 中国革命传统作品专题研讨 中国现当代作家作品专题研讨 跨文化专题研讨 学术专著专题研讨 5变化五:明确学业质量 新课标增加了“学业质量”部分，明确学业质量是学生在完成本学科课程学习后的学业成就表现，学业质量标准是以学科核心素养及其表现水平为主要维度，结合课程内容，对学生学业成就表现的总体刻画。
龙源期刊网 https://www.doczj.com/doc/503093042.html, 《普通高中历史课程标准（2017年版）》解读 作者：徐蓝 来源：《教育实践与研究·中学课程版》2018年第06期 一、确立新的认知观、教学观和评价观 教师必须确立新的认知观、教学观和评价观，从知识本位转变为素养本位，努力将学生对知识的学习过程转化为发展学生核心素养的过程。教师要全面理解历史学科核心素养的内涵及其具体表现，认识到核心素養五个方面是一个相互联系的整体，既要注重对某一核心素养的培养，更要注重对学生核心素养的综合培养。 二、将教、学、评、考各个环节聚焦发展学生核心素养 教师要有意识地将“教—学—评—考”一体化，即将教学目标、教学内容、教学过程和教学评价等聚焦于培养和发展 学生的核心素养，合理整合教学内容，确定关键问题和重点难点。通过基于史料 研习的教学活动和以学生为主体的自主探究活动，让学生学会学习、学会自我拓展知识、学会运用知识解决问题。 三、以新情境下的问题解决为重心进行教学 在教学中，教师要努力创设能体现历史学科核心素养的新情境，如“学习情境”“生活情境”“社会情境”“学术情境”等。通过多维度创设问题情境，考查学生在新情境下如何解决问题，如何把问题解决好，为检测和评价学生的历史学科核心素养水平创造条件。 四、开展基于史料研习的教学活动 教师在设计教学时，要认真考虑如何构建基于史料研习的教学方式。所谓基于史料研习的教学，不仅要求教师在教学中运用史料阐释历史，更重要的是，要设计以史料研习为基础的探究活动，通过这些活动，引导学生学会搜集、整理、辨析、运用史料解释历史。 五、根据学业质量水平评价学生历史学科核心素养的达成度 教师要全面深刻地学习、理解历史学科核心素养的内涵，准确把握学业质量不同水平所描述的学生核心素养的表现特征，依据学业质量水平的细化评价目标指导教学与评价。
原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 1 二、学科核心素养与课程目标 （一）学科核心素养 学科核心素养是学科育人价值的集中体现，是学生通过学科学习而逐步形成的正确价值观、必备品格和关键能力。语文学科核心素养是学生在积极的语言实践活动中积累与构建起来，并在真实的语言运用情境中表现出来的语言能力及其品质；是学生在语文学习中获得的语言知识与语言能力，思维方法与思维品质，情感、态度与价值观的综合体现。主要包括“语言建构与运用”“思维发展与提升”“审美鉴赏与创造”“文化传承与理解”四个方面。 1．语言建构与运用 语言建构与运用是指学生在丰富的语言实践中，通过主动的积累、梳理和整合，逐步掌握祖国语言文字特点及其运用规律，形成个体言语经验，发展在具体语言情境中共正确有效地运用祖国语言文字进行交流沟通的能力。 2．思维发展与提升 思维发展与提升是指学生在语文学习过程中，通过语言运用，获得直觉思维、形象思维、逻辑思维、辩证思维和创造思维的发展，以及深刻性、敏捷性、灵活性、批判性和独创性等思维品质的提升。 3．审美鉴赏与创造 审美鉴赏与创造是指学生在语文学习中，通过审美体验、评价等活动形成正确的审美意识、健康向上的审美情趣与鉴赏品位，并在此过程中逐步掌握表现美、创造美的方法。 4．文化传承与理解 文化传承与理解是指学生在语文学习中，继承和弘扬中华优秀传统文化、革命文化、社会主义先进文化，理解与借鉴不同民族和地区的文化，拓展文化视野，增强文化自觉，提升中国特色社会主义文化自信，热爱祖国语言文字，热爱中华文化，防止文化上的民族虚无主义。 语文学科核心素养的四个方面是一个整体。语言是重要的交际工具，也是重要的思维工具；语言的发展与思维的发展相互依存，相辅相成。语言文字是文化的载体，又是文化的重要组成部分；学习语言文字的过程也是文化获得的过程。语言文字作品势人类重要的审美对象，语文学习也是学生审美能力和审美品质发展的重要途径。语言建构与运用是语文学科核心素养的基础，在语文课程中，学生的思维发展与提升、审美鉴赏与创造、文化传承与理解，都是以语言的建构与运用为基础，并在学生个体言语经验发展过程中得以实现的。 （二）课程目标 学生通过阅读与鉴赏、表达与交流、梳理与探究等语文学习活动，在语言建构与运用、思维发展与提
服装类常用的执行标准 1、衬衫：GB/T2660-1999 2、棉服装：GB/T2662-1999 3、男西服大衣：GB/T2664-2001 4、女西服大衣：GB/T2665-2001 5、男、女西裤：GB/T2666-2001 6、羽绒服装：GB/T14272-2002 9、单.夹服装：FZ/81007-2003 11、牛仔服装；FZ/T81006-2007 12、男女单服装：GB/T2668-2002 13、茄克衫：FZ/T81008-2004 14、人造毛皮服装：FZ/T81009-1994 15、风雨衣：FZ/T81010-2001 16、领带：FZ/T81011-2008 17.围巾-披肩：FZ/T81012-2006 二、针织： 1、棉针织内衣：GB/T8878-2002 2、袜子：FZ/T73001-2004 3、桑蚕丝针织服装：FZ/T43015-2001 4、文胸：FZ/T73012-1998 5、低含毛混纺及纺毛针织品：FZ/T73005-2002 6、腈纶针织内衣：FZ/T73006-1995 7、针织运动服：FZ/T73007-2002 8、针织T恤衫；FZ/T73008-2002 9、羊绒针织品；FZ/T73009-1997 10、针织工艺品：FZ/T73010-1998 11、针织腹带：FZ/T73011-1998 12、针织泳装：FZ/T73013-1998 13、亚麻针织品：FZ/T73015-1999 14、粗梭牦牛绒针织品：FZ/T73014-1999 15、针织保暖内衣、絮片类：FZ/T73016-2000 16、针织睡衣：FZ/T73017-2000 17、毛针织品：FZ/T73018-2002 三、安全标识：GB18401-2003 分A、B、C三类安全指标：A类婴幼儿用品、B类直接皮肤的产品、C类非直接接触皮肤的产品。
小学语文新课程标准【最新修订版】 注：凡是加粗的部分，均是课程标准（修订稿）新改动的，或增或删，或调或整合。 第一部分前言 现代社会要求公民具备良好的人文素养和科学素养，具备创新精神、合作意识和开放的视野，具备包括阅读理解与表达交流在内的多方面的基本能力，以及运用现代技术搜集和处理信息的能力。语文教育应该而且能够为培养和造就一代新人发挥重要作用。为适应和满足社会进步与学生自身发展的需要（原为面对社会发展的需要），语文教育必须在课程目标和内容、教学观念和学习方式、评价目的和方法等方面进行系统的改革。 九年义务教育语文课程的改革，应以马克思主义和教育科学理论（词序调换：原为科学的教育理论）为指导，总结我国语文教育的成败得失，借鉴国外母语教育改革的经验，遵循语文教育的规律，努力建设与现代社会发展相适应的语文课程。语文课程应为提高学生道德品质（原为思想道德素质）和科学文化素养，（弘扬和培育民族精神，增强民族创造力和凝聚力）(增补内容)，发挥积极的作用。 一、课程性质与地位 语文是最重要的交际工具，是人类文化的重要组成部分。工具性与人文性的统一，是语文课程的基本特点。 语文课程应致力于学生语文素养的形成与发展。语文素养是学生学好其他课程的基础，也是学生全面发展和终身发展的基础。语文课程的多重功能和奠基作用，决定了它在九年义务教育阶段的重要地位。 二、课程的基本理念 (一)全面提高学生的语文素养 九年义务教育阶段的语文课程，必须面向全体学生，使学生获得基本的语文素养。 语文课程应激发(增补内容)和培育学生热爱祖国语文的思想感情，引导(原为指导)学生丰富语言的积累，培养语感，发展思维，初步掌握学习语文的基本方法，养成良好的学习习惯，使他们具有适应实际需要的识字写字能力、阅读能力、写作能力、口语交际能力，正确地理解和运用祖国语文。同时，语文课程还应通过优秀文化的熏陶感染(增补内容)，提高学生的思想道德(原为品德)修养和审美情趣，使他们逐步形成良好的个性和健全的人格，促进德、智、体、美诸方面的和谐发展。 (二)正确把握语文教育的特点 语文课程丰富的人文内涵对学生精神领域的影响是深广的，学生对语文材料的感受和理解(原为反应)又往往是多元的。因此，应该重视语文的熏陶感染作用，注意教学内容的价值取向，同时也应尊重学生在学习过程中的独特体验。
2017版普通高中课程标准测试题 物理试卷 本试卷满分100分，考试时间100分钟。 一、单项选择题（共30小题，每题2分，共60分） 1.新课标提出要坚持正确的政治方向，要使学生坚定中国特色社会主义道路自信、理论自信、制度自信和（）自信 A.信仰 B.理想 C.文化 D.信念 2.教师在教学中要让学生体会建构物理模型的方法，理解物理模型的适用条件，“模型建构”是属于哪一类核心素养（） A.物理观念 B.科学思维 C.科学探究 D.科学态度与责任 3.新课标课程方案中选择性必修课程要求所有学生（） A.必修 B.必考 C.选修选考D必修选考 4.新课标中关于学科课程标准:更新了教学内容，重视以学科大概念为核心，使课程内容结构化，以主题为引领，使课程内容（），促进学科核心素养的落实。 A.科学化 B.社会化 C.情景化 D.生活化 5.物理学是自然科学领域的一门基础学科，研究自然界物质的基本结构.相互作用和（） A.发展规律 B.运动规律 C.变化规律 D.作用规律 6.高中物理课程在结构上注重为全体学生打好共同基础，精选学生终身发展必备的（）和科学实践作为必修模块内容。 A.基础知识 B.科学知识 C.核心素养 D.核心概念 7.高中物理课程重视以评价促进学生的学习与发展，重视评价的诊断功能和（） A.激励功能 B.检验功能 C.反馈功能 D.惩罚功能 8.物理课程目标一共提出了（）条学生应该达到的目标 9.选择性必须课程有（）个模块
10.必修1模块的主题是：( )与物理模型和相互作用与运动定律 A.机械运动 B.机械能及其守恒定律 C.万有引力定律 D.曲线运动 11.选修1模块的主题为（） A.物理学与技术应用 B.物理学与社会发展 C.近代物理学初步 D.物理学与环境 12.物理必修课程共（）学分 13.物理选修课程共（）学分 14.学生要参加高中毕业学业水平合格性考试，需要（）学分 15.学生如果要参加高中毕业学业水平等级性考试，需要（）学分 16.新课程标准关于培养目标的表述是（） A.进一步提高科学素养，满足全体学生的终身发展需求 B.进一步提高科学素养，满足全体学生的个性发展需求 C.进一步提升学生综合素质，着力发展科学素养 D.进一步提升学生综合素质，着力发展核心素养 17.新课程标准关于课程内容的表述是（） A.体现课程的时代性，关注科技进步 B.体现课程的基础性，关注科社会发展 C.体现课程的选择性，关注科技进步 D.注重课程的时代性，关注科技进步和社会发展 18.下列不属于物理核心知识的是（） A.核心概念 B.核心规律 C.重要物理实验 D.主要的物理学史 19.下列不属于物理核心能力的是（） A.理解能力 B.推理能力 C.模型建构能力 D.分析、综合的能力 20.关于培育高中学生的物理核心素养，以下做法错误的是（） A.物理教学要把身心健康放在首要目标
附录1 古诗文背诵推荐篇目 文言文（32篇） （一）必修（10篇） 《论语》十二章（“人而不仁”“朝闻道”“君子喻于义”“见贤思齐焉”“质胜文则野”“士不可以不弘毅”“譬如为山”“知者不惑”“有一言而可以终身行之者乎”“小子何莫学乎《诗》”“君子食无求饱”“克己复礼为仁”） 劝学（学不可以已……用心躁也）《荀子》屈原列传（屈平疾王听之不聪也……虽与日月争光可也）司马迁谏太宗十思疏魏征师说韩愈阿房宫赋杜牧六国论苏洵答司马谏议书王安石赤壁赋苏轼项脊轩志归有光（二）选择性必修（10篇） 子路、曾晳、冉有、公西华侍坐《论语》报任安书（古者富贵而名摩灭……难为俗人言也）司马迁过秦论（上）贾谊礼运（大道之行也……是谓大同）《礼记》陈情表李密归去来兮辞（并序）陶潜种树郭橐驼传柳宗元五代史伶官传序欧阳修石钟山记苏轼登泰山记姚鼐（三）选修（12篇） 《老子》八章（第八章“上善若水”；第十二章“五色令人目盲”；第十五章“古之善为士者”；第二十二章“曲则全”；第二十四章“跛者不立”；第二十七章“善行无辙迹”；第三十三章“知人者智”；第八十一章“信言不美”） 季氏将伐颛臾《论语》大学（古之欲明明德于天下者……壹是皆以修身为本）《礼记》中庸（喜怒哀乐之未发……万物育焉；博学之……人十能之，已千之）《礼记》《孟子》一则（敢问夫子恶乎长……则不能也） 逍遥游（惠子谓庄子曰……则夫子犹有蓬之心也夫）《庄子》谏逐客书李斯兰亭集序王羲之滕王阁序王勃黄冈竹楼记王禹偁上枢密韩太尉书苏辙 古代文论选段 毛诗序（诗者，志之所之也……不知手之舞之足之蹈之也） 典论·论文（盖文章，经国之大业……而声名自传于后）曹丕诗品序（若乃春风春鸟……故曰：“《诗》可以群，可以怨。”）钟嵘与元九书（感人心者……华声，实义）白居易题画（江馆清秋……独画云乎哉）郑燮人间词话（词以境界为最上……自有名句；境非独谓景物也……否则谓之无境界；古今之成大事业、大学问者……恐为晏欧诸公所不许也）王国维
2017年高考全国课标1卷物理试题解析 二、选择题：本题共8小题，每小题6分，共48分。在每小题给出的四个选项中，第14~17 题只有一项符合题目要求，第18~21题有多项符合题目要求。全部选对的得6分，选对但不全的得3分，有选错的得0分。 14．将质量为1.00kg 的模型火箭点火升空，50g 燃烧的燃气以大小为600 m/s 的速度从火箭 喷口在很短时间内喷出。在燃气喷出后的瞬间，火箭的动量大小为（喷出过程中重力和空气阻力可忽略） A ．30kg m/s ? B ．5.7×102kg m/s ? C ．6.0×102kg m/s ? D ．6.3×102kg m/s ? 【解析】 s kgm s kgm mv p /30/60010503 =??==- 【答案】A 15．发球机从同一高度向正前方依次水平射出两个速度不同的乒乓球（忽略空气的影响）。 速度较大的球越过球网，速度较小的球没有越过球网，其原因是 A ．速度较小的球下降相同距离所用的时间较多 B ．速度较小的球在下降相同距离时在竖直方向上的速度较大 C ．速度较大的球通过同一水平距离所用的时间较少 D ．速度较大的球在相同时间间隔内下降的距离较大 【解析】 A.g h t 2=，相等 B.gh v 2=，相等 C.v x t = ，速度较大的球通过同一水平距离所用的时间较少，根据2 21gt h =，所以， 下落的高度小，能越过球网 【答案】C 16．如图，空间某区域存在匀强电场和匀强磁场，电场方向竖直向上（与纸面平行），磁场 方向垂直于纸面向里 ，三个带正电的微粒a ，b ，c 电荷量相等，质量分别为m a ，m b ，m c ，已知在该区域内，a 在纸面内做匀速圆周运动，b 在纸面内向右做匀速直线运动，c 在纸面内向左做匀速直线运动。下列选项正确的是