语法专项—过去分词的用法
一周强化
一、过去分词的定义及其基本形式
1．过去分词是动词的另一种非限定形式，过去分词具有动词、形容词和副词的特性，可以带宾语或受状语修饰。过去分词和宾语或状语一起构成过去分词短语。如：
（1）spoken English 英语口语（过去分词具有形容词的特性，作定语）
（2）Given more time, we could do it much better.
=If we were given more time, we could do it much better.
多给点时间，我们会做得更好些。
（过去分词具有动词的特性，有自己的宾语more time，构成分词短语；过去分词短语在句中作状语，
（2）不规则动词的过去分词须逐个记忆。
（3）不规则动词的过去分词表示完成，如：
fallen leaves =leaves which have fallen落叶
（4）及物动词的过去分词表示被动或完成，如：
the machines used in the workshop
=the machines which are used in the workshop
车间用的机器（及物动词的过去分词表示被动）
I heard the door opened.
=I heard the door has been opened.
我听见门被打开了。（及物动词的过去分词表示被动和完成）
二、过去分词的句法功能
过去分词是一种非谓语动词，在句中不能单独做谓语。但它具有形容词和副词的特性，故在句中可以作定语、表语、宾语补足语和状语。
（一）定语
作定语用的过去分词如果是单个的词，就放在被修饰的词的前面；若为分词短语则放在所修饰的词的后面。如：
The excited children are opening their Christmas presents.
兴奋的孩子们正在打开他们的圣诞礼物。
Some of the people invited (=who have been invited) to the party can’t come.有些被邀请参加晚会的人不能来。
注意：（1）做定语用的过去分词通常指已完成的动作，若要表示现在进行的动作则要用过去分词的进行形式。
We must keep a secret of the things being discussed here.
=We must keep a secret of the things which are being discussed here.
我们必须对这里讨论的问题保密。
（2）如指未来的情况，都用不定式的被动形式。
He prepared some poems to be recited at the English evening.
他准备了几首将在英语晚会上朗诵的诗。
例1．The computer centre, ______ last year, is very popular among the students in this school.
A．open B．opening
C．having opened D．opened
答案与简析：选D。过去分词短语作后置定语，相当于非限制性定语从句which was opened.
（二）表语
Be prepared! 做好准备！
Everybody got excited about the boat trip.
大家对坐船游览倍感兴奋。
注意：“be＋过去分词”与被动语态的区别：
“be＋过去分词”表示状态；被动语态表示一个动作。如：
The bank is closed now.
银行现在已经关门了。（表状态）
He had been injured during the war.
他是在战争中受伤的。（表动作）
（三）宾（主）语补足语
What made you so frightened?
什么使你这样惊恐？
He was found injured at the foot of a cliff.
他被发现在山岩脚下受了伤。
例2．The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see ______ the next year.
A．carry out B．carrying out
C．carried out D．to carry out
答案与简析：选C。过去分词短语在定语从句中作宾补。
（四）做状语
1．Born into a peasant family (=As he was born into a peasant family), he had only two years of schooling.（由于）他出生于农民家庭，他只上了两年学。2．United we stand, divided we fall.
=(If we are) United we stand and (If we are divided) we fall.
团结则存，分裂则亡。
3．We went home exhausted.
我们筋疲力尽地回到了家里。
4．分词有时和连词一起用，相当于状语从句的省略。
Robbie had arranged for this man to come whenever (he was) needed.
罗比已安排好，随时需要这人就可以来。
例3．The child complained that the old man made no answer when _____ where he lived.
A．asking B．asked
C．to ask D．having asked
答案与简析：选B。状语从句的省略when (he was) asked.
三、现在分词与过去分词的区别
现在分词与过去分词都能作表语、定语、状语和补语。
现在分词表示主动、进行；过去分词表示被动、完成。
1．作表语：现在分词表示主语的性质，过去分词表示主语的状态。
（1）The film is very moving.
这部电影很感人。（表性质，主语本身怎样）
（2）My hair is sold and gone.
我的头发卖了，不见了。（表示状态“不复存在”）
例4．Mrs. Bush stood _______ for a moment when an old soldier suddenly appeared before her.
A．surprised B．surprising
C．being surprised D．to be surprise
答案与简析：选A。stood为半系动词，surprised意为“吃惊的”，表示stood的状态。2．作定语
分词作定语，其逻辑主语是被修饰的词。逻辑主语与分词是主动关系时，就用现在分词；是被动关系时，就用过去分词。
（1）The books dealing with the Long March are sold out.
=The books which deal with the Long March are sold out.
有关长征的书售完了。
（2）The books written by Guo Jinming are popular with young people.
=The books which were written by Guo Jinming…
郭敬民写的书很受年青人的欢迎。
例5．No computer so far ______ can have the same ability as human rights. A．be built B．having built
C．being built D．built
答案与简析：选D。build与no computer之间存在被动关系。
3．作状语
分词作状ience.
他提高了声
2．have＋宾语＋过去分词（宾补）有三种情形：
（1）I had my hair cut yesterday.
昨天我理发了。（have sth. done =ask sb. else to do）
（2）I had my wallet stolen yesterday.
昨天我钱包被偷了。（have sth. done 遭受……）
（3）I have my homework finished.
我已经完成了家庭作业。（完成式的强调）
例7．TV has so many advantages. It keeps us ______ about the ______ news, and also provides entertainment in the home.
A．informed; latest B．informed; later
C．informing; later D．informing; latest
答案与简析：选A。inform与宾语us之间存在被动关系，故用过去分词作宾补。（二）感观动词
表示感觉和心理状态的词，如see, hear, feel, watch, notice, observe, find, look at, listen to 这些动词所带的宾语后可以接过去分词作宾语补足语。如：
I saw a girl knocked down by a truck.
我看见一个女孩被一辆卡车撞倒。
When I came in, I found the glass broken.
当我进来的时候，我发现玻璃被打碎了。
例8．Yesterday I saw a man _____ in the street with a little boy ____ on his
shoulder.
A．walking; seating B．walk; sat
C．walking; seated D．to walk; sitting
答案与简析：
选C。第一空宾语a man为动作发出者故用walking；第二空seat为“使……坐下”，故用过去分词seated“坐下”，或sitting，综合两空选C。
（三）其它的动词
wish, want, like, expect＋宾语＋过去分词（宾补）
We wished the problem settled at once!
我们希望问题马上解决。
五、独立主格结构
（一）独立主格结构的构成
1．名词或代词＋分词/不定式/形容词/副词/介词短语构成。
2．独立主格结构没有主语和谓语，所以在语法上不是句子。
3．独立主格结构在句中起方式、时间、条件等状语或状语从句的作用。
4．独立主格结构前可用with变成with＋名词/代词＋分词/形容词/副词/介词短语的复合结构，在句中也可作定语。
（二）(with)名词/代词＋分词(doing或done)结构
这种结构的功能相似于分词或分词短语作状语，分词的逻辑主语是句子的主语，而独立结构中doing(done)的逻辑主语是它前面的名词或代词。若名词/代词是动作的发出者，则用doing；若为动作承受者，则用done.如：
1．Miss Gao falling ill, Mr. Wang took her class instead.
=Because Miss Gao fell ill, Mr. Wang took her class instead.
2．All things considered, her paper is of greater value than yours.
=If all things are considered, her paper is of greater value than yours. 3．He lay in bed with his head covered.（方式状语）
他躺在床上，盖着头。
4．He lay on his back, his teeth set, his right hand clenched on his breast and his glaring eyes looking straight upward.
他仰卧着，他的牙齿紧咬，他的右手紧握在胸前，他的眼睛直盯着上面。
六、表示人的心理感受的动词的现在分词与过去分词
（一）表示人的心理感受的动词，如：please, delight, satisfy, inspire, encourage, excite, interest, move, frighten, surprise, astonish, puzzle, disappoint, discourage, tire等词，其动词含义为“让人……”
（二）这些词的-ing和-ed均可视为形容词。
1．-ing“让人……的”一般修饰物；-ed“……的”一般说明人。
例：We are interested in these interesting books.
2．当修饰人的表情、眼神、眼泪、声音时要用-ed形式。
例．Her frightened face showed us what had happened to her family.
be was/were been bear bore borne beat beat beaten, beat become became become begin began begun bend bent bent bet bet bet bind bound bound bite bit bitten bleed bled bled blow blew blown break broke broken bring brought brought build built built burn burned, burnt burned, burnt burst burst burst buy bought bought cast cast cast catch caught caught choose chose chosen
come came come show showed shown, showed shut shut shut sing sang sung sink sank, sunk sunk sit sat sat sleep slept slept sow sowed sown, sowed speak spoke spoken spread spread spread stand stood stood steal stole stolen stick stuck stuck swear swore sworn swim swam swum take took taken teach taught taught tear tore torn tell told told think thought thought
过去分词的用法 一、构成：规则动词的过去分词是有动词原形+ed构成的，不规则动词则有各自构成。 二、基本特点：过去分词在句子中的基本用法有两点：1.与逻辑主语之间是被动关系 2.表示完成的动作 三、过去分词的用法： 1.作表语：过去分词作表语时，一般同时具备被动与完成的含义 例如：（1）The cup is broken.（2）He is retired. （3）After running,he is tired. 【注意】过去分词作表语时，已经变成形容词性质，主要表示主语的状态（被动完成）,而被动语态则表示动作. 例如：(1) The cup was broken by my little sister yesterday. 茶杯是昨天我小妹打碎的.(是被动语态,表示动作) （2）The cup is now broken. 茶杯碎了.(过去分词作表语,表示状态) 【注意】有些动词如interest, bore, worry, surprise, frighten 等通常用其过去分词形式来修饰人,表示“感到……” 用-ing 形式来修饰物，表示“令人……” 例如：The book is interesting and I'm interested in it. 这本书很有趣,我对它很感兴趣. 2.做定语 作定语用的过去分词其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的名词.及物动词的过去分词作定语,既表被动又表完成;不及物动词的过去分词作定语,只表完成. 1）单一过去分词作定语,常置于其所修饰的名词之前，称作前置定语。 例如：We must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions. 我们必须使我们的思想适应改变了的情况. 2）过去分词短语用作定语时,一般置于其所修饰的名词之后,相当于一个定语从句,称作后置定语。 例如：The concert given by their friends was a success.他们朋友举行的音乐会大为成功. 3）过去分词短语有时也可用作非限制性定语,前后常有逗号. 例如：The meeting, attended by over five thousand people, welcomed the great hero. 4）用来修饰人的过去分词有时可以修饰与人有关的表情，面貌，举止行为以及感觉等，这时不能用v-ing形式例如：The boy looked up with a pleased expression. His satisfied look showed that he had passed this exam. 3.作状语 作状语的过去分词在句子中多表示被动和完成两重含义。 1）时间状语：A.当和谓语动词动作同时发生时，一般仅表示被动,可以用when从句代替。 例如：Faced with difficulties,we shouldn’t withdraw for any excuse. B.当表示动作发生在谓语动词之前时，通常既表被动又表完成，可用after从句代替，也可用现在分词的被动完成形式代替。 例如：Caught by the police,the thief lay on the ground,crying and shouting. 2）原因状语：过去分词所表示的动作多有被动和完成两重含义。 例如：Written in a hurry, this article was not so good! 因为写得匆忙,这篇文章不是很好. Welcomed by all the students,we expressed own true thanks to them.被全体同学欢迎，我们表达真挚的感激【注意】有些过去分词因来源于系表结构,作状语时不表被动而表主动.这样的过去分词及短语常见的有: lost (迷路); seated (坐); hidden (躲); stationed (驻扎); lost / absorbed in (沉溺于); born (出身于); dressed in (穿着); tired of (厌烦). 等，这种结构可以改写成一个because引导的主系表结构句子。 例如：Lost / Absorbed in deep thought, he didn't hear the sound.因为沉溺于思考之中,所以他没听到那个声音. Tired of the noise,he decided to move to the country.因厌倦了噪音，他决定搬到农村去。 Dressed in an orange dress,she looked more beautiful than before.穿上橘红色连衣裙，她看起来比以前更美3）条件状语：作条件状语时，一般只表被动含义。相当于if引导的条件状语从句。 例如：Grown in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast. 如果种在肥沃的土壤里,这些种子能长得很快. 4）伴随情况：表示伴随谓语动词发生的另外动作，位于主语之后，用逗号隔开，可以同时表示被动与完成， 例如：The mother ran across the street,followed by her little son. 5）结果状语：表示发生在谓语动词后的动作，位于主句后用都逗号分开，也可以同时表示被动与完成。 例如：He listened to the hero’s story,moved to tears. 【注意】状语从句改成过去分词作状语时有时还可保留连词,构成"连词+过去分词"结构作状语. 例如：When given a medical examination, you should keep calm. 当你做体格检查时要保持镇定.
1. __ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him. A. Los ing B. Havi ng lost C. Lost D. To lose be lost in ........................................ 2. If __ the same treatment again, he ? s sure to get well. A. Givi ng B. Give C. Give n D. being give n 3. ____ in 1636, Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the United States. A. Being foun ded B. It was foun ded C. Foun ded D. Founding It was founded in 1636, Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the United States. 4. ___ with the size of the whole earth, the biggest oceadoesn? t seem big at all. A. Compare B. Whe n compari ng C. Compari ng D.Whe n compared II. ................................................................ A-D ........................................................ impress; pour; speak(impress -.????]? ? ? 1. Once spoken, a word becomes a promise. 2. Once poured, water cannot be take n back aga in. 3. Impressed by the beautiful sce nery, I forgot to go back home in time. A. ............................ B. ........................... C. .............................................................. III. ..................................................................................... 1. Seen (see) from the top of the hill, the city looks beautiful to us. 2. Given (give) time, he ? 41 make a first class tennis player. 3. Looking (look) out of the window, I found many children playing on the playground. IV. ....................................... 1. Used for a long time, the book looks old( use) 2. Using the book, I find it useful. (use) 3. Following (follow) the old man, we went upstairs. (follow) 4. Followed (follow) by the old man, we went upstairs. (follow) 5. Seen from the top, the stadium looks like a bird nest. (see ?
动词 一、五种基本形式： 英语中实义动词和系动词有五种基本形式，原形、现在式（用于第三人称单数）、过去式（用于过去时态）、过去分词（用于各种完成时态）和现在分词（用于各种进行时态）。 1、第三人称单数构成与名词由单数变复数
二、动词时态 定义：时态是谓语动词所表示的动作或情况发生时间的各种形式。 四类：一般时态、进行时态、完成时态和完成进行时态。每一类时态都对应四种时间：过去、现在、将来、过去将来。常用8种时态：一般现在时，一般过去时，一般将来时，现在进行时，过去进行时，现在完成时，过去完成时和过去将来时。 1、一般现在时 常见频度副词有：always（总是，一直）,often, usually, never, sometimes等 地球围绕着太阳转：The earth moves around the sun.表客观存在的真理或科学事实。 公交车来了：Here comes the bus.以here, there等开始的倒装句，表示动作正在进行。
2、一般过去时 有确定的时间状语，如：yesterday, two days ago, last+年/月/星期,the other day, just now, in the old days, the day before yesterday（前天），this morning/afternoon, at the age of+过去年龄段，when 引导的状语从句（过去），at+过去时间点，in+过去的年份等。 3、一般将来时 常用时间副词：tomorrow, soon，(today, tonight)时间状语短语：next year/week/month, in a few days, in the future等。 构成：will/shall+动词原形，be going to+动词原形，表示打算和预测。 特殊情形： be to+动词原形，表示按计划或安排即将要发生的动作；有时也表示命令、禁止或可能性。如：She is to practice the piano tomorrow. 她明天将练习钢琴。 用现在进行时表示按计划或安排将要发生的事。 用一般现在时表示按规定或时间表预计要发生的事。 be about to+动词原形，表示即将要发生的事。 4、现在进行时 常与look, listen, now连用 5、过去进行时 the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等标志性词语，主要表示过去某一时刻或表示过去某一阶段正在发生或进行的动作。 6、现在完成时： 常见时间状语：always, yet, just, ever, before，these days, recently, in the past/few时间段，since+时间点，for+时间段等。 构成：have/has+动词的过去分词 7、过去完成时 8、过去将来时 Would+动词原形
过去分词作状语 一．过去分词作状语的基本用法： 过去分词作状语主要是说明谓语动作发生的背景或条件；表示原因、时间、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。过去分词可置于主句前，也可置于主句后，用逗号与主句隔开。 1. 原因状语 Choked by the heavy smoke, he could hardly breathe. 他被浓烟呛了，几乎不能呼吸了。 Caught in a heavy rain, he was all wet. 因为淋了一场大雨，所以他全身湿透了。Frightened by the n oise in the night, the girl didn’t dare to sleep in her room. 受到夜晚响声的惊吓，那姑娘不敢睡在她的房间。 2. 时间状语 Left to itself in the room, the baby began to cry.当被孤独地留在房间里时，婴儿哭了起来。 Asked why he did it, the monitor said it was his duty. 当被问及这件事时，班长说这是他的职责。 Approached in the dark, the lights looked lonely and purposeless. 在黑暗中走近时。那些电灯显得孤单而无意义。 3. 条件状语 Seen in this aspect, the matter isn’t as serious as people generally suppose. 如果从这个角度看，问题并不像人们一般预料的那样`严重。 Grown in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast. 如果种在肥沃的土壤里，这些种子能长得很快。 Given better attention, the accident could have been avoided. 要是多加注意，那次事故就能避免了。 Watered more, these cabbages could have grown better. 如果多浇点水，这些大白菜还可以长的得更好。 Compared with you, we still have a long way to go. 和你相比，我们还有很大的差距。 4. 方式或伴随状语 Surrounded by his students, the professor sat there cheerfully. 那位教授在学生的簇拥下，兴高采烈地坐在那儿。 He stood there silently, moved to tears. 他静静地站在那里，被感动得热泪盈眶。The old man went into the room, supported by his wife. 那位老人在妻子的搀扶下,走进了房间。 5. 让步状语 Beaten by the police and sent to jail, Gandi created the principle of nonviolent resistance. 尽管受警察的殴打，被投入监狱，甘地却首创了非暴力抵抗的原则。Defeated again, he didn’t lose heart. 尽管再次被击败，但他没有灰心。
初中英语过去式过去分词的不规则变化 meaning root form pt pp meaning root form pt pp 让允许let let let 喂feed fed fed 阅读read read read 遇见meet met met 放置put put put 感觉feel felt felt 花费cost cost cost 嗅，发出smell smelt smelt 打hit hit hit 拼写spell spelt spelt 砍切割cut cut cut 损坏，宠坏spoil spoilt spoilt 伤害弄伤hurt hurt hurt 发现，找到find found found 撒抛投cast cast cast 举着，握着hold held held 关闭shut shut shut 听见hear heard heard 沉入安置set set set 有，吃have/has had had 传播展开spread spread spread 丢失，失去lose lost lost 使阴暗overcast overcast overcast 离开，留下leave left left 广播broadcast broadcast broadcast 制造，使得make made made 预测forecast forecast forecast 射击射伤shoot shot shot 爆炸burst burst burst 照耀发光shine shone shone 捕捉赶上catch caught caught 坐sit sat sat 教书教学teach taught taught 临时照顾babysit babysat babysat 想认为think thought thought 吐，吐唾液spit spat spat 买buy bought bought 打赢，获胜win won won 搜寻追求seek sought sought 出血bleed bled bled 打架打仗fight fought fought 逃跑flee fled fled 带来bring brought brought 改建rebuild rebuilt rebuilt 扫sweep swept swept 睡过头oversleep overslept overslept 哭泣流泪weep wept wept 挖dig dug dug 保持keep kept kept 撒谎lie lied lied 睡觉sleep slept slept 放置下蛋lay laid laid 梦到，做梦dream dreamt dreamt 躺lie lay lain 学习，学会learn learnt learnt 敲打，振翅beat beat beaten 燃烧burn burnt burnt 编织weave wove woven 建设build built built 上升，升起rise rose risen 弯曲,弯腰bend bent bent 发生，呈现arise arose arisen 花费,度过spend spent spent 驱使驱赶drive drove driven 发送,派遣send sent sent 拿走，带走take took taken 付钱pay paid paid 误认为mistake mistook mistaken 说say said said 摇动挥动shake shook shaken 站立stand stood stood 刮风，吹blow blew blown 明白understand understood understood 生长，种植grow grew grown 误解misunderstand misunderstood misunderstood 知道，了解know knew known 卖sell sold sold 画，拖，拉draw drew drawn 给give gave given 投掷抛throw threw thrown 原谅forgive forgave forgiven 飞行fly flew flown 告诉tell told told 展示show showed shown
V-ed分词作状语和短语动词 一．V-ed分词作状语 及物动词的过去分词作状语，表示被动和完成的意义，功能上相当于一个表示时间、原因、条件、结果、让步和方式等的状语从句，其逻辑主语一般与句子主语一致。 1. V-ed分词作时间状语（相当于时间状语从句） ①Born at the beginning of the century, he became president in the early 1940’s. 他出生于世纪之初，到了20世纪40年代初期成为了总统。 ②Seen from the hill, the village looks more beautiful.从山上看去，这个村庄更加漂亮了。可以转换为When it is seen from the hill, the village looks more beautiful. 2. V-ed分词作原因状语（相当于原因状语从句） ①Confused by the stones flying at them from all sides, the boys ran into the building. 孩子们被从四面八方朝他们飞来的石头弄糊涂了，于是他们跑进了那幢大楼里。可以转换为They were confused by the stones flying at them from all sides, so the boys ran into the building. ②Tired and hungry, the little girl sat at the wall corner. 又累又饿，小女孩坐到了墙角处。 ③Discouraged, she decided to leave the city of Beijing. 心灰意冷，她决定离开北京城。 3. V-ed分词作条件状语(相当于条件状语从句) ①Given more time and support, we could have done it better. 如果当时给我们更多的时间和支持，我们会做得更好。可以转换为If we were given more time and support, we could have done it better. ②Put into use as soon as possible, the hotline will do us a great favour. 如果被尽快地投入使用，这条热线将会给我们很大的帮助。 ③Watered once a week, the vegetables will grow better. 一周浇一次水，这些蔬菜会长得更好。 4. V-ed分词作让步状语(相当于although / though引导的让步状语从句) ①Attacked many times, the residents in London didn’t give in. 尽管被攻击了很多次，但伦敦居民并没有屈服。可以转换为Although they were attacked many times, the residents in London didn’t give in. ②Laughed at by other boys, he still continued to complete the task. 尽管遭到其他男孩的嘲笑，他仍然坚持完成了这项任务。 ③Tried again, the experiment still couldn’t give us a satisfying answer. 又尝试了一次，这个实验仍然不能给我们一个满意的结果。 5. V-ed分词作方式或伴随状语（相当于方式状语从句，当表示伴随时，相当于一个并列句） ①Followed by his wolf dog, the hunter walked slowly in the forest. 猎人在树林里慢慢行走，狼狗跟在后面。可以转换为The hunter walked slowly in the forest and his wolf dog Followed him. ②The hero sat there telling stories, surrounded by a lot of students. 英雄坐在那儿讲故事，许多孩子围着他。 6. V-ed分词作结果状语（相当于结果状语从句） ①He failed in the competition, blamed by his companions.
be beat become begin bend blow break bring broadcast build burn buy catch choose come cost cut dig do draw drink drive eat fall feed feel fight find was/were beat became began bent blew broke brought broadcast built burnt bought caught chose came cost cut dug did drew drank drove ate fell fed felt fought found been beaten become begun bent blown broken brought broadcast built burnt bought caught chosen come cost cut dug done drawn drunk driven eaten fallen fed felt fought found
fly forbid forget forgive get give go grow hang hear hide hit hold hurt keep know lay lead learn leave lend lie lose make mean meet pay prove flew forbade forgot forgave got gave went grew hung/hanged heard hid hit held hurt kept knew laid led learned/learnt left lent lay lost made meant met paid proved flown forbidden forgotten forgiven got given gore grown hung/hanged heard hidden hit held hurt kept known laid led learned/learnt left lent lain lost made meant met paid proven/proved
动词的过去分词 一、过去分词的定义 过去分词是动词的另一种非限定形式。过去分词兼有动词副词的形容词的特征，可以带宾语或受状语的修饰，过去分词和宾语或状语一起构成过去分词短语。 二、过去分词的基本形式 过去分词的基本形式是“动词+ed“，但也可以有不规则的形式。不规则的动词的过去分词没有统一的构成规则，要逐个记忆。（详见每册高中课本后的不规则动词表）。过去分词一般表示完成的和被动的动作，只有一种形式。 三、过去分词的句法功能 过去分词在句中可以作宾语、表语、宾语补足语或状语。 作定语 （一）作定语用的过去分词如果是单词，入在被修饰和词的前面；过去分词短语作定语，则放在被修饰的词的后面，过去分词作定语常指完成的动作，而且与所修饰的词之间为被动关系，反过来说。……如： 1.boiled water 凉开水 2.oppressed people 被压迫的人民 3.腊肉 4.英语口语 5.用过的邮票 6.There are many fallen leaves on the ground . 7.This is a book written by a peasant . （二）现在分词和过去式的区别 英语里有些表示感觉的及特动词，其现在分司表示主动， 即“令人有某种感觉”实际上可以理解为一个形容词，表示 “令人××的”，过去分词表示被动，即“人被引起某种感觉” 也可以理解为一个形容词，表示“感到……的”这两种分词 在句中一般用作定语和表语。 如： 1. surprising news 令人惊讶的消息 surprised people 感到惊讶的人们 2. an exciting story 一个令人兴奋的故事 excited spectators 感到兴奋的观众 3. a moving film 一部令人感动的影片 a moved audience 感到感动的观众 可以转为现在分记号和过去分词的形式和形容词的及物 动词有：amuse （给……娱乐，有），satisfy （满意），disappoint （失望），encourage（鼓励），inspire（鼓舞），interest discourage （使泄气），frighten（吃惊），bore（使厌烦）。 （二）但有些过去分词形式的形容词虽然由动词变来的， 但它们只表示一个完成的动作，说明被修饰词的性质、特征 或状态，并没有被动意义。如： 1.fallen leaves 落叶 2. a retired worker 退休工人 3.returned students 归国留学生 4.an informed decision 有见识的决定 5.two talented reporters 两个有开赋的记者 6.an experienced teacher 一个有经验的老师 7.an organized way 一个有条理的方法 （三）现在分词和过去分词在时间关系上的区别：在很 多情况下，现在分词所表示的动作往往正在进行，而过去分 词所表示的动作往往表示已经完成，试比较： 1. the changing world 译：正在改变的世界 the changed world 译：已经起了变化的世界 2. boiling water 译： boiled water 译： 3. developing countries 译： developed countries 译： 4. the liberated areas 解放了的地区（解放区） 5. mended clothes 译： 6. a well–written article译： 7. man-made satellites 译：
分词作状语用法就是所有分词用法中最重要的,也就是最难掌握的。 分词在句中作状语时,其逻辑主语必须就是句子的主语。 一、现在分词作状语 一、现在分词作状语,表主动、进行,相当于一个状语从句,根据需要可以使用被动式或完成式。Studying at the hometown, I enjoyed the happiest time during my life、 Being ill, she can't go to work today、 The children ran out of the room, laughing and jumping、 1、He sent me an e-mail, ________ to get further information、 A、hoped B、hoping C、to hope D、hope 2、Suddenly, a tall man driving a golden carriage ________ the girl and took her away, ________ into the woods、 A、seizing; disappeared B、seized; disappeared C、seizing; disappearing D、seized; disappearing 二、现在分词的时态语态 1、现在分词的一般式由“动词+ing”构成,其被动式为“being+动词过去分词”。 例如:The students standing there are from Class Three、 The English novel being translated by the editor now will be completed in October、 2、现在分词的完成式由“having +动词过去分词”构成,其被动式为“having +been+动词过去分词”。 例如:Having finished all the work, they had a good rest、 Having been given the right answer, the teacher asked me to sit down、 Given more time, we will finish the work in time、 3、现在分词的否定式为“not +动词-ing”,被动式的否定式为“not+being+动词过去分词”,其完成式的否定式为“not + having +动词过去分词”。 例如:Not knowing what to do, he sat there crying、 Not being noticed by the public, the young writer felt a little pity、 1、_______ from heart trouble for years, Professor White has to take some medicine with him wherever he goes、 A、Suffered B、Suffering C、Having suffered D、Being suffered 2、Finding her car stolen, _______、 A、a policeman was asked to help B、the area was searched thoroughly C、it was looked for everywhere D、she hurried to a policeman for help 二、过去分词作状语 过去分词只有一种形式,即done,表被动。 The mother came in, followed by her son、 When heated,water will be turned into steam、 Deeply moved by the film, we all cried、 Born into a poor family, he had no more than two years of schooling、 1._____ from the top of the TV tower, and we can get a beautiful sight of most of the city、 A、To see B、Seen C、Seeing D、See 2、_____ in 1613, Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the United Stated、 A、being founded B、Founded C、It was founded D、Founding 三、过去分词与V-ing作状语的区别 1、分词在句中作状语时,其逻辑主语必须就是句子的主语。
常用动词的过去式、过去分词不规则变化的规律 （史上最全） 一、A—A—A型，即原形、过去式和过去分词三者都相同。（共9个） 1. cost[k?st]—cost—cost---costing['k?st??]---costs[k?sts] n.价格, 成本, 费用；代价, 损失 vi.价钱为; 花费 vt.付出(代价), 失去；估价 2. cut[k?t]—cut—cut---cutting['k?t??]---cuts vt. & vi.切, 剪, 割, 削 vt.削减；挖成; 刻成；使(某人)感到疼痛或痛苦；(直线)与(另一条直线)相交；不出席, 不到场；灌制(唱片) n.切, 割, 砍; 用刀等割的破口；减少, 降低; 删减；裁剪样式；伤感情的话或行为 3. hit[hit]—hit—hit---hitting---hits vt. & vi.打, 打击；碰撞 vt.伤害, 殃及 n.一击, 击中；成功而风行一时的事物 4. hurt[h?:t]—hurt—hurt---hurting---hurts vt.使受伤; 伤害；vi.疼痛 vt. & vi.对…有害; 对…有不良影响 n.肉体上的伤害[痛苦]；精神上的痛苦[创伤] 5. let[let]—let—let ---letting vt.让, 使；放掉, 松掉；vt. & vi.出租 6. put[put]—put—put---putting vt.放; 置；使处于(某种状态)；表达, 叙述, 说明 7. read[ri:d]—read—read ---reading vt. & vi.读; 看懂, 理解；vt.显示; 标明 8. set[set]—set—set---setting---sets vt.放, 搁置；vi.(日、月等)落, 下沉；(植物)结子, 结果 n.(一)套, (一)副；收音机; 电视机 adj.固定的; 指定的；不变的 9. shut[??t]—shut—shut ---shutting---shuts vt. & vi.关, 关上
形容词化的过去分词。 简单介绍如下 形容词化的过去分词，通常失去被动的含义，表示主语存在的状态，可以是表语、状语、补语、定语，我们最熟悉的词莫过于interested 感兴趣 sb be interested in sth. 英语中这样的词很多，有些还能用被动的意思理解如： She was absorbed in the book. 她被这部电影吸引了。/她专心于这本书。 比较常见有： accused（被控告的，被告的） affected（受到打动、或震动的、受(疾病)侵袭的、受到影响的） amused（高兴、开心的） astonished（惊异、吃惊的） annoyed（厌烦的） addicted（有瘾、上瘾的） amazed（惊奇的） absorbed（专心于……的，全神贯注于……的） accustomed（惯常的、通常的；习惯的、适应了的） advanced（先进的、高级的） born（出生的） bored（烦恼的） boiled（煮沸的、煮熟的） based on（以……为基础、在……基础之上） broken（破碎的、碎了的） confused（混乱的、乱七八糟的；困惑的、惶惑的） connected（有关连的；连在一起的） dressed（表衣着情况） delighted（快乐的） devoted（热爱、忠实的；专心于……的；献身于……的） depressed（抑郁的） embarrassed（尴尬的、难为情的） excited（激动的） exposed（暴露的、无遮蔽的） furnished（家具或办公用品装备好的） frozen（冷藏的、冷冻的） frightened（惊吓、害怕的） faced with（面对） hidden（藏着的、藏好的） interested（对……感兴趣的） impressed（铭记在心的、感人的） injured（受伤的、受到伤害的） lost（消失、陷入、丢失、迷路的） located（位于……的）
过去分词作宾语补足语 概念引入 上个单元我们学习了过去分词作表语和定语的用法。现在我们继续学习过去分词作宾语补足语。看这些句子： 1. Now when people refer to England you find Wales included as well. 2. Finally the English government tried in the early twentieth century to form the United Kingdom by getting Ireland connected in the same peaceful government. 3. You find most of the population settled in the south. 4. They found the window broken. 5. ..., so Pingyu had a photo taken standing on either side of the line. 这些句子中的黑体部分都是过去分词作宾语补足语。 用法讲解 宾语补足语是同学们学习英语的一个小难点，许多同学都弄不清到底什么是宾语补足语，它的作用是什么，所以我们今天就从宾语补足语讲起，重点讲解过去分词作宾语补足语的内容。 什么是宾语补足语 英语中一些动词除需要一个宾语外，还需有宾语补足语句子意义才完整，这样就构成了英语的六种基本句型（见【补充】）中的“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”句型。宾语与宾语补足语之间在逻辑上是主谓关系。可作补足语的结构有名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动词-ing形式、过去分词、不定式等。宾语和其宾语补足语也被称为复合结构。 1. 作补足语的词语： 1）We consider him (to be) a good teacher. 我们认为他是一个好老师。 （名词短语作宾语补足语，相当于省略了to be） 2）I find learning English difficult. 我发现学英语很难。 （形容词作宾语补足语） 3）I saw the kite up and down. 我看见风筝飞上飞下。 （副词作宾语补足语） 4）When he woke up, he found himself in a strange place. 他醒来时发现自己在一个陌生的地方。 （介词短语作宾语补足语） 5）Tom made the girl cry. 汤姆把女孩弄哭了。 (省略不定式符号to的动词不定式） 6）The father found his son playing in his room. 父亲发现儿子在房间里玩。 （动词-ing形式做宾语补足语） 7）The soft music makes us relaxed. 这首柔美的音乐使我们放松了。 （过去分词作宾语补足语）