所处
时期
姓名备注出身学校地位/评价流派作品
Old and Mediev al English Period 古英语和中世纪时期Geoffrey Chaucer
杰弗里·乔叟
约1340-1400
生于伦敦,
葬于
Westminster
Abbey
父亲是
酒商
Messenger of Humanism.
First realistic writer.
Father of English poetry.
Waster of the English language.
Realistic
现实主义
翻译法语作品the Romaunt of the Rose
改编自意大利作品Troilus and Criseyde
(longest complete poem and greatest artistic achivm..)
英语写的The Canterbury Tales
(masterpiece and one of the monumental work in EL) William Langland
威廉·朗兰
1330?-1400?
生于英国西部
内陆地区
修道
院学
校
Piers the Plowman耕者皮尔斯
One of the greatest of English poems of medieval
times. Dream vision.
Renaiss ance Francis Bacon
弗朗西斯·培根
1561-1626
生于伦敦
斯特兰德大道
约克家族
父亲是
爵士
The founder of modern science
of England.
The first English essayist.论说
文家
Advancement of Learning学问的演进
New Instrument新工具(解释了归纳推理法inductive
method of reasoning)
Essays随笔(最著名)
HenryHoward,
Earl of Surry
亨利·霍华德,
萨里伯爵
1517-47
诗人, 父亲是
公爵
诗以结构典雅Elegance of
construction而著称
Inventor of "English"form(abab
cdcd efef gg),later to be used by
Shksp.
Innovation: using of blank verse
诗歌被收录在Miscellany杂录by Tottel 托特尔
翻译Aeneid 埃涅伊德(运用了无韵诗)
Ben Jonson
本·琼森
1572-1637
生于威斯敏斯
特
The leading dramatist after
shksp and practically the first
poet-laureate in 1616.
Everyman in His Humour个性互异
Bartholomew Fair巴索罗缪市集
Christopher
Marlowe
克里斯托弗·马
剧作家The first great dramatist of the
Renaissance period
(before shksp.)
Tamburlaine the Great帖木儿大帝
Doctor Faustus浮士德博士
The Jew of Malta 马尔他的犹太人
文艺复兴时期洛
1564-93
Paved the way for shksp.
首次运用blank verse
John Lyly
约翰·黎里
1554?-1606
学者世
家
牛津The oldest of the "university
Wits" 大学才子中年纪最大的
Euphues,or the Anatomy of Wit优浮绮斯或智慧的剖
析
Euphues and His England优浮绮斯及其英国
eight comedies in prose 用散文写的8部喜剧Thomas More
托马斯·莫尔
1478-1535
在伦敦塔,因
莫须有的叛国
罪被砍头
中产阶
级
牛津
Humanist
人文主义
学者
Utopia乌托邦
传记:The life of John Picus,Earl of Myrandula
约翰·皮库斯,米兰度拉伯爵的一生
The history of King Richard Ⅲ理查三世的历史(未
完稿)
Dialogue of comfort against Tribulation 关于苦难之
慰藉的对话(a masterpiece of English religious
literature and the finest of his contemplative writings
英国宗教文学代表作,忏悔祈祷作品上乘之作)Sir Philip Sidney
菲利普·西德尼
1554-86
上层贵
族家庭
牛津Poet,romancer and critic
诗人、传奇小说家、批评家
Astropel and Stella爱星者和星星(十四行组诗)
Defence of Poesie(or Apology for Poetry)为诗辩护(批
评论文)
Arcadia阿卡迪亚(浪漫故事散文)
Edmund Spenser
埃德蒙·斯宾塞
1552-99
生于London 剑桥Poet's poet 诗人的诗人
Invented the Spenserian
stanza,which became a popular
verse form the historical
development of English poetry.
The Faerie Queene仙后
The Shepherd's Calendar牧羊人日历
Amoretti爱情小唱
William 会一点拉丁语文法One of the most remarkable 37 plays,154 sonnets,2 long narrative poems.
Shakespeare 莎士比亚1564-1616 和希腊语学校playwrights and poets the world
has ever known.
四大悲剧:Hamlet , Othello, King Lear ,Macbeth
四喜剧:The Merchant of V enice,A midsummer Night's
Dream,As you like it, Twelfth Night
其他重要的:Henry V
Robert Burton 罗伯特·波顿1577-1640 当过牧师乡绅家
庭
牛津 A prominent English prose
writer in the early 17th century.
17世纪早起著名散文作家
The Anatomy of Melancholy忧郁的解剖
The period of the English Bourge ois Revolut ion
英国Sir Thomas
Browne
托马斯·布朗爵
士1605-1682
生于伦敦
后来获得博士
学位
温彻
斯特
和牛
津
散文作家
Baroque
巴洛克式
风格
Religio Medici 医生的宗教
Hydriotaphia,or Urn Burial翁葬
Jeremy Taylor
杰瑞米·泰勒
1613-1667
英国国教牧师散文作家Holy living神圣而生
Holy Dying神圣而死
Izaak Walton
艾萨克·沃尔顿
1593-1683
生活年代跨越
了伊莉莎白时
代和复辟时期
伦敦店
主
自学散文作家The Compleate Angler垂钓全书
John Milton
约翰·弥尔顿
1608-1674
生于伦敦富有的
家庭
剑桥The greatest poet and
pamphleteer in
mid-17th-century England
Puritanis
m
清教主义
L'Allegro and II Penseroso 快乐的人和幽思的人
Lycidas莱西达斯(挽歌)
Paradise lost失乐园(长篇史诗)
Paradise Regained 复乐园
Samson Agonistes力士参孙(无韵体诗写的杯具,封
笔作)
各种小册子
资产阶级革命时期John Bunyan
约翰·班扬
1628-1688
穷苦补
锅匠的
儿子
贝德
福特
文法
学校
The Pilgrim's Progress天路历程
John Dryden
约翰·德莱顿
1631-1700
诗人,剧作家,
文学家,批评
家,翻译家。
复辟时期
乡绅家
庭
剑桥
三一
学院
The forerunner of the classicism
in Britain.
The earliest writer of
prominence in EL who
advocated and carried out in
practice the literary theories of
neo--classicism.
Classicis
m.
古典主义
All for love一切为了爱
An Essay of Dramatic Poesy论戏剧诗
John Donne
约翰·邓恩
1572-1631
后来改信英国
国教
天主教
家庭
牛津
剑桥
律师
学院
The founder of the physical
school of poetry
玄学派诗歌的创始人
Metaphys
ical
school玄
学派
Songs and Sonnets 歌与十四行诗
Holy Sonnets圣诗
George Herbet
乔治·赫伯特
1593-1633
显赫的
威尔士
家庭
剑桥The Temple 圣堂
The Altar 祭坛
Andrew Marvell
安德鲁·马维尔
1621-1678
生于约克郡剑桥To his Coy Mistress致他娇羞的女友
Henry Vaughan
Richard Crashaw
其他玄学派诗人
Robert Herrick
罗伯特·赫瑞克
1591-1674
生于伦敦中产阶
级家庭Cavalier
poet
Gather Ye Rose Buds While Ye May
趁早采摘玫瑰花蕾
To Daffodils致水仙花
John Suckling
Richard Lovelace
Thomas Carew
其他几个骑士派诗人骑士派
18th century
十八世纪William Blake
威廉·布莱克
1757-1827
Poet,painter,visionary
mystic,and engraver
诗集:Songs of Innocence天真之歌
Songs of Experience经验之歌
预言诗:
Robert Burns
罗伯特·彭斯
1759-1796
贫困的
农民家
庭
Chiefly in the Scottish Dialec t 苏格兰方言诗集
Auld Lang Syne往昔时光
A Red,Red Rose
Daniel Defoe
丹尼尔·笛福
1660-1731
Novelist,pamphleteer,and
journalist
The founder of E novel with
Samuel Richardson
Robinson Crusoe鲁宾逊漂流记
Capital Singletion辛格顿船长
Moll Flanders摩尔·弗兰德斯
Captain Jack陆军上校杰克
Henry Fielding
亨利·菲尔丁
1707-1754
破落家
庭
伊顿
公学,
莱顿
大学
A writer,playwright and
journalist,
founder of the E realistic School
in literature with Samuel
Richardson
25部剧作,最著名的是Pasquin巴斯昆
The history of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews and of
his Friend Mr.Abraham Adams (小说)
The history of the Life of the Late Mr.Jonathan Wild the
Great
The History of Tom Jones,a Foundling一个弃儿,汤
姆琼斯的历史(英国文学史上的杰作)
Oliver Goldsmith
奥利弗·哥尔德
斯密斯
1730-1774
生于爱尔兰都柏
林三
一学
院
Essayist,poet,novelist,playwrigh
t
散文:Citizen of the World世界公民
诗歌:The Traveller,旅游人Deserted Village荒村
小说:the Vicar of Wakefield威克菲尔德牧师传
戏剧:the Good-Natured Man好心人
She Stoops to Conquer屈身求爱(大获成功)Samuel Johnson 葬于威斯敏斯都柏Poet,essayist,critic,journalist,lex A Dictionary of the English Language 英语词典
塞缪尔·约翰逊1709-1784 特林荣
誉学
位
icographer诗人,散文家,文艺
评论家,记者,词典编纂人
长诗:the Vanity of Human Wishes人类欲望之虚幻
杯具:Irene艾琳
哲学小说:The Prince Of Abyssinia /Rasselas
阿比西尼王之子/拉塞拉斯
传记:the Lives of the Poets
Alexander Pope 亚历山大·蒲伯1688-1744 生于伦敦,身
患残疾
天主教
徒出身
自学
成才
An outstanding Enlightener启
蒙主义者and the greatest E
poet of the classical school in
the first half of the 18th century.
Classical
school古
典主义
仿英雄体讽刺诗:the Rape of the Lock卷发遇劫记
讽刺诗:the Dunciad 群愚史诗
其他作品:Esaay on Man论人
Epistle to Dr.Arbuthnot 致阿伯斯诺医生书
Samuel Richardson
塞缪尔·理查逊1689-1761 商界成功人士生于一
个细木
工家庭
founder of the E realistic School Pamela,or Virtue Rewarded 帕米拉/贞洁得报
Clarissa ,or the History of a Yong Lady克拉莉莎/一
个姑娘的历史
Richard Brinsley Sheridan
理查德·布林斯里·谢里丹私奔,导演生于都
柏林
Dramatists,politician 代表作:The Rivals情敌
The school for Scandal 造谣学校
The Duenna伴娘
A Trip to Scarborough 斯卡波罗之游
Tobias George Smollet 托比亚斯·斯莫莱特生于苏格兰富裕家
庭
敦巴
顿大
学,等
Roderick Random 蓝登传
Peregrine Pickle皮尔克传
The Expedition of Humphrey Clinker 亨弗利·克林克
(书信体)
Laurence Sterne 劳伦斯·斯特恩1713-1768 父亲是
军官
剑桥novelist 感伤主义Tristram Shandy 项狄传
The Sentimental Journey感伤的旅行
Jonathan Swift
乔纳森·斯威夫生于爱尔兰都
柏林
A very fashionable satiric writer
斯梯尔艾迪生斯威夫特三人
Gulliver's Travels格列佛游记
A tale of a Tub 木桶的故事
特
1667-1745 有亲密友谊The Battle of the Books书战
A Modest Proposal 一个小小的建议
Pamphlets on Ireland 关于爱尔兰的小册子
Richard Steele 理查德·斯梯尔1672-1729 生于都柏林斯梯尔艾迪生斯威夫特三人
有亲密友谊
小册子:The Christian Hero 基督教英雄
出版报纸:闲谈者t he Tatler
旁观者the Spectato r
Joseph Addison 约瑟夫·艾迪生1672-1719 生于都柏林牧师家
庭
斯梯尔艾迪生斯威夫特三人
有亲密友谊
The Campaign 出征(英雄双韵体)
悲剧:Cato卡托
出版报纸:旁观者the Spectator
英国文学源远流长,经历了长期、复杂的发展演变过程。在这个过程中,文学本体以外的各种现实的、历史的、政治的、文化的力量对文学发生着影响,文学内部遵循自身规律,历经盎格鲁-撒克逊、文艺复兴、新古典主义、浪漫主义、现实主义、现代主义等不同历史阶段。下面对英国文学的发展过程作一概述。 一、中世纪文学(约5世纪-1485) 英国最初的文学同其他国家最初的文学一样,不是书面的,而是口头的。故事与传说口头流传,并在讲述中不断得到加工、扩展,最后才有写本。公元5世纪中叶,盎格鲁、撒克逊、朱特三个日耳曼部落开始从丹麦以及现在的荷兰一带地区迁入不列颠。盎格鲁-撒克逊时代给我们留下的古英语文学作品中,最重要的一部是《贝奥武甫》(Beowulf),它被认为是英国的民族史诗。《贝奥武甫》讲述主人公贝尔武甫斩妖除魔、与火龙搏斗的故事,具有神话传奇色彩。这部作品取材于日耳曼民间传说,随盎格鲁-撒克逊人入侵传入今天的英国,现在我们所看到的诗是8世纪初由英格兰诗人写定的,当时,不列颠正处于从中世纪异教社会向以基督教文化为主导的新型社会过渡的时期。因此,《贝奥武甫》也反映了7、8世纪不列颠的生活风貌,呈现出新旧生活方式的混合,兼有氏族时期的英雄主义和封建时期的理想,体现了非基督教日耳曼文化和基督教文化两种不同的传统。 公元1066年,居住在法国北部的诺曼底人在威廉公爵率领下越过英吉利海峡,征服英格兰。诺曼底人占领英格兰后,封建等级制度得以加强和完备,法国文化占据主导地位,法语成为宫廷和上层贵族社会的语言。这一时期风行一时的文学形式是浪漫传奇,流传最广的是关于亚瑟王和圆桌骑士的故事。《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》(Sir Gawain and the Green Knight,1375-1400)以亚瑟王和他的骑士为题材,歌颂勇敢、忠贞、美德,是中古英语传奇最精美的作品之一。传奇文学专门描写高贵的骑士所经历的冒险生活和浪漫爱情,是英国封建社会发展到成熟阶段一种社会理想的体现。 14世纪以后,英国资本主义工商业发展较快,市民阶级兴起,英语逐渐恢复了它的声誉,社会各阶层普遍使用英语,为优秀英语文学作品的产生提供了条件。杰弗利·乔叟(Geoffrey Chaucer, 1343-1400)的出现标志着以本土文学为主流的英国书面文学历史的开始。《坎特伯雷故事》(The Canterbury Tales)以一群香客从伦敦出发去坎特伯雷朝圣为线索,通过对香客的生动描绘和他们沿途讲述的故事,勾勒出一幅中世纪英国社会千姿百态生活风貌的图画。乔叟首创英雄诗行,即五步抑扬格双韵体,对英诗韵律作出了很大贡献,被誉为"英国诗歌之父".乔叟的文笔精练优美,流畅自然,他的创作实践将英语提升到一个较高的文学水平,推动了英语作为英国统一的民族语言的进程。 二、文艺复兴时期文学(15世纪后期-17世纪初) 相对于欧洲其他国家来说,英国的文艺复兴起始较晚,通常认为是在15世纪末。文艺复兴时期形成的思想体系被称为人文主义,它主张以人为本,反对中世纪以神为中心的世界观,提倡积极进取、享受现世欢乐的生活理想。托马斯·莫尔(Thomas More, 1478-1535)是英国最主要的早期人文主义者,他的《乌托邦》(Utopia)批评了当时的英国和欧洲社会,设计了一个社会平等、财产公有、人们和谐相处的理想国。Utopia现已成为空想主义的代名词,但乌托邦是作者对当时社会状况进行严肃思考的结果。《乌托邦》开创了英国哲理幻想小说传统的先河,这一传统从培根的《新大西岛》(The New Atlantis)、斯威夫特的《格列佛游记》(Gulliver's Travels)、勃特勒的《埃瑞璜》(Erewhon)一直延续到20世纪
Term Definition: Alliteration(押头韵): Alliteration is the repetition of a speech sound in a sequence of nearby words. The term is usually applied only to consonants, and only when the recurrent sound begins a word or a stressed syllable within a word. Arthurian legend(亚瑟王传奇): It is a group of tales (in several languages) that developed in the Middle Ages concerning Arthur L, semi-historical king of the Britons and his knights. The legend is a complex weaving of ancient Celtic mythology with later traditions around a core of possible historical authenticity. Sonnet(十四行诗): A lyric poem consisting of a single stanza of fourteen iambic pentameter lines linked by an intricate rhyme scheme. There are two major patterns of rhyme in sonnets written in the English language: ( 1) The Italian or Petrarchan sonnet (named after the fourteenth century Italian poet Petrarch) falls into two main parts: an octave(eight lines) rhyming abbaabba followed by a sestet (six lines) rhyming cdecde or some variant, such as cdccdc . (2) the English sonnet, or else the Shakespearean sonnet. This sonnet falls into three quatrains and a concluding couplet: abab cdcd efef gg. There was one notable variant, the Spenserian sonnet, in which Edmund Spenser linked each quatrain to the next by a continuing rhyme: abab bcbc cdcd ee. Conceit(夸张): From the Italian concetto (meaning idea or concept), it refers to an unusually far-fetched or elaborate metaphor or simile presenting a surprisingly apt parallel between two apparently dissimilar things or feelings. Poetic conceits are prominent in Elizabethan love sonnets and metaphysical poetry. Conceits often employ the devices of hyperbole, paradox and oxymoron. Neoclassicism(新古典主义): A style of Western literature that flourished from the mid-seventeenth century until the end of the eighteenth century and the rise of Romanticism. The neoclassicists looked to the great classical writers for inspiration and guidance. They believed that literature should both instruct and delight, and the proper subject of art was humanity. Neoclassicism stressed rules, reason, harmony, balance, restraint, decorum, order, serenity, realism, and form—above all, an appeal to the intellect rather than emotion. The Restoration in 1660 marked the beginning of the Neoclassical Period in England, whose writers included John Dryden, Alexander Pope, Samuel Johnson, etc. Romance(传奇小说): It is a literary genre popular in the Middle Ages (5th century to 15th century), dealing, in verse or prose, with legendary, supernatural, or amorous subjects and characters. Popular subjects for romances included the Macedonian King Alexander the Great, King Arthur of Britain and the Knights of the Round Table, and the Frankish Emperor Charlemagne. Renaissance(文艺复兴): Renaissance ("rebirth") is the name commonly applied to the period of European history following the Middle Ages. The development came late to England in the
一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066) 1、这个时期的文学作品分类:pagan(异教徒) Christian(基督徒) 2、代表作:The Song of Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》( national epic 民族史诗) 采用了隐喻手法 3、Alliteration 押头韵(写作手法) 例子:of man was the mildest and most beloved, To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise. 二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350) Canto 诗章 1、romance 传奇文学 2、代表作:Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (高文爵士和绿衣骑士) 是一首押头韵的长诗 三、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里.乔叟时期 1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父 2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体:a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格) 3、代表作:the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事(英国文学史的开端) 大致内容:the pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups. 朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人,代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体 小说特点:each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character. 这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事,无形中表明了各自的观点,展示了各自的性格。 小说观点:he believes in the right of man to earthly happiness. He is anxious to see man freed from superstitions(迷信) and a blind belief in fate(盲目地相信命运). 他希望人们能从迷信和对命运的盲从中解脱出来。 4、Popular Ballads 大众民谣:a story hold in 4-line stanzas with second and fourth line rhymed(笔记) Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission(书上). 歌谣是匿名叙事歌曲,一直保存着口头传播的方式
☆英国文学名家名著 《贝奥武甫》(Beowulf)是英国盎格鲁·撒克逊时期的一首英雄史诗,古英语文学的最高成就,同时标志着英国文学的开始。史诗的第一部分讲述瑞典青年王子贝奥武甫来到丹麦,帮助丹麦国王赫罗斯加杀死了12年来常来进行夜袭的巨妖格伦德尔及他的母亲;第二部分简述了贝奥武甫继承王位,平安统治50年。后来,他的国土被一条喷火巨龙蹂躏,老当益壮的贝奥武甫与火龙交战,杀死火龙,自己也受了致命伤。 杰弗里·乔叟(Geoffrey Chaucer ,1340-1400)是英国文学之父亲和前最杰出的作家。主要作品有《坎特伯雷故事集》等。作品的主要特点是主题、题材、风格、笔调的多样性及描写人对生活的追求的复杂性。他的代表作品是《坎特伯雷故事集》(The Canterbury Tales)不仅描绘了31位朝圣者的各个社会阶层,而且也反映了他们各自叙述故事的不同风格,读者广泛,对后世影响很大。 威廉·莎士比亚(William Shakespeare ,1564-1616)是文艺复兴时期英国著名的剧作家和诗人。他创作了大量的作品,其中包括喜剧、悲剧和历史剧。他的剧本至今仍在许多国家上演,并为人们所普遍阅读。莎上比亚的作品文才横溢,创造的喜、怒、哀、乐场面使人印象深刻,历久难忘。主要作品有四大悲剧:《奥赛罗》(Othello)、《哈姆雷特》(Hamlet)、《麦克白》(Macbeth),《李尔王》(King Lear);四大喜剧:《仲夏夜之梦》(A Midsummer Night’s Dream)、《威尼斯商人》(The Merchant of Venice)、《无事生非》(Much Ado about Nothing)和《皆大欢喜》(As You Like It)等。此外,历史剧《亨利六世》(Henry VI)三部曲,爱情悲剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》(Romeo and Juliet)也都很受欢迎。《哈姆雷特》叙述了丹麦王子哈姆雷特替父报仇,杀死篡夺王位的叔父的故事。《哈姆雷特》里“to be or not to be, that is the question”的成为经典台词。《罗密欧与朱丽叶》描写了一对青年男女因家族间的世仇而不能联姻结果自杀的故事,揭露了封建制度的残酷无情,同时,歌颂了青年男女纯洁坚贞的爱情。 济慈(Keats, 1795一1821)是英国浪漫主义诗人。他出身贫苦,作过医生的学徒,后来才以写诗为业。他对当时英国社会的现实不满,希望在一个“永恒的美的世界”中寻找安身立命之处。他的诗歌以文辞声调之美著称,在艺术上对后代的英国诗人影响很大。主要作品有《伊沙贝拉》(Isabella)、《夜莺颂》(Ode to a Nightingale)和《秋颂》(To Autumn)等。雪莱(Shelley ,1792一1822)是英国浪漫主义的重要诗人。他生于贵族家庭。他既创作了富于政治思想性的诗,也写了很多优美的抒情诗,特别是爱情诗,显示了不羁的想象,瑰丽的色彩和动人的音韵,这些使他成为英国文学史上最有才华的抒情诗人之一。他的主要作品有《麦布女王》(Queen Mab)、《致英国人民之歌》(Song to the Men of England)、《解放了的普罗米修斯》(Prometheus Unbound)和《西风颂》(Ode to the West Wind)等。《西风颂》里的名句“冬天来了,春天还会远吗?”(If Winters comes,can spring be far behind)成为妇幼皆知的诗文。 华兹华斯(Wordsworth,1770-1850),18-19世纪之交英国浪漫主义运动最伟大和最有影响的诗人。他和克勒律治(Samuel Taylor Coleridge)、骚塞(Robert Southey)三人组成“湖畔派诗人(the Lake Poets)”其作品的主题是人与大自然的关系。1813年他接受政府长期津贴,1843年又被封为桂冠诗人。他的主要作品有《抒情歌谣集》(Lyrical Ballads)、《水仙》(Daffodill)和《序曲》(The Prelude)等。 笛福(Daniel Defoe,1661-1731)是英国小说之父。59岁时发表的成名小说《鲁滨逊漂流记》(Robinson Crusoe)出版后立即成为家喻户晓的畅销书。随后,他又写了《辛格顿船长》(Captain Singleton)、《摩尔·弗兰德》(Moll Flanders)、(大疫年日记)(a Journsl of the Plagure Year)等小说。《鲁滨逊飘流记》是根据苏格兰水手亚历山大·塞尔扣克的航海遇险、流落
英美文学选读要点总结精心整理(只考26位作家) [英国』Chapter1 The Renaissance period(14世纪至十七世纪中叶)文艺复兴 1. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。 2. the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心,人是万物之灵。 3. Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据,来赞美人性,并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命,人可以不断发展完善自己,而且世界是属于他们的,供他们怀疑,探索以及享受。 4. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.托马斯.摩尔,克利斯朵夫.马洛和威廉.莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。 5. Wyatt introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England.怀亚特将彼特拉克的十四行诗引进英国。 6. The first period of the English Renaissance was one of imitation and assimilation.英国文艺复兴初期只是一个学习模仿与同化的阶段。 7. The goals of humanistic poetry are: skillful handling of conventions, force of language, and, above all, the development of a rhetorical plan in which meter, rhyme, scheme, imagery and argument should all be combined to frame the emotional theme and throw it into high relief.人文主义诗歌的主要目标是对传统习俗的熟练运用,语言的力度与气概,而最重要的是发展了修辞模式,即将格律,韵脚(式),组织结构,意象(比喻,描述)与议论都结合起来勾画出情感主题,并将其极为鲜明生动的表现出来。 8. The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance England are Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare, and Ben Jonson.文艺复兴时期英国最著名的戏剧家有克利斯朵夫.马洛,威廉.莎士比亚与本.约翰逊。 9. Francis Bacon (1561-1626), the first important English essayist.费兰西斯.培根是英国历史上最重要的散文家。(III)William Shakespeare威廉.莎士比亚 17. The first period of his dramatic career, he wrote five history plays: Henry VI, Parts I, II, and III, Richard III, and Titus Andronicus; and four comedies: The Comedy of Errors, The Two Gentlemen of Verona, The Taming of the Shrew, and Love’s Labour’s Lost.在他戏剧创作生涯的第一个阶段,他创作了五部历史剧:《亨利六世》,《理查三世》,《泰托斯.安东尼》以及四部喜剧:《错误的戏剧》,《维洛那二绅士》,《驯悍记》和《爱的徒劳》。 18. In the second period, he wrote five histories: Richard II, King John, Henry IV, Parts I and II, and Henry V; six comedies: A Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, Much Ado About Nothing, As You Like It, Twelfth Night, and The Merry Wives of Windsor; and two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet and Julius Caesar.在第二阶段,他写了五部历史剧:《理查三世》,《约翰王》,《亨利四世》,《亨利五世》以及六部喜剧《仲夏夜之梦》,《威尼斯商人》,《无事生非》,《皆大欢喜》,《第十二夜》,《温莎的风流娘儿们》,还有两部悲剧:《罗密欧与朱丽叶》和《裘利斯.凯撒》。 19. Shakespeare’s third period includes his greatest tragedies and his so-called dark comedies. The tragedies of this period are Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, Antony and Cleopatra, Troilus and Cressida, and Coriolanus. The two comedies are All’s Well That Ends and Measure for Measure.第三阶段诞生了莎翁最伟大的悲剧和他自称的黑色喜剧(或悲喜剧),悲剧有:《哈姆雷特》,《奥赛罗》,《李尔王》《麦克白》《安东尼与克利奥佩特拉》《特罗伊勒斯与克利西达》及《克里奥拉那斯》。两部喜剧是《终成眷属》和《一报还一报》。 20. The last period of Shakespeare’s work includes his principle romantic tragicomedies: Pericles, Cymbeline, The Winter’s Tale and The Tempest; and his two plays: Henry VIII and The Two Noble Kinsmen.最后一个时期的作品主要有浪漫悲喜剧:《伯里克利》《辛白林》《冬天的故事》与《暴风雨》。他最后两部剧是《亨利八世》与《鲁克里斯受辱记》。21. Shakespeare’s sonnets are the only direct expression of the poet’s own feelings.这些十四行诗都是莎翁直抒胸臆的成果。 22. Shakespeare’s history plays are mainly written under the principle that national unity under a mighty and just sovereign is a necessity.莎翁的历史剧都有这样一个主题:在一个强大英明的君主统领下的国家,统一是非常必要的。 23. In his romantic comedies, Shakespeare takes an optimistic attitude toward love and youth, and the romantic elements are
英国文学 The middle ages中古英语文学 449-1066 The Anglo-Saxon period(The Old English) 盎格鲁-撒克逊时期Northumbrain School&Wessex literature诺森伯兰和西撒克斯文学 Anglo-Saxon poetry: Beowulf 贝奥武蒲 1066-1350 The Norman period: Middle English Religious literature The influence of French literature: Romance 骑士传奇 Sir Gawain and the Green Knight高文爵士和绿衣骑士 Sir Thomas Malory(马洛礼) e Mort d’Arthur(The death of Arthu r)
Early English plays The Renaissance period文艺复兴时期 1485-1558 The beginning of the English Renaissance: Thomas More: Utopia Wyatt and Haward 1558-1603 The Elizabethan Age(The Age of Shakespeare) Poetry: Edmund Spencer:The Faerie Queene John Lyly Sir Philip Sidney Drama: The “University Wits”&Christopher Marlowe: The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus The passionate Shepherd to His Love Ben Jonson:Song to Celia
英美著名文学家及其作品简介 一、英国文学名家名著 威廉?莎士比亚(William Shakespeare ,1564-1616)是文艺复兴(Renaissance)时期英国著名的剧作家和诗人。他创作了大量的作品,其中包括喜剧、悲剧和历史剧。他的剧本至今仍在许多国家上演,并为人们所普遍阅读。莎上比亚的作品文才横溢,创造的喜、怒、哀、乐场面使人印象深刻,历久难忘。主要作品有四大悲剧:《奥赛罗》(Othello)、《哈姆雷特》(Hamlet)、《麦克白》(Macbeth),《李尔王》(King Lear);四大喜剧:《仲夏夜之梦》(A Midsummer Night’s Dream)、《威尼斯商人》(The Merchant of Venice)、《无事生非》(Much Ado about Nothing)和《皆大欢喜》(As You Like It)等。此外,历史剧《亨利六世》(Henry VI)三部曲,爱情悲剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》(Romeo and Juliet)也都很受欢迎。《哈姆雷特》叙述了丹麦王子哈姆雷特替父报仇,杀死篡夺王位的叔父的故事。《哈姆雷特》里“to be or not to be, that is the question”的成为经典台词。《罗密欧与朱丽叶》描写了一对青年男女因家族间的世仇而不能联姻结果自杀的故事,揭露了封建制度的残酷无情,同时,歌颂了青年男女纯洁坚贞的爱情。 济慈(Keats, 1795一1821)是英国浪漫主义诗人。他出身贫苦,作过医生的学徒,后来才以写诗为业。他对当时英国社会的现实不满,希望在一个“永恒的美的世界”中寻找安身立命之处。他的诗歌以文辞声调之美著称,在艺术上对后代的英国诗人影响很大。主要作品有《伊沙贝拉》(Isabella)、《夜莺颂》(Ode to a Nightingale)和《秋颂》(To Autumn)等。 雪莱(Shelley ,1792一1822)是英国浪漫主义的重要诗人。他生于贵族家庭。他既创作了富于政治思想性的诗,也写了很多优美的抒情诗,特别是爱情诗,显示了不羁的想象,瑰丽的色彩和动人的音韵,这些使他成为英国文学史上最有才华的抒情诗人之一。他的主要作品有《麦布女王》(Queen Mab)、《致英国人民之歌》(Song to the Men of England)、《解放了的普罗米修斯》(Prometheus Unbound)和《西风颂》(Ode to the West Wind)等。《西风颂》里的名句“冬天来了,春天还会远吗?”(If Winters comes,can spring be far behind)成为妇幼皆知的诗文。 简?奥斯丁(Jane Austen ,1775一1817),英国现实主义小说家。她是乡村牧师的女儿,一生住在乡间。写过六部小说,多以乡间生活为背景,更以婚姻问题为中心题材。她的作品情节结构精密紧凑,人物描写深刻生动,戏剧场面精彩,对话巧妙。主要作品有《理智和情感》(Sense and Sensibility)、《傲慢与偏见》(Pride and Prejudice)、《曼斯非尔德花园》(Mansfield Park)、《爱玛》(Emma)等。华人导演李安(Ang Lee ,1954—)于1995年导演的外语影片《理智与情感》获当年美国奥斯卡(Oscar)最佳剧本改编及最佳女演员奖。 夏洛蒂、爱米丽和安妮姐妹(Charlotte, Emily and Anne)三人出身贫寒,幼年丧母,不得不在慈善学校度过童年。夏洛蒂38岁才结婚,次年去世。两个妹妹终生未嫁。夏洛蒂的代表作《简爱》(Jane Eyre)是她的自传体小说,小说问世后立即产生了巨大影响。小说坦率而热情地塑造了同自己的天生欲望和社会地位发生冲突的妇女。爱米丽的《呼啸的山庄》(Wuthering Heights)被誉为第一部社会革命小说。安妮的小说具有平静力和现实性,也得到了一些评论者的称赞。 查理?狄更斯(Charles Dickens ,1812 - 1870), 19世纪英国伟大的小说家。幼年家贫,曾作徒工,成名后仍接近贫苦人民。一生创作辛勤,留下了20多部小说,包括《匹克威克外传》(Pickerwick Papers)、《雾都孤儿》(Oliver Twist)、《双城记》(A Tale of Two Cities)、《艰难时世》(Hard Times)和《大卫?科波菲尔》(David Copperfield)等。狄更斯的小说情节曲折动人,人物形象鲜明生动,写景叙事真切而又富想象,既有尖刻的讽刺,又有幽默的夸张。
英语文学史分时期总结作家作品
1.epic 史诗:a long narrative poem, grand in style, about heroes and heroic deeds, embodying heroic ideals of a nation or race in the making. Beowulf is the English national epic that was passed from mouth to mouth and written down by many unknown hands. 2.Conceit:a kind of metaphor that makes a comparison between two startlingly different things. A conceit usually provides the framework for an entire poem. An especially unusual and intellectual kind of conceit is the metaphysical conceit, used by certain 17th-century poets, such as John Donne.. 3.Epiphany(顿悟): a sudden revelation of truth about life inspired by a seemingly trivial incident 4.Metaphysical poetry:玄学诗派the poetry of John Donne and other 17th-century poets who wrote in a similar style. It is characterized by verbal wit and excess, ingenious structure, irregular meter, colloquial language, elaborate imagery, and a drawing together of dissimilar ideas . 5.Stream of consciousness意识流: a kind of writing technique in which a character's perceptions, thoughts, and memories are presented in an apparently random form, without regard for logical sequence, chronology, or syntax. Often such writing makes no distinction between various levels of reality--such as dreams, memories, imaginative thoughts or real sensory perception. 6.heroic couplet 英雄双韵体 two successive lines of rhymed poetry in iambic pentameter. Geoffrey Chaucer’s masterpiece The Canterbury Tale was written in heroic couplet. 7.ballad meter 民谣体 traditionally a four-line stanza containing alternating four-stress and three-stress lines, usually with a refrain and the rhyme scheme of abcb. Robert Burns’ “A Red, Red Rose” is a great love ballad. 8.sonnet 十四行诗 a fixed form consisting of fourteen lines of 5-foot iambic verse. It first flourished in Italy in the 14th century. William Shakespeare was a great English sonnet writer famous for his 154 sonnets. 9.iambic pentameter 五步抑扬格 the basic line in English verse, with five feet in a line, usually an unaccented syllable followed by an accented syllable. It was probably introduced by Geoffrey Chaucer and certainly established by him in The Canterbury Tales. 10.image 意象 a concrete representation of an object or sensory experience. Typically, such a representation helps evoke the feelings associated with the object or experience itself. Many images are conveyed by figurative language. An image may be visual, olfactory, tactile, auditory, gustatory, abstract and kinaesthetic. The rose in Robert Burns’ poem “A Red, Red Rose” is a beautiful image. 11.“Dramatic monologue”戏剧独白 that is a lyric poem which reveals “ a soul in action” through the conversation of one character in a dramatic situation. T he character is speaking to an identifiable but silent listener at a dramatic monent in the speaker’s life. 12.blank verse 无韵诗,素体诗 unrhymed iambic pentameter, the most widely used of English verse forms and usually used in English dramatic and epic poetry. William Shakespeare’s play Hamlet is written in blank verse. 13.Sonnet is a verse form of fourteen lines, in English characteristically in iambic pentameter and most often in one of the two rhyme schemes: the Italian(or Petrarchan) or Shakespearean 14.essay 散文 a composition, usually in prose, which may be of only a few hundred words or of book length and which discusses, formally or informally, a topic or a variety of topics. It is one of the most flexible and adaptable of all literary forms. Francis Bacon is a great essayist; his “Of Studies” is a model of good essay.