当前位置:文档之家› 逻辑关系词和语法结构

逻辑关系词和语法结构

逻辑关系词和语法结构
逻辑关系词和语法结构

逻辑关系词和语法结构

1.常考逻辑关系词:

2.常考语法结构

1)名词性从句

包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。(完形填空对名词性从句的考查主要指考生对引导名词性从句的关系词的掌握)

引导名词性从句的关系词:that, whether, if(只起连接作用); who(ever), whom(ever), what(ever), which(ever), whose(连接代词在句中充当主语、宾语或定语);when, where, why, how (在句中充当状语)

2)定语从句

分为限制性定语从句(不用逗号隔开)和非限制性定语从句(用逗号隔开)。(完形填空对定语从句的考查主要包括从句关系词的用法、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别以及定语从句和同位语从句、强调句型等句式的区分)

引导定语从句的关系代词有that, which, who/ whom, whose, as 在从句中做语语或宾语;关系副词有when, where, why在从句中做状语。

3)定语从句与同位语从句的区分

结构上:that在定语从句要充当成分,比如作从句的主语或宾语;而that在同位语从句中不作任何成分,仅起连词的作用。换句话说,定语从句的结构是“名词+that+不完整的句子”,而同位语从句的结构是“名词+that+完整的陈述句”。

The rumor that he spread everywhere turned out to be untrue.

The rumor that Tom was a thief turned out to be untrue.

4)强调句型

It is/was+强调部分+that/who+其他部分

如:It is because of her carelessness that caused that accident.

正是由于她的疏忽导致了事故的发生。

【英语语法分类汇总】存在句

【英语语法分类汇总】存在句 存在句:又叫做“There be句型”,是一种表示“存在”的句式。 常见结构:“There + be + 主语+ 地点状语(或时间状语)”。存在句的“there”要弱读。 存在句的句型转换: 一. 肯定陈述句 例如:There is a dictionary on the desk.(桌子上有一本字典。)二. 否定陈述句 例如:There isn’t a dictionary on the desk.(桌子上没有字典。)三. 一般疑问句 例如:Is there a dictionary on the desk?(桌子上有一本字典吗?)四. 特殊疑问句 例如:How many dictionaries are there on the desk?(桌子上有几本字典?) What’s there on the desk?(桌子上有什么?) 五. 反意疑问句 例如:There is a dictionary on the desk, isn't there?(桌子上有一本字典,是吗?)

存在句的谓语动词和助动词连用: 例如:There have been many accidents in the past few weeks.(过去几个星期里发生了几个事故。) 存在句的数:在存在句中,只要紧靠“There be”的第一项不是复数,其谓语动词便可用单数形式。 一. 单数 例如:There was a dictionary, some pictures books and some magazines on the desk.(桌子上有一本字典,几本图画书,还有一本杂志。) 二. 复数 例如:There are two books on the desk.(桌子上有两本书。)

新初中英语语法知识—名词的分类汇编及解析(1)

一、选择题 1.I to be popular in school, but now I get attention everywhere I go. A.wasn’t used; many B.didn’t use; tons of C.used not; many 2.________wild animals are disappearing because of the ________of their living areas. A.The number of; lost B.The number of; losing C.A number of; lose D.A number of; loss 3.There are two________ near our school. A.shoe shops B.shoes shops C.shoe's shops D.shoes' shops 4.—Do _________ like going to ___________? —I don’t know. A.woman teachers, clothes shops B.women teachers, clothes shops C.woman teachers, sport shops D.women teachers, vegetables shops 5.---- _________ is it from Nanjing to Beijing? --- It’s less than three ___________ flight. A.How long, hour’s B.How far, hour’s C.How long, ho urs’D.How far, hours’ 6.—I hear your family have made up their ________ to India next month. Have a pleasant journey. —Thank you. A.mind travelling B.minds travelling C.mind to travel D.minds to travel 7.—Tom likes soccer.What club can he join? —He can join the ______ club. A.sport B.music C.sports D.swimming 8.—Look.There’re lots of______here. —Great.We can make______soup. A.egg;egg B.eggs;egg C.egg;eggs D.eggs;eggs 9.Peter would like a bowl of ________noodles. A.tomato and egg B.tomato and eggs C.tomatoes and eggs D.tomatoes and egg 10.—What can I do for you? —Err, I want a glass of milk, some bread and . A.some chickens B.any chicken C.some chicken 11.—It’s convenient(方便的) to travel from Suzhou to Shanghai by car? —Yes. It’s said that_________i s enough. A.two hours drive B.two-hours drive

常用英语语法

常用英语语法 第一章英文文法的最基本规则 英文和我们中文最大的不同,是在动词,我们中文的动词很简单,没有所谓的第几人称,也没有复数和单数之分,更没有过去式或进行式,英文可不同了,凡是用动词的时候,必须注意很多很多的规则,一旦弄错了,常常是犯了大错。 在这一章,我要将英文最基本的规则一一列下。这些规则都是我们中国人所常常不注意的。为了不要误导读者,凡本书内错误的句子前面都有〝*〞的符号。 规则(1):两个动词是不能联在一起用的。 在中文,我们常说“我是爱你的”,翻成英文,这就变成了 *I am love you. 滑稽的是,这句英文句子犯了大忌,因为〝am〞是动词,〝love〞也是动词,两个动词是不能联在一起用的。这句话的正确说法是: I love you. 或者I am in love with you. 我们中国人也会说〝我喜欢看电视〞,翻成英文,这变成 *I love watch television. 这个句子也犯了同样的错。 以下几个句子都是错的,因为这些句子中都有两个动词连在一起的情形: *I hate eat fish. *I love play basketball. *I love swim. 如果你一定要讲“我爱游泳”,怎么办呢?请看以下的规则。 规则(2):如一定要同时用两个动词,后者的前面必须加“to”或者将后者加入“ing”。“我爱游泳”,因此有两种正确的译法: I love to swim. I love swimming. 以下的句子都是正确的: I hate to eat fish. I hate eating fish. I love to play basketball. I love playing basketball I keep going to church. 规则(3):主词如果是第三人称,现在式及单数,动词必须加s. 我们中国人最不容易记得的规则,恐怕就是这一条了,以下的句子都是错的。 *He write very well. *Jack love playing the violin. *Mary swim every day. 正确的句子是: He writes very well. Jack loves playing the violin. Mary swims every day. 规则(4):绝大多数的否定的句子,不能直接加“not”。 我们中文对否定语气,规则极为简单,我们可以说“我不爱你”,但是我们不能说 *I not love you. 我们也不能说: *I not saw that movie. *I not like swimming. *He not likes playing violin. 我们必须用一种助动词来完成否定的句子,以下才是正确的否定句子: I do not love you. I did not see that movie. He does not like playing violin. 请注意,在以上的句子中,do和did都是助动词,do是现在式,did是过去式。 关于现在式和过去式,究竟是怎么一回事,以后我们会解释清楚的。 助动词不限于“do”和它的变型,can、will、would、shall、may、must等等都是助动词,因此,以下的英文句子又都是对的: He can not swim. They will not go to church tomorrow. Mary should not go to the party. I shall not see you. He may not go out tonight.

七年级外研版英语语法易错知识点归类

七年级外研版英语语法易错知识点归类 英语有很多很细小的知识点,而这些细小的知识点往往就是考点。同学们很容易由于注意不到而犯错误,下面就初一年级同学们比较容易犯错误的知识点做一个汇总。 [第一类] 名词类 1. 这些女老师们在干什么? [误] What are the woman teachers doing? [正] What are the women teachers doing? [析] 在英语中,当一名词作定语修饰另一名词(单或复数形式)时,作定语的名词一般要用其单数形式;但当man, woman作定语修饰可数名词复数形式时,要用其复数形式men, women. 2. 房间里有多少人? [误] How many peoples are there in the room? [正] How many people are there in the room? [析] people作“人、人们”解时,是个集合名词,其单复数同形。 3. 我想为我儿子买两瓶牛奶。

[误] I want to buy two bottle of milk for my son. [正] I want to buy two bottles of milk for my son. [析] 表示不可数名词的数量时,常用“a / an或数词+表量的可数名词+ of + 不可数名词”这一结构,其中当数词大于1时,表量的可数名词要用其复数形式。 [第二类] 动词类 4. 你妹妹通常什么时候去上学? [误] What time does your sister usually goes to school? [正] What time does your sister usually go to school? [析] 借助助动词do(或does)构成疑问句或否定句时,句中的谓语动词用其原形。 5. 琳达晚上经常做作业,但今晚她在看电视。 [误] Linda often do her homework in the evening, but this evening she watching TV. [正] Linda often does her homework in the evening, but this evening she is watching TV.

韩礼德与系统功能语法

韩礼德与系统功能语法 韩礼德(M. A. K. Halliday,1925--),英国语言学家。1925年出生于英格兰约克郡里兹,青年时期在英国伦敦大学主修中国语言文学,获得学士学位。1947年至1949年到中国北京大学深造,导师为罗常培先生;1949年至1950为攻读现代汉语转入岭南大学,跟随王力先生学习。回国后,跟随剑桥大学弗思(Firth)教授继续攻读博士学位;1955年完成了对用我国14世纪北方官话译述的《元朝秘史》一文的语言学分析,获得剑桥大学哲学博士学位。毕业后,韩礼德先后在剑桥大学、爱丁堡大学、伦敦大学、美国印第安纳大学、耶鲁大学、布朗大学和肯尼亚内罗毕大学任教。1963年韩礼德担任伦敦大学语言学教授,主持多项对英语研究和教学工作,1973年到1974年担任美国斯坦福大学行为科学高级研究员,1974年到1975年任英国埃克塞斯大学教授,1976年移居澳大利亚筹建悉尼大学语言学系并担任系主任,1987年12月退休。 韩礼德是伦敦学派的主要成员,又是"新弗思派"的领袖。他的学术思想,受弗思和马林诺夫斯基影响很深,在60年代后期,他接受了布拉格学派的"功能句子观"和美国S.拉姆的"语言层次和体系"的理论,进一步发展了他的学说。韩礼德的代表性著作有《语言功能探索》(1973)、《语言的系统和功能》(1976)、《作为社会符号的语言》(1978)和《功能语法导论》(1985/1994/2004)。韩礼德坚持从系统和功能的角度研究语言,批评乔姆斯基的纯形式理论。世界各地围绕着韩礼德已形成了一支系统功能语法学家的队伍,他的理论对我国语法研究的影响也已日渐加深。 从韩礼德对语言学和语言的一些基本观点,我们可以进一步探索贯穿于他的系统功能语法的理论核心,最主要有六点: 1、纯理论功能的( metafunctional )思想 韩礼德认为语言的性质决定人们对语言的要求,即语言所必须完成的功能。尽管这种功能千变万化,我们可以把它们归纳为若干个有限的抽象的功能,这就是“纯理功能”或“元功能”,这是种种语言用途所固有的。纯理论功能包括三方面: (1)语言是对存在于主客观世界的过程和事物的反映,这是“经验”(experiential)功能,或者说关于所说的“内容”的功能。在语言中还有“逻辑”(logical)功能,即以表现为并列关系和从属关系的线性的循环结构的形式出现,由于两者都是建立于说话人对外部世界和内心世界的经验,与其功能相比较是中性的,因而可统称为“概念”(ideational) 功能。 (2)语言是社会人的有意义的活动,是做事的手段,是动作,因此它的功能之一必须是反映人与人间的关系。这个纯理功能称为“人际”(interpersonal) 功能。 (3)实际使用中的语言基本单位不是词或句,而是表达相对的来说是完整思想的“语篇”(text),上述两种功能部分最后要由说话人把它们组织成语篇才能实现。这就是语篇(textual)功能。语篇功能使语言和语境发生联系,是说话人只产生与语境相一致的语篇。 上述三种功能用通俗的话可转述为“观察者”的功能(指说话人对主客观世界的观察)“闯入者”的功能(只向他们灌输自己的思想)和“相关”功能(指语篇的完整性、一致性、衔接性)。韩礼德认为心理语言学可能会强调概念功能,社会语言学会强调人际功能,但他本人坚持这三个纯理功能是三位一体的,不存在主次问题。

英语专升本考试重点复习内部资料 (专升本英语语法,词汇,阅读理解、翻译)

语法七大语法考试重点 一独立主格 (一):独立主格结构的构成: 名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词; 名词(代词)+形容词; 名词(代词)+副词; 名词(代词)+不定式; 名词(代词) +介词短语构成。 (二)独立主格结构的特点: 1)独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在。 2)名词或代词与后面的分词,形容词,副词,不定式,介词等是主谓关系。 3)独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。 举例: The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday. The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. = After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. This done, we went home. The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier. He came into the room, his ears red with cold. He came out of the library, a large book under his arm. 二过去完成时 1)概念:表示过去的过去其构成是had +过去分词构成。 2)用法 a.在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。 She said (that) she had never been to Paris. b. 状语从句 在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中,发生在先,用过去完成时;发生在后,用一般过去时。 When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. c. 表示意向的动词,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用过去完成时表示"原本…,未能…" We had hoped that you would come, but you didn t. 3)过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。 He said that he had learned some English before. By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.

常用英语语法术语表

常用英语语法术语表句法syntax 词法morphology 结构structure 层次rank 句子sentence 从句clause 词组phrase 词类part of speech 单词word 实词notional word 虚词structural word 单纯词simple word 派生词derivative 复合词compound 词性part of speech 名词noun 专有名词proper noun 普通名词common noun 可数名词countable noun 不可数名词uncountable noun 抽象名词abstract noun 具体名词concret noun 物质名词material noun 集体名词collective noun 个体名词individual noun 介词preposition 连词conjunction 动词verb 主动词main verb 及物动词transitive verb 不及物动词intransitive verb 系动词link verb 助动词auxiliary verb 情态动词modal verb 规则动词regular verb 不规则动词irregular verb 短语动词phrasal verb 限定动词finite verb 非限定动词infinite verb 使役动词causative verb 感官动词verb of senses 动态动词event verb

静态动词state verb 感叹词exclamation 形容词adjective 副词adverb 方式副词adverb of manner 程度副词adverb of degree 时间副词adverb of time 地点副词adverb of place 修饰性副词adjunct 连接性副词conjunct 疑问副词interogative adverb 关系副词relative adverb 代词pronoun 人称代词personal pronoun 物主代词possesive pronoun 反身代词reflexive pronoun 相互代词reciprocal pronoun 指示代词demonstrative pronoun 疑问代词interrogative pronoun 关系代词relative pronoun 不定代词indefinite pronoun 物主代词possecive pronoun 名词性物主代词nominal possesive prnoun 形容词性物主代词adjectival possesive pronoun 冠词article 定冠词definite article 不定冠词indefinite article 数词numeral 基数词cardinal numeral 序数词ordinal numeral 分数词fractional numeral 形式form 单数形式singular form 复数形式plural form 限定动词finite verb form 非限定动词non-finite verb form 原形base form 从句clause 从属句subordinate clause 并列句coordinate clause 名词从句nominal clause 定语从句attributive clause 状语从句adverbial clause

英语专业术语

常用英语语法术语表语法grammar 句法syntax 词法morphology 结构structure 层次rank 句子sentence 从句clause 词组phrase 词类part of speech 单词word 实词notional word 虚词structrural word 名词noun 专有名词proper noun 普通名词common noun 可数名词countable noun 不可数名词uncountable noun 抽象名词abstract noun 具体名词concret moun 物质名词material noun 集体名词collective noun 个体名词individual noun 介词preposition 连词conjunction 动词verb 主动词main verb 及物动词transitive verb 不及物动词intransitive verb 系动词link verb 助动词auxiliary verb 情态动词modal verb 规则动词regular verb 不规则动词irregular verb 短语动词phrasal verb 限定动词finite verb 非限定动词infinite verb 使役动词causative verb 感官动词verb of senses 动态动词event verb 静态动词state verb 感叹词exclamation 形容词adjective 副词adverb 方式副词adverb of manner 程度副词adverb of degree 时间副词adverb of time 地点副词adverb of place 修饰性副词adjunct 连接性副词conjunct 疑问副词interogative adverb 关系副词relative adverb 代词pronoun 人称代词personal pronoun 物主代词possesive pronoun 反身代词reflexive pronoun 相互代词reciprocal pronoun 指示代词demonstrative pronoun 疑问代词interrogative pronoun 关系代词relative pronoun 不定代词indefinite pronoun 物主代词possecive pronoun 名词性物主代词nominal possesive prnoun 形容词性物主代词adjectival possesive pronoun 冠词article 定冠词definite article 不定冠词indefinite article 数词numeral 基数词cardinal numeral 序数词ordinal numeral 分数词fractional numeral 形式form 单数形式singular form 复数形式plural form 限定动词finite verb form 非限定动词non-finite verb form 原形base form 从句clause 从属句subordinate clause 并列句coordinate clause 名词从句nominal clause 定语从句attributive clause

高考英语语法填空必备词汇总结

高考英语语法填空必备词汇总结 ability 能力-able 能够的-unable 无能力的-ably 精明能干地-disable 使残废; absence 缺席-absent 缺席的-absently 漫不经心; admit 承认-admission 承认-admitted 公认的; Africa 非洲-African 非洲人-African 非洲的,非洲人的analyze 分析-analysis 分析-analytic 分析的-analytically 分析地; anger 愤怒-angry 生气的-angrily 生气地; annoy 惹恼-annoyance 烦恼-annoying 讨厌的/annoyed 恼怒的-annoyingly 烦人地;anxiety 渴望-anxious 焦虑的-anxiously 焦虑地; annual 每年的-annually 每年地;apologize 道歉-apology 道歉-apologetic 道歉的-apologetically 抱歉地;appear 显得-appearance 外貌,出现;apply 申请,用-applicant 申请人-application 申请表; 形arrive 至U达-arrival 至U达-arriver 至U达者-arrived 已到达的;Asia 亚洲-Asian 亚洲人-Asian 亚洲的;assist 帮助 -assistant 助理-assistance 帮助-assistant 助理的;astonish 使惊讶-astonishment 惊异-astonished 吃惊的/astonishing 惊人的-astonishingly 惊讶地;Australia 澳大利亚-Australian 澳大利亚人-Australian 澳大利亚

初中英语语法知识—名词的单元汇编及答案(1)

一、选择题 1.--What kind of noodles you like? --I’d like noodles. A.do;tomatoes B.would;tomato C.do;tomato D.would;tomatoes 2.________wild animals are disappearing because of the ________of their living areas. A.The number of; lost B.The number of; losing C.A number of; lose D.A number of; loss 3.-Can I help you? -Yes. I'd like__________ rice. A.a small bar of B.a slice of C.a large bag of D.a piece of 4.Is it a picture_________ your school? A.of B.to C.and D.with 5.—Do _________ like going to ___________? —I don’t know. A.woman teachers, clothes shops B.women teachers, clothes shops C.woman teachers, sport shops D.women teachers, vegetables shops 6.There is a______ shop and two_______ shops not far away from my school. A.sports; shoe B.sports; shoes C.sport; shoe D.sport; shoes 7.Some ________went to Japan to help when they knew that many ________ lost their homes in the earthquake. A.Germen; Japanese B.Frenchmen; Japaneses C.Germans; Japanese 8.—Tom likes soccer.What club can he join? —He can join the ______ club. A.sport B.music C.sports D.swimming 9.Here_______some of the results. Most students think_______are cheaper than cars. A.is; the bike B.are; bikes C.are; the bike D.is; bikes 10.Thanks for the two _______________you gave(给)to me. A.tape player B.tapes players C.tape players D.taper players 11.—Could you please give me ____? —Certainly. A.some advices B.any advices C.some advice D.advices 12.—Do you think it is _______good advice? —Yes, it’s really _______useful suggestion. A.a; an B./; a C.a; a D./; an 13.I to be popular in school, but now I get attention everywhere I go.

常用英语语法术语表 中英

常用英语语法术语表达 语法grammar 句法syntax 词法morphology 结构structure 层次rank 句子sentence 从句clause 词组phrase 词类partofspeech 单词word 实词notionalword 虚词structuralword 单纯词simpleword 派生词derivative 复合词compound 词性part?of?speech 名词?noun? 专有名词?proper?noun? 普通名词?common?noun? 可数名词?countable?noun? 不可数名词?uncountable?noun? 抽象名词?abstract?noun? 具体名词?concrete?noun? 物质名词?material?noun? 集体名词?collective?noun? 个体名词?individual?noun? 介词?preposition? 连词?conjunction? 动词?verb? 主动词?main?verb? 及物动词?transitive?verb? 不及物动词?intransitive?verb? 系动词?link?verb? 助动词?auxiliary?verb? 情态动词?modal?verb? 规则动词?regular?verb? 不规则动词?irregular?verb? 短语动词?phrasal?verb? 限定动词?finite?verb? 非限定动词?infinite?verb? 使役动词?causative?verb

感官动词?verb?of?senses? 动态动词dynamic verb? 静态动词?state?verb? 感叹词?exclamation? 形容词?adjective 副词?adverb? 方式副词?adverb?of?manner? 程度副词?adverb?of?degree? 时间副词?adverb?of?time? 地点副词?adverb?of?place? 修饰性副词adverb of?adjunct? 连接性副词?adverb of conjunct? 疑问副词?interrogative?adverb? 关系副词?relative?adverb 代词?pronoun? 人称代词?personal?pronoun? 物主代词?possessive?pronoun? 反身代词?reflexive?pronoun? 相互代词?reciprocal?pronoun? 指示代词?demonstrative?pronoun? 疑问代词?interrogative?pronoun? 关系代词?relative?pronoun? 不定代词?indefinite?pronoun? 名词性物主代词?nominal?possessive?pronoun? 形容词性物主代词?adjectival?possessive?pronoun? 冠词?article? 定冠词?definite?article 不定冠词?indefinite?article 数词?numeral? 基数词?cardinal?numeral? 序数词?ordinal?numeral? 分数词?fractional?numeral? 形式?form? 单数形式?singular?form? 复数形式?plural?form? 限定动词?finite?verb?form? 非限定动词?non-finite?verb?form? 原形?base?form?

七年级英语语法易错知识点归类讲解

七年级英语语法易错知识点分类例析 英语有很多很细小的知识点,而这些细小的知识点往往就是考点。同学们很容易由于注意不到而犯错误,下面就初一年级同学们比较容易犯错误的知识点做一个汇总。 [第一类] 名词类 1. 这些女老师们在干什么? [误] What are the woman teachers doing?[正] What are the women teachers doing? [析] 在英语中,当一名词作定语修饰另一名词(单或复数形式)时,作定语的名词一般要用其单数形式;但当man, woman作定语修饰可数名词复数形式时,要用其复数形式men, women. 2. 房间里有多少人? [误] How many peoples are there in the room? [正] How many people are there in the room? [析] people作“人、人们”解时,是个集合名词,其单复数同形。 3. 我想为我儿子买两瓶牛奶。 [误] I want to buy two bottle of milk for my son. [正] I want to buy two bottles of milk for my son. [析] 表示不可数名词的数量时,常用“a / an或数词+表量的可数名词+ of + 不可数名词”这一结构,其中当数词大于1时,表量的可数名词要用其复数形式 [第二类] 动词类 4. 你妹妹通常什么时候去上学? [误] What time does your sister usually goes to school? [正] What time does your sister usually go to school? [析] 借助助动词do(或does)构成疑问句或否定句时,句中的谓语动词用其原形。 5. 琳达晚上经常做作业,但今晚她在看电视。 [误] Linda often do her homework in the evening, but this evening she watching TV. [正] Linda often does her homework in the evening, but this evening she is watching TV.

系统功能语法概述halliday

系统功能语法概述 公元20 世纪,当传统语法威名坠地、逐渐衰落之际,世界的语言学界便迎来了群雄割据的时代…… 把语言看作功能的流派,看重语言环境重要性的流派,把语言看作复杂结构的流派,崇尚寻求语言极致规律的流派……除此之外许多小流派在这之间登场,也在这之间消逝…… 当前,语言学界仍存在着众多流派;在此之中,具有比较大影响力的有: 1. 强调共时、系统性、语言功能的布拉格学派(Prague School) 2. 强调语言环境和语音系统重要性的伦敦学派(London School) 3. 注重描写语言研究结构的美国结构主义(American Structuralism) 4. 寻求人类极致的语言知识的转换生成语法(Transformative-Generative Grammar) 不同的语言学流派的见解不同之处主要集中在句子是怎么组成的,也就是在句法学上面(以后会再说明语言学的不同分支)。而今天将要涉及的,就是以韩礼德(Halliday) 为首的伦敦学派。 20 世纪初,人类学教授马林诺夫斯基(Malinowski) 认为,一个人所在的语言环境(语境)会对一个人怎么使用和理解语言产生很大的作用。例如说,有些词语只能在某一群人里面才有特定的意思,或者说在某个特定的场合才有特定的意思。 马林诺夫斯基这种光辉的思想被语言学家弗斯(Firth) 继承了下来。弗斯把这种光辉思想和现代语言学之父索绪尔(Saussure)的思想结合起来,创立了伦敦学派。而现在,伦敦学派传承到了韩礼德这一代;因为这个学派注重语言环境和语言系统的重要性,因此伦敦学派也被称为系统语言学(systemic linguistics) 和功能语言学(functional linguistics). 韩礼德,人称Halliday, 英格兰约克郡里兹人。对语言很感兴趣,本科阶段在伦敦大学学习汉语语言文学,之后在北京大学深造,接着在岭南大学(中山大学的前身……)攻读现代汉语。此后回国,并在弗斯的指导下继续学习,获得了Ph D. 学位。毕业后,韩礼德在多所大学任教,最后前往澳大利亚悉尼大学创立了语言学系并且担任系主任。1987年韩礼德退休至今。 以上这些只是陈述一些故事而已,不必过于在意的,请继续阅读下面的内容吧。 韩礼德的理论武器一言而蔽之就是系统功能语法(Systemic-Functional Grammar). 这个理论武器,从名字都可以看出,包含两个组成部分: 1. 系统语法(Systemic Grammar), 用来解释语言的内在联系 2. 功能语法(Functional Grammar), 用来说明语言是社会交往的手段 所以接下来我们就分开两部分来解说系统功能语法。 Part I. 系统语法 比较容易看出来,系统语法当中最重要的概念就是系统(system); 不是的话为什么叫做系统语法呢……

英文合同翻译汇总(超实用的句子和专业名词)

英文合同翻译汇总【是栓哥呕心沥血之作吗?】来源:卢瑞的日志 一.hereby 英文释义:by means of , by reason of this 中文译词:特此,因此,兹 用法:常用于法律文件、合同、协议书等正式文件的开头语;在条款中需要强调时也可用。 语法:一般置于主语后,紧邻主语. 例1: The Employ er hereby cov enants to pay the Contractor in conside ration of the execution and completio n of the Works and the remedy ing of defects therein the C ontract Price or such other sum as may become payable under the prov isions of the C ont ract at the time and in the manner prescribed by the C ontract. 参考译文: 业主特此立约保证在合同规定的期限内,按合同规定的方式向承包人支付合同价,或合同规定的其它应支付的款项,以作为本工程施工、竣工及修补工程中缺陷的报酬。 注释: (1)he reby: by reason of this 特此 (2)cov enant: v. make a formal agreement 立约,签订合同、条约; n. legal agreement具有法律约束的正式合同 (3)completion of the Works: 工程的竣工 (4)therein: in the Wo rks在本工程中 (5)the C ontract Price: 合同总价,指工程的总造价 (6)such...as: 关系代词,相当于that, w hich (7)under: in accordance w ith 根据,按照 (8)the prov isions of the C ontract: terms and conditio ns of the C ontract合同条款 例2: We hereby certify to the best of our know ledge that the foregoing statement is true and correct and all av ailable information and data hav e been supplied herein, and that w e agree to prov ide documentary proof upon y our request. 注释: (1)hereby:特此 (2)to the best of our know ledge:as far as w e know据我们所知 (3)foregoing statement:abov e-mentioned statement上述声明 (4)herein:in this, in the statement在声明中 (5)documentary proof:证明文件 参考译文: 特此证明,据我们所知,上述声明内容真实,正确无误,并提供了全部现有的资料和数据,我们同意,应贵方要求出具证明文件。 例3: This C ontract is hereby made and concluded by and betw een C o. (hereinafter referred to as Party A) and C o. (hereinaft er referred to as Party B) on (Date), in (Place), C hina, on the principle of equality and mutual benefit and through amic able consultation. 注释: (1)hereby:特此 (2)hereinafter referred to as Party A:以下称甲方 (3)on the principle of equality and mutual benefit:在平等互利基础上 (4)through amicable consultation:通过友好协商 参考译文:

相关主题
文本预览
相关文档 最新文档