Dolomitic-concretions-in-the-Eocene-Sobrarbe-delta-Spanish-Pyrenees-Fluid-circulation-above-a
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冰冻浓缩效应绿色合成英文The "cryo-concentration effect" refers to the processin which a liquid mixture is cooled to a temperature below the freezing point of the solvent, causing the formation of ice crystals. This results in the separation of the solvent from the solute, leading to a more concentrated solution. The cryo-concentration effect is often utilized in various industries, such as the food and beverage industry, for the production of concentrated juices and other liquid products.On the other hand, "green synthesis" refers to the development of chemical processes for the production of various compounds and materials that are environmentally friendly. This approach aims to minimize the use of hazardous substances, reduce waste generation, and promote sustainable practices. Green synthesis methods ofteninvolve the use of renewable resources, non-toxic solvents, and energy-efficient processes.In summary, the "cryo-concentration effect" involvesthe separation and concentration of a liquid mixture through freezing, while "green synthesis" pertains to the environmentally friendly production of compounds and materials. Both concepts are important in their respective fields and contribute to sustainable and responsible manufacturing practices.。
【矿产资源】贵州安龙笃山饰面用白云质灰岩矿(白木纹)矿床地质特征及开发利用浅析罗召珉1,吕天权2,3,柏苏晋2(1.贵州省普安县自然资源局,贵州 普安 561500;2.贵州省地矿局地球物理地球化学勘查院,贵州 兴义 562400;3.贵州省地质矿产勘查开发局106地质大队,贵州 遵义 563000))【摘 要】贵州安龙笃山饰面用白云质灰岩矿为中型规模饰面用白云质灰岩矿床。
通过收集、整理矿区已有的勘查、开发等资料,并结合实地勘察和样品采集等工作,分析了区内饰面用白云质灰岩矿床地质特征及加工技术性能,评价了其开发利用前景,旨在为该区域寻找类似的白木纹饰面用灰岩矿提供借鉴。
【关键词】饰面用白云质灰岩矿;地质特征;开发利用;贵州安龙【中图分类号】P619.225 【文献标识码】A 【文章编号】1007-9386(2023)06-0056-04Geological Characteristics and Development Utilization of Mineral Deposits about Dolomitic Limestone Ore (White Wood Grain) for Decorative Use of inAnlong Dushan, GuizhouLUO Zhao-min 1, LV Tian-quan 2,3, BAI Su-jin 2(1.Natural Resources Bureau of Pu'an County, Guizhou Province, Puan 561500, China; 2.Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration Institute of Guizhou Provincial Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, Xingyi 562400, China; 3.106 Geological Brigade ofGuizhou Geological and Mineral Exploration and Development Bureau, Zunyi 563000, China)Abstract: The dolomitic limestone deposit for decorative purposes located in Anlong Dushan, it’s a medium-sized scale dolomitic limestone deposit. Base on collecting and organizing data of existing exploration and development in the mining area, and combined with on-site investigation and sample collected work, the geological characteristics and processing technology performance of the dolomite limestone deposit were analyzed for decorative purposes in the area, and its development and utilization prospects were evaluated. The purpose of the work is to provide reference for the search for similar white wood grain decorative limestone deposits in the region.Key words: dolomitic limestone ore for decoration; geological characteristics; development and utilization; Anlong, Guizhou木纹石是石灰石类饰面石材矿,是以碳酸盐岩为主形成的沉积型矿床,具有质均且稳定、矿物成分较简单、规模大等特点[1-2]。
小学上册英语第3单元真题试卷(有答案)英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题,每小题1分,共100分.每小题不选、错误,均不给分)1.My ______ is very funny and makes everyone laugh.2.I love playing with my ________ set.3. A substance that can conduct electricity when dissolved in water is called a(n)_______.4.I have a toy ________ that can roll.5.What is the term for an animal that hunts for food?A. PredatorB. PreyC. ScavengerD. Omnivore答案:A6. A plant's ______ (生长势头) can vary with seasons.7.What is the capital city of Sweden?A. StockholmB. OsloC. CopenhagenD. Helsinki答案: A8.I want to learn to ________ (驾驶).9.The _____ (章鱼) can fit through tiny spaces.10.The ______ helps fish to swim.11.The ancient Greeks constructed ________ for their religious ceremonies.12.The chemical formula for benzene is ______.13.The weather today is ______.14.My ________ (玩具) is a cherished memento.15.Electric forces act at a distance without ______ contact.16.She has a _____ (cat/dog) at home.17.The bus arrives at ______ o'clock. (eight)18.I respect my parents and call them . (我尊敬我的父母,称他们为)19.I can create lasting memories with my ________ (玩具类型).20.My sister is good at __________ (语言).21.An indicator changes color depending on the ______ of a solution.22.Which insect produces honey?A. AntB. BeeC. FlyD. Butterfly答案: B23. A substance that absorbs moisture from the air is called a(n) _______.24.The __________ (历史的探索旅程) is never-ending.25.Insects can harm some __________ (植物).26.What is the name of the famous tower in Pisa, Italy?A. Leaning Tower of PisaB. Eiffel TowerC. Tower of LondonD. Big Ben答案: A. Leaning Tower of Pisa27.The concept of ecological footprints measures the impact of human activities on______.28.We will go to the ______ (museum) on Saturday.29.The museum is _____ (interesting/boring).30.The _____ (花朵) bloom in various shapes and colors.31.Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons are called ______.32.My mom is a ___ (doctor).33.gs were known for their ______ (航海) skills. The Viki34.The puppy is very ______ (playful).35.What do we call the act of breathing in?A. ExpirationB. InspirationC. ExhalationD. Respiration答案:B36.The clock shows ______ (three) o'clock.37.My ________ (玩具名称) is a fun challenge to put together.38.The sunflowers face the _______ all day long.39.The outer covering of an egg is called a __________.40.Which holiday comes in December?A. ThanksgivingB. HalloweenC. ChristmasD. New Year答案:c41.The main gas that contributes to air pollution is __________.42.What do you call the liquid used to wash hands?A. SoapB. WaterC. GelD. Cream答案: A43.The chemical formula for isopropanol is ______.44.ry _____ (有创造力) and makes great art. She is v45.I want to _____ (visit) the aquarium.46.The capital of Portugal is ________.47.My cat loves to catch ______ (小虫) on the floor.48.The ______ is shining bright.49.My uncle is my funny _______ who tells great jokes.50.What is the name of the famous television show featuring a group of friends living in New York City?A. FriendsB. SeinfeldC. How I Met Your MotherD. The Office答案: A51.The classroom is _____ and bright. (clean)52.The ancient Egyptians used ________ for their writing system.53.My favorite way to spend time is ______.54.The __________ (种植时间) is important for success.55.What do you call the center of an atom?A. NeutronB. ProtonC. NucleusD. Electron答案:C56.Cleopatra was the last active ruler of __________ (古埃及).57.My uncle teaches me about __________ (科技).58.The ancient Romans enjoyed ________ (角斗士比赛).59.We eat breakfast in the _____ (早上).60.The first person to run a mile in under four minutes was _______. (班尼斯特)61. A colorful ___ (小鹦鹉) can mimic sounds.62.The color of a star indicates its _______.63.She is ___ the dishes. (washing)64.Fossils can provide information about past ______ environments.65.I like to ______ (参与) in sports teams.66.__________ are used to dissolve other substances in a solution.67.What is the name of the famous structure in Egypt that was built as a tomb?A. Great WallB. ColosseumC. PyramidsD. Parthenon答案:C68.What is the term for a baby skunk?A. KitB. PupC. CalfD. Chick答案:a69.The country known for its olive oil is ________ (以橄榄油闻名的国家是________).70.The ______ helps with the movement of the body.71.The _____ (mallow) flower is quite pretty.72.The ______ shares her experiences on social media.73.The __________ (文化交流活动) deepen understanding.74.My cousin is a ______. She loves to write music.75._____ (土壤) quality affects plant growth.76.The ______ helps maintain biodiversity.77.__________ are found on the right side of the periodic table.78.The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is __________.79.The ________ (symposium) features experts.80. A ______ is a large, slow-moving river of ice.81.I enjoy making new adventures with my toy ________ (玩具名称).82. A saturated solution contains the maximum amount of _____ that can dissolve.83. A base tastes ______ and feels slippery.84.The _____ (teacher/student) is reading.85.What is the name of the famous British author known for "1984"?A. Virginia WoolfB. George OrwellC. Aldous HuxleyD. J.K. Rowling答案: B86.What do you call a story that is made up?A. FictionB. Non-fictionC. BiographyD. History答案:A. Fiction87.I enjoy making up stories about my _________ (玩具).88.The capital of Mozambique is __________.89.The capital of Comoros is ________ (莫罗尼).90.My cousin is very ____.91.The Earth's surface is subject to a variety of natural ______.92.Sedimentary rocks often form in layers due to ______ sediment deposition.93.Earth has one moon, while Mars has ______.94. A __________ is a large area of flat land that is higher than the surrounding area.95.The ____ is a curious animal that enjoys exploring new places.96.I can use my toy ________ (玩具名称) to explore new ideas.97.Vegetables like carrots and potatoes grow under ______ (地面).98.The process of electrolysis uses electricity to cause __________ reactions.99.I saw a ______ (小鸟) building a nest in the tree. It was very ______ (专注). 100.The main source of energy for living organisms is ______.。
小学下册英语第五单元期中试卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有50小题,每小题1分,共100分.每小题不选、错误,均不给分)1 What do we call a person who studies the effects of population growth?A. DemographerB. SociologistC. AnthropologistD. Economist答案: A2 The flamingo is known for its _______ (优雅).3 What do you call a collection of poems?A. AnthologyB. CollectionC. CompilationD. All of the above4 The stars are _______ (glowing) in the night sky.5 I love to draw ________ (风景) in my notebook.6 The starling flocks in large _______ (群体).7 I thin k it’s essential to take breaks. Taking time to relax helps recharge our minds and bodies. I like to __________ during my breaks to unwind.8 My favorite summer fruit is a _______ (我最喜欢的夏季水果是_______).9 A ________ is a natural park that protects wildlife.10 My brother is a __________ (交通规划师).11 Coal is a type of ______ rock that is formed from ancient plants.12 What is the name of the famous wizarding school in Harry Potter?A. HogwartsB. NarniaC. Middle-earthD. Oz13 waste management) involves collecting and disposing of waste. The ____14 What is the capital of Azerbaijan?A. TbilisiB. YerevanC. BakuD. Astana答案: C15 The beetle has a shiny _______ (壳).16 What is 12 4?A. 6B. 7C. 8D. 9答案: C17 Listen and number.听录音排序。
收稿日期:2022-04-17基金项目:国家自然科学基金资助项目(21476172)通信作者:张庆印(1977—),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为锂/钠离子电池电极材料的合成与模拟。
E-mail:*************************.cn钠离子电池用石墨烯掺杂多孔材料的电化学性能张庆印,刘小露(天津工业大学化学工程与技术学院,天津300387)摘要:为了增加硬碳电极材料的导电性,选取石墨烯作为添加剂,采用涂覆法制备了石墨烯掺杂多孔材料,通过SEM 、XRD 、BET 、蓝电电池测试系统和电化学工作站等对所得石墨烯多孔材料的结构和电化学性能进行表征和测试,探究不同碳化温度对于石墨烯掺杂多孔材料电化学性能的影响。
结果表明:石墨烯掺杂多孔材料显示出均匀、丰富的孔结构和增强的石墨化程度,可降低接触电阻,缩短扩散距离,增强电子的传导性,用作电池负极时可有效提高钠离子电池的可逆比容量、倍率和循环性能;当碳化温度为1100益时,所制备的石墨烯掺杂多孔材料电极表现出363.8mA ·h/g 的高可逆比容量,在100mA/g 的电流密度下,循环300圈后,其可逆比容量基本无损失,表明该石墨烯掺杂多孔材料具有优异的电化学性能。
关键词:钠离子电池;硬碳;石墨烯;多孔材料;电化学性能中图分类号:TQ152文献标志码:A 文章编号:员远苑员原园圆源载(圆园23)园5原园园36原07Electrochemical properties of porous materials doped with graphene forsodium ion batteryZHANG Qingyin ,LIU Xiaolu(School of Chemical Engineering and Technology ,Tiangong University ,Tianjin 300387,China )Abstract :In order to increase the conductivity of the anode material for hard carbon袁the graphene was selected as an addi鄄tive袁the graphene -doped porous material was produced by coating method.The prepared graphene -doped porous material was characterized by SEM袁XRD and BET袁and the electrochemical property was tested using electrochemical workstations and blue battery test systems.The effects of different carbonization temperature on electrochemical properties of the graphene -doped porous material were explored.The results show that the graphene-doped porous material has uniform and rich pore structure and enhanced graphitization degree袁which can reduce contact resistance袁shorten diffusion distance袁and enhance electronic conductivity.When used as the battery cathode袁they can effectively improve the reversible specific capacity袁magnification and cycling perfor鄄mance of sodiumion battery.When the carbonization temperature is 1100益袁the prepared graphene -doped porous material electrode exhibites a high reversible specific capacity of 363.8mA 窑h/g.After 300cycles at cur鄄rent density of 100mA/g袁its reversible specific capacity has almost no loss袁which indicating that the graphene-doped porous material electrode has excellent electrochemical properties.Key words :sodium ion battery曰hard carbon;graphene曰porous materials曰electrochemical property进入21世纪,消耗化石燃料造成的能源短缺和环境污染问题引起了人们的广泛关注,储能已经成为全球关注的焦点。
小学上册英语第四单元寒假试卷(有答案)英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题,每小题1分,共100分.每小题不选、错误,均不给分)1.My dad is very ________.2. A __________ (长期计划) can support sustainable gardening.3.My mom is a ________.4.The dog wagged its ______ (尾巴) when it saw me. It was very ______ (兴奋).5.I can create a _________ (玩具动物) out of clay.6.中国的________ (history) 充满了起伏与变迁。
7.She has a _____ (cat/dog) at home.8.The cake is ___ (frosted).9.The atmosphere is essential for ______ life on Earth.10.The ancient Chinese invented _____ paper.11.My sister sings in the ________ (合唱团).12. A _____ is a group of stars that is visible in the night sky.13.I like to ______ pictures. (draw)14. A tiny ___ (小龙) appears in stories.15.What do we call the primary color that mixes with blue to create violet?A. RedB. YellowC. GreenD. Orange答案:A16. A molecule that can donate protons is called an ______.17.The process of ______ involves the gradual breakdown of rocks.18.The ______ (水分) in soil is crucial for growth.19.My cousin is a great __________ (志愿者).20.I love reading mystery books. My favorite author is __________.21.The chemical symbol for chromium is __________.22.The flowers are _____ and colorful. (bright)23. A __________ is a mixture that can be separated by evaporation.24.The Sun is a medium-sized star in the ______ galaxy.25.The process of making glass involves heating sand to a high _____.26.The pufferfish can _________ itself. (膨胀)27.The __________ (历史的冲击) prompts reflection.28. A ____ is a friendly creature that enjoys company.29.What is the capital city of the Philippines?A. ManilaB. CebuC. DavaoD. Quezon City答案: A30.An alligator lives in _________ (沼泽地).31. A __________ (分子间力) influences the physical properties of a substance.32. A chemical reaction requires a change in ______.33.We can _____ (graft) plants to improve growth.34.The ice cream is _____ melting. (slowly)35.My dad tells _______ jokes.36.The __________ (地震) shook the buildings.37.The gecko can stick to _______ (墙壁).38.We need to ________ the house.39. A ________ (树枝) can break if it is too heavy.40.Certain plants can ______ (生存) in low-nutrient soils.41.I can ________ (lead) a team effectively.42.She is _______ (reading) a novel.43.The __________ (历史的跨文化交流) fosters understanding.44.What do we call a story that explains the origins of something?A. MythB. FableC. LegendD. Fairy tale答案: A45.The Age of Exploration began in the _______ century.46.The chemical process that occurs in our bodies to release energy is called ______.47.I see a _____ (bird/fish) in the tree.48.He is a mechanic, ______ (他是一名机械师), fixing cars.49.The _____ (枝条) can be pruned for better growth.50.The ostrich is the world's largest ______ (鸟).51.Burning wood produces __________.52.She is studying to be a ________.53.The playground is full of ______.54.My cousin is passionate about __________ (艺术).55.I see a _____ (caterpillar) on the leaf.56.I saw a _______ (小松鼠) eating an acorn.57.My __________ (玩具名) always makes me laugh when I __________ (动词).58. A ________ (植物采集) can be educational.59._______ are important for the environment.60.The chemical formula for ammonium sulfate is __________.61. Carta was signed in __________ (1215), limiting the power of the king. The Magn62.The goldfish swims gracefully in the _________ (水).63.The _____ (植物生物) is varied and complex.64.My cousin always visits us during ____.65.He has a pet ___ . (fish)66.My brother has a remote-controlled _____ (飞机).67.What is the main language spoken in the USA?A. SpanishB. EnglishC. FrenchD. Chinese答案: B68.The weather is _____ today. (nice)69.I like ________ (吃) ice cream.70.We have a ________ (meeting) after school.71.What do you call a group of wolves?A. PackB. HerdC. FlockD. Swarm答案: A72.I love to eat ___. (cake)73.I love learning new languages because it helps me understand different _______ (文化).74.Light from ancient stars provides clues about the early _______.75.My dad loves to ________ (烹饪).76.The _____ (fish/bird) is swimming.77.The ice cream truck is ______ (coming) down the street.78.Pandas mainly eat _________ (竹子).79.The hamster runs on its _______ every night.80.What is the name of the famous clock tower in London?A. Big BenB. Eiffel TowerC. Leaning Tower of PisaD. Statue of Liberty答案:A81.My uncle is a __________ (建筑师).82.I always _______ (帮助) my parents.83.My friend is a ______. He wants to be an astronaut.84.His favorite animal is a ________.85.The _____ (星星) twinkle at night.86.The teacher, ______ (老师), inspires us to dream big.87.In art class, we made ________ (手工艺品) using old toys. It was ________ (有趣的) to create something new!88.The rabbit has powerful _______ (后腿) for jumping.89.The police officer, ______ (警察), keeps the community safe.90. A lever can increase the ______ applied to an object.91.The _____ (ocean) is blue.92.The nurse provides care and support in _____ (医院).93.My mom enjoys doing ____ (puzzles).94.I enjoy _______ (看书) at the library.95.The __________ is cool and refreshing during the summer. (海洋)96.What is the name of the place where we go to watch movies?A. TheaterB. MuseumC. Concert HallD. Library答案: A97.What do we call the process of making food from sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water?A. PhotosynthesisB. RespirationC. FermentationD. Digestion答案: A. Photosynthesis98.Chemical reactions can be classified as ______ or physical changes.99. A mixture that is not uniform throughout is called a ______ mixture.100.My uncle is a skilled ____ (sculptor).。
小学上册英语第一单元期末试卷(有答案)英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题,每小题1分,共100分.每小题不选、错误,均不给分)1.__________ are substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances.2.We have a picnic _____ the park. (at)3.Elephants have large ______.4.What is the main ingredient in sushi?A. RiceB. FishC. SeaweedD. Vegetables答案:A5.Photosynthesis converts sunlight into ______ energy.6.I have a toy _______ that rolls and spins everywhere I go.7.The ancient Romans created a system of _____.8.The trees in the _______ provide shade and a place to relax.9.Many plants need ______ (水) to survive.10.The ________ (热带雨林) is rich in biodiversity.11. A simple circuit includes a power source, a load, and ______ (wires).12. A __________ is a common garden pest that can destroy crops.13.The _______ (The Women's Suffrage Movement) fought for women's voting rights.14.My __________ (玩具名) can __________ (动词) in many ways.15.The __________ is an important trade route.16.The __________ (历史的见证者) recount significant moments.17.I like to ride my ______ (horse).18.I saw a _______ (小松鼠) in the park.19.Do you like _____ (鱼) in your aquarium?20.Dial telescopes use mirrors to gather ______.21. A _____ (狼) is a pack animal and very social.22.I listen to _____ (音乐) every day.23.We are going to the ___. (concert) tonight.24.What is 10 - 6?A. 5B. 4C. 6D. 3答案:B 425.I enjoy _______ (运动) after school.26.The parrot can be very ________________ (吵闹).27. A dolphin jumps gracefully out of the _______ and plays.28.My ________ (玩具名称) is very unique.29.I often ask for ________ (名词) for my birthday so I can buy new toys.30.The ________ is celebrated for its independence from Britain.31. Pyramid of Giza was built as a __________. (陵墓) The Grea32.physical map) shows terrain features like mountains and rivers. The ____33.My aunt lives in . (我阿姨住在。
GeotouringChina--用英语畅谈中国地质公园知到章节测试答案智慧树2023年最新中国地质大学(武汉)绪论单元测试1.This course focus on 9 types of geological landforms and the typical geoparksof these landforms. ()参考答案:对第一章测试1.Calcium Carbonate (the mineral calcite) goes into solution in an acidicsolution. ()参考答案:对2.Karst mountains are made of limestone, dolomite, and gypsum, which have incommon the fact that they are all unsoluble rocks. ()参考答案:错3.Karst mountains are mainly made of gypsum. ()参考答案:对4.The solid out layer of the earth, that is the _____. ()参考答案:Crust5.Which of the following places belongs to Karst landform? ()参考答案:Kunming Stone Forest第二章测试1.The name of Huangshan is commonly thought to have been coined in honorof . ()参考答案:Huang Di2.The mountain range in Huangshan was formed in the , approximately 100million years ago, when an ancient sea disappeared due to uplift. Later, in theQuaternary Period, the landscape was shaped by the influence of glaciers.()参考答案:Mesozoic3.Granite belongs to rocks.()参考答案:intrusive4.Which stone was used to build the Taj Mahal? ()参考答案:Marble5.The granite surface of Huangshan is exfoliated, spheroidally weathered, andhas sheeting in places. ()and fluvial erosion have produced thegeomorphologic features of Huangshan.参考答案:Wheathering第三章测试1.The Wudalianshan Global Geopark is located in ______. ()参考答案:Heilongjiang Province, China2.The Wudalianshan Global Geopark is a representative Geopark of ______landform.()参考答案:volcano3.The best time to visit the Wudalianchi Geopark is_____. ()参考答案:From June to October4.Volcanoes are closely associated with_____.()参考答案:plate tectonic activity5.The name of “Wudalianchi” stands for_____.()参考答案:Five lakes of Wudalianchi which are connected like beads.第四章测试1.The word “Yardang” is a ____________ term. ()参考答案:geomorphic2.Yardangs are found mainly in arid or extremely arid regions with scarceprecipitation, little vegetation and strong ___________. ()参考答案:wind erosion3.Dunhuang yardang landform is mainly composed of ___________ geologicalrelics . ()参考答案:Quaternary4.Yardangs are particularly concentrated in _______ in Xinjiang and west ofGansu Province, as well as in the Qaidam Basin in Qinghai Province. ()参考答案:basins5.At the early stage of Himalayan movement about 40 million years ago, theAltun and Qilian Mountains in the south were rapidly _______, while the hillyarea in the north were slowly rising, so the faulted Anxi-Dunhuang basin wasformed. ()参考答案:uplifting第五章测试1.Where is the ALXA Desert Global Geopark. ().参考答案:China2.How many deserts in the ALXA Desert Global Geopark.? ()参考答案:Two3.The ALXA Desert Global Geopark is the only desert geopark in the world.()对4.There is no any river in the ALXA Desert Global Geopark . ()参考答案:错5.The Tengger Desert is the safest and most interesting part of the whole park.().参考答案:对第六章测试1.The Danxia landform is named after ______. ()参考答案:Mount Danxia2.______ firstly named Danxia Landform?()参考答案:Feng Jinglan(冯景兰)3.The best time to visit Zhangye Park is_____:()September4.The Danxia landform formed by _____ force(s) ()参考答案:both5.Danxia landform is formed from red-coloured sandstones and conglomeratesof largely ______age. ()参考答案:Cretaceous第七章测试1.The famous Zhangjiajie scenic area is mainly in the administrativesubdivision of District().参考答案:Wulingyuan2.What is the Chinese term for siltstone? ()参考答案:粉砂岩3.Zhangjiajie lies in southern China Plate and a humid subtropical climate zone.Its landform was originally from Middle and Upper Devonian() whoseoccurrence is nearly horizontal and is formed by agents like water erosion,gravity collapse, and weathering.参考答案:quartz sandstone4.Zhangjiajie used to be a large patch of ocean some three billion and eightthousand years ago. Later, due to a series of crust movements, the seabedrose up and became land. Water erosion and weathering over the pastmillions of years then led to the formation of Zhangjiajie's primitiveecological system, featuring a landform of sandstone, valleys, and peaks. ()参考答案:对5.The Jurassic belongs to the era of the ().参考答案:Mesozoic第八章测试1.Where is Yehliu Geopark located? _________ ()参考答案:Taiwan2.What landform does Yehliu Geopark belong to? ____________ ()参考答案:Marine Abrasion Landform3.How many areas is Yehliu roughly divided into? ____________ ()参考答案:Three4.Whose statue is located in Gehliu Geopark?____________ ()参考答案:Lin Tianzhen’s5.In which year was the Yehliu peninsula officially designated as a park? ()参考答案:1964第九章测试1. 1 Which one is not major glacier in China? ()参考答案:the Gorner Glacier2. 2 Which is the nearest glacier if we live in Wuhan and want to pay a visit to it?()参考答案:Mt. Lushan3.Where is Mt. Lushan located? ()参考答案:In Jiangxi Province4. 4 What are the best seasons to have a trip in Mt. Lushan? ()参考答案:July and August5. 5 How many big glaciers does Meili Snow Mountain possess? ()参考答案:four。
混凝土孔隙分类英文Concrete pores can be classified into several types based on their characteristics and formation mechanisms. Here is a detailed classification of concrete pores:1. Air pores: These are the smallest pores in concrete, with a diameter generally less than 0.1 millimeters. Air pores are usually caused by bubbles in the concrete, which can be due to gases generated during the mixing of concrete or gases produced during the curing process of concrete.2. Gel pores: Gel pores have a pore size range of 0.03 to 3 micrometers. They are fine pores that exist within the cement gel body. Most gel pores are closed and have weak permeability, making them harmless pores.3. Capillary pores: Capillary pores have a pore size range of 0.1 millimeters to 50 micrometers. These pores are caused by the evaporation of water within the cement gel body after hydration. Most capillary pores are not closedand have a relatively large pore volume, making them harmful pores. Capillary pores are a major factor leading to freeze-thaw damage in concrete.4. Non-capillary pores: All pores other than gel pores and capillary pores are referred to as non-capillary pores.5. Surface pores: These are pores that exist on the surface of the concrete and are usually larger, with a diameter of up to 2 millimeters. Surface pores have a significant impact on the appearance and surface quality of the concrete.6. Internal pores: These are pores that form within the concrete and are typically smaller. The size and number of internal pores directly affect the strength and durability of the concrete.7. Micro pores: These are pores with a diameter less than 0.1 micrometers. Micro pores have a very minor impact on the structure of concrete and usually do not lead to degradation.8. Fine pores: Fine pores have a diameter in the rangeof 0.1 to 1 micrometer and can affect the strength and durability of concrete.9. Coarse pores: These are pores with a diametergreater than 1 micrometer. Coarse pores can have asignificant impact on the strength and hardness of concrete, often leading to damage or degradation.10. Needle-shaped pores: Needle-shaped pores are formed due to uneven distribution of aggregate in the concrete, which has a negative impact on the strength and durabilityof the concrete.11. Water pockets: These are pores formed due to excessive water content in the concrete.12. Cracks: Cracks can be caused by various factorssuch as insufficient concrete strength, poor material properties, or unreasonable structural design.In addition to the above classifications, concrete pores can also be divided into three main categories based on their location: cement stone pores, aggregate pores, and interfacial pores. Based on the pore diameter, concrete pores can also be divided into five parts: gel pores (pore diameter less than 10 nanometers), transition pores (small capillary pores, 10-100 nanometers), large capillary pores (100-1000 nanometers), air pores (pore diameter greater than 1000 nanometers), and large pores caused by uneven mixing (pore diameter above 10 nanometers).From the perspective of their impact on concrete, pores can be divided into harmless pores (pore diameter less than 20 nanometers), slightly harmful pores (20-100 nanometers), harmful pores (100-200 nanometers), and highly harmful pores (greater than or equal to 200 nanometers).In summary, concrete pores can be classified into various types based on their characteristics, formation mechanisms, and impact on the concrete. Understanding the different types of pores and their impact on concrete iscrucial for ensuring the durability and performance of concrete structures.。
小学上册英语第2单元真题(含答案)英语试题一、综合题(本题有50小题,每小题1分,共100分.每小题不选、错误,均不给分)1 The _____ (botanical) garden has many species of plants.2 We cook ________ (dinner) together.3 Some _______ can only grow in specific climates.4 What color is the planet Mars often associated with?A. BlueB. GreenC. RedD. Yellow5 The __________ (种子的发芽) process is fascinating.6 The wolf is a social _________ (动物).7 What is the opposite of "big"?A. HugeB. SmallC. TallD. Large8 What do you call a person who works with computers?A. ProgrammerB. EngineerC. TechnicianD. Developer答案:A9 What do you call the process of growing crops?A. AgricultureB. HorticultureC. FarmingD. Cultivation答案:A10 A solution that contains the maximum amount of solute is _____ (saturated).11 A ________ is a large area of land that is covered in snow.12 What do we call the study of living things?A. PhysicsB. ChemistryC. BiologyD. Geography答案:C13 The ancient Romans spoke _______. (拉丁语)14 He is my good _____ (朋友).15 What do you call the movement of air?A. WindB. RainC. SnowD. Storm答案: A16 Which one is a type of bird?A. DogB. EagleC. FishD. Cat17 My dad watches __________ on TV. (新闻)18 I feel ______ when I am with my family.19 The parrot has bright ________________ (羽毛).20 My dad fixes ____ (cars) at his workshop.21 What do you call the main character in a story?A. ProtagonistB. AntagonistC. HeroD. Villain22 What do we call the first month of the year?A. DecemberB. JanuaryC. FebruaryD. March答案:B23 The process of a liquid turning into a gas is called _______.24 Cats often like to _______ (玩耍) with yarn.25 We have a ______ (快乐的) family tradition for special occasions.26 The chemical formula for ammonia is ______.27 I want to ________ (meet) new friends.28 What is the main purpose of a bridge?A. To provide shelterB. To connect two pointsC. To decorate the landscapeD. To provide water答案:B29 A kitten pounces on ______ (玩具).30 The __________ is a famous valley in California.31 The __________ (文化活动) bring joy to communities.32 The ________ was a significant event in the history of civil rights in America.33 What do we call the process of taking in food and breaking it down?A. DigestionB. RespirationC. MetabolismD. Absorption答案: A. Digestion34 What do you call a sweet, baked good made with flour?A. CookieB. BrownieC. CakeD. All of the above答案:D35 What do we call an animal that can live both on land and in water?A. ReptileB. MammalC. Amphibian36 The ________ (experience) was unforgettable.37 A _______ is a device that can measure electrical resistance.38 The Earth spins on its ______.39 The _______ of sound is perceived as volume.40 What do you call the part of the plant that absorbs water and nutrients?a. Stemb. Leafc. Rootd. Flower答案:c41 My mom is ______ (cooking) dinner.42 A ______ is a type of bond where electrons are transferred.43 We make ______ (pancakes) for breakfast.44 The ______ (松鼠) gathers food for the winter.45 The ancient Egyptians practiced ________ as part of their belief systems.46 What is the name of the famous online shopping platform?A. eBayB. AmazonC. AlibabaD. Etsy答案:B47 What do you call the area of land that is used for farming?A. FieldB. FarmD. Garden答案: B48 In a chemical reaction, the mass of the products equals the mass of the _____.49 We have a ______ (特别的) event this weekend.50 The dog likes to ________ (追逐) balls.51 The ancient Egyptians used _____ for mummification.52 A light year measures _______ not time.53 What is the name of the first man on the moon?A. Neil ArmstrongB. Buzz AldrinC. Yuri GagarinD. John Glenn答案:A54 A firefly's light is used to attract ______ (配偶).55 This ________ (玩具) helps me appreciate art.56 I received a new _________ (遥控车) for my birthday. It is so _________ (快速的).57 What is the capital of France?A. ParisB. LyonC. MarseilleD. Nice答案:A58 I enjoy drawing ______ in my spare time.59 What do you call the act of saving money?A. SpendingB. InvestingC. BudgetingD. All of the above60 A ______ (社区参与) can enhance conservation efforts.61 What instrument is used to measure temperature?A. RulerB. ThermometerC. ScaleD. Clock答案:B62 What do we call the place where we watch movies?A. TheaterB. StoreC. RestaurantD. School答案:A63 My uncle shares his __________ (知识) about fishing.64 What do you call a story that is not true?A. FactB. FictionC. HistoryD. Biography答案:B65 The _____ (风) can carry seeds far away.66 What is the name of the famous American holiday celebrated on October 31?A. HalloweenB. ThanksgivingC. ChristmasD. New Year's Eve答案:A67 He rides his ___ (skateboard) to school.68 We went to the _____ (store/market) yesterday.69 The _______ of sound can vary based on the type of environment it travels through.70 A solution that contains a high concentration of solute is called a _____ solution.71 What is the opposite of "dry"?A. WetB. MoistC. DampD. Humid72 What is the capital of Argentina?A. Buenos AiresB. CórdobaC. RosarioD. Mendoza答案: A73 My friend is a _____ (经济学家) and studies money.74 An _______ is an atom that has a charge.75 The __________ is a major trade route in the Mediterranean. (地中海航线)76 I have a _____ (pen/pencil) in my backpack.77 What is the term for a planet that rotates in the opposite direction to most others?A. RetrogradeB. AnomalousC. EratosthenesD. Unique78 I want to be a _______ (teacher) when I grow up.79 The Kuiper Belt is home to many _______ and dwarf planets.80 The __________ (社会变迁) shape our understanding of history.81 The capital of Armenia is ________ (亚美尼亚的首都是________).82 I can _______ the piano well.83 A nonmetallic element is one that lacks the properties of _______.84 A ______ (土地恢复) project can rejuvenate ecosystems.85 My toy ________ can change into a robot.86 The fish has shiny _________. (鳞片)87 What do you call a small, furry animal that is often kept as a pet?A. HamsterB. LizardC. SnakeD. Frog答案: A88 The core of the Earth is mostly made up of ______ and nickel.89 What do you call the warm-blooded animals that give birth to live young?A. ReptilesB. AmphibiansC. MammalsD. Birds90 The discovery of __________ (青铜) marked the beginning of the Bronze Age.91 What is the capital of Bangladesh?A. DhakaB. ChittagongC. SylhetD. Khulna答案:A92 Whenever I visit my grandparents, I always say, "Hi, !" (每次我去看望我的祖父母,我总是说:“嗨,!”)93 The _______ of a pendulum can be demonstrated with a stopwatch.94 The __________ is known for its deserts and unique wildlife. (澳大利亚)95 What do you call a young tiger?A. CubB. KitC. PupD. Calf96 A chemical reaction that occurs in living organisms is called ______ chemistry.97 My _____ (跳绳) is colorful and fun.98 My brother is a _____ (科学家) who studies animals.99 My sister is a ______. She loves to volunteer at shelters.100 Which part of the plant absorbs water?A. LeafB. StemC. RootD. Flower 答案: C。
Dolomitic concretions in the Eocene Sobrarbe delta (Spanish Pyrenees):Fluid circulation above a submarine slide scar infillingGuilhem Hoareau *,Francis Odonne,Elie-Jean Debroas,Agne`s Maillard,Christophe Monnin,Pierre Callot LMTG,Universite de Toulouse,CNRS-IRD-OMP,14,Avenue Edouard Belin,31400Toulouse,Francea r t i c l e i n f oArticle history:Received 3October 2006Received in revised form 4March 2008Accepted 4March 2008Available online 23July 2008Keywords:Carbonate concretions Dolomite Barite CelestiteFluid circulation BioturbationsSedimentary instabilities Ainsa Basina b s t r a c tNumerous dolomite concretions have been discovered in marls of the Eocene Sobrarbe deltaic complex as part of the Ainsa Basin (Spain).This paper presents the first analyses of the shapes,the spatial relationships,the mineralogical,chemical and isotopic compositions of these concretions.The concretions are located above a major fossil submarine slide scar.They are mainly perpendicular to the sedimentary layers.Four distinct shapes of concretions have been distinguished:horizontal flat,sub-vertical cylindrical or cylindrical-complex and stocky.Three main mineral phases are associated with most of the concretions:calcite,celestite and barite.Concretion shapes and mineral occurrences are organized vertically in the marls from bottom to top:(i)at the bottom,flat shapes with septarian cracks filled by calcite and celestite,(ii)in the middle and at the top,cylindrical and cylindrical-complex concretions associated with prismatic barite,calcite and celestite filling conduits related to bioturbations,and (iii)at the top,cylindrical and cylindrical-complex concretions associated with calcite and celestite filling conduits related to bioturbations,and stocky shape concretions.We postulate that concretions have formed by dolomite cementation of the surrounding marls during early diagenesis in the zone of methanogenesis.The high sedimentation rate of the infilling seems to be a factor controlling the mineralogical composition of the concretions.Brown calcite precipitated in voids and fractures of the concretions.Celestite precipitated during burial,completing the filling of voids and fractures.Barite precipitated before celestite,but its time of precipitation relative to brown calcite remains unknown.Ó2008Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.1.IntroductionConcretions have often been used to understand the evolution of ancient marine sediments during early and burial diagenesis (Woo and Khim,2006).They often exhibit chemical and isotopic variations showing the depth-related diagenetic zones of sedi-ments involved in their precipitation (Irwin et al.,1977).Carbonate concretions are also used to understand late burial diagenetic evolution of their host sediments,from the study of isotopic or chemical modifications of the concretions after their growth and by precipitation of cements or neomorphic minerals (e.g.,Hudson et al.,2001).However,the parameters controlling the early formation of carbonate concretions are not yet fully understood,especially for dolomite concretions (Mozley and Burns,1993).The growth of carbonate concretions is often supposed to be promoted by the bacterial oxidation of organic matter which leads to an increase in the alkalinity of interstitial waters of the sediments(Irwin et al.,1977).The mineralogy of concretions may be controlled by numerous parameters among which the sedimenta-tion rate,the organic matter oxidation rate,the porewater sulfate concentration and the magnesium availability play an important role (Mozley and Burns,1993;Hesse et al.,2004).In this paper,we present the first results of the study of spatially organized dolomite concretions of a marly series of the Sobrarbe delta of the Eocene Ainsa Basin (Spain).These concretions have been studied by petrographic,textural,mineralogical and isotopic analyses.The results permit to explain their formation during diagenesis in a context of sedimentary instabilities.Several concretions exhibit void-filling cements (calcite,barite and celes-tite)in septarian cracks or cylindrical structures.A careful study of these cements allows to constraint later burial diagenetic events,which involve both marine and meteoric waters.2.Geology of the Sobrarbe deltaic complex andcharacteristics of Bin˜as d’Ena series The Eocene Ainsa basin (Spanish Pyrenees)is located on theeastern and outer part of the Gavarnie thrust-sheet complex*Corresponding author.Tel.:þ33(0)561332662.E-mail address:hoareau@lmtg.obs-mip.fr (G.Hoareau).Contents lists available at ScienceDirectMarine and Petroleum Geologyjournal homepage :www.else /locate /marpetgeo0264-8172/$–see front matter Ó2008Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2008.03.012Marine and Petroleum Geology 26(2009)724–737(Mun˜oz,1992)(Fig.1).It constitutes one of the basins associated with the flexural subsidence and southward thrusts of southernPyrenees during Eocene (Puigdefa`bregas et al.,1991;Mun ˜oz et al.,1994;Dreyer et al.,1999;Pickering and Corregidor,2005).The Sobrarbe deltaic complex is located in the southern part of the basin and contains its last marine deposits (Wadsworth,1994;Dreyer et al.,1999).From Cuisian to Bartonian,the progradation of deltaic deposits builds toward the north–northwest,guided by thegrowth of Boltan˜a and Mediano anticlines,two lateral-thrust ramp folds located,respectively,on the western and eastern sides of the basin.As a result,the basin is structured into a large syncline opened toward the north–northwest.Six facies associations have been defined in the Sobrarbe deltaic complex (Wadsworth,1994;Dreyer et al.,1999).These deposits are associated in a number of minor genetic sequences comprised within four major composite sequences.Numerous metric to kilo-metric submarine gravitational scars can be seen in each sequence (Dreyer et al.,1999).The six main surfaces of sliding have been mapped on the western outcrops of the deltaic complex (Callot et al.,submitted for publication ;Fig.2).The concretions we have studied are found in grey marls near Bin˜as d’Ena (UTM coordinates:258960E/4694350N)at the top of the Las Gorgas composite sequence.The marl series is exposed along 1km in the Sobrarbe deltaic complex but the concretions aremore numerous in the vicinity of Bin˜as d’Ena.These marls belong to the facies association 1defined by Dreyer et al.(1999).They were deposited on the delta slope below the storm wave level (Wadsworth,1994).The series is about 35m thick at the outcrop.It is entirely composed of marls,regularly bedded in thin to medium and light to dark grey tabular beds which are massive and have gradational contacts.The marl layers are orientated N170with dip values of about 30E.Thin levels of tectonic fractures filled with calcite and celestite fibres,always strictly parallel to the stratifica-tion,and the tilting of the series,are the only evidences of tectonicdeformations.They result from the formation of the Boltan ˜a anti-cline during the sedimentation process.3.Spatial organization of concretionsThe outcrop that we have studied is composed of two distinct parts that we here call ‘‘PRD’’for the Principal Domain (main field of concretions)and ‘‘SD’’for the South Domain,located 150m south from PRD,in a more proximal part of the series.A total number of 57carbonate concretions were found in the two fields,but the PRD was studied in greater detail because the concretions are more numerous at this location.Only the results related to the PRD are presented here.The concretions are labelled ‘‘Pr’’and numbered as shown in Fig.5.3.1.Concretion shapesFour types of concretion shapes,which we have numbered from 1to 4,have been observed.Type 1are flat concretions with dimensions up to 2m Â15cm (Fig.3A).The complete 3D shape,observable only from two concretions partly isolated from the substratum,is disk-shaped.Type 2are cylindrical concretions (Fig.3B),their long axis being sub-perpendicular to the stratifica-tion planes.Their diameter ranges from 18cm (Pr9)to 40cm (Pr26)and their length can reach 250cm (Pr32),although most of them are 30–80cm long.Type 3are cylindrical-complex concretions.They show several lobes (cylindrical or irregular)and can cross the marl layers over more than 2m.For most of them,a major axis can be recognized as the line of the successive lobes that is sub-perpendicular to the stratification planes (Fig.3C and D).In some cases,the lobes and cylinders can branch at the base or at the top of the concretion.Type 4are stocky concretions (Fig.3E and F)and are the most numerous.Because they often exhibit irregular edges that can be compared to the lobes of cylindrical-complex concretions,distinction between these two kinds of structures may be difficult in the field.Size criteria have been used to distinguish them:stocky concretions are smaller and do not show any clear elongated shape.Their shape is different from regular ovoid carbonate concretionsthat are observed in many Cenozoı¨c marly environments (Seilacher,SpainFrance 20 kmEarly-Middle Eocene Jurassic-Paleocene U. Carboniferous-Triassic PalaeozoicLate-Eocene IV NTRE MP- GR A U SB A S I N XI AL ZO NEEBROBA SI NJ AC AB A S INB o lt a n a a n tic li n e HuescaTrempAinsaJacaA I N S AB A S I NMed iano antic lineG a v a r n i e T h r u s tS i er r asM a rg in al e sTh ru st s A 0°1° E42°30’N42°NFig.1.Simplified geological map of the South Pyrenean Foreland Basin with location of the Ainsa Basin (North of Spain).Redrawn from Dreyer et al.(1999).G.Hoareau et al./Marine and Petroleum Geology 26(2009)724–7377252001).Small tubular concretions (3–7cm of diameter and length lower than 20cm)are also found at the vicinity or connected with few cylindrical-complex and stocky concretions.These particular concretions,which present a central crystallized conduit,will be described later in the paper.3.2.Position of concretions in the stratificationMeasurements of major axes of 36concretions show that most of them are sub-perpendicular to the stratification planes of marls (Fig.4).A detailed map of the location of the structures in the series was drawn (Fig.5).The shape of a concretion appears to be related to its position in the outcrop.At the bottom of the outcrop are flat-shaped concretions.Cylindrical and cylindrical-complex concretions mainly appear in the middle of the series and are concentrated at the northern and southern ends of the outcrop.At the top of the series,a large number of stocky concretions are associated with cylindrical,cylindrical-complex concretions and small tubular concretions.Concretions are limited to the lower 25m of the series.4.Methods of analysisConcretions,marls and associated minerals of Bin˜as d’Ena have been characterized by petrographic analyses performed with optical microscopy,backscattered scanning electron (BSE)micros-copy on a SEM associated with an Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS)and electron microprobe.BSE imaging was performed on a JEOL 6360LV with an accelerating voltage of 20kV,and EDS analyses were made by using a Silicon Drift Detector Sahara PGT.Analyses of microprobe were performed on a Cameca SX-50with an accelerating voltage of 20kV and a current of 20nA.The low thermal stability of carbonates and sulfates studied under the beam imposed reduced pick and background counting times,increasing the minimum detection limits (%wt):CaO 0.05,MgO 0.04,FeO 0.09,SrO 0.12,BaO 0.17and SO 30.07.The mineralogical composition of sulfates and carbonates was determined by XRD analyses.All analyses were carried out at the LMTG (Toulouse,France).Sr isotopes analyses were carried out on 14samples of barite,celestite,calcite,concretions and marls.Samples were extracted using a tungsten carbide dental drill after the rock was polished.Carbonate cements and siliciclastic parts were analysed separately,following the method used by Chiquet et al.(1999).Hundred milligrams of powdered marl were leached with 10ml 0.25M HCl using a sonicator bath.After centrifugation,the supernatant was extracted and evaporated.This was repeated nine times for each sample.Residual siliciclastic fraction was dissolved with HF–HNO 31:1at 120 for 48h.After evaporation,residual organic matter was dissolved in HCl–HNO 3for 24h.Three milliliters of HNO 3were added to 100mg of pure calcite samples passed in sonicatorbathFig.2.(A)3D model redrawn from Callot et al.(submitted for publication)presenting the geometry of the six major truncation surfaces (S1–S6)and their infilling.The stratigraphic order follows that established by Dreyer et al.(1999).Numbers correspond to:(1)the last deposit of the Comaron Composite Sequence (CCS);(2)the Las Gorgas sandstone body corresponding to the base of the Las Gorgas Composite Sequence (LGCS);(3)the marly distal part of the LGCS;(4),(5)and (6)the deposits resting above the three first successive slide surfaces that truncate the LGCS (S1,S2and S3);(7)the first infilling of the S4slide surface;(8)the first infilling of the S5slide surface;(9)the deposits of the Barranco El SolanoComposite Sequence (BSCS);(10)the infilling of the S6slide surface.Concretions found at Bin˜as d’Ena belong to the CCS.They are located above the S2surface and on the edge of the S3truncation surface;and (11)the last marine levels of the BSCS and the base of the Buil Composite Sequence (BCS).(B)Panoramic view of Bin˜as d’Ena corresponding to the frame of Fig.2A.Symbols are similar to those employed on Fig.2A.Black dots show the location of concretions.PRD ¼Principal Domain;SD ¼South Domain.G.Hoareau et al./Marine and Petroleum Geology 26(2009)724–737726and dissolved at 90 C for 48h.For barite and celestite,100mg of powdered samples were leached in 6N HCl,cleaned in a sonicator bath for 1h and heated at 100 C overnight (Canals et al.,1999).Digestion of sulfate minerals was low but largely sufficient for Sr isotope analyses.After evaporation,the residuals were re-dissolved in HNO 32N and Sr was extracted using an Eichrom Sr Resin for standard extraction procedures.Isotope ratios were analysed on a Thermal Ionisation Mass Spectrometer (TIMS)Finnigan MAT 261at the LMTG.Mean 2s error was Æ0.000016.Light stable isotopes analyses (d 13C,d 18O)were carried out on 21carbonate samples of calcite,marls and concretions.Extraction of powders was made using a tungsten carbide dental drill.Two milligrams of powder were leached with 100%H 3PO 4,and extrac-ted CO 2was analysed for C and O isotopic characterisation usinga Micromasse Isoprime Multiflow connected to a GV Instruments ÒOPTIMA AC-117Mass Spectrometer at the Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution de Montpellier (ISEM,France),using standard proce-dures.Mean error for C and O analyses was Æ0.17.Results are given in reference to the Pee Dee Bee (PDB)standard.5.Mineralogy and chemical composition of marls and concretions 5.1.MarlsMarls are composed of about 50%of micritic magnesian calcite and 50%of detrital grains including clays,sub-rounded quartz,small rounded dolomite,calcite,and rare K-feldspar.AllgrainsFig.3.(A)Flat concretion parallel to the stratification.Its dimensions are approximately 2m Â15cm (Pr19).(B)Cylindrical concretion (Pr9).This concretion is perpendicular to the stratification planes of the marl layers.Its dimensions are 40cm Â18cm.(C)Profile view of a cylindrical-complex concretion (Pr3).The succession of lobes determines a major axis sub-perpendicular to the stratification.The morphology of the concretion reminds those described by Gaillard (1980)and formed around Megagyrolithes ardescensis bioturbations.(D)Facial view of the cylindrical-complex concretion Pr3surmounting the flat concretion Pr30.The concretion Pr3crosses the marl layers on more than 2m after compaction.(E)Stocky concretion.Erosion of the surrounding marls can involve the scaling of the concretions.(F)Stocky concretion (Pr20).G.Hoareau et al./Marine and Petroleum Geology 26(2009)724–737727(except clays)have sizes ranging from 10to 100m m.Iron oxides and sulfides and rare minor detrital minerals such as rutile,zircon,monazite and apatite are also present,but clays are the major detrital fraction of marls.Minor diagenetic minerals are repre-sented by disseminated euhedral dolomite rhombs (10m m)and calcite;euhedral pyrite also fills rare and dissolved foraminifer tests or Planolites and Ophiomorpha bioturbation traces.Carbonate content analyses give values ranging from 38to 53%,the lower value being associated to highly weathered marl.The mean value of all measurements is 50.3%of carbonate content.Stable isotopes analyses (Table 1,Fig.6)on bulk marls give mean d 13C and d 18O values of 0.0and À6.1,respectively.Strontium isotopes (mean ¼0.07078;Table 2,Fig.7)are consistent with an Eocene marine origin for the Mg–calcite micritic cement (Burke et al.,1982;DePaolo and Ingram,1985).A small part of the isotopic signal may be due to detrital carbonates present in marls and concretions,although these phases represent less than 5%of the studied samples.C and O isotopes of tectonic fracture calcites were also analysed (mean d 13C ¼À0.9;mean d 18O ¼À6.95;Table 1).5.2.ConcretionsThe nature of the detrital grains is similar both in concretions and in marls,but in concretions detrital grains are surrounded by euhedral 2–10m m dolomite grains (see Table 3forcomposition).Fig.4.Stereographic projection of major axes direction of 36concretions for the PRD and the SD,after correction for the dip value of the substratum (density contours:3,6and 12%in %/1%area,Schmidt,lower hemisphere).Major axes dip values are close to 90 (mean dip value 77 )and scattered around the center of the diagram.Concretions shapeMineralized structuressmall tubular concretionsconduits containing prismatic bariteseptarian cracksTOPMIDDLEBOTTOM???Undeterminedflatcylindricalcylindrical-complexstockyFig.5.Map of the Principal Domain (PRD)presenting the location of concretions and associated mineralized structures (septarian cracks,small tubular concretions and conduits containing prismatic barite).A spatial organization of concretion shapes has led to the separation of the outcrop in three parts (bottom,middle and top of the series,separated by dotted black lines):see text for details.Grey ribbons symbolize marl layers and dark grey lines are topographic incisions caused by actual erosion.G.Hoareau et al./Marine and Petroleum Geology 26(2009)724–737728The carbonate content of concretions ranges from 70to 90.1%.These values are in agreement with the usual value found for carbonate concretions (Pratt,2001).Field data and thin section observations show that the growth of concretions resulted from dolomitic cementation of marls,as often observed for carbonate concretions in marine fine-grained sediments (e.g.,Chow et al.,2000;Raiswell and Fisher,2000).Stable isotope analyses on concretions (Table 1)show high d 13C values (mean ¼þ5.2)and lower values for d 18O (mean ¼À1.0).C and O isotope values of small tubular concretions (d 13C ¼À1.1to À2;d 18O ¼À2.7to À2.1)differ from other dolomitic concretions.Values of 87Sr/86Sr for dolomite in all concretion types are similar to those for calcite found in the marls (Table 2).6.Structures and void-filling cements associated with concretionsThree mineral phases have been distinguished as void-filling cements in the concretions:calcite,celestite and barite.The two last minerals are,respectively,Sr and Ba-rich phases of the solid solution series (Ba,Sr)SO 4.These minerals are found in three different structure types:(1)septarian cracks,(2)crystalline central conduits of the small tubular concretions and (3)conduitscontaining prismatic barite.All strontium isotope values for the different types of calcite and for the sulfates found in the three different structures are closely similar to those of the calcitic fraction of marls and concretions (Table 2,Fig.7).They are in agreement with value of Eocene marine water (Burke et al.,1982;DePaolo and Ingram,1985).6.1.Septarian cracksSeptarian cracks are mainly observed in concretions located at the lower part of the series (Pr16–19,27,28;Fig.5).Flat,cylindrical and cylindrical-complex concretions are sometimes fractured.These fractures have been filled by two successive episodes of mineral precipitation.Brown calcite has first precipitated along the walls of the cracks.This calcite type is well known as septarian cracks lining and is usually thought to precipitate soon after the opening of the cracks,as observed by Hudson et al.(2001)for septarian concretions of the Jurassic Oxford shales.These euhedral brown calcites display two textures that can be found together:scalenohedral or dogtooth calcites and rhomb calcites.TheirsizesTable 1Carbon and oxygen isotopic data of the carbonate fraction of the marls,concretions -4-20246810δ18O PDBδ13C PDBFig.6.d 13C and d 18O scatter diagram.The different studied structures have been distinguished (see legend).Note that concretion values are isolated in the diagram.Table 287Sr/86Sr values of celestites,barites,calcites and carbonate fractions of marls andAnomalously low value for a siliciclastic fraction.0.7020.7040.7060.7080.710.7120.7140.7160.718M H 1-004 (B )M H 1-004 (S )M H 1-004 (C )P R 19D 1 (B )Y 1 (B )P r 19 (B ) P r 19 (S )P r 19 (D )P R 38 (B )P R 38 (S )P R 38 (D )S T R 4S T R 1Y c e l e s t i t e P r 28P r 36P r 38Y c a l c i t e P r 28P r 1987S r /86S rFig.7.87Sr/86Sr plot for studied carbonates and sulfates (see Table 3).All values are narrowly close of the marine Eocene value of DePaolo and Ingram (1985)(dashed line).C ¼calcitic fraction;S ¼siliciclastic fraction;B ¼bulk rock;D ¼dolomitic fraction.G.Hoareau et al./Marine and Petroleum Geology 26(2009)724–737729range from 0.5to 8mm,the larger being rhomb calcites.In some concretions,the two types of calcites can be imbricated,suggesting a synchronous crystallisation.Stable isotopes analyses give low d 18O values (mean ¼À8.7;mean d 13C ¼À1.5;Table 1).Thin section observations of the textural relationship between calcite and subhedral celestite obviously show that white celestite was the mineral to precipitate second.Crystals are 2or 3cm long.They fill the voids of the cracks lined by brown calcite,but residual voids can remain in large cracks.Celestite can reach crack borders,especially where disseminated rhomb calcites are present.The celestites have almost pure compositions (see Table 3).6.2.Crystalline central conduits of the small tubular concretions The small tubular concretions (Fig.8),which exhibit a crystalline central conduit,are mainly found in the upper series,close to concretions Pr4and Pr15,and connected to concretion Pr24.Two small tubular concretions (near Pr24)are branched and parallel to the marl layers.The central circular conduits of the small tubular concretions have a diameter from 0.8to 2.5cm.Brown dogtooth calcites line the conduit and a large crystal of anhedral celestite fills completely or partly the remaining central void (Fig.9A).Some-times,the outer part of the central conduit exhibits a thin layer of pyrite.Textures of minerals are similar to those filling septarian cracks in other concretions.The isotopic values of the browncalcites (d 13C ¼À2.71;d 18O ¼À8.51)are also close to those found in septarian concretions.Three pieces of small tubular broken concretions located close to Pr15show a central conduit partly filled with small autochthonous angular clasts of concretion coated by microcrystalline white calcite.From the center outward the same calcite fill a radial to concentric network of thin veins.Such a brecciation suggests a hydraulic fracturing of the inner wall of the tubular concretion (Fig.9B).6.3.Conduits containing prismatic bariteConduits containing prismatic barite (Fig.10A)appear in seven concretions:one flat concretion (Pr30),three cylindrical-complex concretions (Pr1,Pr2,and Pr38),two cylindrical concretions (Pr32and Pr36)and one broken concretion showing pieces of conduits with prismatic barite (Pr8).These conduits,with diameters from 4to 6cm,are the only structures containing barites,and do not appear at the bottom of the series.Conduits show several orien-tations in the concretions:(i)horizontal and located at the center of Pr30and Pr36,(ii)oblique and following the long axis of the concretion (Pr2and Pr32),and (iii)without particular orientation (Pr1).They exhibit a complex internal structure (Fig.10B):(i)at the center,a 1-to 2-cm wide cylinder filled with dolomite can contain disoriented angular dolomitic intraclasts;and (ii)around it,xen-ormorphic celestite has partly filled the porosity of the dolomitic matrix (Fig.11A).Here,the composition of the dolomite rhombs changes from pure dolomite at the center to Ca-rich dolomite at the outer part.This part of the conduit also contains the euhedral prismatic crystals of barite,with sizes up to 1cm (Fig.11B);(iii)the edge between the conduit and the concretion is often lined by a fracture filled with celestite.In one concretion,this fracture is clearly linked with septarian cracks (Pr38)(Fig.10B).The strontium content of prismatic barite crystals can slightly change from border to center,but compositional zoning in the crystals has not been observed (Table 1).In addition,epigenetic celestite can partly replace barite (Fig.11B).This texture is confined to the outer edge of the barite binations of Ba-rich celestite and Sr-rich barite between dolomite rhombs and calcite cements of the conduits matrix are also found,mainly near the prismatic barite crystals (Fig.12A).In a few cases,the prismatic barite crystals are almost completely replaced by epigenetic celestite (Fig.12B).7.Discussion7.1.Origin of concretions7.1.1.Mechanisms of formationCarbonate concretions in fine grain sediments are generally believed to form from interstitial waters of the hostsedimentTable 3N ¼number of measures;ND ¼non determined;bd ¼belowdetection.Fig.8.Section of a small tubular concretion found near Pr15.The central conduit is probably an initially empty Paratisoa contorta bioturbation (Gaillard,1972).The conduit partly bounded by pyrite (Py)is then filled by dogtooth brown calcite (Cal)and by sub-euhedral pure celestite (Cel).Small fractures filled with brown calcite can be seen around the central conduit.Colour variations of the concretion,due to weathering,are also easily observable.G.Hoareau et al./Marine and Petroleum Geology 26(2009)724–737730during early burial diagenesis (e.g.,De Craen et al.,1999;Stewart et al.,2000).The bacterial oxidation of organic matter is the main source of carbon for concretionary carbonates,as demonstrated by carbon isotopes studies (e.g.,Raiswell and Fisher,2000).Calcium and magnesium are thought to be provided by interstitial waters of marls (e.g.,Raiswell and Fisher,2004).Ca and Mg may also come from the dissolution of pre-existing carbonate phases during the diagenetic process (Mazzullo,2000).Concretionary carbonate cements fill the initial porosity of sediments during concretion growth,but displacive and replacive fabrics are also observed (Raiswell and Fisher,2000).Diagenetic carbonate concretions tend to be ovoid,with shapes related to the vertical compaction of sediments (Seilacher,2001).The positive d 13C values of the carbonate fraction (Table 1)of Bin˜as d’Ena concretions are higher than those of marine Middle Eocene limestones (d 13C ranging from À0.15to þ2.8;Shackleton and Kennett,1975;Hudson and Anderson,1989;Zachos et al.,2001).They are characteristic of the alkalinity of residual interstitial waters produced by bacterial methanogenesis,an efficient process in the fractionation of C isotopes (Irwin et al.,1977).The formation of dolomitic concretions may be favoured in this zone of organic matter oxidation,especially under high sedimentation rates (Mozley and Burns,1993;Warren,2000;Hesse et al.,2004).However,other factors influence dolomite formation.For example,the inhibitive effect of dissolved sulfate on dolomite precipitation,although highly debated,is generally admitted (Mazzullo,2000;Warren,2000;Hesse et al.,2004).The marls of Bin˜as d’Ena are rich in Mg–calcite micrite and could provide the Mg and Ca necessary for dolomite precipitation.However,the unusually long shape ofmany concretions of Bin˜as d’Ena,which can be as long as 2m,do not correspond to the circular to ovoid shapes expected for such a growth mechanism (Seilacher,2001).These elongate morphol-ogies could be related to a growth due to fluids moving through the sediments.Such a relationship between concretion formation and fluid movements in sediments has already been recognized indifferent environments (e.g.,Selle´s-Martı´nez,1996;Stewart et al.,2000;Mozley and Davis,2005).For example,Mozley and Davis (2005)describe concretions in sandstones that have axes parallel to water flows during their growth.Fluids expelled during compac-tion of the marly sediments might have also provided dissolved species required for the cementation of these particular concre-tions.Another possible explanation for the shapes of the concre-tions is that at least some of them grew around a sub-vertical bioturbation trace,as already observed in upper slope environ-ments (i.e.,Gaillard,1980;Breton,2006).This could be the case for small tubular concretions and concretions containing conduits with prismatic barites,as discussed later in the paper.7.1.2.Depth of growthSeveral observations indicate a growth of Bin˜as d’Ena concre-tions at an early diagenetic stage:(i)sub-horizontal bioturbations traces,made by burrowing organisms in the marls andlaterFig.9.(A)Thin section photograph (crossed nicols)of a longitudinal section of the central conduit of a small tubular concretion found near Pr15.Brown dogtooth calcite crystals (Cal)can be seen on the edge of the conduit.Its center is filled on by a unique celestite crystal (Cel).Pyrite is present on the outer edge of the conduit (Py).(B)Thin section photograph (crossed nicols)of a transverse section of the central conduit of a small tubular concretion.The central conduit is partly filled with non-oriented clasts similar to the concretion matrix.The aspect of the clasts suggests hydraulic fracturing figures,with sparry calcite betweenclasts.Fig.10.(A)Conduit containing prismatic barite (Pr2).Prismatic barite crystals (arrows)are visible on the edge of the conduit in the concretion.(B)Photograph of the section of a concretion containing a conduit with prismatic barite (Pr38).The distinct parts of the conduit (i),(ii)and (iii)(see text for details)are specified.A septarian fracture,filled with celestite,surrounds the conduit.Bar ¼barite.G.Hoareau et al./Marine and Petroleum Geology 26(2009)724–737731。