Although not so world widely accepted, people who are emotionally weak in daily business are often losers who are not able to fulfill any fruitful achievements in their lifetime that they endure.
Science developed as an autonomous method of intellectual inquiry that successfully disengaged itself from the social constrains of organized religion and from the political constrains of the centralized modern authority.
Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.
Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners: and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.
Private businessmen. striving to make profits, produce these goods and
services in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are produced.
Under a system deployed on the white house website for the first time at last time, those who want to send a message to President Bush must now navigate as many as nine web pages and fill out a detailed form that starts by asking whether the sender of the message supports the white house policy or differs with it.
These comments, whether accepted, clarified the norms and requirements of the covenant which was already in power in practice and enabled the committee to make a significant contribution to the justice promotion in a particular right or issue, while other article has failed to function as has been expected in those meetings which was held with great hope.
The American economic system is organized around a basically
private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.
Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.
The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind and it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanation.
Science moves forward，they say，not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.
In short，a leader of the new school contends，the scientific revolution，as we call it，was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.
Over the years，tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science.
Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa（反之）often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.
How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount，reliability，and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.
Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.
During this transfer，traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.
Under modern conditions，this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts.
In the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization—with all the farreaching changes in social patterns that followed—was spread over nearly a century，whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so.
The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.
Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.
The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a
cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science. Tylor defined culture as “… that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.”
Being interested in the relationship of the language and thought，Whorf developed the idea that the structure of the language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society
Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which，in its strongest from，states that language imprisons the mind，and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce farreaching consequences for the culture of a society
I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic(苏格拉底) way about moral problems .
Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.
In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.
he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations.
It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience ; but this effect is not a part of its original motive。
Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability。
Time was when biologists somewhat over worded the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak,or that they prey only on “worthless species.
Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged the transmission of the Black heritage of folklore，music，and religious expression from one generation to another，a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences.
As my own studies have advanced，I have been increasingly
impressed with the functional similarities between insect and
vertebrate societies and less so with the structural differences that
seem，at first glance，to constitute such an immense gulf between them.
A long-held view of the history of English colonies that became the United States has been that England’s policy toward these colonies before 1763 was dictated by commercial interests and that a change to a more imperial policy , dominated by expansionist militarist objectives , generated the tensions that ultimately led to the American Revolution .
篇章翻译：
1
The evolution of experimental psychology
The range of methods taught now would have amazed an experimental psychologist of a century ago.
Experimental psychology as taught in American universities has changed over the century from being attached to specific subject matters to being primarily methodological.
Edward B. Titchener's four-volume "Experimental Psychology," published between 1901 and 1905, blocked out the limits of experimental psychology as a subject at the time. The acceptable included sensation, perception, emotion, memory, action and similar topics. Later on, conditioning and learning would be added to the "canon" by others. Titchener organized his book around fundamental methods, which lent themselves to specific subject matters.
Titchener's book remained influential throughout the 1920s and into the 1930s, though it had competition from others. The term "experimental psychology," came to stand for those fields that were then most conducive to experimental research.
Woodworth's book became the "bible" of psychological researchers for decades. He popularized the concepts of independent and dependent variables in his book and lamented that developmental and abnormal psychology had not yet reached the level of genuine experimentation.
His second edition of the book, published with Harold Schlosberg in 1954, continued the traditional listing of content topics as experimental psychology. S.S. Stevens's "Handbook of Experimental Psychology," published in 1951, was perhaps the last successful one-volume compendium of all content topics within traditional experimental psychology.
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Who would have thought that, globally, the IT industry produces about the same volume of greenhouse gases as the world’s airlines do ---
roughly 2 percent of all CO2 emissions? Many everyday tasks take a
surprising toll on the environment. A Google search can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO2, depending on how many attempts are needed to get the “right” answer. To deliver results to its users quickly, then,
Google has to maintain vast data centres around the world, packed with powerful computers. While producing large quantities of CO2, these
computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centres need to be well
air-conditioned, which uses even more energy.
However, Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency closely and make improvements. Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction , but there is much more to be done, and not just by big
companies.
3
?“Suatainability” has become apopular word these days, but to Ted Ning, the concept will always have personal meaning. Having endured apainful period of unsustainability in his own life made itclear to him that
sustainability-oriented values must be expressed though everyday action and choice.
Ning recalls spending aconfusing year in the late 1990s selling insurance. He?d been though the dot-com boom and burst and,desperate for
ajob,signed on with a Boulder agency.
It didin?t go well. “It was a really had move because that?s not my passion,” says Ning, whose dilemma about the job translated, predictably, into a lack of sales. “I was miserable, I had so much anxiety that I would wake up in the middle of the night and stare at the ceiling. I had no money and needed the job. Everyone said, …Just wait, you?ll trun the corner, give it some time.”
4
When people in developing countries worry about migration, they are usually concerned at the prospect of their best and brightest departure to Silicon Valley or to hospitals and universities in the developed world. These are the kind of workers that countries like Britain, Canada Australia try to attract by using immigration rules that privilege college graduates.
Lots of studies have found that well-educated people from developing countries are particularly likely to emigrate. A big survey of Indian
households in 2004 found that nearly 40% of emigrants had more than a high-school education, compared with around 3.3% of all Indians over the age of 25. The “brain drain” has long bothered policymakers in poor countries. They fear that it hurts their economies, depriving them of much-needed skilled workers who could have taught at their universities, worked in their hospitals and come up with clever new products for their factories to make.
5
I can pick a date from the past 53 years and know instantly where I was, what happened in the news and even the day of the week. I’ve been able to do this, since I was 4.
I never feel overwhelmed with the amount of information my brain absorbs. My mind seems to be able to cope and the information is stored away neatly. When I think of a sad memory, I do what everybody
does---try to put it to one side. I don’t think it’s harder for me just because my memory is clearer. Powerful memory doesn’t make my emotions any more acute or vivid. I can recall the day my grandfather died and the sadness I felt when we went to the hospital the day before. I also remember that the musical play Hair opened on Broadway on the same day---they both just pop into my mind in the same way.
2010 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题答案与解析 Section I Use of English 一、文章题材结构分析 本文是取材于新闻报道，叙述了猪流感的爆发，产生的严重影响以及政府采取的针对性措施。首段和第二段简 述了猪流感的爆发引起世界各国的重视。第三段引用专家的观点，认为瘟疫并不严重。第四段和第五段以墨西哥及 美国的情况为例，说明了猪流感的严重性和致命性。第六段叙述了联邦政府针对猪流感的具体措施。 二、试题解析 1.【答案】D 【解析】上文提到“…was declared a global epidemic…”，根据declare 的逻辑（“宣布为”），可知应该选D 项 designated“命名，制定”，而不是C 项commented“评论”，这是典型的近义词复现题目。2．【答案】C 【解析】本题目可依据“句意”找到意思线索，选出答案，难度在于出处句是个长难句。本句的理解应该抓住alert、 meeting 和a sharp rise 三者的关系，根据after a sharp rise 可知是rise（“病例数的增加”）是meeting（“日内瓦专家 会议”）的原因，由此可推导出alert 并非是meeting 的原因，而是结果，即meeting 使得alert 升级。根据上述分析 可以排除B、D 选项，B 项activated“激活，激起”，D 项“促使，引起”，此两项的选择都在讲alert 导致了meeting 的召开。而C 项followed 意思是“紧随，跟在……之后”，体现出after 的逻辑，完全满足本句rise 之后是meeting， meeting 之后是alert 的逻辑，所以是正确项。而A 项proceeded“继续”，属不及物动词，不可接宾语，用法和逻辑 用在此处都不合适。 3．【答案】B 【解析】本题目应该关注并列连词and，从并列呼应来看：空格后的表达in Britain…对应前面的in Australia， 所以空格处rising _____ 应该对应a sharp rise in cases（“病例数的剧增”），因此空格处是“数量”的逻辑才对。A 项 digits“（阿拉伯）数字”，不表示数量，不能与rising 形成搭配；C 项amounts“数量”，常修饰不可数名词（此处指 的是cases，可数名词）；D 项sums“金额，款项”，不能用于表达“病例数”。B 项numbers “数量”，修饰可数名词（如： large numbers of cases 大量的病例），符合题意。 4．【答案】A 【解析】此处句子开头的“But”是重要的逻辑线索，与上文意思（第二段）形成对比反差。上文的关键性表达 如“heightened alert”、“emergency meeting”和“a sharp rise in cases”都在讲述猪流感的严重性，所以根据But 和in
mpacc考研英语二翻译高分技巧，幂学薛冰讲述绝招 发 我们经常发现，英文叙述和说明事物时，习惯于从小到大，从特殊到一般，从个体到整体；汉语的顺序则相反，从大到小，从一般到特殊，从整体到个体。这一差异表现在大量的日常生活及书面语中，如通讯方式、人物介绍等的写法，比如英文：Peking University, 5 Yiheyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China；汉语翻译过来则是：中国北京海淀区颐和园路5号北京大学。这种不同的表达方式的主要原因是：汉语注重先次要后主要的的顺序关系，而英文往往相反，比较喜欢先主要后次要。说的更通俗些，前者的次要部分，即修饰主体的内容通常置于主体的前面或左面，即修饰语向左走；而后者则呈现相反的布局，修饰内容向右走，置于主体的左面。请看一个例子： 女友在看书à我的女友在看书à困倦的我的女友在看一本旧书à一夜没睡的困倦的我的女友无精打采地地在看一本发黄了的旧书à斜靠在沙发上、一夜无眠的困倦的我的 女友无精打采地在看一本发黄的却保存完好的现在市面上已很难买到的旧书。 该例中，主体内容是“女友在看书”，然后我们通过不断在几个关键词“女友、看、书”前面/左面增加各种修饰成分，最终演变成了一个非常繁琐冗长的句子。所以，汉语的定语通常置于所修饰的名词之前，而英语中的名词的定语如果很长，则往往置于该名词的后面，这就是在英语中“后置定语”屡见不鲜，而汉语中则非常罕见的原因。 再看一个例子： 中国共产党的优秀党员、伟大的共产主义战士、杰出的无产阶级革命家、我党经济工作 的卓越领导人、中国共产党第七届、八届、十一届中央委员，第八届中央政治局候补委员， 国务院原副总理，原中共中央顾问委员会常务副主任xxx同志，因病医治无效，于2014年5月1日20时31分在北京逝世。 这个例子更加突出了中文修饰内容和主体的顺序关系。实际上，该句的核心就是黑色着重部分。
英语二T e x t 1 1---Homework has never been terribly popular with students and even many parents, but in recent years it has been particularly scorned. School districts across the country, most recently Los Angeles Unified, are revising(修改) their thinking on his educational ritual(例行公事). Unfortunately, L.A. Unified has produced an inflexible (不可变更的) policy which mandates(批准) that with the exception of some advanced courses, homework may no longer count for more than 10% of a student’s academic grade。 家庭作业从来就没有受到学生甚至家长的真正欢迎，但最近几年来，家庭作业却受到人们的鄙视。全国的学校都在修改家庭作业的相关惯例做法。不幸的是，洛杉矶学区通过了一项不可变更的政策：除了高等课程，家庭作业在学分中所占比例不可以超过10%。 21.It is implied in paragraph 1 that nowadays homework_____。 [A] is receiving more criticism [B] is no longer an educational ritual（绝对） [C] is not required for advanced courses（正反） [D] is gaining more preferences（正反） 2---This rule is meant to address the difficulty that students from impoverished or chaotic homes might have in completing their homework. But the policy is unclear and contradictory. Certainly, no homework should be assigned that students cannot do without expensive equipment. But if the district is essentially giving a pass to students who do not do their homework because of complicated family lives, it is going riskily close to the implication that standards need to be lowered for poor children。 这个规定旨在提出：来自贫穷家庭或混乱家庭的学生有困难，不能完成家庭作业。但该政策是不清晰的，是矛盾的。显然，没有哪个家庭作业是在没有昂贵设备就无法完成的。但如果该学区因为学生家庭复杂而不做家庭作业就给他通过的话，那么这就意味着对于贫穷孩子，标准要降低。
第一章 考研翻译基础知识 一翻译的定义 二翻译的标准和翻译的方法 三翻译的基本过程 四考研翻译的核心解题策略 第二章翻译技巧：词法翻译法 一词义选择和词义引申 二词性转换 三增词法 四省略法 第三章翻译技巧：句法翻译法 一名词性从句的翻译 二定语从句的翻译 三状语从句的翻译 四被动结构的翻译 第一讲翻译的定义 翻译是一门语言的艺术，是语言之间的转换，是在准确理解的基础上用一种语言来忠实的表达另外一种语言。 考研翻译简介 （一）考研翻译考查内容和形式 根据全国硕士研究生统一考试英语考试大纲规定，考研翻译“主要考查考生准确理解内容或结构复杂的英语材料的能力。要求考生阅读一篇约400词的文章，并将其中5个划线部分（约150词）译成汉语，要求译文准确、完整、通顺。考生在答题卡2上作答。”以2007年考研翻译题为例，考生在试卷上阅读的是一篇完整的文章，翻译的是5个划线部分。如： （二）考研翻译的评分标准 根据大纲规定，考研翻译的评分标准如下： 5个小题，每题2分，共10分。 ·如果句子译文明显扭曲原文意义，该句得分最多不超过0.5分。 ·如果考生就一个题目提供了两个或两个以上的译法，若均正确，给分；如果其中一个译法有错，按错误译法评分。 ·中文错别字不个别扣分，按整篇累计扣分。在不影响意思的前提下，满三个错别字扣0.5分，无0.25扣分。 （三）考研翻译今年考题特点和内容 根据对大纲和最近十几年来考研翻译已经考过的真题的分析，我们发现考研翻译具有如下明显的特点。 首先，考研翻译的短文内容大多是涉及当前人们普遍关注的社会生活、政治、经济、历史、文化、哲学、心理和科普方面的题材。其体裁基本上是议论文。如： 1990年：人的性格和行为分析 1991年：能源与农业
考研英语二翻译两大要点 说起考研英语二翻译，很多童鞋就一脸不屑：“不就是15分吗？我随便答一下就7、8分了，不用学！” 可是大家仔细想想，考研战场上可是分分必争啊。少了这几分，你会被多少人赶超过去。所以大家还是赶紧和太阳城考研1号小编看看考研英语二翻译的两大要点吧~ 一、段落衔接 考研英语二翻译要求大家把一篇英文翻译为中文。所以整个语篇的完整性、语义和段落之间的衔接是考查的重点。 翻译时，不仅要对每个句子进行理解和表达，而且要注意到整个语篇的完整含义和结构。因此大家提笔翻译之前一定要通读全文，理解了文章大意之后再去翻译，这样就基本不会出现前言不搭后语，上下文不连贯的情况。 二、语言表达 考研英语二翻译的句型和词汇都比较简单，它更考察大家的汉语水平。翻译时要在表达出句子基本意思的同时，注意汉语的表达。 考研英语二翻译评分细则中就提到了文字优美，所以大家必须要注重汉语表达。那怎么实现文字优美，提高自己的汉语表达？ 实际上，大家可以在翻译时多使用四个字的词语或成语。 如：2010年翻译中有一句“I had no money”。很多童鞋看到这个句子就高兴了，觉得这也太简单了，不就是我没有钱吗。可是在你沾沾自喜的时候，别人已经把这个句子美化为“我身无分文”，或
“我生活拮据”，这样一下就比你多了两三分。是不是细思极恐？ 当然，学会这两点还不足以搞定考研英语二翻译，大家还要扎扎实实的复习，要重视每一句每一个词翻译的准确性。这一点对基础薄弱的童鞋尤为重要。 《考研圣经》在你手，基础薄弱不用愁！逐词逐句解真题，英语逆袭真神器！ 考研英语二复习书推荐，大部分人都在用的： 一、词汇： 1.《非常词汇》 适合人群：英语一和英语二通用 推荐理由:??800个句子浓缩所有大纲单词，让你不再由A背到Z，背单词不再那么枯燥，记忆量大大变小了。赠送5大赠本，其中一个《必考词+基础词+超纲词》超赞！， 2.闪过英语考研《必考词汇应用全书》 适合人群：备考时间不充足的人 推荐理由：为什么适合备考时间不足的人，因为它的“薄、准、
考研英语翻译复习七大技巧总结版 总结《考研真相》中考研英语7大翻译技巧 一、引申法 引申翻译是指根据句子的上下文语境及其逻辑关系，在原词的基础上理解其本质含义，从而使得译文用词能够更加准确的表达出原文精神和本质，还能避免译文生硬晦涩、词不达意等问题，是常见的英语翻译手段。 1. They have their smiles and tears. 他们有自己的欢乐与悲伤。 ●原句中的smiles and tears本来是“微笑和眼泪”，但是可以引申为抽象的“欢乐与悲伤”。 2. The new father wore a proud smile. 刚做了父亲的那个人面带得意的笑容。 ●原文中的new father直译是“新父亲”，显然这样的中文翻译会让读者疑惑不解，在这里可以根据句子含义将它翻译为“刚做了父亲的那个人”就显得好理解多了。 3. She was a lovely young thing, very graceful. 她是个年轻可爱的姑娘，非常文雅。 ●原句中thing指“事物”，若直接翻译成汉语，就显得非常奇怪。理解其意思后发现这里thing明显是说的是“她”，所以可以直接引申为“姑娘”。 4. The car in front of me stopped, and I missed the
green. 我前面的那辆车停住了，我错过了绿灯 ●分析得知原文中green作名词，本意是“绿色”，但是根据上下文，就应该引申为“绿灯”，这样才符合逻辑。 5. There were times when emigration bottleneck was extremely rigid and nobody was allowed to leave the country out of his personal preference. 过去有过这种情况：移民限制极为严格，不许任何人出于个人考虑而迁居他国 ●bottleneck本指“瓶颈”，由于具有“使缓慢和阻滞”的意思，所以被抽象地引申为“限制”。 二、转换法 转换法是指在翻译过程中，根据译文语言的习惯进行相关的转变。英语和汉语词汇之间没有完全对应的关系。汉语单词没有词形变化，而英语单词却有，同一个词根加上不同的词缀可以变成动词、名词、形容词或副词。英语的句子结构往往过于冗长，讲究形式上的和谐，而汉语句子则多简单，简练。 所以在翻译的过程中不仅有词类的转变，而且还包含词类功能的改变和一定词序的变化。但主要还是指词类的变化，例如，把名词转换为代词、形容词、动词;把动词转换成名词、形容词、副词、介词;把形容词转换成副词和短语。在
考研英语二文章翻译集团标准化办公室：[VV986T-J682P28-JP266L8-68PNN]
完型 鉴于电子货币的优势,你也许会认为,我们将快速步入无现金社会,实现完全电子支付。然而，真正的无现金社会很可能不会马上到来。事实上,这样的预测已经出现二十年了,但迄今还没有实现。例如,1975年《商业周刊》预测电子支付手段不久将“彻底改变货币本身的定义”，并将在数年后颠覆货币本身。为何人们进入无现金社会的速度如此缓慢呢？ 尽管电子支付手段可能比纸币支付方式更加高效，然而以下几个方面解释了纸币系统“不会”消失的原因。第一，使电子货币成为最主要的支付方式必须的设备包括电脑、读卡器和电信网络，而安装这些设备价格昂贵。第二，纸质支票有提供收据这一优势，这是消费者不愿放弃的。第三，使用纸质支票可以让开票人多几天让钱“悬浮”在帐户里，对方得花上几天才能凭支票取现，这也就是意味着开票方又多赚了几天利息钱。而由于电子支票是即时的，因此也就没有这种优势。第四，电子支付方式还有可能存在安全和隐私隐患。 我们曾多次听到媒体报道说某个非法黑客入侵了用户的数据库并且篡改了里面的信息。这种情况时有发生，这也意味着别有用心之人可能侵入电子支付系统，盗取别人的银行帐号而盗款成功。要防止这类诈骗并非易事，正在研发新的电脑科学领域来处理该类安全问题。此外，人们对于电子支付方式的担忧在于进行电子交易之后所留下的包含个人信息的痕迹。人们担心政府部门，雇员和市场营销人员会看到这些数据，侵犯个人隐私。 Text1 在一篇名为(entitled)《成功（make?it）在美国》的文章中，作者亚当·戴维森讲述(relate)了这样一个源自棉花出产国的笑话，笑话是关于现代纺织(textile)作坊(mill)已高度自动化(automate)：现如今，一家普通作坊里只有两名员工，“一个人和一条狗，人在作坊里是为了喂狗，狗在作坊里是为了使人远离(away?from)机器。”Davidson’sarticleisoneofanumberofpiecesthathaverecentlyappearedmakingthepointt hatthereasonwehavesuchstubbornlyhighunemploymentanddecliningmiddle-classincomestodayisalsobecauseoftheadvancesinbothglobalizationandthei nformationtechnologyrevolution,whicharemorerapidlythaneverreplacingla borwithmachinesorforeignworkers.最近出现了很多(anumberof)类似戴维森所写的文章，它们都表明了这样一种看法(makeapoint)：之所以失业人数(unemployment)居高难下(stubbornly?high)和中产阶级(middle-class)收入(income)持续下降，原因是全球化与信息技术革命已经取得了诸多进步，它们使得机器和国外员工在取代(replace..with)本国劳动力(labor)方面比以往任何时候都要迅速。 以往，具有一般技术、从事一般工作的员工可以赚得(earn)普通的生活。但现如今，普通人才正式地过时了(officially)。继续普通无法再让你过上以前的生活，其原因是当下更多的雇主可以用(haveaccessto)比普通还要低廉的价格，来雇佣国外员工，购买机器人(robotics)和软件(software)，实现自动化(automation)，获得天才(genus)。因此，每个人都需要挖掘身上额外的东西-来让他们做出独特的、有价值的贡献，这种贡献会让他们脱颖而出(standout),不管他们身处什么工作领域(fieldofemployment)。
考研英语二翻译题复习误区 复习过程中，面对翻译题型，存在两种趋势：一种就是盲目的练习，还有一种就是在考试中放弃。考研英语二翻译复习中存在以下几个误区，下面是我个人的一些见解，希望大家可以用到。 考研英语二翻译误区一：复习可不可以放在最后？ 根据近几年的考研英语出题趋势来看，考研英语对于比较复杂的句子结构和文章考查的比重在不断加大，尤其是在英译汉部分，考试主要的考查方向更侧重于考察大家综合运用语言的能力。 大家明白了考研英语翻译的考试趋势，复习的话就要有针对性。所以说考试复习建议大家最好不要放在最后进行，最后一个月时间还要复习备考英语作文。 考研英语二翻译误区二：英汉翻译不注重意译 汉语和英语在语义表达的习惯上有很大的差别，而且英语单词的意思较多，往往一个单词有很多种意思，很多人在翻译时不会根据句子的意思来翻译，造成翻译译文比较的生硬。 建议大家在翻译过程中，注意汉语翻译要根据原文语境去翻译，且避免拖沓，做到通达、准确。对于译文的组合，一定要注意结构。例如强调结构在汉语中，翻译时的独特变化。 考研英语二翻译误区三：翻译复习多练习模拟题 这简直就是谬论，虽然说翻译不能光看不练，但是一定要注意不能用模拟题进行练习，模拟题出题人的水平参差不齐，所选择的题材和体裁都不一定适合考研翻译，与真题的由较大差异。 真题题目是真正的英语专家经过仔细的筛选，按照考研英语的大纲一一核对，并经过审题人的层层审查，最终形成了考试试卷。建议大家用真题进行练习。 我当时用的是北大博士吕升运主编的《考研圣经》，书中的真题资料翻译译文给的是“雕梁画栋”模式，从句子的词砖、句架等多个方面形象生动的解析翻译过程，即使说是基础不好的人，也能很容易学会这种翻译方式。大家可以学习这种翻译手法，多练习一些真题翻译，什么模拟题就还是不要练了吧！ 相信只要经过一段时间的练习，只要大家付出努力，克服这些误区。考研
Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Thinner isn’t always better. A number of studies have __1___ that normal-weight people are in fact at higher risk of some diseases compared to those who are overweight. And there are health conditions for which being overweight is actually ___2___. For example, heavier women are less likely to develop calcium deficiency than thin women. ___3___ among the elderly, being somewhat overweight is often an ___4___ of good health. Of even greater ___5___ is the fact that obesity turns out to be very difficult to define. It is often defined ___6___ body mass index, or BMI. BMI ___7__ body mass divided by the square of height. An adult with a BMI of 18 to 25 is often considered to be normal weight. Between 25 and 30 is overweight. And over 30 is considered
考研英语长难句翻译技巧总结 词类转译： 在英译汉过程中，有些句子可以逐词对译，有些句子则由于英汉两种语言的表达方式不同，就不能逐词对译，只能将词类进行转译之后，方可使译文显得通顺、自然；对词类转译技巧的运用须从四个方面加以注意。 1、转译成动词。英语中的某些名词、介词、副词，翻译时可转译成汉语中的动词。 The lack of any special excretory system is explained in a similar way. 植物没有专门的排泄系统，可用同样的方式加以说明。（名词转译） As he ran out ,he forgot to have his shoes on.他跑出去时，忘记了穿鞋子。 2、转译成名词。英语中的某些动词、形容词，翻译时可转换成汉语中的名词。 The earth on which we live is shaped a ball. 我们居住的地球，形状像一个大球。（动词转译） The doctor did his best to cure the sick and the wounded. 医生尽了最大的努力来治疗病号和伤员。（形容词转换） 3、转译成形容词。英语中有些作表语或宾语的抽象名词，以及某些形容词派生的名词，往往可转译成汉语中的形容词。另外，当英语动词转译成汉语名词时，原来修饰该动词的副词也往往随之转译成汉语中的形容词。 It is no use employing radar to detect objects in water. 使用雷达探测水下目标是没有用的。（作表语的名词转译） The sun affects tremendously both the mind and body of a man. 太阳对人的身体和精神都有极大的影响。（副词转译） 4、转译成副词。英语中的某些名词、形容词，翻译时可转译成汉语中的副词。 When he catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist, his instinct is to win him over with charm and humor .只要一发现有可能反对他的人，他就本能地要用他的魅力和风趣将这些人争取过来。（名词转译） 词义选择和引申： 英汉两种语言都有一词多类和一词多义的现象。一词多类就是指一个词往往属于几个词类，具有几个不同的意义；一词多义就是同一个词在同一词类中又往往有几个不同的词义。在英译汉的过程中，我们在弄清原句结构后，就要善于运用选择和确定原句中关键词词义的技巧，以使所译语句自然流畅，完全符合汉语习惯的说法；选择确定词义通常可以从两方面着手： 1、根据词在句中的词类来选择和确定词义 They are as like as two peas .他们相似极了。（形容词） He likes mathematics more than physics .他喜欢数学甚于喜欢物理。（动词） Wheat, oat, and the like are cereals.小麦、燕麦等等皆系谷类。（名词）
2005年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 It is not easy to talk about the role of the mass media in this overwhelmingly significant phase in European history. History and news become confused, and one’s impressions tend to be a mixture of skepticism and optimism. 46) Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed -- and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe. The Europe that is now forming cannot be anything other than its peoples, their cultures and national identities. With this in mind we can begin to analyze the European television scene. 47) In Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful: groups which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another. One Italian example would be the Berlusconi group, while abroad Maxwell and Murdoch come to mind. Clearly, only the biggest and most flexible television companies are going to be able to compete in such a rich and hotly-contested market. 48) This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in, a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks, no less than 50% took a loss in 1989. Moreover, the integration of the European community will oblige television companies to cooperate more closely in terms of both production and distribution. 49) Creating a “European identity”that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice -- that of producing programs in Europe for Europe. This entails reducing our dependence on the North American market, whose programs relate to experiences and cultural traditions which are different from our own. In order to achieve these objectives, we must concentrate more on co-productions, the exchange of news, documentary services and training. This also involves the agreements between European countries for the creation of a European bank for Television Production which, on the model of the European Investments Bank, will handle the finances necessary for production costs. 50) In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say “Unit ed we stand, divided we fall” -- and if I had to choose a slogan it would be “Unity in our diversity.” A unity of objectives that nonetheless respect the varied
2021考研英语：必背的翻译技巧(二) 考研英语有许多题目组成，方便大家及时了解，下面为你精心准备了“2021考研英语：必背的翻译技巧(二)”，持续关注本站将可以持续获取的考试资讯! 2021考研英语：必背的翻译技巧(二) 五、目的状语的翻译 1. 总的来说，目的状语放在主句前翻译，把说明情况的主句放在后面。 She closed the door gently and stepped out of the room for fear that she should awake him. 为了不弄醒他，她悄悄关上房门，轻轻地溜了出去。 2. 目的状语也可译在主句后边，表示以免、以防、使得、生怕等等。 He came back after work as quickly as possible, lest his mother should worry about him. 他下了班就早早回家了，免得他母亲担心。 六、译成汉语的主动句 1. 一般被动句的主语是无生命的主语，翻译时常常要将原文主语译为汉语中的主语。 When rust is formed, a chemical change has taken place. 当锈形成的时候，就发生了化学变化。 2. 主语宾语颠倒位置
一般英语中当动作主体的词前加上by时或由介词短语构成时，那么在译文中by后边的动作主体词或该介词短语中的名次就要充当主语，宾语则是原文中的主语。 Heat and light can be given off by this chemical change. 这种化学反应能够释放出光和热。 3. 增加主语 一些被动句在译为主动句时要增加一些主语，比如我们、人们、大家等等。 This issue has not been solved. 人们还未解决这一问题。 七、译成汉语中的无主句 汉语无主句较多，也是我们的思维方式和说话表达习惯等因素有关。很多情况下，我们和处于同一背景生长环境下的人聊天，都不需要说主语，但是对方大多数情况下，都能理解你的意思。 Policies have been made to protect our environment. 已经制定了政策来保护环境。
定语从句 一、前置法：把定语从句翻译到所修饰的先行词前面，可以用“的”来连接。 He who has never tasted what is bitter does not know what is sweet。 没有吃过苦的人不知道什么是甜。 Space and oceans are the new world which scientists are trying to explore。 太空和海洋是科学家们努力探索的新领域。 His laughter, which was infectious, broke the silence。 他那富有感染力的笑声打破了沉寂。 二、后置法：把定语从句翻译在所修饰的先行词后面，翻译为并列分句。 (一)重复先行词。 I told the story to John, who told it to his brother。 他把这件事告诉了约翰，约翰又告诉了他的弟弟。 We wish to express our satisfaction at this to the Special Committee, whos e activities deserve to be encouraged。 在我们对特别委员会表示满意，特别委员会的工作应该受到鼓励。 You, whose predecessors scored initial success in astronomical research, h ave acquired a greater accomplishment in this respect。 你们的先辈在天文学研究方面取得了初步的成功，而你们现在则在这一方面获得了更大的成就。
2021考研英语：翻译长句技巧解析上 2021考研英语：翻译长句技巧解析上 ?长句翻译 ●分句法 有时英语长句中主语或主句与修饰词的关系并不十分密切，翻译时可以按照汉语多用 短句的习惯，把长句的从句或短语化成句子，分开来叙述，为了使语意连贯，有时需要适 当增加词语。 例如： 例1. The number of the young people in the United States who can`t read is incredible about one in four. 上句在英语中是一个相对简单的句子，但是如果我们按照原文的句子结构死译，就可 能被翻译成： 没有阅读能力的美国青年人的数目令人难以相信约为1/4。这样，就使得译文极为不 通顺，不符合汉语的表达习惯，因此，我们应该把它译为：大约有1/4的美国青年人没有 阅读能力，这简直令人难以置信。 例2. Television，it is often said，keeps one informed about current events，allow one to follow the latest developments in science and politics，and offers an endless series of programmes which bare both instructive and entertaining. 85年考题 分析：在此长句中，有一个插入语“it is often said”，三个并列的谓语结构，还 有一个定语从句，这三个并列的谓语结构尽管在结构上同属于同一个句子，但都有独立的 意义，因此在翻译时，可以采用分句法，按照汉语的习惯把整个句子分解成几个独立的分句，结果为：人们常说，过电视可以了解时事，掌握科学和政治的新动态。从电视里还可 以 看到层出不穷、既有教育意义又有娱乐性的新节目。 下面我们再举一个例子： 例 3. All they have to do is press a button，and they can see plays，films，operas，and shows of every kind，not to mention political discussions and the latest exciting football match. 85年考题
2010-2015年考研英语二翻译参考 Deng Lan 2015年 1）Think about driving a route // that’s very familiar. // It could be your commute to work, // a trip into town or // the way home.// Whichever it is, // you know every twist and turn //like the back of your hand. 想象一下，你正开车行驶/驰骋在一条你非常熟悉的路线上，可能是你上班或进城或回家的道路。无论是哪条路，你都熟悉到对他的每个迂回拐弯处都了如指掌。（增译/尽量简洁/意译） On these sorts of trips //it’s easy to lose concentration on the driving // and pay little attention // to the passing scenery. 行驶在这类道路上，你的注意力很容易分散，极少会留心沿途的风景。（按照汉语习惯进行意译） The consequence //is that you perceive // that the trip has taken less time //than it actually has. 结果，你感觉到这趟旅程所花费的时间比它实际的时间要短。 2）This is the well-travelled road effect: // people tend to underestimate the time //it takes to travel a familiar route. 这就是在常开的道路上开车所产生的效果：人们倾向于低估在熟悉的道路上开车的时间。 3）The effect is caused //by the way we allocate our attention. // 我们注意力的分配方式导致了这种效应。（被动变主动） When we travel down a well-known route, // because we don’t have to concentrate much, //time seems to flow more quickly. 因为开的是一条熟悉的路线，不需要非常专注，所以会感觉时间过得更快。（顺着逻辑调整了一下修饰语的顺序） And afterwards, //when we come to think back on it, //we can’t remember the journey well //because we didn’t pay much attention to it. //So we assume it was shorter. 而后，当我们回忆这趟旅途时，我们却记不清旅程中的细节，因为我们开车时没有十分留心。因此，我们错觉到这趟旅途比较短。（增译/意译） 2014年
考研英语翻译常用八大技巧 1.重译法(Repetition) 在翻译中，有时为了忠实于原文，不得不重复某些词语，否则就不能忠实表达原文的意思。重译法有如下三大作用：一是为了明确;二是为了强调;三是为了生动。 We have advocated the principle of peaceful coexistence, which is now growing more and more popular among the nations of Asia and Africa. 译文：___________________________________________________ 2.增译法(Amplification) 为了使译文忠实地表达原文的意思与风格并使译文合乎表达习惯，必须增加一些词语。 A new kind aircraft-small, cheap, pilotless -is attracting increasing attention. 译文：_______________________________________________ 3.减译法(Omission) 和其他一切事物一样，翻译也是有增必有减。理解了增译法之后也就明白了减译法，它是增译法的反面。 These developing countries cover vast territories, encompass a large population and abound in natural resources. 译文：___________________________________________________ 4.词类转译法(Conversion)