浅谈近三年全国英语专业四级考试写作
年级：2009级A班
学号：0911340107
姓名：杨维
浅谈近三年全国英语专业四级考试写作
摘要：
英语专业四级考试（TEM-4，Test for English Majors-4），全称为全国高校英语专业四级考试。为了较好地考核学生运用各项基本技能的能力，既照顾到科学性，客观性，又照顾到可行性以及基础阶段英语水平测试的特点，同时为确保试卷的信度，本考试除写作及听写部分为主观试题外，其余都采取多项选择题形式。主观试题部分旨在较好地测试学生灵活运用语言的能力，从而提高试卷的效度。
关键词：
英语专业四级考试，信度，效度。
本论：
本考试共有六个部分：一. 写作二. 听写三. 听力理解四. 完形填空五. 语法及词汇六. 阅读理解。其中写作占比分较大且相对于其它题型更容易把握。首先，这部分的测试要求相对不会那么的客观：（1）大作文部分：能根据所给的作文题目、提纲或图表、数据等，写一篇200个单词左右的作文。能做到内容切
题、完整，条理清楚，结构严谨，语法正确，语言通顺，表达得体便可得高分。（2）便条部分：能根据所给提示写50至60个单词的便条、通知、请贴等。能做到格式正确，语言得体即可。其次，它的测试形式也具特殊性：简单的分为两节：Section A 和Section B。Section A：Composition是命题作文，文章题材主要属于说明文、议论文或记叙文的范围。Section B：Note-writing 是写便条。若你的写作成功就意味着你的考试就成功了将近大半。所以，掌握好写作的相关知识是非常必要的。
一，大作文部分：
（1）提纲式作文：提纲式作文为考生提供了明确的英文题目与一个简单的写作提纲，将考生的写作控制在一定的范围内。要求考生紧扣题目主题，并根据提纲提示的思路和要点展开段落。由于提供的写作提纲一般分为提出论点、论证或描述论点和总结全文等三部分，所以考生必须按照三段式作文将简单的提纲扩展为主题句，在按照主题句作文的写作方法进行写作。如：Is It Wise to Make Friends Online?（2007）
Will Tourism Bring Harm to the Environment?（2009）
Should Private Car Ownership Be Taxed for Pollution?(2011)
范：
When asked about/ When it comes to 事物、问题，different people hold different attitudes/ views. Some people take it for granted/ believe/ claim that 观点一. However, others hold/ argue that 观点二. Weighing up these two arguments, I 我的观点。
First and foremost/ To start with / For one thing/ On the one hand 理由一. 拓展句/例子. Besides / In addition / For another thing / On the other hand ,理由二. 拓展句/例子. Last but not least / Finally, 理由三. 拓展句/例子.
From the foregoing, we can safely draw a conclusion/ a natural conclusion can be drawn that 重申观点.
(2)给定观点型的题目，在提出一个话题之后，同时也给定了关于这个话题的一种观点，要求考生以这个给定的观点作为作文的论点进行论证。这种类型作文的关键是如何能够很好地论证给定的观点。如：
The Importance of Keeping a Good Mood（2003）
The Benefits for Volunteering(2008)
此类作文一般的行文方式为：第一部分引出要说明的事物或要论证的观点；第二部分承接该观点，举例或列举理由说明重要性、危害性、有利之处；最后做出结论，并提出建议或展望。
范：
现象背景描述. Some people hold that 观点. However, I believe that 题目的拓展。The significance / harm / benefits of 关键词lie（s）in the following aspects. Firstly / To start with / For one reason, 理由一. 拓展句/ 例子. Secondly/ For another, 理由二. Thirdly / Finally, 理由三. 拓展句/ 例子：......On the whole / To sum up / In brief / In a word / In conclusion, 重申观点. Therefore, I suggest 建议内容/ Only 具体措施can 结论./ We must be alert that ......警示内容。
(3) 问题解决型作文，要求学生对题目中所提到的问题给出建议或解决方案，并加以解释或论证，回答“how to ”的问题。文章结构一般如此安排：第一部分解释命题，即引出所要解决的问题的严重性或解决问题的必要性；明确提出建议或解决方案（最好为概括性方案，以便论述）；第二部分承接上一部分提出的建议或方案，具体解释给出这一建议的理由或这一建议的优点所在；最后重申自己的观点，提出希望或展望未来。如：
My Idea of a University Arts Festival(2005)
范：
The Best Way to Stay Healthy(2002)It is true that 普遍的观点/现象. However, 不同的观点/现象. I think 我的观点. 理由/其它论据can be listed as follows.
Firstly/ For one thing, 论据一. Secondly / For another,
论据二. For example, 支持论据二的事例/阐述论据. Thirdly, 论据三. A case in point is 支持论据三的事例/阐述论据.
It goes without saying / There is no doubt that 重申观点. Therefore, 与该观点相符的做法. In a word, 总结全文。
(4)比较对比型作文，比较对比型作文的出题方式一般是给出一个事物或话题的两个方面（A1与A2），要求分析对比这两个方面后得出结论。此类作文可如此行文：第一部分：引题，说明 A 引起的争议，对A1 与A2 分别进行陈述；第二部分：详写A1 或A2，并证明自己的观点；第三部分：总结自己的结论（A1或A2 或折衷）或给出建议。如：
A Major Advantage / Disadvantage of Advertising on Television(1999)
The Advantages and Disadvantages of Part-time Jobs (1995)
范：
陈述现象：In my opinion, 现象has both advantages and disadvantages. On the one hand 好处；on the other hand 坏处. One of the important advantages is that 好处一. Besides/Secondly, 好处二. However, 坏处一. In addition/ To make matters worse, 坏处二.
Through the above analysis, there is no denying the fact that 现象has positive aspects as well as negative ones. Taking both of them into account, I suggest that 建议.
二，便条部分：
Notes of invitation / declining an invitation
Notes of gratitude / apology
Notes of request / recommendation
Notes of congratulation / condolence
Notes of inquiry / complaint
After writing the heading we skip one line and write the greeting or salutation “Dear…” on the left part of the page.
Dear Mary (first name)
Dear Dr. Johnson (family name)
We skip one line after greeting and begin the body of the note, indent about three or four type-written spaces.
范：
May 25th, 2012 Dear Mary,
I’m writing to say…
Yours,
Name
专业四级考试作文有其固定的写作格式、结构，而对于固定的题型，有固定不变的表达法。因此，大家有理由相信只要训练方法得当，搞好写作是不难的。大家不妨试试多背范文和常用句型，包括各类型作文的开头、结尾句、中间展开、过渡句，以及比较、图表说明等的常用句型和表达法，然后自己多动笔写一写，只要按这样的方法进行练习，相信在一定时间内就可以在写作上取得满意的分数。而便条写作最主要的是注意格式正确，交待清楚，比如请柬，贺信、道歉函等，要注意称呼、正文、签名等的格式，一定要把相关的时间、地点、原因及主要事件内容交待清楚。
综上所诉，全国英语专业四级考试写作部分较好地考核学生运用各项基本技能的能力，既照顾到科学性，客观性，又照顾到可行性以及基础阶段英语水平测试的特点，同时为确保试卷的信度，本考试除写作及听写部分为主观试题外，其余都采取多项选择题形式。主观试题部分旨在较好地测试学生灵活运用语言的能力，从而提高试卷的效度。
结束语：
写作之所以难，是因为它代表着一个英语学习者的最高语言水平和思想水平，面对一道作文题，考生往往要么无话可说，难
以下笔，要么想法很多，材料一大堆，却理不出头绪，不知从何开始．写的过程中，既要保证内容切题，又要作到语言规范，用词准确，文字连贯，句式多变，还要字数达标，要在短短的时间内作到这一切，实属不易．要写一篇好的文章就要作到知己知彼，百战不殆。
参考文献：
《英语测试》
《语言测试达标》
《对大学英语四六级考题的分析》
2008，2009，2011 年英语专业四级考试试卷。
目录 1. 图式与图式理论.........................................................................................................................错误！未定义书签。 1.1 图式 (1) 1.2 图式理论的定义.................................................................................................................. 错误！未定义书签。 1.3 图式理论的起源与发展...................................................................................................... 错误！未定义书签。 2. 词汇 (2) 2.1 词汇的定义 (2) 2.2 词汇在英语教学中的重要性 (2) 3. 图式理论下的课堂词汇教学方法 (2) 3.1 当前初中英语课堂词汇教学现状 (3) 3.2 运用直观导入 (3) 3.3 设计brainstorming活动 (3) 3.4 创设真实情境 (4) 4. 结论 (4) 5. 参考文献 (4)
图式理论下的初中英语课堂词汇教学 摘要 词汇是英语这门语言的三要素（语音、词汇、语法）之一。美国著名教育家威尔金斯（Wilkins)在《语言学与语言教学》中提出: without grammar very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed. ”词汇对语言学习的重要性是显而易见的。语言离不开词汇，交流更离不开词汇。然而，现在的初中英语课堂词汇教学存在一些不容忽视的问题，例如：词汇教学太过于枯燥呆板，学生没有兴趣学习。本文就现在中学课堂词汇教学问题出发，利用图式理论，创造积极活跃的课堂气氛，使学生更容易，更牢固的掌握习得词汇。 关键词：词汇教学图式理论初中英语 Abstract V ocabulary is the one of three factors ( phonetics、vocabulary、grammar) of English. The famous American educationist Wilkins once have put forward in Linguistic and Language Teaching :“ without grammar very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed. ” W e can know the importance of vocabulary in language learning from this. Language learning can not separate with vocabulary, communication also can not. While there are some serious problem exist in the vocabulary teaching of medium school, such as: the vocabulary teaching is so bald, and there is not kinds of way to learn word, so students are not interested in learning vocabulary. This text is based on the problem, which exist in vocabulary teaching in medium school, using the Schema Theory to make a positive class and make students to learn vocabulary easier and more vicelike. Key words : vocabulary teaching Schema Theory junior English
成绩 Root and Affixation of Lexicology Abstract: It’s important and permanent to master the vocabulary in the English learning. Everyone who has ever set foot on English realizes that it’s somewhat incredible for us to reciting numerous and difficult words. Nevertheless, there are some skills we should acquire to make word-recitation easier and more effective. This paper mainly discusses the using of vocabulary root and affix. Only by having a good knowledge of the roots and affixes, can we prosper our English vocabulary and further our English study. Key words: root; affixation; detailed analysis; difficult words 1Introduction: Blindly reciting numerous and difficult words is a total waste of time and energy. Especially, situation becomes worse for the college students with little words storage and non-interest. However, most of the English words are comprised with roots and affixes, which are limited, stable and short. If we acquire them, it will be much simpler and rapider for us to recognize the unfamiliar and difficult words through the analysis on roots and affixes. If we can master and know how to use them properly, it will be a big step for the further study of this foreign language. A road of a thousand miles begins with each single step, so does the English words. Now we are going to learn the root and affixation respectively. Definition is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity and it carries the main component of meaning in a word. By learning the roots, we will find it not complicated for us to understand the long and difficult words which we often encounter in the tough reading test. However long and tough the word is, we can divide it into several parts, the fundamental part is the root and then we can understand what it means and fluently blurt it out without repeating it. Here are some detail analyses of the examples: Internationalist: nation is the root which means country or state, inter- is prefix meaning between or interactive, -al is the suffix and the –ist is the suffix meaning the person. So you will quite simply find its meaning. Invigorate: the root is vigor similar to power and energy, in- means making sth have the function of verb, here is make sth vigor, -ate is the verb suffix. So invigorate is to make sth vigorous. Antecedent: -ced- is the root referring to motion or going forward, ante- is before, and –ent means somebody. So antecedent is somebody who moves ahead of us, the same as forefather or ancestor. Protract: -tract is the root like pulling sth or extending sth make it wider or longer, pro- is the prefix meaning “ahead”. After analyzing this word, we know that “protract” is similar to prolong meaning make sth longer or longer to live. A lot of words contain this root, such as detract, extract, subtract, attract, tractable, intractable, etc. Arbitrariness: arbitrary is the root indicating to randomness or out of order, -ness is the noun suffix. The profound meaning of learning roots is that you will find it much easy to memorize words because there are so many word share the same root. No matter how long and hoe difficult the word is, the basic meaning of the word is stable and unchangeable. If we recite words according the
The English Synonyms 1、Introduction English has the largest vocabularies and synonyms in the world because it absorbed many different languages from various kinds of countries. As Baugh says, the richness of English in synonyms is largely due to the happy mingling of Latin,French and native elements. 2、The origin of the English Synonyms 2.1 As early as the Anglo-Saxon period There were many borrowing words from other countries in Europe,such as Latin ("street","mile"...),Greek("priest","bishop"...),Celtic("crag","bin"...),and Scandinavian languages ("law","egg","thrall"...) and so on. 2.2 After the Norman Conquest A new kind of English language appeared,it called Norman English.The vocabulary doubled in that period because of the influx of French.French was widely used in the high society at that time in especial.For example, there were many words about eating:sugar,vinegar,boil,fry,roast and so on.About dressing,there were "garment", "robe", "mantle", "gown"and so on.About law,there were "plaintiff", "perjury" and so on. About religions,there were "convent", "hermitage", "chaplain", "cardinal" and so on. About social status,there were also some words to be expressed ,such as "prince", "count", "major" and so on. Ancient British people adopted a plenty of French vocabularies to express their feelings,behaviors and living. However,there were many words having same meanings between French vocabulary and the pre-existing Anglos-Saxon vocabulary,so a lager number of synonyms appeared. When the people wanted to say something,they can use the pre-existing Anglo-Saxon vocabulary.For example,"cure" and"heal',"table"and"board","poignant"and"sharp","labor"and"work","mirror"and"gla ss", "assemble"and"meet", "power"and"might" etc. 2.3 In the Renaissance
Compounding in English Neologisms 学院：Xxx 专业：英语 学号：2013102030121 姓名：Xxx 【Abstract】Language is the carrier of society, reflecting the specific period of the social culture, language is always in constant development and change. With the development of science and technology, political and economic and social, has appeared in English so many new words reflect the specific period, enriched the English a global language. This article lists some new words, the paper analyzes the background of the new words and word formation in the reflection of new words 【Key Words】neologism; Sources; word-formation; Introduction Language is a tool for human communication ideas. Generally speaking, the thinking of people depends on language, and language expression. Word is meaningful in language, the smallest of units used to be independent. Reflect the objective things in the brain, feeling, perception, representation, then the brain to generalize and abstract, feeling, perception, and representation form concept. People use language form the concept of "fixed", to become a symbol for the people to communicate, this is the word has a certain meaning. British linguist partridge (Eric Partridge) said, "Words have no fancy; people have a fancy for th em”. Times are changing, in the development of science and technology, thinking in progress, as the reality of language nature also want to keep up with the pace of social evolution, adapt to the needs of social evolution, is the most sensitive part of the language vocabulary. English is the world common language, English vocabulary like any modern language vocabulary, continues to grow unceasingly. Shakespeare?s time recorded about one hundred and forty thousand words of English vocabulary, now even the English vocabulary with five hundred thousand words computing, there are more than two-thirds of words are created in nearly three hundred years. People experiencing new things, new experiences, develop new ideas, always have the words to describe them. Since the 20th century, especially for nearly 50 years, appeared in English new words, new meanings of many old words, English vocabulary is in the continuous
题目: Semantic Change of English Words 学期2011/2012学年第一学期 科目英语词汇学 班级 学号 姓名
摘要 语言作为人类表达思想和交流的工具随着人类社会的发展不断变化，在语言诸多要素中，词汇的变化是最快、最显著，这表现在新词的产生和旧词的消亡、借用外来词和旧词添新义。 本文首先介绍了词义变化的定义，然后介绍词义变化的历史原因和社会原因，最后介绍了词义变化的方式，同时主要通过介绍委婉语的词义变化，通过列举具体事例更好的了解词义变化的方式，使英语学习者能在日后的学习中，更好的了解英语词汇的意思并且正确的使用英语词汇，使英语学习更上一层楼。 关键词：语言；词义变化；委婉语；英语学习 Introduction Languages are not confined in a fixed state, instead, they are not only constantly changing but also changes quickly. The most noticing change in the process of language development is the sematic change of words. Semantic change is a change in one of the meanings of a word. Every word has a variety of senses and connotations which can be added, removed, or altered over time, often to the extent that cognates across space and time have very different meanings. Why the meaning of a word changed? Changes of meaning can be brought about by many cause. There are three major causes. Historically,changes of lexical meaning can be illustrated by a diachronic development of words. Although objects, conceptions, ideals, etc. change at course of time, but the meaning changes, because the object which it describe has changed. Socially, it is natural that in the course of the development of society a number of new words are needed to describe new ideas. Scientific discoveries are a main kind of social cause. Psychologically, the speaker's state of mind may bring about semantic changes. (Feng shimei, P163-165) In fact, we can see clearly from the euphemism to types of semantic changes. Euphemism is substitution of a word of more pleasant connotation for one of unpleasant connotation or avoided taboos. It is an important social cause of semantic changes. It is also the reflection of semantic change. According to different semantic books, semantic change can be divided into many types. But types of semantic change generally can be divided into four types. 1.Generalization, for instance, alibi. A legal term signifying 'plea that the accused is not at the place when the crime is committed', has now come into common use, meaning any 'excuse'. 2.Specialization, for instance, barbarian was originally a vague designation for a 'foreigner of any kind', and later was specialized to mean an 'uncivilized person'. 3.Elevation, for instance, Chamberlain, now a 'high official of royal courts', was formerly a 'servant'. 4.Degeneration,for instance, cunning was originally 'knowing and skillful', and later was specialized to 'sly'.
词汇学论文
英汉词汇文化内涵对比研究 摘要 词汇是语言的载体，是沟通和交流的基础，是文化的组成部分，同时也具有文化内涵。文化，是语言发展的成果，是社会意识形态的集中反映，影响着社会生活，也影响着词汇的发展和变迁。英汉词汇因所属国的文化历史国情不同而具有不同的文化内涵，集中体现在构词、语义和词义上等等。本文通过分析对比英汉词汇文化内涵上的差异及其原因，旨在指导读者正确认识不同语言间的文化差异，更好地联系文化内涵深入地了解词汇的相关知识，从而在对语言的把握上提高一个层次。 关键词：词汇，对比，文化内涵，文化差异 1. 引言 人类社会在发展过程中产生了语言和文化，在语言的各个组成成分中，最能反映民族文化特征的是该民族语言的词汇，词汇背后反映的是该民族的文化认知方式。英汉词汇因本民族的文化成就而有所差异，通过对比研究这两种语言的文化内涵，不仅可以凸显被对比语言的共性和特性，有重要的学术价值，也有利于有针对性地制定学习和教学策略，更可以为语言的综合研究提供相关资料，为词汇学的发展做出积极贡献。 2. 文化内涵 2.1 文化内涵的定义 英国人类学家爱德华·泰勒于1871年提出——文化是一个复合整体，包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、习俗以及作为一个社会成员的人所习得的其他一切能力和习惯。这是以后文化被重复和扩展定义的基础。文化具有传承性，动态性，民族性和多样性，文化作为一种历史现象，不同民族拥有不同文化，不同的文化之间既有共性又有个性。语言作为文化的载体，语言的使用离不开作为社会河文化成员的人以及使用的语言环境。 2.2 文化与词汇的联系
在社会生活中，常见的词语有“酒”，“老”，“个人主义”，“外国人”等等。在中国历史上，酒的悠久历史是与中国传统的农耕国家文化不可分离的。酒的饮用不仅是农耕文明发展的一个表现，也是社会进步的具体表现，更是直接与人们的喜怒哀乐和国家的兴旺存亡有关，“葡萄美酒夜光杯”“煮酒论英雄”等等；但是“酒”在英语中的文化内涵比较单一，在更大程度上被看成一种不良嗜好，和罪恶联系在一起的程度远大于和豪情壮志，文学创作的关联度，从西方屡次下达的“禁酒令”可窥一斑。而且汉语的“老”的文化内涵也要远远多于英语，可以指年岁大，年代久远，陈旧，原来的，颜色深，老子的简称，变老，死亡，经常，很，还可用作前缀（用于称人、排行次序、某些动、植物名）。再比如，个人主义，“Individualism”，在汉语中是个贬义词，因为在中国社会中，群体利益更为重要，牺牲个人以服从集体是典型的儒家思想。但在英语中，用英英释义如下，1.the quality of being individual; "so absorbed by the movement that she lost all sense of individuality" 2. a belief in the importance of the individual and the virtue of self-reliance and personal independence 3.the doctrine that government should not interfere in commercial affairs. 这个词最开始是被爱默生所使用的，是被西方人普片接受的价值观，它的存在与西方所特有的外向型文化有着千丝万缕的联系。 3.2 委婉语 委婉语在汉语中指“人们在交际和交流中希望找到一种合适的表达方式，即使双方能够顺利完成交际，又使双方感到此次交际是愉快的。”在英语中指“an inoffensive or indirect expression that is substituted for one that is considered offensive or too harsh.”虽然英汉两种语言中都存在委婉语，但在实际使用中由于各自的社会文化背景不一样，在使用范围和表现手法上也是有所差异的，主要体现在委婉程度和委婉借用手法上。如“死亡”，在汉语中有“牺牲”，“去世”，“安息”等等，在英语中，有“to be called”,“to be at rest”,“with God”等等。此外，还有军事委婉语，在伊拉克战争中，美军着力粉饰太平，如Pre-emptive strike(先发制人的攻击)，Iraqi Freedom(自由伊拉克)，surgical strikes(外科手术式击打)，civilian casualties（平民伤亡）等等。此外，英语中还有结构式委婉语和虚拟语气。
英语词汇学期末论文 题目：浅析英语词汇巧记法 专业：英语 班级：13级3班 学号：201313010309 姓名：黄旷静 完成时间：2015年1月14号
浅析英语词汇巧记法 摘要：词汇是英语学习的基础，没有足够的词汇量就不可能高水平的掌握英语这门外语，而浩瀚的词汇海洋让很多人望而生畏。尽管花费了大量时间精力去背，记忆的效果却差强人意，原因就在于没有使用科学的方法记忆词汇。其实，世间万物都是有规律性的，英语单词的组词与构词方法也有规律，了解了它的规律有利于我们有效甚至高效学习英语单词。为了提高单词记忆的效率，本文从不同方面介绍几种记忆方法。 关键词：词汇科学记忆规律效率 一．读音记忆法 1.拼读法 英语是拼音文字，英语中的单词的读音大多是有规律的，熟悉字母及字母组合的发音规则，掌握正确的拼法与读音之间的关系，可以根据单词的读音，降低记忆难度，正确地拼写单词。 例如ay读[ei]。带有ay字母组合的词，如say，day，way，pay，may，play，spray，不仅发音容易，而且拼写也没有任何困难。Sh ch tion ture 等也都有固定读音，ee发音为i: culture 文化pasture牧场mature 成熟的architecture 建筑学带有true的单词也都能很方便的记忆下来
2.谐音法 尽管有些人认为用这种谐音记忆法记忆单词不科学，不利于正确掌握发音，但实践证明，对尚未掌握外语的构词特点和记词规律的初学者来说，采用谐音法记单词确实能有效地记住一部分难记的单词。但是，在用谐音法记单词时需要特别注意，绝不可将其作为模仿发音的依据，只能作为记忆单词时的谐音联想手段，以加强记忆，而必须按照单词的标准发音去读记，以避免这种记词法干扰正确发音。用谐音法记单词是，根据外语单词的读音到中文中寻找与其读音相似的谐音，寻找到谐音与单词的联系。用这种方法甚至可能达到终身不忘，这也正是谐音记忆法的绝妙之处。 例如：mouth嘴[联想：说话“冒失”的就是嘴] think想[联想：想时要“深刻”] 二．联想法 1.拆分联想 科学研究表明：联想是记忆的基础。世界著名的生理学家巴甫洛夫指出："记忆要依靠联想，而联想则是新旧知识建立联系的产物。”联想法是联想记忆的进一步运用和发展。它是指学习者展开积极丰富的想象力，使所要记忆的知识生动、形象化，通过联想在新旧知识(如英语熟词词义与生词词义)之间建立起一种联系，从而达到以旧带新、快速记忆的目的。
A Study on Overlapping Words 课程：英语词汇学 专业：英语 年级：2010级 班级：2班 姓名：刘波 学号：201009010226 2012年11月8号
A Study on Overlapping Words Abstrict: In english compound words, one kind is called …reduplicated words?, which is composed of two identical root word or syllable overlapping compound words. This kind of words have similar sounds. So we name this kind of words according to its phonological features. As a result of reduplicating expressions quite special, although the amount is little, it has its own unique charm. In order to let more people understand and learn how to use it, then to achieve the purpose of strengthen the expressive force of language, this discourse will express its Word Origins, characteristics and classification. Key words: Overlapping words; classification; characteristics; Word Origins 1 Introduction G.W. Fowler once said: we are able to enter the world of speech Perhaps it is through their reduplicating, from the initial experimental Mum-Mum and DAD-DAD to a more ambitious tootsy-wootsy (baby, baby) and piggy-wiggy (pig, dirty boy). Reduplicating is native English people into the world of words …a stepping-stone to success?. But the current situation is not good,most people do not understand them, let alone using them. As an english major student, in order to achieve your language more native and improve your writing and translating level and some other comprehensive abilities, you must have a deep understanding on different lexicological phenomenon. So, this discourse will introduce overlapping words from different aspects. I hope english learners could appreciate those words? u nique charm and apply them to your english learning. 2 Reduplicating classification According to the feature of pronunciation and reduplicating in two components of the phonological structure. After careful analysis, it can be divided into four categories. 2.1 Alliterative reduplications Alliterative reduplications are Using alliteration consists of overlapping words and
英语的发展 这学期我们学习了词汇学这门课程，从这门课程的学习中我了解了英语发展的历史。从这门课的学习中，我知道了英语语言的历史发展可以分为三个阶段，分别是：古英语（Old English），中世纪英语（Middle English）和现代英语（Modern English）。 (一) 古英语时期 (Old English Period, 450-1150)。有记载的英语语言起始于449年，当时包括央格鲁－撒克逊人（Angles-Saxons）在内的德国部落入侵大不列颠。他们把原来的居民凯尔特人（the Celts）赶到不列颠的北部和西部角落。凯尔特人的领袖King Arthur带领部队勇敢作战，英勇抗击德国入侵者。这之后在不列颠岛上央格鲁人、撒克逊人和一些德国部落都说着各自的英语。尽管85％的古英语词汇现在已经不再使用，但一些常用词汇如：child, foot, house, man, sun等等还是保留下来。和现代英语相比，古英语中的外来词很少，但派生词缀较多。古英语中还有较多描述性的复合词。如“音乐”是earsport；“世界”是age of man。在著名的英雄史诗《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf）中对此有详尽描述。 这是最早居住在不列颠(Britain) 的民族塞尔特人所说的塞尔特语(Celtic)，他们虽然最早到英国，但留下来的事迹不多，现在威尔斯、苏格兰高地仍有人说塞尔特语。公元前43年凯撒大帝征服不列颠，罗马人统治不列颠人，同时也将当时罗马人使用的拉丁语传入，但并未被一般老百姓采用。公元410年罗马帝国自英国撤离，这时，来自英国北方的皮刺人 (Picts) 和苏格兰人分别从南部和西北侵扰，不列颠无力抵抗，只好求救于往昔经常困扰罗马军队的日耳曼人。根据大英民族编年史的记载，日耳曼民族于公元449年在英格兰登陆，将日耳曼语带到英国，而发展成现在的英语，因此，英语是属于印欧语系Indo-European 日耳曼语族的语言。 787年，来自丹麦及斯堪的纳维亚地区的北欧海盗（the Vikings）陆续进入英国。在之后的三百年里，他们袭击、侵占了大部分的英格兰。北欧海盗对英语语言的影响意义是深远的，是他们带来了代词they、their、them等；/g/ /k/的发音；甚至包括husband、window这样的词。古英语无论从发音还是拼写上都与现代英语大相径庭。 (二) 中古英语时期 (Middle English Period, 1150-1500): 始于亨利二世王朝，止于亨利八世王朝。英语在公元十一世纪时已发展成一种成熟的语言，但往后三百年却没有成为英格兰的官方语言，因为公元一O六六年，来自法国的征服者威廉一世(William the Conqueror) 所领导的诺曼人在战役中击败英军，从此，法语成为英国上流社会的语言，这些法语借字几乎涵盖了所有上流社会的生活用语和抽象概念。1066年的诺曼底征服事件在英语语言发展史上是一个标志性的转折点。在这年，威廉带领军队从法国诺曼底省出发，穿过英吉利海峡，想在英国称王并在伦敦成立一个法国法庭。之后的近三百年里，法语一直是英国的官方语言，成为统治阶级用语，而平民百姓说的英语被认为市低等语言。到1300年左右，法语的使用开始减少。到14世纪末期，英语又重新成为官方语言。乔叟写于14世纪末期的《坎特伯雷故事集》（Canterbury Tales）反映了政治、经济、社会等方面的变化对英语语言的影响。 在近四百年时间里，诺曼人给英语带来了近一万的外来词，深深影响了英国人的社会和生活。英语语言在这一时期借用了较多法语中的派生词缀，如-able, -ess。当然也有一些拉丁语直接进入英语，而且多用于书面语。由于贸易的发展，
英语词汇学论文(中文版) 单词记忆法细谈 一，读音规则记忆法 它就是按照元音字母、元音字母组合、辅音字母及辅音字母组合在开音节和闭音节的读音规律记忆。例如：ea，ee，er，ir，ur，or分别能发［i：］［：］［：］等。还有些固定的字母组合，例如：ing发［i］，ly发［li］，ty发［ti］和各种前缀、后缀，例如：a-，re-，un-，dis-，im-；-ed，-ing，-ly，-er，-or，-ful，-y等都有其比较固定的发音。掌握了这些规则，记单 词时就不必一个字母一个字母地记忆了。 二.字母变化记忆法 英语单词中以某个单词为基础，加、减、换、调一个字母就成了另一个新单词。具体方法 如下： 1.前面加字母。例如：is/his，ear/near/hear，read/bread 2.后面加字母。例如：hear/heart，you/your，plane/planet 3.中间加字母。例如：though/through，tree/three，for/four 4.减字母。例如：she/he，close/lose，star/tstar 5.换字母。例如：book/look/cook，cake/lake/wake/make/take 6.调字母（即改变字母顺序）。例如：blow/bowl，sing/sign， from/form 三.联想记忆法
在日常生活中可以根据所处的环境，所见到、所摸到的事物，联想相关的英语单词。例如： 打球时联想到：ball，(play)basketball，(play)football，(play)volleyball，playground等等；吃饭时联想到：dining-room，(have)breakfast，(have)lunch，(have)supper等等；睡觉 时联想到：bed，bedroom，gotobed，sleep，gotosleep，fallasleep等等。如果长期坚持下支，效果就会很好。 四.归类记忆法 众所周知，单词本身、单词与单词之间都存在着或多或少的联系，英语词汇中 有许多单词有着其近义词、反义词、一词多义、一词多音、同音词或形音形似词等内 在或外在的联系。因此，记忆单词的主要方法是把单词之间存在的这种联系挖掘归纳 出来，通过对比、对照的方式把学过的单词从各个方面进行归类 1.按词的构造归类 按词跟、前缀、后缀、合成词归类，找出词与词最本质 的联系。这种联系不仅使新词记得快、记得牢、记得久，而 且也同时复习了大量的旧词。合成词，如： schoolbag,school-boy,classroom,football,blackboard,etc. 前缀后缀词，如：unhappy,unhealthy,unfriendly,unlucky,worker,writer,visitor,us