附录
外文文献原文：
The Introduction of cranes
A crane is defined as a mechanism for lifting and lowering loads with a hoisting mechanism Shapiro, 1991. Cranes are the most useful and versatile piece of equipment on a vast majority of construction projects. They vary widely in configuration, capacity, mode of operation, intensity of utilization and cost. On a large project, a contractor may have an assortment of cranes for different purposes. Small mobile hydraulic cranes may be used for unloading materials from trucks and for small concrete placement operations, while larger crawler and tower cranes may be used for the erection and removal of forms, the installation of steel reinforcement, the placement of concrete, and the erection of structural steel and precast concrete beams.
On many construction sites a crane is needed to lift loads such as concrete skips, reinforcement, and formwork. As the lifting needs of the construction industry have increased and diversified, a large number of general and special purpose cranes have been designed and manufactured. These cranes fall into two categories, those employed in industry and those employed in construction. The most common types of cranes used in construction are mobile, tower, and derrick cranes.
1.Mobile cranes
A mobile crane is a crane capable of moving under its own power without being restricted to predetermined travel. Mobility is provided by mounting or integrating the crane with trucks or all terrain carriers or rough terrain carriers or by providing crawlers. Truck-mounted cranes have the advantage of being able to move under their own power to the construction site. Additionally, mobile cranes can move about the site, and are often able to do the work of several stationary units.
Mobile cranes are used for loading, mounting, carrying large loads and for work performed in the presence of obstacles of various kinds such as power lines and similar technological installations. The essential difficulty is here the swinging of the payload which occurs during working motion and also after the work is completed. This applies particularly to the slewing motion of the crane chassis, for which relatively large angular accelerations and negative accelerations of the chassis are characteristic. Inertia forces together with the centrifugal force and the Carioles force cause the payload to swing as a spherical pendulum. Proper control of the slewing motion of the crane serving to transport a payload to the defined point with simultaneous minimization of the swings when the
working motion is finished plays an important role in the model.
Modern mobile cranes include the drive and the control systems. Control systems send the feedback signals from the mechanical structure to the drive systems. In general, they are closed chain mechanisms with flexible members [1].
Rotation, load and boom hoisting are fundamental motions the mobile crane. During transfer of the load as well as at the end of the motion process, the motor drive forces, the structure inertia forces, the wind forces and the load inertia forces can result in substantial, undesired oscillations in crane. The structure inertia forces and the load inertia forces can be evaluated with numerical methods, such as the finite element method. However, the drive forces are difficult to describe. During start-up and breaking the output forces of the drive system significantly fluctuate. To reduce the speed variations during start-up and braking the controlled motor must produce torque other than constant [2,3], which in turn affects the performance of the crane.
Modern mobile cranes that have been built till today have oft a maximal lifting capacity of 3000 tons and incorporate long booms. Crane structure and drive system must be safe, functionary and as light as possible. For economic and time reasons it is impossible to build prototypes for great cranes. Therefore, it is desirable to determinate the crane dynamic responses with the theoretical calculation.
Several published articles on the dynamic responses of mobile crane are available in the open literature. In the mid-seventies Peeken et al. [4] have studied the dynamic forces of a mobile crane during rotation of the boom, using very few degrees of freedom for the dynamic equations and very simply spring-mass system for the crane structure. Later Maczynski et al. [5] studied the load swing of a mobile crane with a four mass-model for the crane structure. Posiadala et al. [6] have researched the lifted load motion with consideration for the change of rotating, booming and load hoisting. However, only the kinematics were studied. Later the influence of the flexibility of the support system on the load motion was investigated by the same author [7]. Recently, Kilicaslan et al. [1] have studied the characteristics of a mobile crane using a flexible multibody dynamics approach. Towarek [16] has concentrated the influence of flexible soil foundation on the dynamic stability of the boom crane. The drive forces, however, in all of those studies were presented by using so called the metho d of ……kinematics forcing?? [6] with assumed velocities or accelerations. In practice this assumption could not comply with the motion during start-up and braking.
A detailed and accurate model of a mobile crane can be achieved with the finite element method. Using non-linear finite element theory Gunthner and Kleeberger [9] studied the dynamic responses of lattice mobile cranes. About 2754 beam elements and 80 truss elements were used for modeling of the lattice-boom structure. On this basis a efficient software for mobile crane calculation––NODYA has been developed. However, the influences of the drive systems must be determined by measuring on hoisting of the load
[10], or rotating of the crane [11]. This is neither efficient nor convenient for computer simulation of arbitrary crane motions.
Studies on the problem of control for the dynamic response of rotary crane are also available. Sato et al. [14], derived a control law so that the transfer a load to a desired position will take place that at the end of the transfer of the swing of the load decays as soon as possible. Gustafsson [15] described a feedback control system for a rotary crane to move a cargo without oscillations and correctly align the cargo at the final position. However, only rigid bodies and elastic joint between the boom and the jib in those studies were considered. The dynamic response of the crane, for this reason, will be global.
To improve this situation, a new method for dynamic calculation of mobile cranes will be presented in this paper. In this method, the flexible multibody model of the steel structure will be coupled with the model of the drive systems. In that way the elastic deformation, the rigid body motion of the structure and the dynamic behavior of the drive system can be determined with one integrated model. In this paper this method will be called ……complete dynamic calculation for driven “mechanism”.
On the basis of flexible multibody theory and the Lagrangian equations, the system equations for complete dynamic calculation will be established. The drive- and control system will be described as differential equations. The complete system leads to a non-linear system of differential equations. The calculation method has been realized for a hydraulic mobile crane. In addition to the structural elements, the mathematical modeling of hydraulic drive- and control systems is decried. The simulations of crane rotations for arbitrary working conditions will be carried out. As result, a more exact representation of dynamic behavior not only for the crane structure, but also for the drive system will be achieved. Based on the results of these simulations the influences of the accelerations, velocities during start-up and braking of crane motions will be discussed.
2.Tower cranes
The tower crane is a crane with a fixed vertical mast that is topped by a rotating boom and equipped with a winch for hoisting and lowering loads (Dickie, 990). Tower cranes are designed for situations which require operation in congested areas. Congestion may arise from the nature of the site or from the nature of the construction project. There is no limitation to the height of a high-rise building that can be constructed with a tower crane. The very high line speeds, up to 304.8 mrmin, available with some models yield good production rates at any height. They provide a considerable horizontal working radius, yet require a small work space on the ground (Chalabi, 1989). Some machines can also operate in winds of up to 72.4 km/h, which is far above mobile crane wind limits.
The tower cranes are more economical only for longer term construction operations and higher lifting frequencies. This is because of the fairly extensive planning needed for installation, together with the transportation, erection and dismantling costs.
3. Derrick cranes
A derrick is a device for raising, lowering, and/or moving loads laterally. The simplest form of the derrick is called a Chicago boom and is usually installed by being mounted to building columns or frames during or after construction (Shapiro and Shapiro, 1991).This derrick arrangement. (i.e., Chicago boom) becomes a guy derrick when it is mounted to a mast and a stiff leg derrick when it is fixed to a frame.
The selection of cranes is a central element of the life cycle of the project. Cranes must be selected to satisfy the requirements of the job. An appropriately selected crane contributes to the efficiency, timeliness, and profitability of the project. If the correct crane selection and configuration is not made, cost and safety implications might be created (Hanna, 1994). Decision to select a particular crane depends on many input parameters such as site conditions, cost, safety, and their variability. Many of these parameters are qualitative, and subjective judgments implicit in these terms cannot be directly incorporated into the classical decision making process. One way of selecting crane is achieved using fuzzy logic approach.
Cranes are not merely the largest, the most conspicuous, and the most representative equipment of construction sites but also, at various stages of the project, a real “bottleneck” that slows the pace of the construction process. Although the crane can be found standing idle in many instances, yet once it is involved in a particular task ,it becomes an indispensable link in the activity chain, forcing at least two crews(in the loading and the unloading zones) to wait for the service. As analyzed in previous publications [6-8] it is feasible to automate (or, rather, semi-automate) crane navigation in order to achieve higher productivity, better economy, and safe operation. It is necessary to focus on the technical aspects of the conversion of existing crane into large semi-automatic manipulators. By mainly external devices mounted on the crane, it becomes capable of learning, memorizing, and autonomously navigation to reprogrammed targets or through prêt aught paths.
The following sections describe various facets of crane automation:
First, the necessary components and their technical characteristics are reviewed, along with some selection criteria. These are followed by installation and integration of the new components into an existing crane. Next, the Man –Machine –Interface (MMI) is presented with the different modes of operation it provides. Finally, the highlights of a set of controlled tests are reported followed by conclusions and recommendations.
Manual versus automatic operation: The three major degrees of freedom of common tower cranes are illustrated in the picture. In some cases , the crane is mounted on tracks , which provide a fourth degree of freedom , while in other cases the tower is “telescope” or extendable , and /or the “jib” can be raised to a diagonal position. Since these additional degrees of freedom are not used routinely during normal operation but rather are fixed in a certain position for long periods (days or weeks), they are not included in the routine
automatic mode of operation, although their position must be “known” to the control system.
外文文献中文翻译：
起重机介绍
起重机是用来举升机构、抬起或放下货物的器械。在大多数的建设工程中，起重机是最有用、功能最多的器械。它们因结构、容量、操作模式、使用强度和费用的不同而不同。在一个大的工程项目上，一个承包商可以因为不同的利用目的而使用多种起重机。小的液压移动式起重机可以用来从卡车上卸下材料，处理小而具体的物体的安置，然而较大的爬式或塔式起重机可以用来竖立并移动框架，安置加强的钢铁，放置混凝土，竖起钢筋结构和预制混凝土横梁。
在一些建设地点，一台起重机是用来提升重物的，例如：混凝土的装料车、加强部分和模壳。随着建筑行业的提升要求不断增加并且变化多样，大量的具有综合的和特殊性能的起重机被设计和制造出来。这些起重机被分成两类：工业用起重机和建筑用起重机。用于建筑业的最普通型式的起重机是移动式、塔式和架式起重机。
1. 移动式起重机
一台移动式起重机是一个不被局限于预先确定的轨道，在自身动力的驱动下具有运动能力的起重机。将起重机与卡车，甚至所有地带的运输工具甚至粗糙地带的运输工具，更甚至借助于所提供的爬行工具，起重机的就有运动的可能。车载起重机具有在它们自己的动力驱动下能够移动至建筑地点中的任何地方的优势。此外，移动式起重机可以在场所内移动，经常能够处理与提升一些静止部件的工作。
移动式起重机用来装载、安装、搬运大负荷，也常用于在各种各样的障碍中，例如：力量线和相似的科技安装。在这儿必不可少的困难是当工作过程中和工作完成之后有效载荷的摆动，相关的大的角速度和底座的负的速度是其特有的。惯性力，伴着离心力和科里奥利力引起载物像一个球形钟摆一样旋转。当工作行为结束时，对同时用于将货物输送到限定地点的起重机的旋转动作进行适当的限制，在模型中起着很重要的作用。
现代的移动式起重机包括驱动和控制系统。控制系统把来自机械结构的反馈信号传送到驱动系统，大体上，它们是由柔性元件组成的闭链机械系。
旋转、负荷和提升是移动式起重机的基础动作，在传送重物的过程中与运作过程一样，马达的驱动力、结构内应力、风力和货物的内力可以导致起重机产生一定的不希望得到的摇晃。结构内应力和货物内应力可以用数学方法进行估价，例如有限元的方法。无论怎样，驱动力是很难描述的。在起动和制动的过程中，驱动系统的外力起
伏变化很大。为了减小起动和制动中速度的变化，可控制的马达必须产生可变化的力矩，来影响起重机的运作。
现代的移动式起重机直到今天还在铸造，常常有3000吨的举重能力，而且经久不衰。起重机的结构和传动系统必须是安全、有效和尽量轻巧的。因为经济和时间的原因，对于大的起重机不可能建造出其原型，所以，人们希望利用理论上的计算来确定起重机的电动反应。
在开放的文化中，一些反映移动式起重机动态影响的已发表文章是可以找到的。其中70岁的Peeken通过在动态方程中利用很少的自由度，并在起重机结构中利用非常简单的弹簧阻尼系统，研究了在悬臂旋转中一台移动式起重机的动态力学。之后，Maczynski研究了起重结构上有四块模型的移动式起重机的载荷摇摆问题。Posiadala 考虑到旋转、装载和载荷提升的变化而研究了被提升的载荷的运动。无论怎样，只有运动学被研究了。稍后，相同的作家调查了在载荷运行中的支持系统的弹性影响。最近，Kilicaslan利用柔性综合动态方法研究了移动式起重机的特性。Towarek把研究弹性基壤的影响集中在悬臂式起重机的动态稳定性上。在这些研究中，通过利用所谓带有假定速度和加速度的运动力学的方法，驱动力无论怎样都有所出现。在实践中，这种假想无法和运行中的起动和制动相符合。
利用有限元的方法，一个详细且正确的移动式起重机的模型是可以实现的。利用非线性有限元理论，Gunthner 和Kleeberger研究了移动式起重机的动态影响，在网格结构中，大约2754个光线元素和80个构架元素被用到。在此基础上，一个有效的关于移动式起重机计算的有效软件NODYA被发明出来。无论如何，通过衡量载荷的提升量或起重机的旋转，驱动系统的影响必须要考虑到。这对于起重机多种运动的计算机模拟来说，既不很有效也不方便。
对于旋转起重机动态影响的控制的问题研究是有效的。Sato让那个在载荷摇摆转换末尾可将重物传递到所渴望的位置的控制理论尽快的衰退。Gustafsson为了移动货物时没有振动并且正确地在最后位置排列货物，描述了一个旋转起重机的反馈控制系统。然而，在研究中，只有在悬臂和绞点中的坚硬的固体和弹性节点被考虑到了。因为这个原因，所以起重机的动态影响是广泛存在的。
为了改变这种状况，关于移动式起重机的动态计算的一种新的方法将会出现。在这种方法中，钢铁结构的弹性综合模型将会同驱动系统的模型一起出现。在那种方法下，用一个独立的模型，就可以解决关于弹性破坏、结构的固体运动和驱动系统的动态行为问题。这种方法被称为驱动机构的全动态计算。
在弹性综合体理论和方程的基础上，全动态计算的系统方程将被确定下来。驱动
和控制系统将用不同的方程来描述。整个系统生成一个不同方程的非线性系统。在一个液压移动式起重机上这种计算方法得以实现了。为了补充结构单元，液压驱动和控制系统的数学模型将被删除。多种工作状况的起重机旋转的模拟将被启用。结果，一个不光为起重机结构，更为驱动系统的更加详细的表达将会实现。在这些模型计算结果的基础上，起重机起动和制动过程中的加速度和速度影响将会被讨论。
2. 塔式起重机
塔式起重机是一种在固定垂直桅杆顶端装有旋转杆的起重机，并被装备了绞盘，用以举升和降下重物。塔式起重机是为满足在拥挤密集地点作业的要求而设计的。拥挤可能是由于地理位置的自然状况或者是因为建筑工程的特点。对于可以借助塔式起重机来建筑实施的高层楼房来说，其高度是没有限制的。非常高的线速度，高达304.8米/分钟，利用在一些具体模型上就可以在任何高度产生高的生产效率。它们提供了一个相当大的水平作业半径，在地面上却只需要一个很小的工作场地。一些机器还可以在72.4千米/时的速度下旋转，这远远超过了移动式起重机的旋转速度。
塔式起重机只对较长工作周期的建设运行和高的提升频率工程来说更经济，这是由于为安置而需要相当广阔的规划布置，再加上运输、建造和拆除设备的费用。
3. 架式起重机
架式起重机是一种为提升、降下和（或）横向移动货物的装置。架式起重机最简单的形式叫做芝加哥杆，经常在建设过程中或建设过后被安放在建筑物的柱子或框架上。当架式起重机被安放在桅杆上，或被固定在框架上，这种架式起重机的处理方式就变成了绳索型架式起重机和硬杆型架式起重机。
起重机的选择是工程项目生命流程的中心环节。起重机必须选来满足工作的要求。一个选择适当的起重机对提高工程效率、缩短工作时间、增加工程收益有帮助。如果没有实现起重机的正确选择和构建，那么可能会产生费用增加，并牵连到安全问题。选择一个特殊起重机的决定依赖于许多输入参数，例如：位置条件、费用、安全及它们的易变性，这些参数中很多是定性的，而且在这些术语中所暗示的主观判断不可以直接地被吸收到古典的决策程序中。现在借助于模糊逻辑方法，选择起重机的一种方法可以实现。
在建筑场所，起重机不仅仅是最大、最引人注意、最具有代表性的装备，而且在工程的许多不同阶段，是一个使工程进度放慢的真正障碍。虽然在远处看去，你可能发现起重机很幽闲地站在那里，但是一旦它进入特殊的工作过程中，它将在工作链中成为不可缺少的环节，促使至少两个员工等候供应。正如前面的分析，使计算机自动
化来达到更高的产量，更好的经济效益和更安全的运作是可能的。把重点放在将现成的起重机变为一个大的半自动操作者的技术方面是很必要的。借助附在起重机上的主要外在装置，它变得具有学习、记忆、独立的从计划之前的目标或通过预先知道的路径产生自动反馈的能力。
下面部分简要描述起重机自动化的多种方面：首先，与一些选择条件一起，考察了必要成分和它们的技术性能，接下来是把这些新的元件安置并组合成一个实实在在的起重机。其次，人机界面因它提供的不同运行状态而呈现。最终，结论和介绍尾随一系列控制结果中的最重要的部分而产生。
人工和自动运作过程的对比：塔式起重机的三个主要自由度在图中描述出来，在一些情况下，起重机被安放在轨道上，这就提供了四个自由度，但在其他情况下，塔是可伸缩的，起重机的臂可以升到一个倾斜的角度。虽然他们的位置必须输入控制系统，但因为这些附加的自由度在常规的运作中不经常使用，而是在很长一段时间内（几天或几周）被固定在一个特定的位置，所以它们并不包含在运作过程中的常规自动化状态。
机械设计 摘要：机器是由机械装置和其它组件组成的。它是一种用来转换或传递能量的装置，例如：发动机、涡轮机、车辆、起重机、印刷机、洗衣机、照相机和摄影机等。许多原则和设计方法不但适用于机器的设计，也适用于非机器的设计。术语中的“机械装置设计”的含义要比“机械设计”的含义更为广泛一些，机械装置设计包括机械设计。在分析运动及设计结构时，要把产品外型以及以后的保养也要考虑在机械设计中。在机械工程领域中，以及其它工程领域中，所有这些都需要机械设备，比如：开关、凸轮、阀门、船舶以及搅拌机等。 关键词：设计流程设计规则机械设计 设计流程 设计开始之前就要想到机器的实际性，现存的机器需要在耐用性、效率、重量、速度，或者成本上得到改善。新的机器必需具有以前机器所能执行的功能。 在设计的初始阶段，应该允许设计人员充分发挥创造性，不要受到任何约束。即使产生了许多不切实际的想法，也会在设计的早期，即在绘制图纸之前被改正掉。只有这样，才不致于阻断创新的思路。通常,还要提出几套设计方案，然后加以比较。很有可能在这个计划最后决定中,使用了某些不在计划之内的一些设想。 一般的当外型特点和组件部分的尺寸特点分析得透彻时，就可以全面的设计和分析。接着还要客观的分析机器性能的优越性，以及它的安全、重量、耐用性，并且竞争力的成本也要考虑在分析结果之内。每一个至关重要的部分要优化它的比例和尺寸，同时也要保持与其它组成部分相协调。 也要选择原材料和处理原材料的方法。通过力学原理来分析和实现这些重要的特性，如那些静态反应的能量和摩擦力的最佳利用，像动力惯性、加速动力和能量；包括弹性材料的强度、应力和刚度等材料的物理特性，以及流体润滑和驱动器的流体力学。设计的过程是重复和合作的过程，无论是正式或非正式的进行，对设计者来说每个阶段都很重要。 最后，以图样为设计的标准，并建立将来的模型。如果它的测试是符合事先要
电子商务 电子商务（Electronic Commerce）是在Internet开放的网络环境下，基于浏览器/服务器应用方式，实现消费者的网上购物、商户之间的网上交易和在线电子支付的一种新型的商业运营模式 Internet上的电子商务可以分为三个方面：信息服务、交易和支付。主要内容包括：电子商情广告；电子选购和交易、电子交易凭证的交换；电子支付与结算以及售后的网上服务等。主要交易类型有企业与个人的交易(BtoC方式)和企业之间的交易(BtoB方式)两种。参与电子商务的实体有四类：顾客(个人消费者或企业集团)、商户(包括销售商、制造商、储运商)、银行(包括发卡行、收单行)及认证中心。 电子商务是Internet爆炸式发展的直接产物，是网络技术应用的全新发展方向。Internet本身所具有的开放性、全球性、低成本、高效率的特点，也成为电子商务的内在特征，并使得电子商务大大超越了作为一种新的贸易形式所具有的价值，它不仅会改变企业本身的生产、经营、管理活动，而且将影响到整个社会的经济运行与结构。 1．电子商务将传统的商务流程电子化、数字化，一方面以电子流代替了实物流，可以大量减少人力、物力，降低了成本；另一方面突破了时间和空间的限制，使得交易活动可以在任何时间、任何地点进行，从而大大提高了效率。 2．电子商务所具有的开放性和全球性的特点，为企业创造了更多的贸易机会。 3．电子商务使企业可以以相近的成本进入全球电子化市场，使得中小企业有可能拥有和大企业一样的信息资源，提高了中小企业的竞争能力。 4．电子商务重新定义了传统的流通模式，减少了中间环节，使得生产者和消费者的直接交易成为可能，从而在一定程度上改变了整个社会经济运行的方式。 5．电子商务一方面破除了时空的壁垒，另一方面又提供了丰富的信息资源，
商务英语口语900句中英文对照中文翻译 Unit 1希望与要求 Part 1 . 1. We'd like to express our desire to establish business relationship with you on the basis of quality, mutually benefit and exchange of needed goods . 我们希望在保证质量、互惠互利以及交易彼此需要的货物的基础上和你们建立业务关系。 2 .In order to extend our export business to your country we wish to enter direct business relations with you. 为了扩大我们在贵国的出口业务，我们希望和你们建立直接贸易关系。 3. Our hope is to establish mutually beneficial trading relations between us . 希望在我们之间能够建立互惠互利的贸易关系。 4. We looking forward to further extensions of pleasant business relations. 我们期待进一步保持愉快的业务关系。 5. It’s our hope to continue with considerable business dealing with you. 我们的希望是和你们保持可观的生意往来。 6. We looking forward to receiving your quotation very soon. 我们期待尽快收到你们的报价单。 7.I hope you see from the reduction that we are really doing our utmost. 我希望你能够看到我们事实上已经作出了最大程度的让价。 8.We hope to discuss business with you at your earliest convenience. 我们希望在你方便的时候和你洽谈业务。
毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献及译文 英文题目Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal Interlocking System 中文题目模块化安全铁路信号计算机联锁系统 学院自动化与电气工程学院 专业自动控制 姓名葛彦宁 学号 200808746 指导教师贺清 2012年5月30日
Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal Interlocking System 1 Introduction Signal Interlocking System is the critical equipment which can guarantee traffic safety and enhance operational efficiency in railway transportation. For a long time, the core control computer adopts in interlocking system is the special customized high-grade safety computer, for example, the SIMIS of Siemens, the EI32 of Nippon Signal, and so on. Along with the rapid development of electronic technology, the customized safety computer is facing severe challenges, for instance, the high development costs, poor usability, weak expansibility and slow technology update. To overcome the flaws of the high-grade special customized computer, the U.S. Department of Defense has put forward the concept：we should adopt commercial standards to replace military norms and standards for meeting consumers’demand [1]. In the meantime, there are several explorations and practices about adopting open system architecture in avionics. The United Stated and Europe have do much research about utilizing cost-effective fault-tolerant computer to replace the dedicated computer in aerospace and other safety-critical fields. In recent years, it is gradually becoming a new trend that the utilization of standardized components in aerospace, industry, transportation and other safety-critical fields. 2 Railways signal interlocking system 2.1 Functions of signal interlocking system The basic function of signal interlocking system is to protect train safety by controlling signal equipments, such as switch points, signals and track units in a station, and it handles routes via a certain interlocking regulation. Since the birth of the railway transportation, signal interlocking system has gone through manual signal, mechanical signal, relay-based interlocking, and the modern computer-based Interlocking System. 2.2 Architecture of signal interlocking system Generally, the Interlocking System has a hierarchical structure. According to the function of equipments, the system can be divided to the function of equipments; the system
https://www.doczj.com/doc/4f13973471.html,/finance/company/consumer.html Consumer finance company The consumer finance division of the SG group of France has become highly active within India. They plan to offer finance for vehicles and two-wheelers to consumers, aiming to provide close to Rs. 400 billion in India in the next few years of its operations. The SG group is also dealing in stock broking, asset management, investment banking, private banking, information technology and business processing. SG group has ventured into the rapidly growing consumer credit market in India, and have plans to construct a headquarters at Kolkata. The AIG Group has been approved by the RBI to set up a non-banking finance company (NBFC). AIG seeks to introduce its consumer finance and asset management businesses in India. AIG Capital India plans to emphasize credit cards, mortgage financing, consumer durable financing and personal loans. Leading Indian and international concerns like the HSBC, Deutsche Bank, Goldman Sachs, Barclays and HDFC Bank are also waiting to be approved by the Reserve Bank of India to initiate similar operations. AIG is presently involved in insurance and financial services in more than one hundred countries. The affiliates of the AIG Group also provide retirement and asset management services all over the world. Many international companies have been looking at NBFC business because of the growing consumer finance market. Unlike foreign banks, there are no strictures on branch openings for the NBFCs. GE Consumer Finance is a section of General Electric. It is responsible for looking after the retail finance operations. GE Consumer Finance also governs the GE Capital Asia. Outside the United States, GE Consumer Finance performs its operations under the GE Money brand. GE Consumer Finance currently offers financial services in more than fifty countries. The company deals in credit cards, personal finance, mortgages and automobile solutions. It has a client base of more than 118 million customers throughout the world
外文资料翻译译文 塔式起重机 动臂装在高耸塔身上部的旋转起重机。作业空间大，主要用于房屋建筑施工中物料的垂直和水平输送及建筑构件的安装。由金属结构、工作机构和电气系统三部分组成。金属结构包括塔身、动臂和底座等。工作机构有起升、变幅、回转和行走四部分。电气系统包括电动机、控制器、配电柜、连接线路、信号及照明装置等。 塔式起重机简称塔机，亦称塔吊，起源于西欧。据记载，第一项有关建筑用塔机专利颁发于1900 年。1905 年出现了塔身固定的装有臂架的起重机，1923 年制成了近代塔机的原型样机，同年出现第一台比较完整的近代塔机。1930 年当时德国已开始批量生产塔机，并用于建筑施工。1941 年，有关塔机的德国工业标准DIN8770 公布。该标准规定以吊载(t)和幅度(m)的乘积(tm)一起以重力矩表示塔机的起重能力。 我国的塔机行业于20 世纪50 年代开始起步,相对于中西欧国家由于建筑业疲软造成的塔机业的不景气, 上海波赫驱动系统有限公司我国的塔机业正处于一个迅速的发展时期。 从塔机的技术发展方面来看，虽然新的产品层出不穷，新产品在生产效能、操作简便、保养容易和运行可靠方面均有提高，但是塔机的技术并无根本性的改变。塔机的研究正向着组合式发展。所谓的组合式，就是以塔身结构为核心，按结构和功能特点，将塔身分解成若干部分，并依据系列化和通用化要求，遵循模数制原理再将各部分划分成若干模块。根据参数要求，选用适当模块分别组成具有不同技术性能特征的塔机，以满足施工的具体需求。推行组合式的塔机有助于加快塔机产吕开发进度，节省产品开发费用，并能更好的为客户服务。 塔机分为上回转塔机和下回转塔机两大类。其中前者的承载力要高于后者，在许多的施工现场我们所见到的就是上回转式上顶升加节接高的塔机。按能否移动又分为：走行式和固定式。固定式塔机塔身固定不转，安装在整块混凝土基础上，或装设在条形式X 形混凝土基础上。在房屋的施工中一般采用的是固定式的。 设备特点和安全装置 塔式起重机的动臂形式分水平式和压杆式两种。动臂为水平式时，载重小车沿水平动臂运行变幅，变幅运动平衡，其动臂较长，但动臂自重较大。动臂为压杆式时，变幅机构曳引动臂仰俯变幅，变幅运动不如水平式平稳，但其自重较小。 为了确保安全，塔式起重机具有良好的安全装置，如起重量、幅度、高度和载荷力矩等限制装置，以及行程限位开关、塔顶信号灯、测风仪、防风夹轨器、爬梯护身圈、走道护栏等。司机室要求舒适、操作方便、视野好和有完善的通讯设备。 塔式起重机的检验产要点 1) 检查金属结构情况特别是高强度的螺栓，它的连接表面应清除灰尘、油漆、没迹和锈蚀，并且使用力矩手或专用扳手，按装配技术要求拧紧。 2) 检查各机构传动系统，包括各工作传动机构的轴承间隙是否合适，齿轮啮合是不是良好及制动器是否灵敏。 3) 检查钢丝绳及滑轮的磨损情况，固定是否可靠。 4) 检查电气元件是否良好，名接触点的闭合程度，接续是否正确和可靠。 5) 检查行走轮与轨道接触是否良好，夹轨钳是否可靠。装设附着装置、内爬装置时，各连接螺栓及夹块是否牢固可靠。
中英文对照外文翻译文 电子商务时代企业文化的再造 随着网络时代电子商务大规模发展，电子商务企业文化随之产生，它在一个企业在产生的一种新的价值观，使企业内部资源得到从新整合，在为企业带来降低交易成本，提高效率，缩短生产周期等诸多好处的同时，也对已有的企业文化发起了挑战。电子商务的兴起是一场由技术手段飞速发展而引发的商业运作模式的变革，传统经济活动的生存基础、运作方式和管理机制均发生了彻底改变，传统的企业文化也面临着巨大的冲击。 一、企业文化对企业价值的贡献 文化现象是一个国家和民族文明的主要见证。广义的文化，包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、习俗和任何人作为一名社会成员而获得的能力和习惯在内的复杂整体。作为“亚文化”的企业文化，对企业的生存与发展亦起着举足轻重的作用。企业文化是商品经济和市场经济的产物，符合市场经济的客观规律，体现企业的竞争实务、竞争精神和整体形象。所谓企业文化就是企业的经营管理哲学，企业面对所处的社会和商业环境，在长期的生产经营活动中，形成全体员工所接受和认同信守的、为争取事业成功的一套非正式规则。它表明企业奉行何种管理哲学，以及企业通过管理要达到一个什么样的目标。是经济管理的重要内容之一。企业文化意味着一个公司的价值观，而这些价值观成为公司员工活动和行为的规范。 企业文化的本源问题是如何增加企业利润，降低企业的成本和费用。它的要义就是怎么使企业能够有效的整合资源，以达到对外部的适应性，使公司在竞争中生存，进而实现持续发展。企业文化建设为企业开展文化管理指出一个明确的方向。企业文化建设的根本目的是建设能够对外竞争环境具有高度适应性，并能根据环境变换做出迅速反应的行为方式能力，这种能力其实就是企业所拥有的根据外部竞争的环境需要而对内部资源进行整合运用的能力。企业文化建设应促进这一能力系统的形成，并维持好这一能力系统。中国的许多企业例如海尔、联想等企业成功的秘诀之一就是发展了一整套公司理念、经营哲学，形成了自己独特的企业文化。 1、企业文化体现企业的形象和精神。树立良好的企业形象，需要企业文化的支撑。现
中英文对照翻译 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) Policies for Development of Iron and Steel Industry The iron and steel industry is an important basic industry of the national economy, a supporting industry for realizing the industrialization and an intensive industry in technologies, capital, resources and energy, and its development requires a comprehensive balancing of all kinds of external conditions. China is a big developing country with a comparatively big demand of iron and steel in the economic development for a long time to go. China's production capacity of iron and steel has ranked the first place in the world for many years. However, there is a large gap in terms of the technological level and material consumption of the iron and steel industry compared with the international advanced level, so the focus of development for the future shall be put on technical upgrading and structural adjustment. In order to enhance the whole technical level of the iron and steel industry, promote the structural adjustment, improve the industrial layout, develop a recycling economy, lower the consumption of materials and energy, pay attention to the environmental protection, raise the comprehensive competitive capacity of enterprises, realize the industrial upgrading, and develop the iron and steel industry into an industry with
附录A Portal power China’s rapid economic growth in the past decade has resulted in a big increase in freight traffic through the country’s seaports . Old ports are being expanded and new ports built to handle the large growth in container and bulk cargo traffic all along the Chinese coastline. China’s port expansion programme has provided a strong boost to the domestic port equipment industry, which has enjoyed a strong increase in demand for port cranes of various types, including container cranes and portal cranes along with bulk cargo handling equipment. State-run China Harbour Engineering (group) Corporation Ltd, established under the ruling State Council, is China’s largest supplier of port cranes and bulk cargo handling equipment. The organization controls both Shanghai Zhenhua Port Machinery Co Ltd (ZPMC),the world’s largest manufacturer of quayside container cranes, and Shanghai Port Machinery Plant (SPMP), which specializes in the manufacturer of portal cranes and other cranes used in ports along with dry bulk cargo handling equipment. SPMP’s main market is China, although the company is looking to expand its overseas sales. Although less well known than its associate ZPMC, SPMP also operates large manufacturing facilities, and is due to move part of its production shortly to Changxing Island near Shanghai where ZPMC already operates a large container crane fabrication plant. Portal and other harbour cranes are SPMP’s major production item. During the past two years, the corporation has won contracts for 145 portal cranes from port authorities throughout China, both from new ports under construction and ports undergoing expansion. In recent years, SPMP has also supplied portal cranes to the United States, Iraq,and Myanmar.The port Rangoon of Myanmar in has purchased a 47m,40t portal crane while BIW of the United States has purchased three cranes-15t,150t, and 300t portal
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a ," , , , . a ( , , , ). . . , , a . $50 . Birmingham, England, 2000. 1995, Delphi, 7596 . 37 10 , . a . , a a , a , a , a a a . a a , a . , , . , , , . a , , , . , , a . : . . 电子动力转向系统 电子动力转向系统是什么? 电子动力转向系统是通过一个电动机来驱动动力方向盘液压泵或直接驱动转向联动装置。电子动力转向的功能由于不依赖于发动机转速，所以能节省能源电子动力转向系统是怎么运行？： 传统的动力方向盘系统使用一条引擎辅助传送带驾驶气泵，提供操作在动力方向盘齿轮或作动器的一个活塞协助驱动的被加压的流体。在电动液压的控制，一个电子动力方向盘包括一台电动机控制的一个高效率泵浦。由一个电控制器调控泵浦压力和流速来控制泵浦的速度，为不同的驾驶路况的提供转向。泵浦可以在汽车行驶低速时关闭以提供节能（在当代的世界市场上)。 电动控制转向使用电动机通过齿轮齿条机构直接连接以达到转向控制（无泵或液体）。多个电机驱动器和多驱动控制的实现是可能的。一个微处理器控制转向动态和驱动的工作。输入因子包括车速，转向，车轮扭矩，角度位置和转率。
PLC论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献 外文资料: PLC technique discussion and future development Along with the development of the ages, the technique that is nowadays is also gradually perfect, the competition plays more more strong; the operation that list depends the artificial has already can't satisfied with the current manufacturing industry foreground, also can't guarantee the request of the higher quantity and high new the image of the technique business enterprise. The people see in produce practice, automate brought the tremendous convenience and the product quantities for people up of assurance, also eased the personnel's labor strength, reduce the establishment on the personnel. The target control of the hard realization in many complicated production lines, whole and excellent turn, the best decision etc., well-trained operation work, technical personnel or expert, governor but can judge and operate easily, can acquire the satisfied result. The research target of the artificial intelligence makes use of the calculator exactly to carry out, imitate these intelligences behavior, moderating the work through person's brain and calculators, with the mode that person's machine combine, for resolve the very complicated problem to look for the best path We come in sight of the control that links after the electric appliances in various situation, that is already the that time generation past, now of after use in the mold a perhaps simple equipments of grass-roots control that the electric appliances can do for the low level only;And the PLC emergence also became the epoch-making topic, adding the vivid software control through a very and stable hardware, making the automation head for the new high tide. The PLC biggest characteristics lie in: The electrical engineering teacher already no longer electric hardware up too many calculationses of cost, as long as order the importation that the button switch or the importation of the sensors order to link the PLC up can solve problem, pass to output to order the conjunction contact machine or control the start equipments of the
VOLUME 30 ISSUE 2 October 2008 Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering Copyright by International OCSCO World Press. All rights reserved.2008 151 Research paper 2008年十月期2卷30 材料与制造工程成果期刊 版权所有：国际OCSCO 世界出版社。一切权利保有。2008 ？？151研究论文 1. Introduction Friction stir welding (FSW) is a new solid-state welding method developed by The Welding Institute (TWI) in 1991 [1]. The weld is formed by the excessive deformation of the material at temperatures below its melting point, thus the method is a solid state joining technique. There is no melting of the material, so FSW has several advantages over the commonly used fusion welding techniques [2-10]. 1.导言摩擦搅拌焊接（FSW）是焊接学？会于1991年研发的一种新型固态焊接方法。这种焊接？是由材料在低于其熔点的温度上过量变形形成，因此此技术是一种固态连接技术。材料不熔化，所以FSW 相比常用的熔化焊接技术有若干优势。例如，在焊接区无多孔性或破裂，工件（尤其薄板上）没有严重扭曲，并且在连接过程中不需要填料、保护气及昂贵的焊接准备there is no significant distortion of the workpieces (particularly in thin plates), and there is no need for filler materials, shielding gases and costly weld preparation during this joining process. FSW被认为是对若干材料例如铝合金、镁合金、黄铜、钛合金及钢最显著且最有潜在用途的焊接技术FSW is considered to be the most remarkable and potentially useful welding technique for several materials, such as Al-alloys, Mg-alloys, brasses, Ti-alloys, and steels [1-16]. 然而，在FSW过程中，用不合适的焊接参数能引起连接处失效，并且使FSW连接处的力学性能恶化。However, during FSW process using inappropriate welding parameters can cause defects in the joint and deteriorate the mechanical properties of the FSW joints [2, 3]. 此技术起初就主要是为低熔点材料如铝合金、镁合金及铜合金而广泛研究的。The technique has initially been widely investigated for mostly low melting materials, such as Al, Mg and Cu alloys. 此技术已被证明是很有用的，尤其在连接用于航空航天用途的如高合金2XXX及7XXX系列铝合金等难熔高强度的铝合金。It has proven to be very useful, particularly in the joining of the difficult-to-fusion join high strength Al-alloys used in aerospace applications, such as highly alloyed 2XXX and 7XXX series aluminium alloys. 做出Al-5086 H32型板摩擦搅拌对焊的高强度、抗疲劳及断裂的力学性能？。The difficulty of making high-strength, fatigue and fracture resistant Mechanical properties of friction stir butt-welded Al-5086 H32 plate G. .am a,*, S. Gü.lüer b, A. .akan c, H.T. Serinda. a a Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, 31040 Antakya, Turkey a 土耳其安塔卡亚31040，Mustafa Kemal大学建筑工程系 b General Directorate of Highways of Turkey, Ankara, Turkey b 土耳其安卡拉土耳其高速公路总理事会？ c Abant Izzet Baysal University, Faculty of Engineering an d Architecture, 14280 Bolu, Turkey c 土耳其Bolu 14280 Abant Izzet Baysal 大学建筑工程系 * Corresponding author: E-mail address: gurelcam@https://www.doczj.com/doc/4f13973471.html, *相关作者电子邮箱地址：gurelcam@https://www.doczj.com/doc/4f13973471.html, Received 30.06.2008; published in revised form 01.10.2008
毕业设计论文外文资料翻译 附件1：外文资料翻译译文 起重机的工作需要更多的科学技术 起重机的出现大大提高了人们的劳动效率，以前需要许多人花长时间才能搬动的大型物件现在用起重机就能轻易达到效果，尤其是在小范围的搬动过程中起重机的作用是相当明显的。 战后的前几年，世界性的工业诞生了，起重机行业几乎完全停止。然而到这个年代末，起重机的建造变得多元化并传播到世界各地，它的前所未有的蓬勃发展似乎整个工业注入了新能源。轻型起重机投入到工作地点并准备作为主要机械，因为人们意识到了在工作间不用拆除他们的的优点。这些新的设计也不再需要其他起重设备协助操纵——相比以前在安装前要进行繁琐的设计。但是，在这一切之前发生了恐怖的第二次世界大战。到1940年，欧洲完全陷入了战争中。到战争结束后的几十年来，欧洲和世界其他地区发生了巨大的政治，经济和社会变化，将影响整个社会结构，包括建造业和起重机行业。在美国，蒸汽机已开始改为柴油机——到1953年超过百分之五十的机车将使用柴油机。战争期间，挖掘机，铲运机和起重机的大规模生产在继续。例如1940年，看到Thew推出新的'Lorain Motocrane'系列。这其中包括三种起重机，是历史上首次自身安装了底盘的起重机。最小的MC - 2 ，起重量达7.6吨，MC – 2起重量为9.9吨，MC – 3起重量为13.5吨。这些起重机许多被用于军队，有的还安装在港口用作港湾式起重机（在MC - 4型）。当然，这场战争已经削弱了能在起重机行业工作的健壮的男人的数量，并且优秀的起重机司
机严重短缺。在Thew ，一位毕业于美国海军学院的经验丰富的技工A C Burch和L K Jenkins进行了为期两天的起重机业务课程的教授。这两位绅士好比是我们今天所知的―经营者培训‖的创始人。他们实际上已设计了动力起重机，都深深地了解起重机，并很高兴传授这方面的知识。 当日本国家铁路公司致力于采购一种旨在搬动钢轨扣板的原型机，潮流逆转。该设备工作极为出色。iVlasuo Tadano环游日本，用35毫米的电影展示该设备的强大用途。沿路上，他获取了大量订单。同时，他好像成为当今市场营销专家所宠爱的公司影像传播的先驱！ 其他国家也在大力发展起重机。特别是意大利，逐渐发展成为该行业的创新基地。1948年Carlo Raimodi在米兰附近的Legnano，首次建造了回转塔式起重机，一种经典的顶端回转起重机。公司最初成立于1863年，在生产起重机之前，是一间铸造厂并为技工和其他行业生产机械设备。当时全球建筑业空前繁荣，吸引了专业设备制造商的注意。其中许多公司在推广起重机后，推出了混凝土搅拌设备。提供了多种不同组合，例如，Reich， Ibag和Liebherr设计开发了起重机与混凝土搅拌设备一起使用的组合。 桥式起重机小车运行机构设计主要包括起升机构、小车架、小车运行机构、吊具等部分。其中的小车运行机构主要由减速器、主动轮组、从动轮组、传动轴和一些连接件组成。桥式起重机是水电站桥式起重机，安装于丰满水电站扩建工程厂房内，用于水轮发电机组及其附属设备的安装和检修工作。水电站内设备一般都是大中型设备，对桥式起重机的载荷要求较高，所以对减速器性能要求较高。 桥式抓斗起重机是桥架在高架轨道上运行，由起重小车带动抓斗抓取物料的一种桥架型起重机。桥架沿铺设在两侧高架上的轨道纵向运行，起重小车沿铺设在桥架上的轨道横向运行，构成矩形的工作范围，就可以充分利用桥架下面的空间吊运物料，不受地面设备的阻碍。桥式抓斗起重机广泛应用于电厂、煤厂等需要散料装卸的场合，由于该设备笨重，运输安装困难，对其产品质量检测一般需要在现场进行。所以要求控制设备接线方便，体积小便于携带。又由于使用现场条件不动，还要求检测设备有随机手动控制功能，以保证运行时的安全。随着对起重运输机械控制要求的不断提高,控制手段也越来越先进。目前国内的桥式起重机控制系统都需要人在现场进行控制，控制方式都比较落后。在中小型起重机中, 大都采用控制器直接控制大、小车运行, 主、副钩提升、下降重物及调速。