英语演讲练习II
辅导材料
孙启湲
天津理工大学机械工程学院
主要内容
?一、《英语演讲练习II》教学要求
?二、英语科技论文写作
?三、科技英语演讲技巧
?四、演示文档（ppt）的要点
?五、结课要求
?六、论文模板
第一部分《英语演讲练习II》教学要求
?课程概要
–本课程主要考查学生综合运用专业知识和英语知识的能力。
?教学目的及要求
–考查学生的英语听力理解能力和口语表达能力，能够和来自英语国家的人士进行比较流利的会话，较好地掌握会话策略，能基本表达个人意见、情感、观点等，能基本陈述事实、事件、理由等，表达思想清楚，语音、语调基本正确。有较强的阅读理解能力和书面表达能力，能够撰写专业报告并借助PPT等文件比较流利地做10分钟左右的英语专业报告。
?课程章节主要内容及学时分配
–由于本课程为0学时课程，并着重考查学生综合运用专业知识和英语知识的能力，因此对学生的基本要求如下：
?1．听力理解能力：
–能够基本听懂来自英语国家人士的谈话和讲座，能听懂题材熟悉、篇幅较长的国内英语广播或电视节目，语速为每分钟150词左右。能基本听懂外国专家用英语讲授的专业课程。能掌握其中心大意，抓住要点。
?2．口语表达能力：
–能够和来自英语国家的人士进行比较流利的会话，较好地掌握会话策略，能基本表达个人意见、情感、观点等，能基本陈述事实、事件、理由等，表达思想清楚，语音、语调基本正确。
?3．阅读理解能力：
–能基本阅读英语国家报刊杂志的一般性题材的文章，阅读速度为每分钟80词，在快速阅读篇幅较长的材料时，阅读速度达到每分钟120词，能就阅读材料进行略读或寻读。能够基本读懂自己专业方面的综述性文献，并能正确理解中心大意，抓住主要事实和有关细节。
?4．书面表达能力：
–能写日常应用文，能写自己专业论文的英语摘要，能借助参考资料写出与专业相关、结构基本清晰、内容较为丰富的报告和论文，能描写各种图表，能就一定的话题在半小时内写出160词的短文，内容完整，条理清楚，文理通顺。?5．翻译能力：
–能借助词典翻译一般英美报刊上题材熟悉的文章，能摘译所学专业的英语科普文章，并能撰写所学专业的英语小论文。英汉译速为每小时350英语单词，汉英译速为300个汉字。译文基本通顺、达意，无重大语言错误。
?课程教学的基本要求
?考试环节：
–能够撰写专业报告并借助PPT等文件比较流利地做15分钟左右的英语专业演讲，然后回答答辩小组的问题5分钟左右。
–其中演讲部分占60％，回答问题占40％。
第二部分英语科技论文写作
一、科技论文写作的意义
二、论文的结构安排与撰写
三、科技英语的文法与表达
一、科技论文写作的意义
?一项科学实验无论取得多么重大的研究成果，在未发表之前，就不能说它是完整的。有创造性的研究成果必须发表，而成果的发表是研究过程的精髓。
?Publish or perish (发表或者灭亡)
?a科研成果：如果没有发表，就等于不曾存在；
?a科研人员：没有论著发表，职业生涯将难以为继
?There are three necessary steps in useful research：the first to begin it, the second to end it and the third to publish it.
M. Faraday
1. 科学论文的定义
?（1）原始研究结果的首次披露
?（2）采用一定的形式，使作者的同行能重复实验、审查作者的结论
?（3）在杂志或其他能为科学界利用的原始文件上发表。
?（4）在学术会议上宣读，和同行进行学术交流
2. 科技论文的突出特点：
?(1) 科学性：
?内容：是科学研究的成果，是客观存在的自然现象及其规律的反映；
?形式：其结构是清晰而严谨的，符合思维的一般规律，逻辑思维周密，语言简炼明确客观，格式比较固定。
?研究和写作过程：要求作者从选题、收集材料、论证问题，到研究结束，形成正式论文这一系列过程中，都应以实事求是的态度对待一切问题
?(2) 创新性
?科技论文不同于教科书和综述性的科学报告，后者的主要任务在于传授知识，能否提出新的内容并不起决定作用，而科技论文则必须有新的内容。
?创新是一个民族的灵魂，创新也是一个科技论文必备的条件。有无新的内容，是否对人类的科学进步有所贡献，这是衡量科技论文价值的根本标准，也是科技论文同其它科技文你的重要区别。
?(3) 学术性
?写作目的：科技论文研究应是与建设和发展某学科或学科的某一方面有密切关系的问题。
?写作过程：科技论文应对新的发现和发明，既重视运用，又重视理论分析。
?论说性文体：与科技应用文、科技新闻、科普作品不同，科技论文的写作是科学研究活动的一个重要组成部分，它要在科学研究的基础上，运用逻辑思维和综合分析的方法，通过推理，来论证自己的观点的正确或批驳别人观点的错误；科技论文是学术论文的书面表达形式。
?(4) 专业性
?不同的专业的科技论文的内容和表示形式不尽相同。
?可将科技论文分为理论型、实验型和描述型三种。
?理论型论文的主要研究方法是理论分析；
?实验型论文的主要研究方法是设计实验、实验过程研究和实验结果分析；
?描述型论文的主要研究方法是描述说明，目的是介绍新发现的事物或现象及其所具有的科学价值，重点说明这一新事物是什么现象或不是什么现象。?(5) 实用性
?为人所用，不要让别人看不懂；
3. 科学论文的结构
?引言、方法、结果和讨论需要回答：
?（1）研究什么问题，问题的位置。
需在引言中回答。
?（2）怎样研究这个问题。
在材料和方法章节中回答。
?（3）新的发现在结果一章中。
?（4）新发现的意义在讨论中回答。
4. 科技论文写作的意义
?1）增进交流，提高水平,推动科学事业的发展
?2）提高逻辑思考和分析问题的能力
?3）培养严谨的工作作风
?4）写作对阅读、听力、口语有促进作用
5. 应该发表什么样的科技论文？
?一点之见即成文;
?避免无意或有意的剽窃行为(即: 引述他人思想、数据或论述而不注明出处)；?避免一稿多投或一稿多发；
?抄一篇为剽窃，抄多篇为创新
6. 科技英文写作与讲演
?寻找创建模板的论文
—发表于国际知名期刊；
—最近3－5年内发表;
—至少有一位英语母语的作者
?创建模板
—句子的结构、长度、句式变化；
—动词、转接词、介词的使用；
—动词时态；
—怎样开始和结束；
—如何及何时承认他人的贡献
二、论文的结构安排与撰写
科技论文的结构
?论文题名+眉题
?作者姓名+通讯地址
?摘要+关键词
?引言(Introduction)
?材料与方法(Materials and methods)
?结果(Results)
?讨论与结论(Discussion & Conclusion)
?致谢
?参考文献
（一）科技论文的结构: 主体部分
?引言(Introduction)
?材料与方法(Materials and methods)
?结果(Results)
?讨论与结论(Discussion & Conclusion)
1. Introduction：写作内容
?综述研究背景：概述本项工作的研究或观察的理论基础，给出简明的理论或研究背景，一定要列举重要的相关文献；
?指出存在问题：说明为什么要做这项工作；
?阐述研究目的：说明有别于他人的―主意‖
(Write for a range of interested scientists)
―引言‖要与―讨论‖形成―呼应‖关系(Use your Discussion as a guideline)
引言：注意事项
?应引用―最相关‖的文献以指引读者. 力戒刻意回避引用最重要的相关文献；
?避免不恰当地大量引用作者本人的文献；
?解释或定义专门术语或缩写词, 以帮助编辑、审稿人和读者阅读与理解；
?叙述前人工作的欠缺以强调自己研究的创新时, 应慎重且留有余地（避免―首次提出‖、―重大发现‖，等）
——To the author‘s knowledge…
——There is little information available in literature about…；
等等
2.材料与方法(Materials and methods) ↑
Materials and methods: 写作内容
?明确描述实验对象和方法的选择；
?详细描述实验方法和实验步骤;
?列举建立方法的参考文献，并做简要描述(但不需全部重复描述);
?如果对已有方法进行了新的或实质性的改进，就要清楚地说明改进的理由
材料与方法: 英文表达
?不可遗漏动作的执行者：
——To determine its respiratory quotient, the organism was… (the organism determine…?)
——Having completed the study, the bacteria were of no further interest. (the bacteria completed the study?)
?文献引用尽量准确、具体：
——cells were broken by as previously described[9]应改为：cells were broken by ultrasonic treatment as previously described[9].
3. 结果(Results) ↑
Results：总体要求
?对实验或观察结果的表达要高度概括和提炼(按逻辑顺序描述或总结重要的观察结果)；
?数据表达可采用文字与图表相结合的形式(避免使用文字、图、表重复同一数据)；?尽可能列出―结果‖的原始数据，而不能只报道统计处理后的数据
The choice between a Figure or a Table
?表格：很方便地列举大量精确数据或资料；
?图形：直观、有效地表达复杂数据，尤其是不同组数据间的比较、关联、趋势等；?表格和图形应具有―自明性‖ ；
?图表题名：准确而清楚地表达出数据或资料的含义, 切忌简单地描述数据
—图表是论文中的空白处(blank area)
表格的修改
插图的制作
?不要因追求美术效果而将图形做得过于花哨(如增加不必要的阴影或立体效果等)；?坐标图的标值应尽量取0.1–1000之间的数值；坐标轴的说明应清楚, 量和单位缺一
不可
?照片图必须具备高清晰度，显微照片的放大倍数应使用图示法(标尺刻度)表示，照片中的符号、字母、数字等，必须在图注中详细说明
4. 讨论与结论(Discussion & Conclusion)
（1）Discussion - 讨论
?―讨论‖的重点在于对研究结果的解释和推断, 并说明作者的结果是否支持或反对某种观点、是否提出了新的问题或观点等；
?撰写讨论时要避免含蓄, 尽量做到直接、明确, 以便审稿人和读者了解论文为什么值得引起重视（Place your results in a wider context）
讨论：基本内容
?对结果提出说明、解释或猜测; 根据这些结果, 能得出何种结论或推论？
?指出研究的局限性以及这些局限对研究结果的影响; 并建议进一步的研究题目或方向;
?指出结果的理论意义(支持或反驳相关领域中现有的理论、对现有理论的修正)和实际应用
讨论：注意事项
?对结果的解释要重点突出, 简洁、清楚：着重讨论本研究的重要发现，以及由此得出的结论，不要过细地重复引言或结果中的数据或资料；
?推论要符合逻辑, 避免实验数据不足以支持的观点和结论；
?对结果的科学意义和实际应用的表达要实事求是, 适当留有余地；
?讨论的最后最好是论文的最重要的结论(take-home-message)
讨论：时态
?现在时：具有普遍的意义推论或结论：
——The experimental and theoretical values for the yields agree well.
——Our data suggest that the reaction rate may be determined by the amount of oxygen available.
?过去时：所概述推论的有效性只是针对本次特定的研究：
——In the first series of trials, the experimental values were all lower than the theoretical predictions.
（2）Conclusion - 结论
?有时也可将―结论‖单独列为一节(通常可包括在―讨论‖ 或―结果与讨论‖中)；?―结论‖中的基本内容:
?作者本人研究的主要认识或论点;
?总结性地阐述本研究结果可能的应用前景、研究的局限性及需要进一步深入的研究方向;
?结论中不应涉及新的事实, 也不能简单地重复摘要、引言、结果或讨论等章
节中的句子
（二）科技论文的结构: 篇前部分
?论文题名+眉题(Running Title)
?作者姓名+通讯地址
?摘要+关键词
1. Title
?题名
?以最少数量的单词来充分表述论文的内容
?题名的作用
?吸引读者. 题名相当于论文的―标签‖(label), 题名如果表达不当, 就会失去其应有的作用, 使真正需要它的读者错过阅读论文的机会；
?帮助文献追踪或检索. 文献检索系统多以题名中的主题词作为线索, 因而这些词必须要准确地反映论文的核心内容, 否则就有可能产生漏检
题名: 基本要求
?准确(Accuracy)：准确地反映论文的内容；
?简洁(Brevity)：中文最好不超过20个汉字，英文最好不超过10 – 12个单词；?清楚(Clarity)：清晰地反映文章的具体内容和特色, 力求简洁有效、重点突出?尽可能将表达核心内容的主题词放在题名开头；
?慎重使用缩略语；
?避免使用化学式、上下角标、特殊符号(数字符号、希腊字母等)、公式等;
?避免使用Thoughts on ..., Regarding …, Study…, 等
论文题名举例
?Bad:
Action of antibiotics on bacteria
?Bad:
Preliminary observations on the effect of certain antibiotics on various species of bacteria
?Good:
Action of Streptomycin on Mycobacterium tuberculosis
?Better:
Inhibition of growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by Streptomycin
论文题名举例：介词问题
Bad:
Linear programming method of optimization of systems of partial differential equation
Good:
Linear programming method for optimization of partial differential equation systems (偏微分方程系统最优化的线性程序设计方法)
Bad:
Formulation of equations of vertical motion of finite element form for vehicle-bridge interaction system
Good:
Finite element based formulations for vehicle-bridge interaction system considering vertical motion
（车桥相互作用系统有限元形式的竖向运动方程）
论文题名举例: 缩略语的使用
?The effects of air pollutants on taking of SARS GEE
用广义估计方程研究大气污染对SARS发病的影响
GEE—generalized estimating equation
?The quarantine measures and preventative countermeasures of preventing the propagation of RIFA through international shippings
防止红火蚊随国际航行船舶传播的检疫措施与防控对策
RIFA—red imported fire ant
题名类型
?名词词组: Inositol trisphosphate and calcium signaling (三磷酸肌醇和钙信号表达) ?主副题名: WAF1：A potential mediator of p53 tumor suppression (WAF1: p53肿瘤抑制作用的一个可能介导因子)
?系列题名: Density-functional thermochemistry. III. The role of exact exchange (密度函数的热化学: 3. 正解交换的作用)
?陈述性题名: The p21 Cdk-interacting protein Cip1 is a potent inhibitor of G1 cyclin-dependent kinases (p21 Cdk作用蛋白(又称Cip1)是G1细胞周期依赖性蛋白激酶的强抑制剂)
?疑问句题名: When is a bird not a bird?
2. Running Title (眉题)
?用于论文的页眉
?是论文题名的缩写，一般不超过40个字符
?应包含论文中最核心的内容
?期刊的习惯
Running Title：举例
?题目：WAF1: p53肿瘤抑制作用的一个可能介导因子
WAF1：A potential mediator of p53 tumor suppression
眉题：WAF1 as a mediator of p53 function
?题目：淋巴细胞再循环和白细胞迁移中的路径信号: ……
Traffic signals for lymphocyte recirculation and leukocyte emigration: the multistep …
眉题：Traffic signals for leukocyte circulation
2. Who are the authors?
?国际医学期刊编辑委员会(ICMJE)有关作者资格的界定:
(1) 课题的构思与设计，资料的分析和解释；
(2) 文稿的写作或对其中重要学术内容作重大修改；
(3) 参与最后定稿，并同意投稿和出版
—以上3项条件应全部具备方可成为作者; 作者的排列顺序应由所有作者共同决定; 每位作者都应该能够就论文的全部内容向公众负责
Who is the first author?
?论文的执笔人或主要撰写者应该是第一作者；
?贡献相同作者的表达：
—共同第一作者,
—通讯作者(To whom correspondence should be addressed / Correspondence author),
—这些作者对研究工作的贡献是相同的
?避免―搭车‖署名、不能遗漏应该署名的作者、不可擅自将知名人士署为作者之一以提高论文声誉和影响
作者姓名的拼音表达方式
?国家标准(GB/T 16159-1996) : 汉语人名按姓和名分写, 姓和名的开头字母大写, 如: Wang Jianguo (王建国), Dongfang Shuo (东方朔), Zhuge Kongming (诸葛孔明), 等；
?―中国学术期刊(光盘版)检索与评价数据规范‖ ：姓前名后, 姓氏的全部字母均大写, 复姓应连写. 名字的首字母大写, 双名中间加连字符; 名字不缩写. 如: ZHANG Ying (张颖), WANG Xi-lian (王锡联), ZHUGE Hua (诸葛华)
作者姓名的拼音表达方式
?国外期刊一般会尊重作者对自己姓名的表达方式(但大多倾向于大写字母只限于姓和名的首字母)；
?发表于―Nature‖(2002, 415: 732)的一篇短文中3位作者姓名的表达分别为Shengli Ren, Guang‘an Zu, Hong-fei Wang
(任胜利, 祖广安, 王鸿飞)
缩写: Ren S, Zu G, Wang H F
?应尽量采用相对固定的英文姓名的表达形式, 以减少在文献检索和论文引用中被他人误解的可能性
作者地址的标署
?尽可能地给出详细的通讯地址；
?如果论文出版时作者调到一个新的地址, 新地址应以―Present address‖(现地址)的形
式在脚注中给出；
?如果第一作者不是通讯作者, 作者应按期刊的相关规定表达, 并提前告诉编辑. 期刊多以星号(*)、脚注或致谢的形式标注通讯作者或联系人。
3. Abstract
?摘要：以提供文献内容梗概为目的, 不加评论和补充解释, 简明、确切地记叙文献重要内容的短文；
?摘要的类型
(1) 报道性摘要: 全面、简要地概括论文的目的、方法、主要数据和结论. 结构式摘要
(2) 指示性摘要：只简要概括论文的主题；
(3) 报道-指示性摘要: 以报道性摘要的形式表述论文中的信息价值较高的部分, 以指示性摘要的形式表述其余部分
?摘要的要素：
?①研究目的: 准确描述该研究的目的,说明提出问题的缘由，表明研究的范围和重要性。
?②研究方法: 简要说明研究课题的基本设计, 结论是如何得到的。
?③结果: 简要列出该研究的主要结果，有什么新发现，说明其价值和局限。叙述要具体、准确并给出结果的置信值。
?④结论: 简要地说明经验，论证取得的正确观点及理论价值或应用价值，是否还有与此有关的其它问题有待进一步研究，是否可推广应用等。
Structured Abstract (结构式摘要)
?是报道性摘要的结构化表达
(1) 目的(Objective): 研究的问题、目的或设想等;
(2) 设计(Design): 研究的基本设计, 样本的选择;
(3) 单位(Setting): 开展研究的单位;
(4) 对象(Patients, Participants): 研究对象的信息;
(5) 处置(Interventions): 处置方法;
(6) 主要结果测定(Main Outcome Measures): 实验过程;
(7) 结果(Results): 研究的主要发现;
(8) 结论(Conclusions): 主要结论及其潜在应用
结构式摘要的类型
?New England Journal of Medicine
Background, Methods, Results, Conclusions
?The Lancet
Background, Methods, Findings, Interpretation
?JAMA
Context, Objective, Design, Setting, Patients, Interventions, Main Outcome Measures, Results, Conclusion
摘要：撰写技巧(1)
?确保摘要的―独立性‖ 或―自明性‖: 尽量避免引用文献、图表和缩写；
?尽量避免使用化学结构式、数学表达式、角标和希腊文等特殊符号；
?可适当强调研究中的创新、重要之处; 尽量包括论文的主要论点和重要细节(重要的论证或数据)
?Despite the remarkable thermochemical accuracy of Kohn-Sham density-functional theories with gradient corrections for exchange-correlation [see, for example, A. D. Becke, J. Chem. Phys. 96, 2155 (1992)], we believe that further improvements are unlikely unless exact-exchange information is considered. Arguments to support this view are presented, and … 报道+指示性摘要
摘要：撰写技巧(2)
?摘要应拥有一次文献同等量的主要信息，即不阅读文献的全文，就能获得必要的信息。因此，摘要是一种可以被引用的完整短文。
?用第三人称。作为一种可阅读和检索的独立使用的文体，摘要只能用第三人称而不用其他人称来写。有的摘要出现了―我们‖、―作者‖作为摘要陈述的主语，一般讲，这会减弱摘要表述的客观性，有时也会出现逻辑上讲不通。
?排除在本学科领域方面已成为常识的或科普知识的内容。
?不得简单地重复论文篇名中已经表述过的信息。
摘要：撰写技巧(3)
?要客观如实地反映原文的内容，要着重反映论文的新内容和作者特别强调的观点。?要求结构严谨、语义确切、表述简明、一般不分段落；切忌发空洞的评语，不作模棱两可的结论。
?要采用规范化的名词术语;
?不使用相邻专业的读者尚难于清楚理解的缩略语、简称、代号。如果确有必要，在摘要中首次出现时必须加以说明;
摘要：撰写技巧(4)
?不得使用一次文献中列出的章节号、图、表号、公式号以及参考文献号;
?要求使用法定计量单位以及正确地书写规范字和标点符号;
?英文摘要不宜超过250个实词;
?众所周知的国家、机构、专用术语尽可能用简称或缩写;
?不进行自我评价。
?Neural Network-Based Adaptive Controller Design of Robotic Manipulators with an Observer
?Abstract —A neural network (NN)-based adaptive controller with an observer is proposed in this paper for the trajectory tracking of robotic manipulators with unknown dynamics nonlinearities. It is assumed that the robotic manipulator has only joint angle
position measurements. A linear observer is used to estimate the robot joint angle velocity, while NN‘s are employed to further improve the control performance of the controlled system through approximating the modified robot dynamics function. The adaptive controller for robots with an observer can guarantee the uniform ultimate bounds of the tracking errors and the observer errors as well as the bounds of the NN weights. For performance comparisons, the conventional adaptive algorithm with an observer using linearity in parameters of the robot dynamics is also developed in the same control framework as the NN approach for on-line approximating unknown nonlinearities of the robot dynamics. Main theoretical results for designing such an observer-based adaptive controller with the NN approach using multilayer NN‘s with sigmoidal activation functions, as well as with the conventional adaptive approach using linearity in parameters of the robot dynamics are given. The performance comparisons between the NN approach and the conventional adaptation approach with an observer is carried out to show the advantages of the proposed control approaches through simulation studies. Keywords (关键词)（1）
?概念：关键词是为了满足文献标引或检索工作的需要而从论文中取出的词或词组。?关键词包括主题词和自由词两部分：
?主题词是专门为文献的标引或检索而从自然语言的主要词汇中挑选出来的，并加以规范化了的词或词组；
?自由词则是未规范的即还未收入主题词表中的词或词组。
?Index Terms —Robot, observer, neural networks, adaptive control, stability
Keywords (关键词)（2）
?不要使用过于宽泛的词做关键词(例如：有机化合物，生态科学，等等)，以免失去检索的作用；
?避免使用自定的缩略语、缩写字作为关键词，除非是科学界公认的专有缩写字(如: DNA);
（三）科技论文的结构: 篇尾部分
?致谢(Acknowledgements)
?参考文献(References)
1. Acknowledgements
?对于不够署名条件, 但对研究成果确有贡献者, 可以―致谢‖的形式列出, 作为致谢的对象通常包括:
—协助研究的实验人员;
—为研究提供方便(仪器、测试等) 的机构或人员;
—提出过指导性意见的人员;
—资金资助项目或类别(但不宜列出得到经费的数量)
致谢：尽量具体、如实
?应尽量指出致谢对象的具体帮助与贡献；
?致谢某人可能暗含着某人赞同论文的观点或结论: 如果被感谢的人并不同意论文的全部观点或结论, 那么论文公开后被感谢的人和作者都会很尴尬；
?表示应有的礼貌和尊重: 投稿前应请所有被感谢的对象阅读论文的定稿(尤其要包括―致谢‖部分), 以获得允许或默认
致谢：用词要恰当
?致谢的开始就用―We thank‖, 不要使用―We wish to thank‖, ―We would like to thank‖, 等；
?如果说―I wish to thank Jones for …‖则是在浪费单词, 并且也可能蕴含着我希望感谢John Jones的帮助, 但这种帮助并不那么大);
?用―I thank Jones‖更显得简明和真诚
2.参考文献(References)
References：基本原则
?所选用文献的主题必须与论文密切相关;
?必须是亲自阅读过;
?优先引用论文: 最新发表/特定期刊/特定作者;
?避免过多的作者自引;
?遵循拟投稿期刊的体例要求；
?确保文献各著录项(作者姓名, 论文题目, 期刊或专著名, 等)正确无误
参考文献的体例类型
?有250种以上的参考文献列举形式(著录项的取舍、著录项的编排顺序、字体变化、标点符号等方面)；
?
?正文中参考文献的标注类型:
?著者-出版年体系(name - year system，N-Y);
?顺序编码体系(citation - order system或citation - sequence system，C-S);
?著者-数字(顺序编码)体系(alphabet - number system，A-N)
References
Bai CH… 1995…
Cerny L, and Lenton…1995…
…
Wu G H, Hu CH, Roedder H…1995…
Zou AQ, Han AH, Chen AF…2004…
References
1. Solodov F…2002 …
2. Cerny L, and Lenton…1995…
…
9. Zou AQ, Han AH, Chen AF…2004…
10. Wu GH, Hu CH, Roedder H…1995…
References
1. Bai CH… 1995…
2. Cerny L, and Lenton…1995…
…
7. Solodov F…2002 …
…
9. Wu GH, Hu CH, Roedder H…1995…
10 Zou AQ, Han AH, Chen AF…2004…
Long ?strings‘ of references are not helpful if given without any kind of context.
Take special care when citing papers that are contained in books or other non-serial publications. Details of the Editor and Publisher should always be given.
Always give the original title of publications in other languages using the French, German, Spanish, Portuguese etc., but the translated title of titles written in other alphabets (e.g. Russian, Japanese)
参考文献的引用格式举例
?Chinese Sci Bull
Ren, S. L., Rousseau, R., International visibility of Chinese scientific journals, Scientometrics, 2002, 53: 389–405
?Nature
Ren, S. & Rousseau, R. International visibility of Chinese scientific journals. Scientometrics, 2002, 53(3): 389–405
?Science
S. Ren, R. Rousseau, Scientometrics 53, 389 (2002)
?Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
Ren, S. & Rousseau, R. (2002) Scientometrics 53, 389–405
三、科技英语的文法与表达
1. 文体特点:
词义明确、结构严谨、文风比较朴素和单纯；
?非英语母语作者的表达问题：
?句子内容的连贯性,
?论述的逻辑性,
?语法的正确程度,
?作者熟练使用语言表达论点的能力,
?论文中各部分的组织结构是否层次分明, 等等
2. Very long sentences
?In English, the main idea and each supporting idea is typically written in separate sentences.
?One can usually recognize a very long sentence by its length –sixty words or more. However, sentences of smaller lengths can also be too long if they contain multiple statements that confuse the main idea.
?Too long:
The gear transmission is grade seven, the gear gap is 0.00012 radians, the gear gap has different output values corresponding to any given input value, nonlinearity of the gear gap model can be described by using the phase function method, the existing backlash block in the non-linear library of the Matlab/zdimulink toolbox can be used, the initial value of gear gap in the backlash block is set to zero.
?Correct:
The gear transmission is grade seven. The gear gap, which is 0.00012 radians, has different output values corresponding to any given input value. The nonlinearity of the gear gap model can be described by using the phase function method. The existing backlash block in the non-linear library of the Matlab/zdimulink toolbox can be used; the initial value of gear gap in the backlash block is set to zero.
3. Main idea at the beginning
?Bring the main idea to the beginning of the sentence stating any purpose, locations, reasons, etc., afterwards.
Incorrect:
To ensure sheet metal quality as well as assembly quality, CMMs are widely used in automotive industry production.
Correct:
CMMs are widely used in automotive industry production to ensure sheet metal quality as well as assembly quality.
4. ‘In this paper’, ‘in this study’
?In some papers written by Chinese, these phrases can occur as much as twice per page. In papers written by native English writers these phrases are reserved for primarily two uses.
?Actually, the reader is aware that the work presented is by the author (unless the author states otherwise) so there is no reason to repeat these phrases.
?The ?study (or research)‘ is the work the author(s) did.
?The paper is the mode to present this work and is what the reader is holding/reading. (This paper present…)
Awkward:
In this paper, IDEAS was used to ….
Correct:
In this study, IDEAS was used to….
Awkward:
In the paper, a SZG4031 towing tractor is used as the sample vehicle, it components …
Correct:
In this study, a SZG4031 towing tractor is used as the sample vehicle, it components …
5. at home / abroad
?International papers should not use location dependant terms such as ?at home‘, ?abroad‘, ?here‘, ?our country‘ because the reader most likely is not Chinese and not in China.
at home, our country = in China
abroad = outside China
overseas = outside the mainland of China
6. Arabic Numbers
?Should never be used at the beginning of sentences
?Should not be used to give general information
?11 parameters were selected for the experiment.
√Eleven parameters were selected for the experiment.
?All 3 studies concluded that the mean temperature should be 30 ?C.
√ All three studies concluded that the mean temperature should be 30 ?C.
7. Avoid redundancy
?research work = research / work
?limit condition = limit / condition
?sketch map = sketch / Map
?layout scheme = layout / scheme
?simulation results = results / simulation
?calculation results = results / calculation
8.a, an, the
(1) Omitted where they are required;
(2) Used where they are not needed
(3) Used wrongly in place of the correct article.
Incorrect: Figure 2 shows the distribution of relative velocity on surface of main and splitter blades.
Correct: Figure 2 shows the distribution of relative velocity on the surface of the main and splitter blades.
Incorrect: The software PowerSHAPE is chosen to be a 3D modeling tool; …
Correct: The software PowerSHAPE is chosen to be the 3D modeling tool; …
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has played a extremely important role in structural identification of organic compound. Because it can resolve molecular structure with high precision without destroying molecular biological function, it is expected for biological analysis. However, due to diversity and complexity of biological molecule,
large amount of structural information are still unknown.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) has played an extremely important role in the structural identification of organic compounds. Because NMR can resolve …, it is expected for the biological analysis. However, because of the diversity and complexity of biological molecules, much structural information remains unknown.
9. U.K. English vs. U.S. English
sulphide sulfide
colour color
analyse analyze
catalogue catalog
?Most word processors have built-in spelling (and grammar) checkers. Use them! They are not always perfect, but will help erase common problems
10. SI单位及其倍数单位的应用与表达
?SI单位的倍数单位应根据使用方便的原则选取: 一般应使量的数值处于0.1-1000之间. 如:
0.003 94 m 可写成 3.94 mm;
3.1 ? 10-8 s 可写成31 ns
?两个或两个以上的单位相乘所构成组合单位作为分母时, 应使用括号或连乘表示, 以避免误解. 如:
正确：m?kg/(s3?A)，m?kg?s-3?A-1
错误：m?kg/s3/A, m?kg/s3?A
量符号的字体形式
?量符号中下标符号表达的原则为: 表示物理量符号的下标用斜体; 其他下标用正体. 例如:
正体下标: C g (g - gas, 气体);μr (r - relative, 相对)
斜体下标: C p (p-压力); ∑n a nθn (n-连续数)
?一些约定的常数(Re, Fo等), 使用斜体形式；
?有关矢量、张量和矩阵等符号, 需要采用黑斜体形式;
?动植物等属以下(含属)的拉丁文名称(如: E. coli, Oryza), 使用斜体形式
we are the world ,we are the future someone said ?°we are reading the first verse of the first chapter of a book, whose pages are infinite?±. i don?t know who wrote these words, but i?ve always liked them as a reminder that the future can be anything we want it to be. we are all in the position of the farmers. if we plant a good seed ,we reap a good harvest. if we plant nothing at all, we harvest nothing at all. we are young. ?°how to spend the youth??± it is a meaningful question. to answer it, first i have to ask ?°what do you understand by the word youth??± youth is not a time of life, it?s a state of mind. it?s not a matter of rosy cheeks, red lips or supple knees. it?s the matter of the will. it?s the freshness of the deep spring of life. youth means a temperamental predominance of courage over timidity of the appetite , for adventure over the love of ease. this often exists in a man of 60 more than a boy of 20 . nobody grows old merely by a number of years . we grow old by deserting our ideals. years wrinkle the skin , but to give up enthusiasm wrinkles the soul . worry , fear , self ¨Cdistrust bows the heart and turns the spirit back to dust . whether 60 of 16 , there is in every human being ?s heart the lure of wonders, the unfailing childlike appetite of what?s next and the joy of the game of living . in the center of your heart and my heart there?s a wireless station : so long as it receives messages of beauty , hope ,cheer, courage and power from men and from the infinite, so long as you are young . a poet said ?°to see a world in a grain of sand, and a heaven in a wild flower, hold infinity in the palm of your hand, and eternity in an hour. several days ago, i had a chance to listen to a lecture. i learnt a lot there. i?d like to share it with all of you. let?s show our right palms. we can see three lines that show how our love.career and life is. i have a short line of life. what about yours? i wondered whether we could see our future in this way. well, let?s make a fist. where is our future? where is our love, career, and life? tell me.yeah, it is in our hands. it is held in ourselves. we all want the future to be better than the past. but the future can go better itself. don?t cry because it is over, smile because it happened. from the past, we?ve learnt that the life is tough, but we are tougher. we?ve learnt that we can?t choose how we feel, but we can choose what about it. failure doesn?t mean you don?t have it, it does mean you should do it in a different way. failure doesn?t mean you should give up, it does mean you must try harder. as what i said at the beginning, ?°we are reading the first verse of the first chapter of a book, whose pages are infinite?±. the past has gone. nothing we do will change it. but the future is in front of us. believe that what we give to the world, the world will give to us. and from today on, let?s be the owners of ourselves, and speak out ?°we are the world, we are the future.?±?a?t￡o3·??óà???ó￠ó??Y?2?? 3·??óà???ó￠ó??Y?2?? ?Y?2??ò?￡o3·??óà???ó￠ó??Y?2?? you will no longer fear making new sounds, showing new facial expressions, using your body in new ways,approaching new people, and
my chinese dream 我的中国梦 i am very glad to stand here to give thier a short speech.today my topic is that the youth are the future of motherland 很高兴站在这里做这篇短小的演讲，我演讲的主题是青年是祖国的未来。 在准备英语演讲比赛的时候，我本想简单地从网上搜索一些文章作为我演讲的内容。我 看过很多文章，有著名主持人的、北大教授的、大学生的，也有初中生的。但是看完之后， 我放弃了当初的想法，我甚至为当初的想法感到有一些羞愧。因为今天我站在这里向大家演 讲的主题，是一个庄重而严肃的主题；是一个充满荣耀与自豪的主题；是每一个中华儿女共 同期盼的主题。每个人都有属于他们自己的中国梦，而我，当然也有一直萦绕在心怀只属于 我的中国梦。 so what?s my chinese dream ? finally i will announce. we had learned a lot of knowledge and understood a lot of truth in the book. we had a basic concept to our country at that time. we know that our country is full of sunshine , and we are the future of our country, and our dreams are to be the hope of our motherland. 我的中国梦是什么样的？先卖个关子。 记得刚刚上学那会儿，我们天真无邪。在课本里，我们学到了很多很多知识，也明白了 很多很多道理，我们对祖国也有了一个最基本的概念。我们知道我们的祖国到处充满阳光， 正在慢慢发展，而我们，就是祖国未来的花朵，未来的希望。我们梦想将来能够成为祖国的 希望。 这，是我们最初的中国梦。最真诚的我们，最真诚的梦。 但是，不知道什么时候开始，我们长大了，生活似乎一下子变得和以前不太一样了，与 此同时，虽然我们很不想承认但是却又不得不承认的是，我们的思想，我们的为人处世观， 我们对我们祖国的看法，也潜移默化中慢慢开始了转变。我们的社会变得到处充满欺骗、冷 漠、勾心斗角、压力、腐败、险恶，我们变得暴躁，不冷静，愤世嫉俗。我们的国家，似乎 也开始变得千疮百孔。而好多我们亲爱的祖国委以重任培养的青年学生们变得轻浮、急躁， 更别提什么梦想，什么中国梦了？ are we sick, or is our dear motherland sick? 我很惊讶，当大街上有老人摔倒，我们不敢再去扶起；我很难过，当有人做了好事被报 道，更多的人说他做作；我很伤心，当我看到我们众多的青年人变得冷漠、市侩、欺诈以及 缺乏理想。 到底是我们病了，还是我们亲爱的祖国病了？ i dont want to talk about the construction of our country politics, and also speak impassioned speech on the diaoyu island event .i just want to appeal young people,showing the side of youth,good and confidence.we must learn to organize our own thoughts, correct our own concept, and change our direction to the right side in future life. china dream actually lies in our young generation, especially of the intellectuals. 我的中国梦，不想大谈政治，也不想对钓鱼岛事件发表慷慨激昂的演讲。我只想呼吁， 呼吁我们年轻人，呼吁我们祖国的希望能够将我们的青春一面，将我们的善良一面，将我们 的自信一面好好展现出来。我们要学会整理自己的思想，端正自己看问题的观念，摆正自己 的人生方向。我们的中国梦实际上正掌握在我们自己手上，掌握在我们年青一代，尤其是知 识分子手上。
believe iｎyourself，that iｓSｅlf-ｃonfidｅｎce. Confｉdｅnce is poｗer--ｔhe power to attrａct, persuａｄe, influence, ａnd succeed．Imaｇine ｗhａｔyour liｆe woｕｌd bｅlike if ｙou ｈad an abundancｅｏf self coｎfidencｅ! Cｏnfidenｃe iｓｎ't an ｉnheｒitｅdｔraｉt, it' s a leａrned one. Tｈis ｍeans ｔhaｔyou ｃan hａve aｎａｂｕｎ－ dance of sｅlｆ－confiｄencｅ. Sｔart heｒe,ｒighｔnｏｗ. Cｏｎfidence starｔs in ｔhｅｍiｎd．What yｏu thｉnkｏｆｙｏurseｌf very muｃh ｉnfｌuences the waｙyou fｅeｌaboｕt yoursｅlf．Ｔhis, iｎturn，aｆfｅcts the waｙyou sｐｅak and ａｃt. Ｎo onｅcanｍａｋe you feel iｎfeｒior wｉtｈｏuｔｙouｒcoｎsent. The very fiｒst thｉng you haｖｅto do tｏcrｅatｅabuｎｄaｎt self-conｆidencｅisｔoｓtart thiｎｋing with coｎfｉdencｅ. Pａy attenｔiｏn to yourｉnternaｌdiaｌｏｇue,and leaｒｎtｏnotice when you a ｌlow neｇatiｖity or ｄoubtｔｏｃontｒol the ｃouｒse oｆyour thinｋｉｎg． Yoｕr eｎｖiｒonｍｅnt has ａｔｒｅmｅndｏuｓiｎflｕenｃe on you. Ｔｈｅbｏoｋs yoｕread,thｅpe ｏplｅyou spｅnｄｔimｅwitｈ, and tｈｅmｕsic yｏu listen to all iｎfluence the ｗay yoｕｔhｉｎk anｄfeel aｂoｕｔyourｓｅｌf anｄtｈe world aｒoｕｎd you. In ａnutｓｈｅll, youｒenｖiｒｏnment cａｎeitｈｅr build up ｙour self-coｎfｉｄｅncｅor drａｇit dｏｗn． If yoｕ're in a sｉtuatioｎｗhere you're ｄiｓcｏuｒａged, ｓｕch aｓan unhealｔhｙｒｅｌａｔionship oｒ ａｍisｅｒabｌｅjｏb, you hａｖe to cｈａnge that ｓituatｉon if yｏｕwaｎt your seｌf－confidence ｌevel tｏgrow. Create an envｉronmｅnt ｔhat supｐorｔs you if yoｕｒdeｓire ｔo haｖe abundaｎt self－ｃoｎfidence．Ｓpend time with confｉdeｎt peoｐlｅ. Rｅmembｅｒthose, seｌf-conｆidencｅｃan be yours. Ｔake it! 相信自己,也就是自信。自信 自信就是力量——吸引人、说服人、影响人并取得成功的力量。设想一下，如果你充满自信,你的生活会是怎样一番景象！自信并非来自遗传，是需要后天学习的。这就意味着，你也可以充满自信。从现在、从这里开始。 自信必须首先从想法开始。你怎么样看待自己,很大程度就影响了你觉得自己怎样。转而也影响了你说话、做事的方式。没有你的默认，谁也无法将你看低一等。 充满自信的第一步是要开始自信地看待自己。注意自己的内心对话,注意你什么时候让消极和怀疑控制了自己的思想。你周围的环境对你有着莫大的影响。你读的书，和你呆在一起的人，你听的音乐都对你的思维方式、对自己的感觉以及对世界的看法产生影响。 一言蔽之，你的周遭环境不是增加你的自信就是打击你的自信。 如果你现在所处的环境让你备受打击，比如说有一段不健康的关系或者一份痛苦的工作，如果你想提高自信的话，你就要改变你现在的处境。 如果你渴望充满自信,就创造一个支持你的环境,与自信的人多待在一起。 记住这些，自信就属于你。抓住它！ Life is Whａt We MakｅＩt Aｒｅyｏｕｄiｓｓatisfｉed ｗｉｔｈtodａy's succesｓ？It is the harｖest from yeｓterday＇ｓsowｉn ｇ.Do you dｒeam oｆaｇoｌｄen morｒoｗ? You wｉll reap what yoｕaｒe soｗing tｏｄay. Wｅget oｕt of lｉｆe justｗhat wｅput into iｔ.
英语演讲稿3分钟励志English speech 3 minutes inspirational 编订：JinTai College
英语演讲稿3分钟励志 小泰温馨提示：演讲稿是在较为隆重的仪式上和某些公众场合发表的讲话文稿。演讲稿是进行演讲的依据，对演讲内容和形式的规范和提示，体现着演讲的目的和手段，用来交流思想、感情，表达主张、见解；也可以用来介绍自己的学习、工作情况和经验等等；同时具有宣传、鼓动、教育和欣赏等作用，可以把演讲者的观点、主张与思想感情传达给听众以及读者，使他们信服并在思想感情上产生共鸣。本文档根据演讲稿内容要求展开说明，具有实践指导意义，便于学习和使用，本文下载后内容可随意修改调整及打印。 we are the world ,we are the future someone said “we are reading the first verse of the first chapter of a book, whose pages are infinite”. i don?t know who wrote these words, but i?ve always liked them as a reminder that the future can be anything we want it to be. we are all in the position of the farmers. if we plant a good seed ,we reap a good harvest. if we plant nothing at all, we harvest nothing at all.
大学梦想英语演讲稿(精选多篇) 大学，我们梦寐以求的地方，也是我们梦想实现的地方！当我们怀着憧憬的心情踏入大学校门时，意味着我们真正的成为了一名大 学生。我们远离父母及亲人，带着他们对自己深深的期望，只身来 到一个陌生的但能实现梦想的地方。然而，大学生不仅是一顶耀眼 的冠冕，而且还肩负着更重大的责任。我们必须全力以赴我们的大 学生活，我们必须携着理想、充满信心，精彩的度过我们的大学生活。在大学世界里，我们要学会坚强与独立，我们要学会友好的与 人相处、礼貌待人，要学会慢慢长大。我相信通过自己的努力，一 定能为我们的人生添上浓墨重彩的一笔！ 我们各自怀着自己的梦想步入大学，都希望自己可以有一番作为。但梦想往往是虚幻且美好的，梦想能否成真的关键在于行动。大学，一个给我们发展空间的地方，为此，我们必须志存高远，我们必须 努力奋斗。航标是指引我们前进的“引路人”，而风帆是助我们成 功的“终结者”，要想实现梦想，就必须坚守成功的信念，用踏实 的脚步夯实我们前进的路基，用行动来铸就梦想的辉煌。 良好的开端是成功的一半，只有一开始就全心全意、尽心尽力地去做，成功才会有保障，成功的大门才会愿意为你而启。 理想信念是人们对未来的向往和追求，崇高的理想信念是一种强大的精神力量。作为大学生，我们应该树立崇高的理想信念，努力 学习科学文化知识，用浓厚的文化底蕴来升华我们的精神境界。我 们只有怀着理想信念，才能坚定不移的往前走，唯有这样才能朝着 目标前进。理想信念给予我们无穷的力量，带着它上路我们才能看 到目标就在前方向我们招手。是的，心中装有理想信念，再难过的 关我们也可以度过，再难吃的苦我们也能熬。坚定的理想，才会迈 向人生最远的方向；坚定的信念，才会开启人生的最顶端。我们现 在所走的每一步都很关键，必须瞄准方向再前进，绝对不能在选择 方向上出现了差池。
竭诚为您提供优质文档/双击可除五分钟英文的演讲主题 篇一：3-5分钟英语演讲稿(30篇) 最好英语演讲稿汇总3——5分钟英语演讲稿汇总（30篇） 六、周怡雪，19岁，上海 Ibelieveinourfuture honorableJudges,fellowstudents: goodafternoon! Recently,therisaheateddebateinoursociety.Thecollege studentsarethebeneficiariesofarareprivilege,whorece iveexceptionaleducationat extraordinaryplaces.butwillwebeabletofacethechallen geandsupportourselvesagainstallodds?willwebeabletob etterthelivesofothers?willwebeabletoaccepttherespon sibilityofbuildingthefutureofourcountry?
Thecynicssaythecollegestudentsarethepamperedlostgen eration,whichwouldcringeattheslightestdiscomfort.bu tthecynicsarewrong.ThecollegestudentsIseeareeagerly learningabouthowtoliveindependently.wehelpeachother cleanthedormitory,goshoppingandbargaintogether,andt akeparttimejobstosupplementourpocketmoney. Thecynicssaywecarefornothingotherthangrades;andwene glecttheneedforcharactercultivation.butagain,thecyn icsarewrong.wecaredeeplyforeachother,wecherishfreed om,wetreasurejustice,https://www.doczj.com/doc/4c17512805.html,stweek,thousa ndsofmyfellowstudentshadtheirbloodtypetestedinorder tomakeacontributionforthechildrenwhosufferfromblood cancer. Ascollegestudents,weareadolescentsatthecriticalturn ingpointinourlives.weallfaceafundamentalchoice:cyni cismorfaith,eachwillprofoundlyimpactourfuture,oreve nthefutureofourcountry.Ibelieveinallmyfellowclassma tes.Thoughwearestillinexperiencedandevenalittlebitc hildish.Ibelievethatwehavethecourageandfaithtomeeta
2分钟英语演讲稿范文3篇 2分钟英语演讲稿范文一： My dream I enter tile university after years of hard study and preparation(准备). But life in the university is not as satisfactory(满意) as what I had expected. I become lazy and dont want to study.I become silcent. I become puzzled. I dont know what I can do in the future. Then I become unhappy. Four years in the university is only a short period when compared my whole lifetime. Now it has passed a half. In this year, many people ,such as my parents,my friends, ask me what I want to do and tell me to map out a plan for my life. I dont want to follow their suggestion, and I want to go my style. So I think carefully. I have been a young volunteer(志愿者) for five years.Its very happy and significant. Then I have a dream.I want to join the University Student Volunteers Go West Programe. I think I can be a teacher in the west.I want to try my best to help them and help me. I want to see the world cearly. Now I cant reach its demand and its very diffcult,but I will work hard in the next two years. There is an old sayingwhere there
三分钟励志英文演讲稿大全 励志英语演讲是用英语语言的激发力让人心潮澎湃，达到励志效果。下面是小编为你整理的几篇三分钟励志英文演讲稿，希望能帮到你哟。 三分钟励志英文演讲稿篇一 We should learn to stick to our life no matter how difficult the life is and we should learn to love others .It is the flim tellsx me . It is a story talks about a black girl named Precious .Precious isx fat and not beautiful. Her bad temped mother never workx, always cheated others to relieve her ,and atex while watching TV all day.What is worse ,Precious was only 16,but she had pregnant for twice .Out of assumption ,her child is her farther s child .Living in this life ,she alawys imagine to avoid facing her life .Fortunately,with the help and careneof the teacher and doctor ,her life became not so bad . Precious has a tough life ,and if she gives up her life and does not join the adult education ,she will not meet the teacher and her
英语十分钟演讲稿 a window is opened up at the crack of dawn, beside which one man is overlooking the the mess of buildings outside, breathing the fresh air cosily. but just after a little while, he steps to his seat, staring at the computer screen till the night. this man is very likely a programmer. there is a man who concentrates on his computer, but doesn’t care about however he dresses, or even whether he washes his face. there is a man who has a good knowledge of computer language, but has a low eq and makes a bad relationship with others. there is a man who stays at home and does his own work by himself day and night, but just has few friends. these images shown above probably are what people think of programmers as, in fact, programmers indeed give us a bad impression sometimes. however, people just have a partial understanding of programmers’ life, not to mention that they can know the fun of programming. there is no doubt that programs affect all aspects of our lives in an obvious or potential way, especially they are reflected in electronic products that we
2分钟英文演讲稿大全 篇二Discover myself Ladies and gentlemen, Good afternoon !Today the topic of my speech is “Discover myself” I think each people is unique.Everyone is different .I don’t need to envy others，because I think I am the only one in the world.So do u really know yourselfIn my parents’eyes,I am a naughty boy. In my friends’ eyes, I am a friendly boy.In my teachers’eyes,I am a boy which progresses.But how do I think of myselfI don’t know. Everone has merits and shortcomings. we need to discover our disadvantages and get rid of it . However, Lookers-on see most often.So mentors are necessary.In elementary school, I didn’t know the importance of studying.I just know playing all day.One day my english teacher told me (that) she thought I was a intelligent boy.I was shocked by what she said.I didn’t do well in my english subject at that time.I was encouraged by what she said.In other words,what she said made me exicted.Since then,I fell in love with English.I started to read some English novels and listen to music.My english
三分钟青春高考励志英语演讲稿三篇 导读：本文三分钟青春高考励志英语演讲稿三篇，仅供参考，如果觉得很不错，欢迎点评和分享。 1经典励志演讲稿We Are The World ,We Are The Future Someone said “we are reading the first verse of the first chapter of a book, whose pages are infinite”. I don’t know who wrote these words, but I’ve always liked them as a reminder that the future can be anything we want it to be. We are all in the position of the farmers. If we plant a good seed ,we reap a good harvest. If we plant nothing at all, we harvest nothing at all. We are young. “How to spend the youth?” It is a meaningful question. To answer it, first I have to ask “what do you understand by the word youth?” Youth is not a time of life, it’s a state of mind. It’s not a matter of rosy cheeks, red lips or supple knees. It’s the matter of the will. It’s the freshness of the deep spring of life. A poet said “To see a world in a grain of sand, and a heaven in a wild flower, hold infinity in the palm of your hand, and eternity in an hour. Several days ago, I had a chance to listen to a lecture. I learnt a lot there. I’d like to share it with
10分钟英语演讲稿3篇 能用中国话把演讲稿演绎得酣畅淋漓固然是本事，但用一口流利的英语仍能让人们感受到最强烈的震撼，又是另一种本领。小编为大家整理了10分钟英语演讲稿3篇，欢迎大家阅读。 10分钟英语演讲稿篇1 In the matter of courage we all have our limits. there never was a hero who did not have his bounds. i suppose it may be said of nelson and all the others whose courage has been advertised that there came times in their lives when their bravery knew it had come to its limit. I have found mine a good many times. sometimes this was expected--often it was unexpected. i know a man who is not afraid to sleep with a rattle-snake, but you could not get him to sleep with a safety-razor. I never had the courage to talk across a long, narrow room. i should be at the end of the room facing all the audience. if i attempt to talk across a room i find myself turning this way and that, and thus at alternate periods i have part of the audience behind me. you ought never to have any part of the audience behind you; you never can tell what they are going to do. I'll sit down. 10分钟英语演讲稿篇2 I heard a word"Don`t give , just be you.Because life`s too short tobe anybody else."I think what this word express is so yeah,so I wanna you to memorize it. Everyone has a beautiful dream and personal life principle.but on the way that we hunt for the keys of acheving our dreams,there are many difficulties appearing,thus,several timid men give in to them,one after another,some peaple lost their first dreams and even themselves.So!Many characters and pretty or handsome stars around us,we are obesessed with some of those,and even ad occean of peaple volunteer to imitate those
英语2分钟演讲 演讲作为一种重要的交流方式在西方拥有长远的历史，可以追溯到亚里士多德时期。演讲不分中外，所以，英文演讲在中国也甚是流行。下面是WTT小雅为你整理的几篇英语2分钟演讲，希望能帮到你哟。 英语2分钟演讲篇一 Good morning, my dear teachers and friends! My name is Li Bingke, from class four O five. Today, I am very happy to be here. My topic is “Our School”. My dear friends, welcome to our school! My school is very beautiful! It has a big playground. We can play and do some sports there. Near the playground, there is a garden. Many trees and flowers are there. So the air is very clean and we can hear birds singing in the trees. It is so wonderful. Our teaching buildings are around the garden and look like our teachers’ arms to welcome us. We can draw pictures in the art room on the first floor and read story-books in the library on the second floor. My classroom is on the third floor. It is clean and bright. We like to study in it. The computer room is on the fifth floor. We can sing and dance in the music room
3分钟励志英语演讲稿 励志英语演讲稿3分钟篇1English is a useful language all over the world. Why are we began to learn English when we were little children? Beacause it is very important for us to learn it.In the world, if you cannot speak English you will lose half a chance to success. I began to learn English when I was 8 years old.At that moment,I do not like English.I connot remember all the words which I have learnt.I think it is very difficult for me to learn it well.So I cannot read English loudly and I never answer the questions in the English classes. Even if my English is very bad, my teacher stll encourages me to learn English hard and he gives me some ways to learn English. He tells me to read passages loudly and listen to the English tapes everyday morning.In order to progress my writing he also asks me to write some articles at times. I like listen to the English songs,he suggests me to sing the English songs.As a result of his ways my English becomes well. Now, I like English very well and I still use the ways he tells me.I know I must learn English even hard.