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Comparison and Contrast
比较和对照的写作方法
一．目标、重点和难点
目标：掌握英语作文中比较和对照的写作方法（比较着重相似点，而对照强调不同之处）；
重点：熟悉比较和对照写作方法的特点、模式及相关写作语块（词组、结构及句子）；
难点：训练学生对作文主题的思维拓展以及相关语言表达的总结。
二. 基本Comparison and Contrast的写作方法
1. Definition: Comparison and contrast come in three different ways.
1) Comparison: You are asked to explain how two or more things are alike.
2) Contrast: You are asked to explain how two or more things are different.
3) Comparison and contrast: You are asked to explain how two or more things are alike
and different.
2. An Example
Here are two different ways (T-Chart and Venn Diagram) to organize information. As an example, we will look at the Smilodon and the Caribou -- two animals that lived during the Ice Ages.
1) The T-Chart:
Characteristics
2) The Venn Diagram:
Questions：
1) Compare: How were the caribou and the smilodon alike?
The caribou and the smilodon were both mammals. The smilodon lived in the Arctic regions during the Ice Ages, as did the caribou. Like the smilodon, the caribou was able to protect itself from predators.)
2) Contrast: How were the smilodon and caribou different?
Although the caribou and the smilodon were both mammals, they were very different in many ways. The caribou was a plant-eater, unlike the smilodon, which ate meat. The caribou had blunt, rounded teeth for eating plants, whereas the smilodon had sharp, pointed ones. The smilodon became extinct at the end of the Ice Ages, in contrast to the caribou, which still lives in the Arctic regions today.
三．使用比较和对照写作方法的一般是说明文与论说文，常见的比较对照有两种方式:
1. 块状比较方式（block method），先A后B，即A1, A2, A3...；B1，B2，B3...。
2. 逐点比较方式（point-by-point method），AB交错，即A1，B1；A2，B2；A3，B
3...。
范文一：Country Life and City Life
It is really hard to say which is better than the other, city life or rural life. Both have their merits and shortcomings.
Living in the city has a great many advantages. First, you can enjoy various kinds of foods, both foreign and domestic. Second, there are more cultural activities in the city – you can go to the concert, the theatre, the movies or the disco club after a day’s hard work. But city life has many problems, too. The overcrowded population, traffic jam, industrial pollution, and the lack of understanding between people may result in disease and unhappiness. Living in the country, however, you can watch the magnificent sunrise and sunset and listen to the bird singing in the tree. If you want, you can certainly have a huge garden when a small green space seems a luxury in the city. In the country, you don’t have so mucn worries. You can enjoy the pleasure of work by planting seeds in the earth and watching them grow into flowers and finally
into fruits or food. But rural life may not be that perfect. Things are going so slowly that sometimes you may feel that you are absolute left behind in some remote corners of the world. You may again miss the parties, friends and movies in the city.
Like anything else, country life and city life have their advantages and disadvantages. The best solution may be that you enjoy pleasures of both lives and get rid of their inconveniences.
范文二：Middle School Life and College Life
There are many differences between middle school and the college. First，in middle school，we have to listen to what the teacher says in class, to understand the content of the text. But in college，we must study by ourselves before class. If not，we couldn't follow the teacher. Second，there are lots of rules in middle school. For example，we should wear the uniform，the girls must have their hair cut short，and we are not allowed to make boy- or girlfriends. However，in college，we have more freedom. We can wear the clothes we like. And the girls could have long beautiful hair. We are also free to make boy or girlfriends. The third，in the middle school，we must study first.
That means we could do nothing but study. In contrast，we have to do everything by ourselves in college. That means we must plan our time carefully. There are also other differences between our school life and our college life. We have to learn to adapt ourselves to college life.
四．写作步骤
1. 写前阶段：写作提纲
1) 对两个对象或一个对象的两个方面进行比较与对照分析，找出相似点/不同之处。
如分析Online shoping or in-store shopping（网络购物还是店内购）
2. 写作阶段：利用相关资料，组织结构与内容
1) Useful words and phrases:
比较：like, similarly, likewise, in the same way, in the same manner, equally, the same as, alike, similar, and, as well as, also, too, just as, as do, as did, as does,both 对照：by contrast, on the contrary, while, whereas, on the other hand, unlike, instead, but, conversely, different from, however, nevertheless, otherwise, whereas,
unlike, yet, in contrast, in contrast to, less, as opposed to
2）Useful expressions
Just like a coin has two sides, everyting has its advantages and disadvantages, and …is no exception.
The advantage far outweigh the disadvantages.
The advantages of A are much greater than those of B.
A may be preferable to B, but A suffers from the disadvantages that...
For all the disadvantages, it has its compensating advantages.
Like anything else, it has its faults.
A and
B has several points in common.
A bears some resemblances to B.
However, the same is not applicable to B.
A and
B differ in several ways.
Evidently, it has both negative and positive effects.
The same is true of B.
Wondering as A is ,it has its drawbacks.
It is true that A ... , but the chief faults (obvious defects )are ...
3）Useful Writing Patterns
（1）块状比较框架：
It is really hard to say which is better than the other, A or B. Both have their merits and shortcomings.
A has a great many advantages. First, …. Second, …. Third, …. Wondering as A is , it has its drawbacks. First of all, …. Besides, ….
B is quite different from B in many ways. Its positive sides are as follows. Firstly, …. Sencondly, …. Like anyting else, B has its faults, such as….
Evidently, both A and B have their positive and negative aspects.The best solution may be that you enjoy pleasures of the both and get rid of their inconveniences.
（2）逐点比较框架：
Both A and B are very popular in today’s society. Just like a coin has two sides, everyting has its advantages and disadvantages, and A and B are no exception.
There are many differen ces between A and B. In the first place, A…. On the contrary, B…. In the second place，A …. Unlike A, B…. Last but by no means the least, A …. By contrast, B….
Both A and B have their strong points and weak points respectively. People can choose which way to use according to their own likes and dislikes.
3. 写作后阶段：检查与修改
1）词汇、结构、句型、时态、语法（方面的错误减到最低）；
2）句子之间的连接、段落之间的衔接（流畅；
3）整篇文章的内容（重点突出）、结构与层次（清晰、分明）；
五．写作练习：请根据自己的能力和兴趣，用比较和对照写作方法完成一篇英语作文，题目如下：
1. By Car or By Bike
2. By E-mail or By Letter
3. Live On Campus or Off Campus
4. Package Tour or Travelling On Your Own
5. College Lectures or Discussion
6. Study Abroad or At Home
六．附加材料
City Problems
1.越来越多的人涌入大城市，有些问题随之产生。
2.比较明显的大问题有......
3.我对这种现象的想法。
Nowadays, millions of migrant workers flock into cities in search of jobs and betterliving. However, with the sharp rise in the urban population, many problems arise in the development of cities.
Firstly, cities become more and more crowded, putting much pressure upon transportation, housing, sanitation, education, employment and so on. City services and facilities have been strained to a breaking point. Secondly, a growing number of private cars emit huge amount of carbon dioxide, leaving the air mercilessly polluted. What is more, the city is also threatened by rising crime. Not a single day passes without the report of someone being robbed, kidnapped or murdered. Last but not least, city-dwellers are not only separated from the natural world but also isolated from each other, even not knowing the name of their next-door neighbor.
All these problems have harmed the attractiveness of the city. Unless there is some improvement, more and more people may seek to live in the suburbs.
Car and Air Pollution
1.私家轿车越来越多，有些问题随之产生。
2.比较明显的大问题有......
3.我对这种现象的看法。
Too many cars have created a lot of serious problems in our world. Besides congestion, accidents and fast fuel consumption, cars are responsible for a good part of air pollution in big cities. All the time, they are pumping huge amounts of waste gases into the atmosphere. These gases are very harmful, causing disease and even death.
One possible solution is to design and develop clean cars and clean fuels. In Shanghai, some of the public buses begin to run on natural gas, which does not give off as much carbon dioxide as the petrol. But it may take decades for the new models of clean cars completely replace the traditional ones. Another solution is to develop modern public transportation systems and restrict the use of private cars. If the price of petrol rises constantly and the public vehicles are efficient and convenient enough, most people will not buy private cars. And the total number of cars in big cities will reduce greatly.
On the whole, the elimination of air pollution needs the collective efforts from the government, the public and the environmentalists.
Campus Life
1. 有的大学生认为大学生活是丰富多彩，充实的
2. 有的大学生对校园生活不满意
3. 你理想中的大学生活是什么样的？谈谈你的感受
Early in senior high school, we longed to be enrolled in a university. Now the dream has come true. But how do we college students like our campus life?
Certainly, some relish it, finding it colorful and rewarding. Besides study, they spend considerable amount of time improving themselves in various aspect. Yet others do not think much of their college life, thus do not benefit as much. In their eyes, the university is just a bigger high school. The only difference is that they have more time at their disposal without parents looking over their shoulder.
As to me, college life is ideal if only I have abundant books to read, some bosom friends to keep me company, a couple of conscientious professors to instruct me, and an easy access to the Internet.
On Overseas Study
1.有人认为出国留学是个人发展的最佳选择
2.也有人坚持在国内也能实现自己的理想
3．我的看法
With the deepening of reform and opening—up of our country, many people dream of going abroad for further study. They insist that the modern research facilities, world famous professors and excellent environment in those foreign co11eges and universities can help lay a perfect foundation for their future development.
However, there are still many people who favor studying at home. They argue that studying abroad is too expensive and therefore doesn’t pay, They also point out that there are no language and cu1tural barriers if they study in our country.
Just as the old saying goes, “Every advantage has its disadvantage.” Both opinions are acceptable in some sense. If students have the chance and financial resources, they should
seize the opportunity to go abroad and broaden their eyes. On the other hand, if conditions don’t permit, they can pursue their studies in top universities at home. What counts is not the place where they study, but what they can learn．
Studying Abroad
Studying abroad is an excellent way for students to learn about themselves and the world in which they live. When studying in a foreign country, students will interact with people from different cultures. By doing so, they will experience the characteristics of a distinct culture and see the similarities to and differences from their own. They will have chances to visit places about which they’ve previously known only through lectures and textbooks, and to learn at least some of the native languages as well.
Not only will students learn more about the world, but they will also discover more about themselves. Through seeing how others live, students will probably think more about their own life. In doing so, they will evaluate their own values and consider their appropriate place in the world.
Finally, studying abroad would bring them "practical" benefit. With this kind of experience listed on a r6sum6, prospective employers may be impressed to know that this applicant can survive in a different environment. Thus, this person is likely to accept any challenging tasks. This is certainly a general characteristic for which employers search in a job applicant.
Studying abroad is a very useful way to enhance one s educational experience. It fosters knowledge about one's self as well as the outside world. Even those concerned with a “practical” education are likely to find it a useful endeavor after such an experience.
Western Festivals in China
1 有人崇尚过西方节目，认为是与国际接轨的途径之一。
2 有人反对过西方节日，强调要保持民族文化的纯洁性。
3 我的观点。
We are always looking forward to a variety of festivals. Among them, some are from western countries, for example, Christmas, the Valentine'S Day and so on. Some people, especially the young men, considered it natural to celebrate these festivals. They point out that accepting western festivals shows that people in China are becoming more and more aware of the importance of international cultural exchange between the countries. Celebrating the festivals of another culture is just a good chance for us to know more about it. After all, these festivals have enriched our life.
On the contrary, arguments against these western festivals can be 0ften heard among old people. They think that Chinese culture is eminent and glorious. We Chinese should keep its purity, since it is this culture that makes our nation different from others. Those exotic
festivals can not blend in with ours because of their foreign background.
As for my part, I don't think foreign festivals will do any harm to the purity or survival of our culture. Besides, whether to celebrate them is rather an individual choice. Of course, we should not forget our traditions which have descended from our ancestors thousands of years ago, but if the western festivals could bring us happi ness and joy, why can’t we celebrate them?
Something I Admire about the Western Culture Despite the cultural conflicts between the Orient and the Occident, there do exist some admirable ingredients in the Western culture.
First and foremost, the equality between parents and children. The parents are not always superior to their children, and the children do not always need to obey their parents order, that is, they are more like close friends. Second, the independent personality. Western people have a strong sense of supporting themselves and being independent. They begin earning their pocket money early in their life, even as kids. Last, Western people do not always assess a person according to his background. If only he can achieve success through personal struggle, he can win status. It's a talent-oriented society, not background-oriented.
All the above mentioned are what I admire in the western culture and what I think we Chinese should learn.
Online Shopping
1.现在越来越多的人开始通过网络购物
2.网上购物有什么利弊
①Recent years have been seeing a great increase in the number of people who prefer online shopping rather than traditional shopping. There are two causes for this phenomenon, coming as follows: For one thing, with develpment of computers and communication technology, most families can afford more than one computer, and they can find more goods and compare the price at home. People can do their shopping online without even walking out of their door, which saves them a lot of time and the trouble of taking the public transportation. For another, the price of goods on line is lower than in the supermarket or department stores, which ②appeals to people most.
But there are also some problems about online shopping. People have to make sure that eveything offered in the ③virtual shops are true to what is said about them so that they wouldn’t be cheated. In reality, many people have found that the goods delivered were not the ones they ordered, or there was great difference in quality from what they ④assumed. So we should be careful enough to avoid problems when we enjoy the convenience online shopping brings to us.
怎样提高初中英语的写作技巧和方法 西畴县逸夫中学-----杨宗粉 【摘要】：培养学生写作能力须：打好词汇量基础；熟练记住单词；熟练使用简单句；加强听力训练，；书写规范，促进写作；注重听、说、读能力的同步发展；重视课外练习。注重学生平时的单词拼写与组句能力，提醒学生积累常用表达方式，要求阅读背诵精彩段落，同时教师要利用教材话题资源，结合多种训练与评价方式，提升学生思维能力，强化写作专项指导，使学生养成英语书面表达的习惯，最终达到英语作为语言交际的目的。 【关键词】：写作技巧；词汇量；写作方法；单词拼写组句能力；阅读背诵；常用表达方式 听说读写是构成英语语言交际能力的重要组成部分，其中要求较高的是“写”的能力。《英语课程标准》对各个年级学生“写”的技能提出了明确目标对于我们农村地区的学生来说，英语写作非常困难。尤其在每一次的英语考试中，英语写作题型总是必不可少的，而且占到 15-20分左右，可见写作在英语考题中占的比例还是较大的。但一提起写作学生们就犯愁，甚至一字不写，有的干脆放弃。写一篇像样的英语作文多80%的学生来说是“难于上青天”。针对这种现象来分析学生存在的问题和解决的办法： 一、学生写作过程中出现的现状 1.词汇量太少 词汇是英语写作必不可少的基本要素，要写好一篇作文以表达自己的思想，必须以足够的词汇量为基础，但实际上大多数学生掌握的词汇
量都达不到规定的要求，因而在写作时也就不能随心所欲地表达自己的思想。出现的问题往往有拼写错误，影响理解；词语误用，表达不准确；某一词语反复使用，语言表达缺乏变式，文章显得单调乏味；文章中出现大量“造词”，让人看了啼笑皆非等。 语法规则和句型句式是英语写作涉及的另一基本要素。学生英语写作中出现的“大错”又多半是由语法错误引起的，学生在写作中语法不规范、句子结构混乱、含义不清等情况屡见不鲜，Chinese English 现象更是不乏其中，所以词汇量和语法问题是中学生英语写作时首先要解决的问题。 2.词汇错误较多 学生在写作的时候，中式英语Chinglish ：如There are many people would like to go on a vacation. I by bike to school every day. 2、词汇错误：错别字、近义词混淆、词性误用3、词组、句型使用不正确，缺乏重点句型的使用：如I spent one hour to read the book yesterday. 4、时态、语态、人称把握不正确（审题不正确）。思维模式总是先汉语，后转化为英语，可能他想到了句子该怎样写，句型也知道的，但却有个别单词不会。如：“对我来说学英语是困难的”这个句子可能他想到了，句子结构“it is＋adj for sb to do sth”也知道，但里面的形容词difficult不会写，导致句子表达含糊，以至于整篇文章错词百出，面目全非。 3.写出的长句达不到表达效果 一般的英语应试作文，总会给出汉语提示，学生写作也是从提示
Animation Industry i n Japan a nd America Rencently, young people seem to be crazy about an activity which is called C osplay.In the activity they dress up in some wired clothes and pose themselves as a character in a Japanese or American cartoon s. As we know, both Japanese and American cartoons are the most popular animation industry in the world. However, they have some differences due to their culture diversity.
More and more Japanese realize the problem that they have lots of good painter but are short of excellent marketers. Compared with Japanese cartoon,American cartoon has a complete matur e i ndustrial chain and perfect industrial structure. The Disney Company is a good example. The Disney Park built by the Disney Company has located in America, Japan, China and some European countries. You can find all the characters that exist in Disney cartoon in the park and have a good time. Although the two kinds of animation industry have developed to a high level in the world, there still are problems which prevent the industries from getting better. Maybe combine them together and strengthen their communication will be a good method. On Old People and Children A number of people have the feeling that they take care of their children easily, while they also will be subjected to their mothers’complain t s although they take care of their mothers thoughtfully. In fact,there are some similarities and differences between old people and children. As long as we learn about these below, we will deal with all of them relaxedly. First of all, old people and children have some similariies. In people have the same willfulness and the same love of
写好英语作文的方法有哪些 写好英语作文的方法 第一招：审题细心 审题好比驾驶员打方向，方向对了，哪怕开得慢点，也会顺利到目的地。如果审题不清，书面表达的成绩不知道会有多惨。学生真正开始写作前，必须花相当一部分时间做写前阅读、思考等准备，包含以下四方面： 1审体裁。根据情景提示首先要弄清写何种体裁文章。 2审结构。明确开始部分、正文部分和结尾部分，定好段落。 3审格式。如日记、便条、书信、通知的格式等。 4审内容。弄清什么必需写，哪些略写，尤其是图画式书面表达，要学会连贯性，读懂图的意思。 5审人称和时态。弄清书面表达要求用何种人称，根据材料确定短文的基本时态。 第二招：衔接流畅 恰当使用逻辑词语，使各要点间连贯，行文通顺。 表并列或递进:and,both…and...,neither…nor,not only…but also...; 表选择:or,either…or; 表转折或让步:but,although,though,however,even though,inspite of,on the contrary; 表对比:like,unlike,while; 表举例:for example,such as,that's to say; 表强调:in fact,of course,besides; 表时间顺序:when,after,before,as soon as,soon，after; 表因果关系:because,since,as,for,for this reason，as a result; 表结论:in a word,to sum up,in summary,in conclusion,on the whole. 第三招：短语地道
关于对比 共同点 The two boys had so much in common that they soon became good friends. The two ideas and the rejections are parallel to each other. The two parts compare with each other in their similarity. Both of the ideas are incorrect and are followed by corrections. Although Grant and Robert were fierce rivals during the war, their lives, both military and nonmilitary, had a great deal in common. These three types generally have the same traits. This Church was the custodian of knowledge, as well as the main employer of literate men. Rapid changes, have forced most countries to reconsider the national goals of education; Great Britain is no exception. The two systems are, in effect, identical. The individuals and the government are of the same importance. People of all ages have been playing these games. He was consistent in his attitude. 他的态度是前后一致的。 Our packing will be on a par with that of the Japanese. 我们的包装可以与日本同行相比美。 不同点 The writer presented two different ideas, one about Gail’s mother’s early idea a nd the other about other people’s idea. The television western (西方影片) of several years ago differs greatly from the western of today. This part introduces to us the love between Gail, a White woman and Mark, a black man. There is a big/great distinction between working hard and being a workaholic. Workaholics, on the other hand, are often disorganized, always find reasons for working more, feel lost without work to do, hide from problems through work, don’t know how or when to relax, bring work home from th e office, can’t communicate well with fellow workers and family members, and have unbalanced, one-dimensional lives. We seem to be more in the fast lane than ever before. They are more comfortable being with fellow workers than with family and friends.
新闻写作的方法与技巧
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浅谈新闻写作的方法与技巧 内容： 要谈谈新闻写作的方法与技巧首先要明确什么是新闻？ 新闻的概念有狭义和广义两种。 狭义的新闻专指“消息”，从大的范围来讲是指对国内外新近发生的具有一定社会价值的人和事实的简要而迅速的报道。从企业的角度来讲是指企业新近发生的具有一定现实意义、推广价值的人和事的简要报道。 广义的新闻指及时报道新近发生的重要事件或生活现象中的各种文章，包括消息、通讯、特写、速写、报告文学、采访手记、群众来信等多种新闻文体的总称；其中动态新闻是报纸、广播最常用的一种。它报道的是国内外最新发生的重大事件或新气象、新成就。 新闻的定义： 在我国新闻学术界，最权威的新闻定义，是1943年陆定一提出的新闻的定义，“就是新近发生事实的报道。”新闻界的老前辈范长江也对新闻下了一个定义，“新闻就是广大群众欲知应知而未知的重要事实”的报道。另外王中教授引入传播学概念，把新闻定义为“新近变动的事实的传布”。甘惜分教授把新闻定义为“报道或评述最新的重要事实以影响舆论的特殊手段”。不管他们怎么样界定，都离不开一个字“新”和“未知欲知”的事。 新闻的特点： 尽管新闻的类型有多种，但它们都有一个共同的特点。那就是：新、真、实、强、短、快、活。 “新闻”一词在我国最早出现在唐代。指的是新听到的国家大事；后来《红楼梦》里出现的“新闻”，开社会新闻之先河，指的是见到的有趣的新鲜事。那时的唐朝政治清明、经济繁荣、社会安定，并有国际交往。当朝的百官需要了解朝政，也需要对外作宣传介绍，这种形势必然促进政治、经济信息的公开传播。而且这个时候传播的工具如：笔、墨、帛、纸等都已具备。于是，新兴的传播媒介即最早的手写新闻——封建官报便应运而生了。 新闻的写法。每则新闻在结构上，一般包括标题、导语、主体、结语和背景五部分。前三者是主要部分，后二者是辅助部分。标题一般包括引题、正题、副题；导语，一般指“电头”后的第一句或第一段文字，用来提示消息的重要事实，使读者一目了然；主体，随导语之后，是消息的主干，是集中叙述事件、阐发问题和表明观点的中心部分，是全篇新闻的关键所在；结语，一般指消息的最后一句或一段话，是消息的结尾，它依内容的需要，可有可
经典：公文写作技巧 公文写作技巧 培训目的：使受训人员了解公文的基本特点和一般格式，掌握常用快速的写作方法及其变化提高日常公文的写作能力。 培训内容： 1、公文的概念 2、日常公文的分类 3、公文拟写的步骤与方法 4、电子公文 5、公文范例 6、尝试写作 课程长度：6时 培训方式：讲解法+范文欣赏+模拟练习 教材内容： 引言 在科学技术突飞猛进，经济竞争日趋激烈，人类社会快步走向信息时代的今天，公文在为党政机关、人民团体和企事业单位实施领导、处理公务、沟通信息、联系事务、传达企业决策中发挥着越来越重要的作用，公文的写作也正在从旧模式中解放出来，逐步走向科学化、规范化、制度化。 什么是公文？ 所谓公文，它是公务文书的简称，它是国家机关在行政管理过程中为处理公务而按规定格式制作的书面材料。公文的种类主要包括：命令、议案、决定、公告、通告、通报、报告、请示、批复、意见、函、会议纪要。 在各类企业中，所指的公文一般为商务公文，主要分为介绍报告、请示、会议纪要、工作计划要点、公司及产品介绍、信函、讲话稿、可行性报告、工作总结、市场调查报告、说明等。 公文拟写的步骤与方法 公文拟写的步骤与方法大体同一般文章的写作方式相似，但是由于公文在性质、作用上及其写作要求上的不同，拟写时也有一些需要特别注意的问题。公文的拟写通常按以下步骤进行： 一、明确发文主旨 任何一份公文都是根据工作中的实际需要来拟写的。因此，在动笔之前，首先要弄清楚发文的主旨，即发文的主题与目的，包括以下几项内容：1 1、文件的中心内容是什么？比如相关工作的改善，主要提出目前情况怎样？ 存在哪些问题，解决方式、需协助事项；再如请求事项，拟请上级机关答复或解决
农村初中英语写作教学的策略与途径初探在成功的英语学习中，作文实在是必不可少的重要因素，可惜的是，在如今的英语教学中，这本应加强的一环反而受到了削弱。作文的好处如果用一句话来说，就是对读、听、说的最好反馈。这种反馈是其它学习形式，练习形式所代替不了的，因此，我认真学习新课程标准中的新理念，确立新的教学观，制定适应性强的教学目标，给予写作教学正确的定位。 一、我根据英语学科初中阶段各单元的教学目标，结合学生实际情况，脚踏实地实施写作教学步骤，细化内容，钻研教法和学法，帮助学生端正学习态度，激发学生学习热情，指导学生形成较为有效的写作策略。 （一）在听、说、读教学中渗透“写”的训练 《新课程标准》采用话题大纲和结构—功能大纲相结合的体系进行编排，每个单元都围绕着一个主题来展开听、说、读、写的四项技能的实践，突出了先输入后输出的特征，有利于我开展写作教学。1．加强听力训练，夯实写作基础 “不写没有读过的语言，不读没有说过的语言，不说没有听过的语言。”由此可见，通过听的渠道获得语言信息及语言感受，在外语学习中是基础中的基础。我认为加强听力训练，必要时可以把听力材料改变成短文的形式，例如我在教授八年级下册Unit9 Can you come to my party ? Section B时，把听力材料进行了如下改编：Vince ______ play tennis with Andy. He _____ go to the doctor and study for a test
today. __________, he __________ soccer. After that, he has a piano ______. And he is _____ to babysit his sister ____________. 可以使学生获取更多信息，从而为写作表达打下基础。 2．创设说的平台，以“说”促“写” “学生的口语句型结构和表达方式往往是他们学习写作的基础”，我在写作教学同时，帮助学生提高和丰富口头表达技能，因为口语中常包含许多书面语的结构。 背诵也是学习英语的基本手段之一，重视背诵，尤其课文中的重点句型，也有利于学生口语、书面语言能力的提高和语感的增强，我指导学生平时要注意积累好词好句，适当使用英语佳句，可令文章增色不少。 3．注重拓展阅读，以“读”促“写” 古人云：“熟读唐诗三百首，不会做诗也会吟”。广泛的阅读可增强学生的理解和吸收书面信息的能力，丰富学生的语言知识，了解英语国家文化背景，对英语写作会起到潜移默化的作用。我充分利用现有的教学资料，结合报刊、媒体、网络等资源，通过设计互动交流的学习任务，引导学生主动参与阅读和写作训练。 初中阶段的课本体裁常采用人物对话，在教学活动中，我要求学生采用将对话或听力材料改为语篇式的文章，缩写或仿写等形式，既巩固了课文，又利用了现成的素材进行写作训练。我还根据学生实际水平延伸阅读，启发交流，进行趣味写作。积极扩大课外阅读也是加强写作能力培养的有效途径之一。我提倡学生阅读英文报刊、杂志、
比较/对比类作文常用词 v相同点 §Like, same, in the same way, similar to, similarly, both… and…, have …in common v不同点 §However, although, but, unlike, differ from, be different from, on the other hand, while, whereas 比较/对比类作文常用句型 As far as…is concerned…/ when it comes to the choice between… and…,/ whether to… or… is a problem we should give more thought to. v Some people maintain that … while others have opposing opinions. v While some people argu e for…, other people argue against…
Some people believe it’s beneficial to… while others think more disadvantages arise from v In the eyes of the first group of people… As to the second group of people… v In comparison…/by contrast v On (the) one hand, On the other hand v As far as I am concerned, I prefer to..
公文写作技巧教程 公文写作技巧 .培训目的：使受训人员了解公文的基本特点和一般格式，掌握常用快速的写作方法及其变化提高日常公文的写作能力。 .培训内容： 1、公文的概念 2、日常公文的分类 3、公文拟写的步骤与方法 4、电子公文 5、公文范例 6、尝试写作 .课程长度：6时 .培训方式：讲解法+范文欣赏+模拟练习 .教材内容： 引言 在科学技术突飞猛进，经济竞争日趋激烈，人类社会快步走向信息时代的今天，公文在为党政机关、人民团体和企事业单位实施领导、处理公务、沟通信息、联系事务、传达企业决策中发挥着越来越重要的作用，公文的写作也正在从旧模式中解放出来，逐步走向科学化、规范化、制度化。 什么是公文? 所谓公文，它是公务文书的简称，它是国家机关在行政管理过
程中为处理公务而按规定格式制作的书面材料。公文的种类主要包括：命令、议案、决定、公告、通告、通报、报告、请示、批复、意见、函、会议纪要。 在各类企业中，所指的公文一般为商务公文，主要分为介绍报告、请示、会议纪要、工作计划要点、公司及产品介绍、信函、讲话稿、可行性报告、工作总结、市场调查报告、说明等 公文拟写的步骤与方法 公文拟写的步骤与方法大体同一般文章的写作方式相似，但是由于公文在性质、作用上及其写作要求上的不同，拟写时也有一些需要特别注意的问题。 公文的拟写通常按以下步骤进行： 一、明确发文主旨 任何一份公文都是根据工作中的实际需要来拟写的。因此，在动笔之前，首先要弄清楚发文的主旨，即发文的主题与目的，包括以下几项内容： 1、文件的中心内容是什么？比如相关工作的改善，主要提出目前情况怎样？存在哪些问题，解决方式、需协助事项；再如请求事项，拟请上级机关答复或解决问题等。 2、根据文件内容，准备采用什么文种？比如，汇报工作情况，是写专题报告还是写情况简报；针对下级来文所反映的问题，是写一个指示或复函，还是一个带规定性质的通知等。 3、明确文件发送范围和阅读对象。比如，向上级汇报工作，
Writing A Comparison / Contrast Paragraph AIMS: ordering material using the point-by-point method or the block method improving coherence by using transitional phrases common to comparison/contrast writing taking a step-by-step approach to create comparison/ contrast paragraphs studying model paragraphs to create comparison/ contrast paragraphs Comparison shows similarities between persons, places, things, ideas, or situations. Contrast points out the differences between persons, places, things, ideas, or situations. Two Basic Methods for Organizing Comparison / Contrast Paragraphs 1. If you let A and B stand for the two things (subjects) being compared, then you can use the block method in which you tell all about A, then tell all about B. Thus you discuss A in a block and B in a block. 2. If you let A and B stand for the two things (subjects) being compared, then you compare them point by point. Every time you say something about A, you also say something about B – right in the same sentence or in the sentence immediately following.
新闻稿的格式有很多，而且都是在新闻事业的发展过程中不断摸索出来的，不同时期格式也不一样。以下有几种新闻的格式: 新闻的要素 “五个W”和“一个H" “五个W”：Who(何人)、What（何事）When（何时）、Where（何地）Why（何故） “一个H”：How（如何） 新闻的分类：消息、通讯、评论等 新闻的结构：新闻结构包括标题、导语、主体、结语和背景五部分。前三者是主要部分，后二者是辅助部分。 标题：高度概括，抓人眼球 导语：用来提示消息的重要事实，使读者一目了然 主体：随导语之后，是消息的主干，是集中叙述事件、阐发问题和表明观点的中心部分，是全篇新闻的关键所在 结语：一般指消息的最后一句或一段话，是消息的结尾，它依内容的需要，可有可无 背景：是事物的历史状况或存在的环境、条件，是消息的从属部分，常插在主体部分，也插在导语或结语之中。 写作要律：具有新闻价值、正确的格式、动人的标题。简洁切要的内容、平易友善的叙述、高度可读性、篇幅以1至2页为宜（一页尤佳）。写作技巧：清晰简洁、段落分明、使用短句、排版清爽。切忌偏离事实、交代不清、内容空洞。一篇好的新闻稿除了必须具有新闻价值、把握主诉求与正确的格式外，行文应力求简洁切要，叙述应有事实基础，文稿标题则以简要、突出、吸引人为原则，用字要避免冷僻艰深，以提高文稿的可读性。 倒金字塔 一种是源于美国新闻界的“倒金字塔”式，这种格式由于迎合了受众的接受心理，于是得到了普遍的模仿，现在中国的很多都市报所使用的都是这种格式。 基本格式（除了标题）是：先在导语中写一个新闻事件中最有新闻价值的部分（新闻价值通俗来讲就是新闻中那些最突出，最新奇，最能吸引受众的部分），比如一场球赛刚刚结束，观众/读者/听众们最想知道的是结果，或者是某个球员的发挥情况，就先从这里写起。 其次，在报道主体中按照事件各个要素的重要程度，依次递减写下来，最后面的是最不重要的。同时注意，一个段落只写一个事件要素，不能一段到底。
初中英语作文写作方法和范文，模板 初中英语学习2010-03-12 14:22:59 阅读4067 评论3字号：大中小订阅 英语作文经典开头方式 Type1引述他人观点(为提出自己观点铺垫) [1] It is widely(commonly) accepted(hold)+THA T [2] A widely accepted(commonly) hold idea(point of view,viewpoint, opinion,assumption)is +THA T/NP [3] A/The dominant(prevalent, prevailing)idea(see [2])is NP/to DO [4] It is taken for granted+THA T(or:We often/frequently take it for granted THA T) [5] People(The majority) seem to get accustomed to the idea(see [2]),without questioning,THA T ) [6] People are willing to regard NP1 as NP2/ADJ [7] People are willing to DO,while reluctant to DO Type2提出异议 [1] However (But),… [2] Such idea(see[1-2]),if not entirely ADJ1,is somewhat ADJ2 and needs careful consideration. ADJI=unreasonable,unacceptable, inappropriate,improper,undesirable, etc; ADJ2=misleading,doubtrul, etc [3] In fact(As a matter of fact),…(follow[2]) [4] However, it is not (quite, necessarily)the case. ( [5] This (It) is not (quite, necessarily) the case and needs to bo fruther
高考英语对比类作文写作（正反观点类） Teaching Procedures Step1. The importance of writing about contrast（写作教学定位背景） Step2 How to arrange a good composition 1) article structure 2) words and sentence structure 3) conjunction and transitional words 4) handwriting Step3. Introduction to the structure of the argumentative writing 1) Dissusion: How to organize a good structure of the contrast composition ( 通过让学生把一篇打乱顺序的高考作文按比较好的结构排序活动实现) 三班的同学进行了一场有关英语学习的讨论。讨论的题目是：学习英语要不要从儿童时期开始？请你根据下表中的提示写一篇短文，介绍讨论的情况。 一些同学认为另一些同学认为 1．应从儿童时期开始学习英语2．儿童时期记忆力好，可以记住很多单词 3．能为以后的英语学习打下坚实的基础1.不应从儿童时期开始学习英语 2.儿童时期既要学汉语拼音又要学英语，易混淆 3.会影响汉语学习和今后的英语学习 1．Opinions are divided on this issue. 2．The students of class 3 had a discussion about whether it is necessary to start learning English from childhood. 3. In short, the students have not arrived at any agreement yet. 4. But others do not agree. Young children have to learn Chinese pinyin at school. If they study Chinese pinyin and English at the same time, it will be very likely for them to mix them up. This will do a lot of harm not only to their Chinese learning but also to their future English learning. 5．Some of them think that English learning should start from childhood. As little boys and girls have a very good memory, they can learn a lot of English words by heart. This will help them lay a solid foundation for their future English learning. ___________→____________ → __________→ __________→ _____________. 2）Summary: What should be included in the argumentative writing? Topic sentence For the opinion Ending sentence Against the opinion
第一章怎么样学习新闻写作 新闻写作是记者把采访中搜集到的材料、信息，通过文字制作成一定体裁的新闻作品的过程。新闻作品主要分为：的，采访时写作的前提与基础，写作是采访的结果与归宿。二、采访的质量直接关系着写作的质量 新闻报道、新闻评论。 第一节新闻写作的重要性 新闻写作的重要性有三方面决定：1、这门学科在新闻学中所占的地位和作用 2、在新闻传播过程中所占的地位和作品 3、在新闻工作者职业素养中所占的地位和作用 一、新闻写作是新闻学研究的一个重要落脚点二、新闻写作是新闻传播过程中一个重要环节 （一）新闻写作决定着新闻信息能否传播出去（二）新闻写作直观影响新闻信息的传播效果：新闻写作属于信源编码过程 三、新闻写作是衡量记者素质的一个重要条件 第二节新闻写作与采访的辩证关系 新闻写作必须以采访为基础，采访决定写作，同样写作也反作用于采访。 一、先有采访后有写作，这个次序不能颠倒 唯物辩证主义认识论：事实是第一性的，新闻是第二性 新闻是“七分采，三分写” 第三节功夫在笔外 所谓功夫在笔外，即有关记者素质问题。 党中央对新闻工作者提出“打好五个根底，发扬六种作风”的要求。五个根底：理论路线根底、政策法律纪律根底、群众观点根底、知识根底、新闻业务根底。六种作风：敬业的作风、实事求是的作风、艰苦奋斗的作风、清正廉洁的作风、严谨细致的作风、勇于创新的作风。一、加强政治修养 （一）记者的政治修养首先表现在强烈的职业责任感（二）表现在强烈的正义感二、加强知识修养 三、加强思想修养：即不断提高自己辨识与表现新闻价值的 思维能力。 课后：1、学习新闻写作的重要意义？ 2、试论新闻写作与新闻采访的关系。 3、新闻记者要加强哪些修养？为什么？上编总论 第二章新闻写作的真实性原则 第一节新闻写作对真实性的要求 真实性定义：新闻报道必须反映客观事物的原貌。首先，真实性是新闻存在的基本条件；其次，真实性是新闻传媒必须遵循的原则。 浅层次要求新闻报道的具体事实务必真实准确，深层次要求新闻报道的整体概括与分析要符合客观实际。一、新闻报道的具体事实必须真实准确（一）确有其事（二）构成新闻的基本要素必须准确无误 （what/who/where/when/why/how） （三）新闻中引用的各种资料必须准确无误 （四）新闻中所反映事实的环境、过程、细节、人物的语 言、动作必须真实 （五）新闻中涉及人物的思想认识和心理活动等，必须是 当事人所述
友情提醒：免费文案使用次数过多使用时间过久创意不足，内容仅供参考切勿摘抄；如若有意找寻原创文案，可点此进入发布任务获得与时俱进原创文案书。 常用公文写作格式与技巧 （一）上行文种的写法 1、请示 （二）请示是向上级机关请求指示、批准时使用的一种上行文种。请示要坚持一文一事。即一份请示只能向上级请示批准一个问题，以便上级及时、专一地进行处理；请示的主送机关也只能是一个，不能多头请示。请示的内容由三部分构成： （1）开头部分写请示的缘由或背景，要求写得充分而又简明； （2）主体部分写请求的事项，要求写得实际、合理、明确、简要； （3）结尾部分写希望、要求，可以使用以下惯用语，如：“妥否，请批示”或“当否，请批示”或“以上请示，望予审批”或“以上意见，如无不妥，请批转XXX执行”等。 2、报告 报告是向上级机关汇报工作、反映情况、提出建议、回复上级机关的询问或要求时使用的一种文种。 报告与请示虽同属于上行文，但两者有着严格的区别： （1）对上级要求不同。“报告”不要求上级批复；“请示”则要求上级批复。 （2）行文时间不同。“报告”是事中或事后行文；“请示”是事前行文。 （3）文种性质不同。“报告”是陈述性的上行公文；“请示”是请求性的上行公文。 （4）结尾用语不同。“报告”的结尾一般用“专此报告”、“特此报告”等词语，有的干脆不用，报告事项完了，全文就结束；“请示”则一般用“可否（或妥否），请批示”，对上级要求十分肯定。 报告的内涵决定了它在写作上的通用规则，就是人们通常所讲的“三段式”。“三段式”不是一成不变的模式，它必然由于不同的内容表现为多变状态： （1）情况——做法——问题（意见）； （2）情况（做法）——问题——今后意见； （3）情况——原因（责任）——下步做法； （4）情况——原因——责任及处理意见； （5）情况——问题——建议等。 （二）下行文种的写法 １、通知 通知是党政公文下行文中适应性最广、使用频率最高的一个文种。通知适用于转批下级机关的公文，转发上级机关和不相隶属机关的公文，传达要求下级机关办理和需要有关单位周知或者执行的事项，任免人员。
初中英语作文写作技巧 一、掌握常用过渡性词语 叙事文常用的句子间连接词 at first; at last; in the end…then / next/ after that… when / while/as soon as/not…until… at the same time; at times; once in a while; so that To one’s surprise/joy Luckily/fortunately/unluckily/unfortunately…in a word/in all 议论文常用连接词 表示并列：either…or; neither…nor; both…and; not only…but also; 表示递进的：besides; what’s more; what’s worse; (moreover); 表示原因的：because; for…; because of…; thanks to…; (for the reason that…); 表示结果的：so; as a result; so…that…; therefore; 表示目的的：so that…; in order that…; (in order) to…; for…; 表示对比的：while; on the one hand + on the other hand; Each coin has two sides.; prefer…to…; would rather do…than do…; 表示转折的：however; but; 表示举例的：for example; for instance; such as…; like…; that is to say… 表示总结的：in all/short; in a word; in brief/ total; last but not least; last; 表示利弊的：be good/bad for sb.; be harmful to sb.; do harm to sb.; …have great/much influence on sb.; sth. benefit sb.; sb. benefit from sth. affect; have an effect on sb.; 表示喜爱的：love/like/enjoy…; be fond of…; be interested in…; show great interest in…; lose oneself in…; put one’s heart into…; be good at; be poor at; be weak in; 表达个人想法的： I think/believe…; (as) for me; in my opinion/view; as a student; from the bottom of my heart; personally; 其他： in general; generally speaking; to be short; to be honest; to tell the truth; as we know; make up one’s mind to do; in a way; 二、记住作文万能句式I will work hard to make my dream come true. I hope your dream will come true one day. It takes sb. +时间+to do… Sb. spend（某种人称时态）+时间/钱+on sth./ (in) doing sth. It’s important/necessary/useful/useless/common…(for sb.) to v… It’s nice/kind of sb. to v.. It’s time for sb. to do sth. It’s a waste of time to… It’s …years/days since sb. +ved It’s great fun to do=sb. have great fun doing It’s a pity that…It’s an honor to…