2015年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（广东卷）
英语
本试卷共12页，三大题，满分135分。考试用时120分钟。
注意事项：1. 答卷前，考生务必用黑色字迹的钢笔或签字笔将自己的姓名和考生号、考场号、座位号填写在答题卡上。用2B铅笔将试卷类型（A）填涂在答题卡相应位置上。将条形码横贴在答题
卡右上角“条形码粘贴处”。
2. 选择题每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目选项的答案信息点涂黑，如需改
动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案，答案不能答在试卷上。
3. 非选择题必须用黑色字迹的钢笔或签字笔作答，答案必须写在答题卡各题目指定区域内的相
应位置上；如需改动，先划掉原来的答案，然后再写上新的答案；不准使用铅笔和涂改液。
不按以上要求作答的答案无效。
4. 考生必须保持答题卡的整洁。考试结束后，将试卷和答题卡一并交回。
I 语言知识及应用（共两节，满分45分）
第一节完型填空（共15小题，每小题2分，满分30分）
阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从1-15各题所给的A、B、C和D项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
How long can human beings live? Most scientists who study old age think that the human body is __1__ to live no longer than 120 years. However, 110 years is probably the longest that anyone could hope to live--- if he or she is __2__ healthy and lucky. Some scientists even say we can live as lings as 130 years! Yet, our cells simply cannot continue to reproduce __3__. They wear out, and as a result, we get old and __4__ die.
Even though we can’t l ive forever, we are living a __5__ life than ever before. In 1900, the average American life span (寿命) was only 47 years, but today it is 75 years!
When does old age begin then? Six-five may be out-of-date as the __6__ line between middle age an old age. After all, many older people don’t begin to experience physical and mental __7__ until after age 75.
People are living longer because more people __8__ childhood. Before modern medicine changed the laws of nature, many children died of common childhood __9__. Now that the chances of dying __10__ are much lower, the chances of living long are much higher due to better diets and health care.
On the whole, our population is getting older. The __11__ in our population will have lasting effects on our social development and our way of life. Some people fear such changes will be for the worse, while some see __12__ , not disaster. Today, many men and women in their “golden years” are healthy, still active, and young in __13__ if not in age.
As our society grows old, we need the __14 of our older citizens. With long lives ahead of them, they need to __15__ active and be devoted.
1. A. designed B. selected C. improved D. discovered
2. A. completely B. generally C. apparently D. extremely
3. A. rapidly B. harmlessly C. endlessly D. separately
4. A. eventually B. hopelessly C. automatically D. desperately
5. A. busier B. longer C. richer D. happier
6. A. finishing B. guiding C. waiting D. dividing
7. A. stress B. damage C. decline D. failure
8. A. survive B. enjoy C. remember D. value
9. A. problems B. fears C. worries D. diseases
10. A. poor B. young C. sick D. quiet
11. A. changes B. recovery C. safety D. increases
12. A. dreams B. chances C. strength D. choices
13. A. mind B. appearance C. voice D. movement
14. A. protection B. suggestion C. contributions D. permission
15. A. sound B. appear C. turn D. stay
【答案】
1-5：DDCAB 6-10：DCADB 11-15：ABACD
第二节：语法填空（共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分）
阅读下面短文，按照句子结构的语法性和上下文连贯的要求，在空格处填入一个适当的词或使用括号中的词语的正确形式填空，并将答案填写在答题卡标号为16~25的相应位置上。
Mr. Johnson lived in the woods with his wife and children. He owned __16__ farm, which looked almost abandoned. __17__ (lucky),he also had a cow which produced milk every day. He sold or exchanged some of the milk in the towns nearly __18__ other food and made cheese and butter for the family with what __19__ (leave). The cow was their only means of support, in fact. One day, the cow was eating grass __20__ it began to rain heavily. While making great efforts to run away, she __21__ (fall) over the hill and died. Then the Johnsons had to make a living __22__ the cow. In order to support his family, Mr. Johnson began to plan herbs and vegetables. Since the plants took a while to grow, he started cutting down trees __23__ (sell) the wood. Thinking about his children’s clothes, he started growing cotton too. When harvest came around, he was already selling herbs, vegetables and cotton in the market __24__ people from the towns met regularly. Now it occurred to __25__ that his farm had much potential and that the death of the cow was a bit of luck.
【答案】
16. a 17. Luckily 18. for 19. was left 20. when
21. felt 22. without 23. to sell 24. where 25. him
II 阅读（共两节，满分50分）
第一节阅读理解（共20小题；每小题2分，满分40分）
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
A
Peter loved to shop used articles . Almost a month ago, he bought a popular word game that used little pieces of wood with different letters on them .As he was purchasing it , the salesgirl said ,” oh, look, th e game box hasn’t even been opened yet .That might be worth some money .”
Peter examined the box and ,sure enough ,it was completely covered in factory-sealed plastic. And he saw a date of 1973 on the back of the box.
“you should put that up for auction (拍卖)on the internet ,and see what happens,” the salesgirl said .
“yes, you’re right .people like something rare,” Peter agreed. “I can’t imagine there being very many unopened boxes of this game still around 40 years later.”
“Don’t forget to tell me if you sell it ,”the salesgirl smiled.
“No problem,” Peter said .
After he got home ,Peter went on line to several auction website, looking for his game. But he couldn’t find it. Then he typed in the name of the word game and hit search .the search result was 543 websites containing information about the changes of the game. Over the years, the game had been produced using letters in different sizes and game boards in different colors. He also found some lists of game fans looking for various versions of the game. Peter emailed some of them, telling them what he had.
Two weeks later, Peter went back to the shop.
“hello. Do you still remember the unopened word game?”
The salesgirl looked at him for a second, then recognized him and said, “oh,hi!”
“I’ve got something for you,” Peter said. “I sold the game and made$1000. Thank you for your suggestion.” He handed her three $100bills.
“wow !” the salesgirl cried out. “thank you ,I never expected it.”
26. Which of the following best describes Peter’s word game?
A. It was made around 40years ago.
B. It had game boards in different sizes.
C. It was kept in a plastic bag with a seal.
D. It had little pieces of wood in different colors.
27. W hat did the salesgirl probably think of Peter’s word game?
A. Old and handy.
B. Rare and valuable.
C. Classic and attractive.
D. Colorful and interesting
28. Peter got the name fans from_______.
A. an auction
B. the Internet
C. a game shop
D. the second-hand shop
29. What happened at the end of the story ?
A. Peter gave the girl $300 as a reward.
B. The salesgirl became Peter’s friend.
C. Peter returned the word game for $1000.
D. The salesgirl felt confused to see Peter again.
30. What is the main theme of the story?
A. It’s important to keep a promise.
B. It’s great to share in other people’s happiness.
C. We should be grateful for the help from others.
D. Something rare is worth a large amount of money.
【答案】26-30: A B B A C
B
When I was nine years old, I loved to go fishing with my dad. But the only thing that wasn’t very fun about it was that he could catch many fish while I couldn’t catch anything. I usually got pretty upset and kept asking him why. He always answered, “Son, if you want to catch a fish, you have to think like a fish.’ I remember being even more upset then because, “I’m not a fish!” I didn’t know how to think like a fish. Besides, I reasoned, how could what I think influence what a fish does?
As I got a little older I began to understand what my dad really meant. So, I read some books on fish. And I even joined the local fishing club and started attending the monthly meetings. I learned that a fish is a cold-blooded animal and therefore is very sensitive to water temperature. That is why fish prefer shallow water to deep water because the former is warmer. Besides, water is usually warmer in direct sunlight than in the shade. Yet, fish don’t have any eyelids(眼皮) and the sun hurts their eyes.... The more I understood fish, the more I became effective at finding and catching them.
When I grew up and entered the business world, I remember hearing my first boss say, “We all need to think like salespeople.” But it didn’t completely make sense. My dad never once said, “If you want to catch a fish you need to think like a fisherman.” What he said to was, “You need to think like a fish”. Years later, with great efforts to promote long-term services to people much older and richer than me. I gradually learned what we all need is to think more like customers. It is not an easy job. I will show you how in the following chapters.
31. Why was the author upset in the fishing trips when he was nine?
A.He could not catch a fish.
B.His father was not patient with him.
C.His father did not teach him fishing.
D.He could not influence a fish like his father did.
32. What did the author’s father really mean?
A.To read about fish.
B.To learn fishing by oneself.
C.To understand what fish think.
D.To study fishing in many ways.
33. According to the author, fish are most likely to be found________.
A.in deep water on sunny days.
B.in deep water on cloudy days.
C.in shallow water under sunlight.
D.in shallow water under waterside trees.
34. After entering the business world, the author found_____.
A. it easy to think like a customer
B. his father’s fishing advice inspirin g
C. his first boss’s sales ideas reasonable
D. It difficult to sell services to poor people
35. The passage most likely comes from_______.
A.a fishing guide
B.a popular sales book
C.a novel on childhood
D.a millionaire’s biography
【答案】30—35: ACDBB
C
Daniel Anderson, a famous psychologist, believes it’s important to distinguish television’s influences on children from those of the family. We tend to blame TV, he says, for problems it doesn’t really cause , overlooking our own roles in shaping children’s minds.
One traditional belief about television is that it reduces a child’s ability to think and to understand the world. While watching TV, children don’t merely absorb words and images.(影像）. Instead, they learn both explicit and hidden meanings from what they see. Actually, children learn early the psychology of characters in TV shows. Furthermore, as many teachers agree, children understand far more when parents watch TV with them, explanation new words and ideas. Yet, most parents use an educational program as a chance to park their kids in front of the set and do something in another room.
Another argument against television is that it replaces reading as a form of entertainment. But according to Anderson, the amount of time spent watching television is not related to reading ability. TV doesn’t take the place of reading for most children; it takes the place of similar sorts of recreation, such as listening to the radio and playing sports, Things like parents educational background have a stronger inf luence on a child’s reading. “ A child’s reading ability is best predicted by how much a parent reads,” Anderson says.
Traditional wisdom also has it that heavy television-watching lowers IQ (智商) scores and affects school performance. But here, too, An derson notes that no studies have proved it, In fact, research suggests that it’s the other way around. “ If you’re smart young, you will watch less TV when you ’re older,” Anderson says, Yet, people of lower IQ tend to be lifelong television viewers.
For years researchers have attempted to show that television is dangerous to children. However, by showing
that television promotes none of the dangerous effects as conventionally believed, Anderson suggests that television cannot be condemned without considering other influences.
36.By watching TV, children learn_______.
A. images through words
B. more than explicit meanings
C. more about images than words
D. hide about people’s psychology
37. An educational program is best watched by a child________.
A. on his own
B. with other kids
C. with his parents
D. with his teachers
38.Which of the following is most related to children’s reading ability?
A.Radio-listening
B.Television-watching
C.Parents’ reading list.
D.Parents’ educational background.
39.Anderson believes that________.
A.the more a child watches TV, the smarter he is
B.the younger a child is, the more he watches TV
C.The smarter a child is , the less likely he gets addicted to TV
D.the less a child watches TV, the better he performs at school
40.What is the main purpose of the passage?
A.To advise on the educational use of TV
B.To describe TV, harmful effects on children
C.To explain traditional views on TV influences
D.To present Anderson’s unconventional ideas.
【答案】36—40：B C D C D
D
It was once common to regard British as a society with class distinction. Each class had unique characteristics.
In recent years, many writers have begun to speak of the ‘decline of class’ and ‘classless society’ in Britain. And in modern day consumer society everyone is considered to be middle class.
But pronouncing the death of class is too early. A recent wide-ranging study of public opinion found 90 percent of people still placing themselves in a particular class; 73 percent agreed that class was still a vital part of
British society; and 52 percent thought there were still sharp class differences. Thus, class may not be culturally and politically obvious, yet it remains an important part of British society. Britain seems to have a love of stratification.
One unchanging aspect of British accents during the 1970s found that a voice sounding like a BBC newsreader was viewed as the most attractive voice. Most people said this accent sounded ‘educated’ and ‘soft’. The accents placed at the bottom in this study, on the other hand, were regional(地区的) city accents. These accents were seen as ‘common’ and ‘ugly’. However, a similar study of British accents in the US turned these results upside down and placed some regional accents as the most attractive and BBC English as the least. This suggests that British attitudes towards accent have deep roots and are based on class prejudice.
In recent years, however, young upper middle-class people in London, have begun to adopt some original accents, in order to hide their class origins. This is an indication of class becoming unnoticed. However, the 1995 pop song ‘Common People’ puts forward the view that though a middle-class person may ‘want to live like common people’ they can never appreciate the reality of a working-class life.
41. A recent study of public opinion shows that in modern Britain ______.
A. it is time to end class distinction
B. most people belong to middle class
C. it is easy to recognize a person’s class
D. people regard themselves socially different
42. The word stratification in Paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to _______.
A. variety
B. division
C. authority
D. qualification
43. The study in the US showed that BBC English was regarded as _______.
A. regional
B. educated
C. prejudiced
D. unattractive
44. British attitudes towards accent _______.
A. have a long tradition
B. are based on regional status
C. are shared by the American
D. have changed in recent years
45. What is the main idea of the passages?
A. The middle class is expanding
B. A person’s accent refle cts his class
C. Class is a key part of British society
D. Each class has unique characteristics
【答案】41--45：D B D A C
第二节信息匹配（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）
阅读下列应用文及相关信息，并按照要求匹配信息。请在答题卡上讲相对应题号的相应选项字母涂黑。
首先请阅读下列活动介绍。
Forbidden delights-NEW YORK
Kunqu Society, the classical Chinese theater which combines
46. Edward Leonardo Norton, connoisseur of Chinese and Japanese antiques. He has a strong intrest in classical
Chinese literary works. He even starts going to evening classes to learn classical Chinese at Columbia University.
47. Daphne Sui-yuan Tan, former director of National Association of Photographers. After reading some history
books on how the first group of Chinese immigrants survived in America of the 19th centure, she has become keen on her own family history and that of others.
48. Sharon Collins, pop singers and amateur photographer. Her marriage with a serious music critic has drawn her
to his world, so she is now crazy about classical music and will not miss any chance to attend a concert with her husband.
49. Michelle Higgins, eminent photographer and columnist for quite a few internationally-known travel magazines.
Recently, she ha shown great interest in photo exhibits which feature young artists with Islamic or Chinese background.
50. Caroline Hugo, famous writer and influential movie critic. Last year her fantasy story which involved the
mysterius Forbidden City received critical acclaim. Now she is conceiving a romance that has Shanghai of the 1930s as the setting.
【答案】46—50: FCBDA
III. 写作（共两节，满分40分）
第一节基础写作（共1小题；满分15 分）
你接受了一项写作任务，为英语校报写一篇科技报道。
[写作内容]
请根据一下信息，介绍国外医疗行业出现的一项新技术，内容包括：
※唾液样本saliva sample
[写作要求]
只能用5个句子表达全部内容。
[评分标准]
句子结构准确，信息内容完整，篇章结构连贯。
第二节读写任务（共1小题；满分25分）
阅读下面短文，然后按要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。
On the first day of work, Sally found that a class full of problems was waiting for her. Six teachers had quit before her. When she walked into the classroom, it was chaos; two boys were fighting in the far corner, yet the rest of the class seemed not to notice them; some girls are chatting and some were running about; paper, food packages and other garbage were littered around…. Just when she was about to speak, a student rushed in and pushed her aside! He was twenty minutes late!
Sally walked onto the platform, picked up a piece of chalk and wrote on the blackboard: “Rule 1: We are family!” All students stopped to look at her. And she continued with Rule 2, Rule 3…. In the flowi ng weeks, Sally worked out 10 class rules and posted them on the walks of the classroom. She patiently explained all the rules to the student and required everyone to follow them.
Surprisingly, Sally was not driven out like the former teachers; instead, she won respect from the students. Over the year, she witnessed gradual changes in the class. At the graduation ceremony, just as she expected, she was very proud to stand with a class of care, manners and confidence.
[写作内容]
1. 用约30个词概括上文的主要内容。
2. 用约120个词就班规谈谈你的想法，内容包括：
（1）你们班最突出的问题是什么？
（2）针对该问题你会设计一条什么班规？
（3）你认为该班规会带来什么影响？
[写作要求]
1. 作文中可以使用亲身经历或虚构的故事，也可以参照阅读材料的内容，但不得直接引用原文的句子。
2. 作文中不得出现真实姓名和学校名称。
[评分标准]
概括准确，语言规范，内容合适，篇章连贯。
第一章力学 一、力：力是物体间的相互作用； 1、力的国际单位是牛顿，用N表示； 2、力的图示：用一条带箭头的有向线段表示力的大小、方向、作用点； 3、力的示意图：用一个带箭头的线段表示力的方向； 4、力按照性质可分为：重力、弹力、摩擦力、分子力、电场力、核力等等；（1）重力：由于地球对物体的吸引而使物体受到的力；（A）重力不是万有引力而是万有引力的一个分力；(B)重力的方向总是竖直向下的（C）测量重力的仪器是弹簧秤；（D）重心:只有具有规则几何外形、质量分布均匀的物体其重心才是其几何中心；（2）弹力：发生形变的物体为了恢复形变而产生的作用力；（A）产生弹力的条件：物体接触、且有形变；施力物体发生形变产生弹力；（B）弹力包括：支持力、压力、推力、拉力等等；（C）支持力（压力）的方向总是垂直于接触面并指向被支持或被压的物体；拉力的方向总是沿着绳子的收缩方向；（D）在弹性限度内弹力跟形变量成正比；胡克定律F=Kx(X为弹簧伸长或者压缩量) （3）摩擦力：两个相互接触的物体发生相对运动或相对运动趋势时，受到阻碍物体相对运动的力，叫摩擦力； （A）有弹力不一定有摩擦力，但有摩擦力二物间就一定有弹力；（B）摩擦力的方向和物体相对运动（或相对运动趋势）方向相反；（C）滑动摩擦力的大小F滑=μF N压力的大小不一定等于物体的重力；（D）静摩擦力的大小等于使物体发生相对运动趋势的外力；（4）合力、分力：（A）作用效果相同；（B）合力与分力之间遵守平行四边形定则：用两条表示力的线段为临边作平行四边形，则这两边所夹的对角线就表示二力的合力；（C）合力大于或等于二分力之差，小于或等于二分力之和；(D)分解力时，通常把力按其作用效果进行分解；把力沿物体运动（或运动趋势）方向、及垂直方向进行分解；（力的正交分解法）； 二、、既有大小又有方向的物理量叫矢量，（如：力、位移、速度、加速度、动量、冲量） 标量：只有大小没有方向的物力量（如：时间、速率、功、功率、路程、电流、磁通量、能量） 三、物体处于平衡状态（静止、匀速直线运动状态）的条件：物体所受合外力等于零； （1）在三个共点力作用下的物体处于平衡状态者任意两个力的合力与第三个力等大反向；（2）在N个共点力作用下物体处于`平衡状态，则任意第N个力与（N-1）个力的合力等大反向；（3）处于平衡状态的物体在任意两个相互垂直方向的合力为零； 第二章直线运动 一、机械运动：一物体相对其它物体的位置变化，叫机械运动； 1、参考系：为研究物体运动假定不动的物体；又名参照物（参照物不一定静止）； 2、质点：只考虑物体的质量、不考虑其大小、形状的物体；（1）质点是一理想化模型；（2）把物体视为质点的条件：形状、大小相对所研究对象小的可忽略不计时； 3、时刻、时间间隔：在表示时间的数轴上，时刻是一点、时间间隔是一线段； 4、位移：从起点到终点的有向线段，矢量；路程：描述质点运动轨迹的曲线；（1）位移为零、路程不一定为零；路程为零，位移一定为零；（2）只有当质点作单向直线运动时，质点的位移才等于路程；（3）位移的国际单位是米，用m表示 5、位移时间图象：建立一直角坐标系，横轴表示时间，纵轴表示位移；（1）匀速直线运动的位移图像是一条与横轴平行的直线；（2）匀变速直线运动的位移图像是一条倾斜直线；（3）位移图像与横轴夹角的斜率表示速度；夹角越大，速度越大； 6、速度是表示质点运动快慢的物理量；瞬间的速度叫瞬时速度；某一段时间的速度叫平均速度；（2）速率表示速度大小，是标量； 7、加速度：是描述物体速度变化快慢的物理量；（1）加速度的定义式：a=v t-v0/t（2）加速度的大小与物体速度大小无关；（3）速度大加速度不一定大；速度为零加速度不一定为零；加速度为零速度不一定为零；加速度大小与速度改变量的大小无关；（4）加速度是矢量，加速度的方向和速度变化方向相同；单位是m/s2 二、匀变速直线运动的规律：速度关系：v t=v0+at.匀变速运动的中间时刻的瞬时速度等于平均速度，等于初速度和末速度的平均； 2、位移关系：s=v0t+1/2at2注意：当物体作加速运动时a取正值，当物体作减速运动时a取负值； 3、推论：2as=v t2-v02 4、作匀变速直线运动的物体在两个连续相等时间间隔内位移之差定植；s2-s1=aT2 5、初速度为零的匀加速直线运动前1秒，前2秒，……位移和时间的关系是：位移之比等于时间的平方比；第1秒、第2秒……的位移与时间的关系是：位移之比等于奇数比； 三、自由落体运动：只在重力作用下从高处静止下落的物体所作的运动；1、位移公式：h=1/2gt2 速度公式v t=gt 推论：2gh=v t2第三章牛顿定律 一、牛顿第一定律（惯性定律）：一切物体总保持匀速直线运动状态或静止状态，直到有外力迫使它改变这种做状态为止。 1、合外力为零时，处于静止或匀速直线运动状态； 2、力是该变物体速度/运动状态的原因； 3、力是产生加速度的原因； 二、惯性：物体保持匀速直线运动或静止状态的性质叫惯性。 1、一切物体都有惯性； 2、惯性的大小由物体的质量唯一决定； 3、惯性是描述物体运动状态改变难易的物理量； 三、牛顿第二定律：物体的加速度跟所受的合外力成正比，跟物体的质量成反比，加速度的方向跟物体所受合外力的方向相同。 1、表达式：a=F合/m； 2、加速度随力而产生、变化而变化、消失而消失； 3、当物体所受力的方向和运动方向一致时，物体加速；当物体所受力的方向和运动方向相反时，物体减速。 4、力的单位牛顿的定义：使质量为1kg的物体产生1m/s2加速度的力，叫1N； 四、牛顿第三定律：物体间的作用力和反作用总是等大、反向、作用在同一条直线上的；同时产生、同时变化、同时消失；作用
2012年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（广东卷）A 英语 本试卷共12页，三大题，满分135分。考试用时120分钟。 注意事项：1.答卷前，考生务必用黑色字迹的钢笔或签字笔将自己的姓名和考生号、试室号、座位号填写在答题卡上。用2B 铅笔将试卷类型（A）填涂在答题卡相应位置上。将条形 码横贴在答题卡右上角“条形码粘贴处”。 2.选择题每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应 题目选项的答案信息点涂黑，如需改动，用橡皮擦干净 后，再选涂其他答案，答案不能答在试卷上。 3.非选择题必须用黑色字迹钢笔或签字笔作答，答案必 须写在答题卡各题目指定区域相应位置上；如需改动， 先划掉原来的答案，然后再写上新的答案；不准使用铅 笔和涂改液。不按以上要求作答的答案无效。 4.考生必须保持答题卡的整洁。考试结束后，将试卷和答题卡一并交回。 I语言知识及应用（共两节，满分45分） 第一节完形填空（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从1~15各题所给的A、B、C 和D项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 We all know that some things are obviously right. For example, it is right to be 1 to other people.It is also right to look after the environment.
Some things are 2 wrong,too.For instance, we should not hurt or bully(欺负) others, nor should we litter. Rules often tell us what is right or wrong.. Rules can help the public make the right 3,and remain safe. Car drivers have to obey traffic regulations that tell them the right things to do on the road to avoid crashes. Cyclists who give signals before turning or stopping help prevent 4 . If people follow rules without taking other matters into consideration, it will be 5 for them to form what is sometiomes called a “black and white”view. For example, they may believe that people should always tell the truth, and that lying is 6 acceptable. Such people always stickt to their views,even if it means that they may get into 7. Sometimes it may not be so easy to know 8 what is right or wrong. Some people choose not to eat meat because they believe that it is 9 to eat animals, but others argue that they can eat meat and 10 be kind to animals; some insist that stealing is always wrong,but others think that one does not need to feel to 11 when stealing some food to eat, if lives in a really poor area and he is 12. Rules help us live together in harmony, because they show us the right way to _13_ other .However,some people argue that rules may be __14_, having observed that rules change all the time , and that some schools have some regulations and other have different ones ----so who is to _15____ what is right ?
2015年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(广东卷) 英语 本试卷共三大题，满分135分。考试用时120分钟。 注意事项：1. 答卷前，考生务必用黑色字迹的钢笔或签字笔将自己的姓名、考生号、试室号和座 位号填写在答题卡上。用2B铅笔将试卷类型（B）填涂在答题卡相应位置上。将条 形码横贴在答题卡右上角“条形码粘贴处”。 2. 选择题每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案信息点涂黑，如 需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案，答案不能答在试卷上。 3. 非选择题必须用黑色字迹钢笔或签字笔作答，答案必须写在答题卡各题目指定区域 内相应位置上；如需改动，先划掉原来的答案，然后再写上新的答案，不准使用铅 笔和涂改液。不按以上要求作答的答案无效。 4. 考生必须保持答题卷和答题卡的整洁，考试结束后，将试卷、答题卷和答题卡一并 交回。 I语言知识及应用（共两节，满分45分） 第一节完形填空（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分） 阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从1~15各题所给的A、B、C和D项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 How long can human beings live Most scientists who study old age think that the human body is 1 to live no longer than 120 years. However, 110 years is probably the longest that anyone could hope to live —— if he or she is 2 healthy and lucky. Some scientists even say we can live as long as 130 years! Yet, our cells simply cannot continue to reproduce 3 . They wear out, and as a result, we get old and 4 die. Even though we can’t live forever, we are living a 5 life than ever before. In 1900, the average American life span (寿命) was only 47 years, but today it is 75 years! When does old age begin then Sixty-five may be out-of-date as the 6 line between middle age and old age. After all, many older people don’t begin to experience physical and mental 7 until after age 75.
物理试卷 第1页（共30页） 物理试卷 第2页（共30页） 绝密★启用前 广东省2017年初中毕业生学业考试 物 理 本试卷满分100分,考试时间80分钟。 一、单项选择题(本题共7小题,每小题3分,共21分。在每小题给出的四个选项中,只 有一个选项是正确的) 1.如图所示,下列说法正确的是 ( ) A .人的听觉频率范围是85～1 100 Hz B .狗的听觉频率范围是15～50 000 Hz C .蝙蝠能听到次声波 D .大象能听到超声波 2.下列说法正确的是 ( ) A .“光年”是时间单位 B .太阳是宇宙的中心 C .在原子、中子和原子核中,尺度最小的是中子 D .两个物体相互摩擦时,得到电子的物体带正电 3.关于光的现象,下列说法错误的是 ( ) A .太阳光通过三棱镜会分解成多种色光,这种现象叫光的色散 B .影子是由于光的直线传播形成的 C .物体在平面镜中成正立、放大的实像 D .光从空气射入水中后传播速度会变小 4.如图所示,小花想搬起一块石头,下列说法正确的是 ( ) A .若石头没有被搬动,以地面为参照物,它是静止的 B .若石头没被搬起,是因为石头受到的惯性力比较大 C .若石头被搬起,说明力可以改变石头惯性的大小 D .若石头没被搬起,此时石头受到的重力和石头对地面的压力是一对平衡力 5.如图所示电路中,电源电压为4.5 V ,1L 、2L 是小灯泡,当开关S 闭合时,电压表的示数为1.5 V ,忽略温度对灯丝电阻的影响,则 ( ) A .2L 两端的电压为1.5 V B .1L 两端的电压为1.5 V C .1L 与2L 的灯丝电阻之比为2 : 1 D .通过1L 与2L 的电流之比为1 2： 6.妈妈与小明进行爬山比赛,他们选择的起点、路径和终点都相同,全程设为匀速运动。妈妈的体重是小明的2倍,妈妈所用的时间是小明的3倍,若妈妈克服重力做功为1W 、功率为1P ,小明克服自身重力做功为2W 、功率为2P ,则下列关系正确的是 ( ) A .21 : : 1 1W W = B .21 : : 2 3W W = C .21 : : 1 1P P = D .21 : : 2 3P P = 7.将体积相同材料不同的甲、乙、丙三个实心小球,分别轻轻放入三个装满水的相同烧杯中,甲球下沉至杯底、乙球漂浮和丙球悬浮,如图所示,下列说法正确的是 ( ) A .三个小球的质量大小关系是m m m >>乙甲丙 B .三个小球受到的浮力大小关系是F F F =<乙甲丙 C .三个烧杯中的水对烧杯底部的压强大小关系是p p p >>乙甲丙 D .三个烧杯底部对桌面的压强大小关系是'''p p p >=乙甲丙 二、填空题(本题共7小题,每空1分,共21分) 8.常见的物质是由极其微小的 、原子构成的；炒菜时闻到香味,这一现象说明分子 ；通常液体分子之间的距离比气体的 (填“大”或“小”)。 9.火箭加速升空过程中,对于火箭搭载的卫星来说,动能 ,重力势能,卫星的机械能是由火箭燃料的 能转化而来的。 10.电磁波在空气中的速度约为 m /s ；当导线中通过电流时,放在旁边的小磁针发生偏转,说明电流周围存在 ；丹麦物理学家 (填“法拉第”“奥斯 毕业学校_____________ 姓名________________ 考生号________________ ________________ ___________ -------------在 --------------------此-------------------- 卷-------------------- 上--------------------答-------------------- 题-------------------- 无-------------------- 效 ----------------
绝密★启用前试卷类型：A 2014年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(广东卷) 英语 本试卷共12页,三大题,满分135分.考试用时120分钟 注意事项： 1. 答卷前，考生务必用黑色笔迹的钢笔或签字笔将自己的姓名和考生号、考场号、座位号填写在 答题卡上。用2B铅笔讲试卷类型（A）填涂在答题卡相应的位置上。将条形码横贴在答题卡右上角“条形码粘贴处”。 2.选择题每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上学科网对应题目选项的答案信息点涂黑；如需改 动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案，答案不能答在试卷上。 3.非选择题必须用黑色字迹的钢笔或签字笔作答，答案必须写在答题卡各题目指定区域内相应位置 上；如需改动，先划掉原来的答案，然后再写上新的答案；不准使用铅笔和涂改液。不按以上要求作答的答案无效。 4.考生必须保持答题卡的整洁，考试结束后，将试题与答题卡一并交回。 I 语言知识及应用（共两节，满分45分） 第一节完形填空(共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分) 阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从1—15各题所给的A、B、C和D项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 Parents feel that it is difficult to live with teenagers. Then again, teenagers have 1 feelings about their parents, saying that it is not easy living with them. According to a recent research, the most common 2 between parents and teenagers is that regarding untidiness and daily routine tasks. On the one hand, parents go mad over 3 rooms, clothes thrown on the floor and their children’s refusal to help with the 4 . On the other hand, teenagers lose their patience continually zxxkwhen parents blame them for 5 the towel in the bathroom, not cleaning up their room or refusing to do the shopping at the supermarket. The research, conducted by St. George University, shows that different parents have different 6 to these problems. However, some approaches are more 7 than others. For example, those parents who yell at their children for their untidiness, but 8 clean the room for them, have fewer chances of changing their children’s 9 . On the contrary, those who let teenagers experience the 10 of their actions can do better. For example, when teenagers who don’t help their parents with the shopping don’t find their favorite drink in the refrigerator, they are forced to 11 their actions. Psychologists say that 12 is the most important thing in parent-child relationships. Parents should 13 to their children but at the same time they should lend an ear to what
绝密★启用前试卷类型：B 2015年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（广东卷） 英语 本试卷共12页，三大题，满分135分。考试用时120分钟。 注意事项： 1. 答卷前，考生务必用黑色字迹的钢笔或签字笔将自己的姓名、考生号、试室 号和座位号填写在答题卡上。用2B铅笔将试卷类型（B）填涂在答题卡相应位置上。将条形 码横贴在答题卡右上角“条形码粘贴处”。 2. 选择题每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案信息点涂 黑，如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案，答案不能答在试卷上。 3. 非选择题必须用黑色字迹钢笔或签字笔作答，答案必须写在答题卡各题目指 定区域内相应位置上；如需改动，先划掉原来的答案，然后再写上新的答案，不准使用铅笔 和涂改液。不按以上要求作答的答案无效。 4. 考生必须保持答题卷和答题卡的整洁，考试结束后，将试卷、答题卷和答题 卡一并交回。 I语言知识及应用（共两节，满分45分） 第一节完形填空（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分） 阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从1~15各题所给的A、B、C和D项中，选出最佳 选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 How long can human beings live? Most scientists who study old age think that the human body is ___1___ to live no longer than 120 years. However, 110 years is probably the longest that anyone could hope to live —— if he or she is ___2___ healthy and lucky. Some scientists even say we can live as long as 130 years! Yet, our cells simply cannot continue to reproduce ___3___. They wear out, and as a result, we get old and ___4___ die. Even though we can’t live forever, we are living a ___5___ life than ever before. In 1900, the average American life span (寿命) was only 47 years, but today it is 75 years! When does old age begin then? Sixty-five may be out-of-date as the ___6___ line between middle age and old age. After all, many older people don’t begin to experience physical and mental ___7___ until after age 75. People are living longer because more people ___8___ childhood. Before modern medicine changed the laws of nature, many children died of common childhood ___9___. Now that the chances of dying ___10___ are much lower, the chances of living long are much higher due to better diets and health care. On the whole, our population is getting older. The ___11___ in our population will have lasting effects on our social development and our way of life. Some people fear such changes will be for the worse, while some see ___12___, not disaster, many men and women in their “gold years” are healthy, still active, and young in ___13___ if not in age. As the society grows old, we need the ___14___ of our older citizens. With long lives ahead
2010年至2014年广东高考真题汇编 选择题考点复习：（近五年选择题的考点分析） 连续四年考查的六大必考考点 （说明：题号13到16为单选，题号17到21为双选） 一、共点力平衡(受力分析)： 13．（2010年广东高考）右图为节日里悬挂灯笼的一种方式，A、B点等高，O为结点， 轻绳AO、BO长度相等，拉力分别为F A、F B，灯笼受到的重力为G．下列表述正确的 是 Ａ．F A一定小于G Ｂ．F A与F B大小相等 Ｃ．F A与F B是一对平衡力 Ｄ．F A与F B大小之和等于G 16．（2011年广东高考）如图所示的水平面上，橡皮绳一端固定，另一端连接两根弹簧，连接点P在F1、F2和F3三力作用下保持静止，下列判断正确的是 Ａ．F1>F2>F3Ｂ．F3>F1>F2 Ｃ．F2>F3>F1Ｄ．F3>F2>F1 16．（2012年广东高考）如图，两根等长的轻绳将日光灯悬挂在天花板上，两绳与竖直方向的夹角都为45°，日光灯保持水平，所受重力为G，左右两绳的拉力大小分别为 Ａ．G和GＢ． 2 2 G 和 2 2 G Ｃ．1 2 G和 3 2 GＤ． 1 2 G和 1 2 G 20．（2013年广东高考）如图，物体P静止于固定的斜面上，P的上表面水平。现把物体Q轻轻地叠放在P 上，则 Ａ．P向下滑动 Ｂ．P静止不动 Ｃ．P所受的合外力增大 Ｄ．P与斜面间的静摩擦力增大 14．（2014年广东高考）如图7所示，水平地面上堆放着原木，关于原木P在支撑点M、N处受力的方向，下列说法正确的是 A．M处受到的支持力竖直向上 B．N处受到的支持力竖直向上 C．M处受到的摩擦力沿MN方向D．N处受到的摩擦力沿水平方向M N P 图7
2013年广东高考英语听说考试A Michelle’s Part A: Reading Aloud 录像原文：根据音频朗读并标出重音′、停顿/ 、连读⌒、升调↗、降调↘，并注意黑体单词音标。 In the heart of London sits one of Britain’s most recognisable buildings. Yet its story is one of the least understood. But what is now the site of a spendid palace was once open countryside. As royal residences go, Buckingham Palace is something of a newcomer. The state rooms are less than 200 years old. Yet its history is much older and more dramatic than you might think. Its rooms are filled with objects that are clues to the character of kings and queens past. And the art and architecture combine to make a statement about Britain’s place in the world. Part B: Role Play 角色：你是校电视台记者Mary 任务：（1）就新技术对教育的影响采访Dr. Brown; （2）根据谈话内容回答同学们的提问。 1. Please get ready to ask three questions in English according to the following Chinese tips. (1) Please get ready to ask the first question in English. 中文呈现：在将来的教室里互联网有什么用？ 提问：? (2) Please get ready to ask the second question in English. 中文呈现：将来学生如何参加考试？ 提问：? (3) Please get ready to ask the third question in English. 中文呈现：将来学生需要学习什么？ 提问：? 2. Please get ready to answer five questions in English. (1) Please get ready to answer the first question. 回答：. (2) Please get ready to answer the second question. 回答：. (3) Please get ready to answer the third question. 回答：. (4) Please get ready to answer the fourth question. 回答：. (5) Please get ready to answer the fifth question.
2015年广东省高考英语听说考试真题A PART A Reading Aloud In this part, you are required to watch a video clip and read after the speaker in the video. Today, Mars is a frozen world. The average temperature here is lower than at the Earth ’s South Pole. But long ago, when water may have flowed here, it must have been warmer. We don ’t know why Mars turned so cold, but perhaps it could be made to change once again. Could future generations somehow transform Mars, into an Earth-like world where people could live What would life be like on Mars Perhaps we could build farms and cities. Or perhaps we will leave Mars as we found it. Those decisions will be made by our descendants. 现在你有一分钟的准备时间。 Now you have ONE minute to practise reading. 现在请对照原文，再听一遍录音。 Now listen to the speaker once again. And try to read after the speaker. 现在开始录音。 Now read as the speaker in the video. (解析：视频总长58秒；字数：96 words ；语速：99 words per minute ；语音：美音；题材：探索类、科技类；具体内容：探索火星) Part B Role Play In this part, you are required to act as a role and complete three communicative tasks: listen to a speaker, ask the speaker three questions and then answer five questions. Now please listen to the speaker. 下面请用英语提出三个问题。每个问题有20秒的准备时间。当你听见“滴”声时，开始提问。 Now please ask the speaker three questions. Y ou have twenty seconds to prepare 下面请用英语回答五个问题。每小题有10秒的准备时间。当你听见“滴”声时，开始回答。 Now please get ready to answer five questions. Y ou are allowed ten seconds to prepare the answer. When you hear a beep, begin to answer the question.
机密★启用前试卷类型：A 2017年6月广东省普通高中学业水平考试 物理试卷 本试卷共8页，60小题，满分100分。考试用时90分钟。 注意事项：1．答卷前，考生务必用黑色字迹的钢笔或签字笔将自己的姓名、考生号、考场 号和座位号填写在答题卡上。用2B铅笔将试卷类型（A）填涂在答题卡相应 位置上。将条形码横贴在答题卡右上角“条形码粘贴处”。 2．每题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目选项的答案信息点涂黑，如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案，答案不能答在试卷上。 3．考生必须保持答题卡的整洁。考试结束后，将试卷和答题卡一并交回。 一、单项选择题Ⅰ：本大题共30小题，每小题1分，共30分。在每小题列出的四个选项 中，只有一项符合题目要求。 1．下列科学家中,用扭秤实验测出引力常数数值的是 A．牛顿B．爱因斯坦C．卡文迪许D．伽利略 2．下列情景中,加点标示的物体的运动,不以地面为参考系的是 A．太阳 ．．已过万重山 ．．东升西落B．轻舟 C．骏马 ．．青山两岸走 ．．在草原上奔驰D．巍巍 3．下列研究中,可将运动员看作质点的是 A．研究运动员跳水的动作难度 B．研究运动员登山时手脚的受力情况 C．研究运动员万米赛跑所需的时间 D．研究运动员花样滑冰时旋转的速度 4．物体从静止开始做直线运动,其s-t图象如图1所示,下列说法正确的是 A．t1~t2内物体处于静止状态
B．t2~t3内物体做匀加速直线运动 C．0~t1内物体的速度大小比t2~t3内的大 D．t1~t2内物体的速度大小比t2~t3内的大 5．下列表述中，加点标示的物理量属于矢量的是 A．汽车行驶时牵引力的功率 ．． B．“天宫一号”绕地球运动的周期 ．． C．火车由北京开往广州的平均速率 ．．．． D．物体做平抛运动时在某一时刻的速度 ．． 6．在长为50 m的游泳池中举行200 m蛙泳比赛，运动员从比赛开始到结束的过程中，游过的路程的最大值和位移的大小的最大值分别是 A．0，50 m B．0，200 m C．200 m，50 m D．200 m,0 7．汽车以20 m/s的速度行驶，制动后做匀减速直线运动，经过5 s汽车停止，则汽车的加速度大小为 A．1 m/s2B．2 m/s2C．3 m/s2D．4 m/s2 8．小明在平静湖面上燃放烟花，若某时刻烟花沿竖直方向以10m/s的速度向上运动，则此时烟花在水中的倒影相对于烟花的速度大小为 A．0B．10 m/s C．20 m/s D．40 m/s 9．一物体从楼顶开始自由下落，忽略空气阻力，下列说法正确的是 A．物体的运动是一种匀变速直线运动 B．物体运动的速度大小与物体质量有关 C．物体运动的加速度大小与物体质量有关 D．物体落地所需要时间与物体下落的高度无关
广东省高中物理学业水平考试知识点汇编 同学们一年一度的学业水平考试即将来临，如何轻松过这一关，为将要进行的高考文科复习扫清障碍，我特此把基本知识加以概括，一为迎接学业水平考试，二为基础知识的一铺垫，保B争A 。 第一章力学 一、力：力士物体间的相互作用； 1、力的国际单位是牛顿，用N表示； 2、力的图示：用一条带箭头的有向线段表示力的大小、方向、作用点； 3、力的示意图：用一个带箭头的线段表示力的方向； 4、力按照性质可分为：重力、弹力、摩擦力、分子力、电场力、磁场力、核力等等； （1）重力：由于地球对物体的吸引而使物体受到的力； （A）重力不是万有引力而是万有引力的一个分力； (B)重力的方向总是竖直向下的（垂直于水平面向下） （C）测量重力的仪器是弹簧秤； （D）重心是物体各部分受到重力的等效作用点，只有具有规则几何外形、质量分布均匀的物体其重心才是其几何中心； （2）弹力：发生形变的物体为了恢复形变而对跟它接触的物体产生的作用力； （A）产生弹力的条件：二物体接触、且有形变；施力物体发生形变产生弹力； （B）弹力包括：支持力、压力、推力、拉力等等； （C）支持力（压力）的方向总是垂直于接触面并指向被支持或被压的物体；拉力的方向总是沿着绳子的收缩方向； （D）在弹性限度内弹力跟形变量成正比；F=Kx （3）摩擦力：两个相互接触的物体发生相对运动或相对运动趋势时，受到阻碍物体相对运动的力，叫摩擦力； （A）产生磨擦力的条件：物体接触、表面粗糙、有挤压、有相对运动或相对运动趋势；有弹力不一定有摩擦力，但有摩擦力二物间就一定有弹力； （B）摩擦力的方向和物体相对运动（或相对运动趋势）方向相反； （C）滑动摩擦力的大小F滑=μF N压力的大小不一定等于物体的重力； （D）静摩擦力的大小等于使物体发生相对运动趋势的外力； （4）合力、分力：如果物体受到几个力的作用效果和一个力的作用效果相同，则这个力叫那几个力的合力，那几个力叫这个力的分力；（A）合力与分力的作用效果相同； （B）合力与分力之间遵守平行四边形定则：用两条表示力的线段为临边作平行四边形，则 这两边所夹的对角线就表示二力的合力； （C）合力大于或等于二分力之差，小于或等于二分力之和； (D)分解力时，通常把力按其作用效果进行分解；或把力沿物体运动（或运动趋势）方向、及其垂直方向进行分解；（力的正交分解法）； 二、、既有大小又有方向的物理量叫矢量，（如：力、位移、速度、加速度、动量、冲量）标量：只有大小没有方向的物力量（如：时间、速率、功、功率、路程、电流、磁通量、能量） 三、物体处于平衡状态（静止、匀速直线运动状态）的条件：物体所受合外力等于零； （1）在三个共点力作用下的物体处于平衡状态者任意两个力的合力与第三个力等大反向； （2）在N个共点力作用下物体处于`平衡状态，则任意第N个力与（N-1）个力的合力等大反向； （3）处于平衡状态的物体在任意两个相互垂直方向的合力为零； 第二章直线运动 一、机械运动：一物体相对其它物体的位置变化，叫机械运动； 1、参考系：为研究物体运动假定不动的物体；又名参照物（参照物不一定静止）； 2、质点：只考虑物体的质量、不考虑其大小、形状的物体； （1）质点是一理想化模型； （2）把物体视为质点的条件：物体的形状、大小相对所研究对象小的可忽略不计时； 如：研究地球绕太阳运动，火车从北京到上海； 3、时刻、时间间隔：在表示时间的数轴上，时刻是一点、时间间隔是一线段； 例：5点正、9点、7点30是时刻，45分钟、3小时是时间间隔； 4、位移：从起点到终点的有相线段，位移是矢量，用有相线段表示；路程：描述质点运动轨迹的曲线； （1）位移为零、路程不一定为零；路程为零，位移一定为零；（2）只有当质点作单向直线运动时，质点的位移才等于路程； （3）位移的国际单位是米，用m表示 5、位移时间图象：建立一直角坐标系，横轴表示时间，纵轴表示位移； （1）匀速直线运动的位移图像是一条与横轴平行的直线； （2）匀变速直线运动的位移图像是一条倾斜直线； （3）位移图像与横轴夹角的正切值表示速度；夹角越大，速度越大； 6、速度是表示质点运动快慢的物理量； （1）物体在某一瞬间的速度较瞬时速度；物体在某一段时间的速度叫平均速度； （2）速率只表示速度的大小，是标量； 7、加速度：是描述物体速度变化快慢的物理量； （1）加速度的定义式：a=v t-v0/t （2）加速度的大小与物体速度大小无关； （3）速度大加速度不一定大；速度为零加速度不一定为零；加速度为零速度不一定为零； （4）速度改变等于末速减初速。加速度等于速度改变与所用时间的比值（速度的变化率）加速度大小与速度改变量的大小无关； （5）加速度是矢量，加速度的方向和速度变化方向相同； （6）加速度的国际单位是m/s2 二、匀变速直线运动的规律： 1、速度：匀变速直线运动中速度和时间的关系：v t=v0+at 注：一般我们以初速度的方向为正方向，则物体作加速运动时，a取正值，物体作减速运动时，a取负值； （1）作匀变速直线运动的物体中间时刻的瞬时速度等于初速度和末速度的平均； （2）作匀变速运动的物体中间时刻的瞬时速度等于平均速度，等于初速度和末速度的平均； 2、位移：匀变速直线运动位移和时间的关系：s=v0t+1/2at2 注意：当物体作加速运动时a取正值，当物体作减速运动时a取负值； 3、推论：2as=v t2-v02 4、作匀变速直线运动的物体在两个连续相等时间间隔内位移之差等于定植；s2-s1=aT2 5、初速度为零的匀加速直线运动：前1秒，前2秒，……位移和时间的关系是：位移之比等于时间的平方比；第1秒、第2秒……的位移与时间的关系是：位移之比等于奇数比； 三、自由落体运动：只在重力作用下从高处静止下落的物体所作的运动； 1、位移公式：h=1/2gt2 2、速度公式：v t=gt 3、推论：2gh=v t2 第三章牛顿定律 一、牛顿第一定律（惯性定律）：一切物体总保持匀速直线运动状态或静止状态，直到有外力迫使它改变这种做状态为止。 1、只有当物体所受合外力为零时，物体才能处于静止或匀速直线运动状态； 2、力是该变物体速度的原因； 3、力是改变物体运动状态的原因（物体的速度不变，其运动状态就不变） 4、力是产生加速度的原因； 二、惯性：物体保持匀速直线运动或静止状态的性质叫惯性。 1、一切物体都有惯性； 2、惯性的大小由物体的质量唯一决定； 3、惯性是描述物体运动状态改变难易的物理量； 三、牛顿第二定律：物体的加速度跟所受的合外力成正比，跟物体的质量成反比，加速度的方向跟物体所受合外力的方向相同。 1、数学表达式：a=F合/m； 2、加速度随力的产生而产生、变化而变化、消失而消失； 3、当物体所受力的方向和运动方向一致时，物体加速；当物体所受力的方向和运动方向相反时，物体减速。 4、力的单位牛顿的定义：使质量为1kg的物体产生1m/s2加速度的力，叫1N； 四、牛顿第三定律：物体间的作用力和反作用总是等大、反向、作用在同一条直线上的； 1、作用力和反作用力同时产生、同时变化、同时消失；