Is GM Food Safe To Eat ?
Traditional plant breeding involves crossing varietiesof the same species in w ays they could crossnaturally. For example, disease-resistant varieties of wh eat have been crossed with high-yield wheat to combine these properties. T his type of natural gene exchange is safe and fairly predictable.
Genetic engineering ( GE) involves exchanging genes between unrelated spe cies that cannotnaturally exchange genes with each other. GE can involve the exchange of genes betweenvastly different species— e.g. putting scor pion toxin genes into maize or fish antifreeze genes into tomatoes. It is po ssible that a scorpion toxin gene, even when it is in maize DNA1, will still g et the organism to produce scorpion toxin— but what other effects may i thave in this alien environment? We are already seeing this problem — addi ng human growth hormone genes to pigs certainly makes them grow — but i t also gives them arthritis andmakes them cross-eyed, which was entirely un predictable.
It will be obvious, for example, that the gene for human intelligence will n ot have the sameeffect if inserted into cabbage DNA as it had in human DNA — but what side-effect would ithave? In other words, is GM food2 safe to eat? The answer is that nobody knows becauselong-term tests have not been carr ied out.
Companies wanting a GM product approved in the UK or USA are required to provide regulatorybodies with results of their own safety tests. Monsanto‘s3 s oya beans were apparently fed tofish for 10 weeks before being approved. Th ere was no requirement for independent testing,for long-term testing, for te sting on humans or testing for specific dangers to children or allergic4 peopl e.
The current position of the UK Government is that"There is no evidence of l ong-term dangersfrom GM foods."In the US, the American Food and Drug Ad ministration5 is currently beingprosecuted for covering up research that sug gested possible risks from GM foods.
A consistent all-over tan may be impossible to achieve because some body areas are much more resistant to tanning than others, a study has found.
Researchers - funded by the Medical Research Council (MRC) - at the University of Edinburgh say the results explain why some holidaymakers find it so hard to achieve an even tan all over their body.
The findings, published in the journal Experimental Dermatology, show that the buttock is much more resistant to sunshine but surprisingly when it does go red it tans less well than other areas.
It was also found that people with no freckles tanned more easily than those without freckling.
The study represents the first time that the depth of a person's tan, and not just skin redness, has been quantified.
Scientists carried out the study to try and solve the puzzle of why different types of skin cancer tend to be found in different parts of the body, given that they are all caused by exposure to sunshine.
The team aimed to identify whether this is linked to variations in the way different parts of the body develop a tan.
The team analysed the skin of 100 volunteers, who were exposed to six dose of UVB on two areas of their body their back and their buttock.
The volunteers were given an injection to minimise the rush of blood that naturally occurs after the skin is exposed to sunlight within the first 24 hours.
Researchers say this redness is often confused with the start of tanning, but in fact is the skin's signal that it has been damaged.
After seven days, the volunteers' skin was analysed to find what colour remained after the redness had died down. This colour recognised as a suntan comes from the skin's production of melanin, a defence that blocks the skin absorbing too much harmful UVB radiation.
Jonathan Rees, Professor of Dermatology at the University of Edinburgh, who led the study said: "One A consistent all-over tan may be impossible to achieve because some body areas are much more resistant to tanning than others, a study has found.
第三章
New findings from the Monell Center reveal that weight gain of formula-fed infants is influenced by the type of formula the infant is consuming. The findings have implications related to the infant's risk for the development of obesity, diabetes and other diseases later in life. "Events early in life have long-term consequences on health and one of the most significant influences is early growth rate," said study lead author Julie Mennella, Ph.D., a developmental psychobiologist at Monell. "We already know that formula-fed babies gain more weight than
breast-fed babies. But we didn't know whether this was true for all types of formula."
While most infant formulas are cow's milk-based, other choices include soy-based and protein hydrolysate（水解物）-based formulas. Protein hydrolysate formulas contain
pre-digested proteins and typically are fed to infants who cannot tolerate the intact（完整的，原封不动的）proteins in other formulas.
In adults, pre-digested proteins are believed to act in the intestine（肠）to initiate（创始，发起）the end of a meal, thus
leading to smaller meals and intake of fewer calories. Based on this, the authors hypothesize that infants who were feeding protein hydrolysate formulas would eat less and have an altered growth pattern relative to infants feeding cow's milk-based formula.
In the study, published online in the journal Pediatrics, infants whose parents had already decided to bottle-feed were randomly assigned at two weeks of age to feed either a cow's milk-based formula (35 infants) or a protein hydrolysate formula (24 infants) for seven monthes . Both formulas contained the same amount of calories, but the hydrolysate formula had more protein, including greater amounts of small peptides（多肽类，缩氨酸）and free amino acids.
Infants were weighed once each month in the
laboratory , where they also were videotaped consuming a meal of the assigned formula. The meal continued until the infant signaled that s/he was full.
Over the seven months of the study, the protein hydrolysate infants gained weight at a slower rate than
infants fed cow milk formula. Linear growth, or length, did not differ between the two groups, demonstrating that the differences in growth were specifically attributable to weight.
"All formulas are not alike," said Mennella. "These two formulas have the same amount of calories, but differ considerably in terms of how they influence infant growth."
When the data were compared to national norms for breast-fed infants, the rate of weight gain of protein hydrolysate infants was comparable to the breast milk standards; in contrast, infants fed cow's milk formula gained weight at a greater rate than the same breast milk standards.
Analysis of the laboratory meal reveals the infants fed the protein hydrolysate formula consumed less formula during the meal.
"One of the reasons the protein hydrolysate infants had similar growth patterns to breast-fed infants, who are the gold standard, is that they consumed less formula during a
feed as compared to infants fed cow's milk formula" said Mennella. "The next question to ask is: Why do infants on cow's milk formula overfed ?"
The findings highlight the need to understand the long-term influences of infant formula composition on feeding behavior, growth, and metabolic health. Future studies will utilize measures of energy metabolism and expenditure（支出，花费）to examine how the individual formulas influence growth, and how each differs from breastfeeding.
第四章
NASA is planning a one-way mission to Mars in a programme called?Hundred Years Starship‘ in which, a manned spacecraft will take astronauts to Mars and leave them there forever.
NASA Ames Director Pete Worden revealed that one of NASA‘s main research centres, Ames Research Centre, has received 1 million dollars funding to start work on the project.
Washington State University researchers had said that while technically feasible, a manned mission to Mars and back is unlikely to lift off anytime soon and so, a manned one-way mission to Mars would not only cut the costs by several fold, but also mark the beginning of long-term human colonization of the planet.
Mars is by far the most promising for sustained colonization and development because it is similar in many respects to Earth and, crucially, possesses a moderate surface gravity, an atmosphere, abundant water and carbon dioxide, together with a range of essential minerals.
―One approach could be to send four astronauts initially, two on each of two space craft, each with a lander and sufficient supplies, to stake a single outpost on Mars. A one-way human mission to Mars would be the first step in establishing a permanent human presence on the planet,‖ said Dirk Schulze-Makuch, a Washington State University associate professor.
Colleague Paul Davies, a physicist and cosmologist from Arizona State University, added that they aren‘t suggesting that astronauts simply be abandoned on the Red Planet for the sake of science; in fact they propose a series of missions over time, sufficient to support long-term colonization. The authors proposed that the astronauts would be
re-supplied on a periodic basis from Earth with basic necessities, but otherwise would be expected to become increasingly proficient at harvesting and utilizing resources available on Mars.
Eventually they envision that outpost would reach
self-sufficiency, and then it could serve as a hub for a greatly expanded colonization programme.
First, an appropriate site for the colony would be selected, preferentially associated with a cave or some other natural shelter, as well as other nearby resources, such as water, minerals and nutrients.
―Ice caves woul d go a long way to solving the needs of a settlement for water and oxygen. Mars has no ozone shield and no magnetospheric shielding, and ice caves would also provide shelter from ionizing and ultraviolet radiation,‖ said Schulze-Makuch.
The added that in a ddition to offering humanity a ―lifeboat‖ in the event of a mega-catastrophe on Earth, a Mars colony would provide a platform for further scientific research. Schulze-Makuch and Davies acknowledge that such a project would require not only major international cooperation, but a return to the exploration spirit and
risk-taking ethos of the great period of the Earth‘s exploration.
―Informal surveys conducted after lectures and conference presentations on our proposal have repeatedly shown that many people are willing to volunteer for a one-way mission,
both for reasons of scientific curiosity and in a spirit of adventure and human destiny,‖ they wrote
第五章
The latest comScore data reveals that during February 2010, 43 million videos were watched on Facebook – which is a 205 percent increase on the year. Last February only 14 million videos were watched via the site.
Overall online video viewing in the UK has grown by 37 percent during the last 12 months – with 5.5 billion videos watched via websites during February 2010.
Google properties, mainly driven by YouTube, were still the most popular online video destinations, recording1 2.5 billion video views during February 2010, which marked a 17 percent annual increase.
The BBC websites ranked second with 140 million videos viewed across its web properties during February 2010, and was followed by Megavideo, which recorded 53 million video views - during the same month.
Facebook came fourth in the list, closely followed by Microsoft‘s collective web properties. Channel 4 came in sixth position with 39 million videos watched during February 2010 – which was a 76 percent increase on the
year. And ITV came in eighth position recording 29 million video views – which was a 134% increase on the year. Blinkx, the popular video search engine experienced the second largest growth spurt2（急剧增长） , behind Facebook, increasing its video views by 205 per cent over the year. During February 2010, 29 million videos were viewed via the site.
Sky came in 10th position, experiencing a 139 percent increase in video views, with 20 million videos watched via its sites during February 2010.
The UK video market has grown substantially over the last year, with several aggregators（整合器，聚合器） entering the market, as well as the UK broadcasters increasing their own video presence. Channel 4, for instance, is concentrating on developing its own catch up service, 4oD, while
signing syndication（辛迪加组织） deals with the likes of YouTube, and new players, likeSeeSaw3.
第六章
Holding a cell phone against your ear or storing it in
your pocket may be dangerous to your health. This explains a warning that cell phone manufacturers include in the small print that is often ignored when a new phone is purchased. Apple, for example, doesn’t want iPhones to come closer to you than 1.5 centimeters; Research In Motion, BlackBerry’s manufacturer, recommends 2.5 centimeters.
If health issues arise from cell phone use, the possible effects are huge. Voice calls—Americans chat on cell phones 2.26 trillion(万亿) minutes annually—earn $109 billion for the wireless carriers.
Devra Davis, an expert who has worked for the University of Pittsburgh, has published a book about cell phone radiation, “Disconnect”. The book surveys scientific research and concludes the question is not settled.
Brain cancer is a concern that Ms. Davis examines. Over all, there has not been an increase in its incidence since cell phones arrived. But the average marks an increase in brain
cancer in the 20-to 29 age group and a drop for the older population.
“Most cancers have multiple causes,”she says, but she points to laboratory research that suggests low-energy radiation could damage cells that could possibly lead to cancer.
Children are more vulnerable to radiation than adults, Ms. Davis and other scientists point out. Radiation that penetrates only five centimeters into the brain of an adult will reach much deeper into the brains of children because their skulls are thinner and their brains contain more absorptive fluid(易吸收的液体). “No studies have yet been completed on cell phone radiation and children,”she says.
Henrry Lai, a research professor in the bioengineering department at the University of Washington, began laboratory radiation studies in 1980 and found that rats exposed to radiation had damaged DNA in their brains. Ms. Davis recommends using wired headsets or the phone’s speaker. “Children should text rather than call,”she said,
“and pregnant women should keep phones away from the abdomen(腹部). ”
第7章
The complex fracture pattern created by the earthquake in Concepción (Chile) on 27 February 2010 was to a certain extent predictable（可预言的） . GPS observations from the years before the earthquake showed the pattern of stresses that had accumulated（累积的） through the plate movements during the past 175 years in this area. The stress distribution derived from the
observations correlates（关联） highly with the subsequent fracture distribution. In all likelihood the tremor removed all the stress that had accumulated since the last earthquake in this region, which was observed by Charles Darwin in 1835. An earthquake of similar magnitude in this area is therefore unlikely in the near future. This result was presented by scientists of the GFZ German Centre for Geosciences (Helmholtz Association) in the latest edition of the scientific journal Nature (09 September 2010). "The Maule earthquake near Concepción, Chile, on the 27 Februar registered with a momentum3（势头，动量） magnitude of 8.8, makes it one of the largest earthquakes to have been recorded in its entirety via a modern network of
space-geodetic and geophysical instruments on the ground," says Professor Onno Oncken, head of the
Department "Geodynamics" at GFZ. "It thus offers a unique opportunity to compare detailed4observations prior to the earthquake with those taken during and after it, and to
re-evaluate hypotheses regarding the predictability of such events."
Measurements using the satellite navigation system GPS showed that the seafloor of the Nazca plate in the Pacific Ocean does not slide evenly under the western boundary of the South American continent. Rather, it appears from the GPS measurements that some parts of the ocean floor got locked with the subsurface（地下的） of the continent. In the gaps, however, the Nazca plate continued to push under South America. The resulting uneven5 stress pattern was released by the earthquake of the 27 February in such a way that, just like a zipper6, the locked patches
were ruptured7（破裂的） one after the other. As a result, this seismic8gap（地震空白区） off the Chilean westcoast is now closed, one last gap remains9 in northern Chile. Here, the GFZ scientists set up a plate boundary observatory10, in order to make use of the entire range of geoscientific instruments to record the conditions before, during and
after an earthquake- an important step in understanding the processes of plate tectonics（地质构造学）.
Modern Earth science may still not be able to predict the location, time and magnitude of an earthquake. But the present study offers an optimistic perspective concerning the predictability of possible fracture patterns and magnitudes of expected earthquakes.
第八章
UC Irvine researchers have discovered that circadian rhythms —the internal body clock —regulate fat metabolism. This helps explain why people burn fat more efficiently at certain times of day and could lead to new pharmaceuticals for obesity, diabetes and energy-related illnesses.
The study was headed by Paolo Sassone-Corsi, Donald Bren Professor and chair of pharmacology. A leading expert on circadian rhythms, he discovered many of the key molecular switches governing these biological processes. He and his colleagues found that one of these, a protein called PER2, directly controls PPAR-gamma, a protein essential for lipid metabolism. Since circadian proteins are activated by 24-hour, light-dark patterns, PER2 turns on
and off PPAR-gamma’s metabolic capabilities at regular intervals.
“What surprised us most, though, is that PER2 targets one specific amino acid on the surface of the PPAR-gamma molecule,”Sassone-Corsi said. “This kind of specificity is very rare in cell biology, which makes it exciting, because it presents us with a singular target for drug development.”Daniele Piomelli, Louise Turner Arnold Chair in Neurosciences at UCI, and Todd Leff, associate professor of pathology at Wayne State University in Detroit, collaborated on the study, which appears this month in Cell Metabolism.
Twenty-four-hour circadian rhythms regulate fundamental biological and physiological processes in almost all organisms. They anticipate environmental changes and adapt certain bodily functions to the appropriate time of day. Disruption of these cycles can profoundly influence human health and has been linked to obesity, diabetes, insomnia, depression, heart disease and cancer.
Last year, Sassone-Corsi helped discover that proteins involved with circadian rhythms and metabolism are
考研英语阅读真题及答案 英语阅读关于考研的在历年的真题中，有不少的精华等着大家去发掘。下面是给大家整理的考研英语阅读真题及答案，供大家参阅! 1991年考研英语阅读真题及答案解析Section II Reading Comprehension Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question four answers are given. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET. (30 points) Text 1 A wise man once said that the only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing. So, as a police officer, I have some urgent things to say to good people. Day after day my men and I struggle to hold back a tidal wave of crime. Something has gone terribly wrong with our once-proud American way of life. It has happened in the area of values. A key ingredient is disappearing, and I think I know what it is: accountability. Accountability isn t hard to define. It means that every
Lesson 2 The story about the Brothers Grimm may evoke warm memories of story time in the comforting arms of a parent.（关于格林兄弟的故事可以唤起父母在安慰的怀抱中对故事时间的温暖回忆。） A.recall B. create C. release D. collect 1.One of the secrets of successful travel lies in always turning adversity to your advantage.（成功旅行的秘诀之一就是总是把逆境变成你的优势。） A.unfamiliarity B. exploration C. pleasure D.difficulties. 2.The claws of bears may be used to climb trees , rip open nests and beehives, or catch prey.（熊的爪子可以用来爬树，撕开巢蜂房，或捕捉猎物。） A.clear B. tear C. throw D. dig 3.The analysts are dissecting intrusions and other attacks that have breached their computer systems.分析人员正在剖析侵入他们电脑系统的入侵和其他攻击。 A.intercepting B. fighting C. analyzing D. discussing 4.He spent whole days in his room, headphones on lest he disturb anyone. 他整天呆在房间里，戴着耳机以免打扰任何人。 A.unless B. when C. so that D. in case 5.As the unemployment lines lengthened and factories closed, there was talk of apocalypse.随着失业线的延长和工厂的关闭，人们谈论着天启？。 A.emergency B. uncertainty C. disaster D. reduction 6.The odor of the hospital was so unforgiving that every so often she would bring the cloud of white flowers to her nose.（医院的气味是如此的无情，以至于她常常会把白花的云彩带到她的鼻子上） A.unexpected B. unique C. impressive D. terrible 7.Critics argue that the lavish park itself is incongruous in a country where around half the population lives below the poverty line.7、批评家认为，在一个半数人口生活在贫困线以下的国家里，奢侈的公园本身是不协调的。 A.inappropriate B. creative C. unnecessary D. enjoyable 8.Many believed optimistically the news would soothe markets, but it seems to have had the opposite effect.许多人乐观地认为，这一消息将安抚市场，但它似乎起了相反的作用。 A.push B. mislead C. calm D. discourage 9. A stoical person tends to show admirable patience and endurance in the face of adversity without getting upset.一个坚忍的人在面对逆境时往往表现出令人钦佩的耐心和忍耐力，而不会感到不安 A.confident B. uncomplaining C. unconventional D. reliable ADBCD CDACB Lesson 4 1.During the lecture all the audience listened to China’s first astronaut with rapt admiration.演讲过程中，所有听众都听了中国第一位宇航员的讲话 A.obscure B. obvious C. obliged D. obsessed 2.Most of her colleagues didn’t like her because she was adept at the fine art of
Unit One Task 1 1.A 2.C 3.B 4.C 5.D 6.D 7.D 8.C 9.A 10.D 11.A 12.B Task 2 1.public(c) 2.discipline(b) 3.strength(a) 4.reference(a) 5.strength(d) 6.public(a) 7.demonstrated(b) 8.discipline(c) 9.references(c) 10.personality(a) 11.discipllining(d) 12.demonstrates(a) 13.public(d) 14.reference(b) 15.personality(c) Task 3 1.employment 2.paid 3.adjust 4.setting 5.discouraged 6.credit 7.cite 8.demonstrate 9.teamwork 10.rules Unit Two Task 1 1.A 2.B 3.B 4.C 5.B 6.A 7.B 8.C 9.A 10.C Task 2 1. bud (n.); budding (adj.) 2. access (n.); access (v.) 3. taste (n.);tasted (v.) 4. fool (n.); fooling (v.) 5. produces (v.); produce (n.) 6. garnish (v.); garnishes (n.) 7. reigns (v.); reign (n.) 8. concern (n.); concerned (v.) 9. named (v.); name (n.) 10. practiced (v.); practice (n.) Task 3 1) integration 2) choice 3) handed 4) aspiring 5) steaming 6) masterpieces 7) pleasure 8) partake 9) amazing 10) presented Unit Three Task 1 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.B 5.A 6.B 7.C 8.A Task 2 1. stack up against 2. struck a chord 3. amounted to 4. chopping off 5. appeal to 6. pick up on 7. turned out 8. fade away 9. brought together 10. pulled off 11. thrust upon 12. be kept clear of Task 3 1) swirling 2) delivered 3) glowed 4) intervals 5) converge 6) wanderings 7) navigate 8) jealousy 9) presence 10) absorbed Unit Four Task 1 1.A 2. A 3. C 4. B 5. B 6. C 7. D 8. C 9. A 10. C Task 2 1. maintained (a) 2. romantic (a)
Lesson 1 II. Translation Put the following passages into Chinese. 1. For English is a killer. It is English that has killed off Cumbric, Cornish, Norn and Manx. There are still parts of these islands where sizeable communities speak languages that were there before English. Yet English is everywhere in everyday use and understood by all or virtually all, constituting such a threat to the three remaining Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh... that their long-term future must be considered... very greatly at risk. 因为英语是个杀手。正是英语造成了凯尔特语、康沃尔语、诺恩语和马恩语等语言的消亡。这些岛上的分地区依然还有很多社区的人使用在英语到来之前就已存在的语言。然而，英语在日常生活中无处不在。所有的人或几乎所有的人都懂英语。英语对仅存的三种凯尔特语——爱尔兰语、苏格兰盖尔语及威尔士语的威胁是如此之大，人们一定认为它们遥远的未来是岌岌可危的。 2. He also associated such policies with a prejudice which he calls linguisticism (a condition parallel to racism and sexism). As Phillipson sees it, leading institutions and individuals within the predominantly "white" English-speaking world, have (by design or default) encouraged or at least tolerated—and certainly have not opposed—the hegemonic spread of English, a spread which began some three centuries ago as economic and colonial expansion. 同时，他认为这些政策和他称之为语言歧视（与种族歧视、性别歧视等类似）的偏见密切相关。在菲利普森看来，在以白人英语为主导的世界里，主要的机构和个人（有意或无意地）鼓励或者至少是容忍了（肯定没有反对）英语霸权主义式的传播，这种传播始于三个世纪之前的经济及殖民扩张。 3.By and large, we now view them as more or less benign, and often talk with admiration and appreciation about the cultures associated with them and what they have given to the world. And it is fairly safe to do this, because none of them now poses much of a threat. 总的来说，我们现在或多或少地把这些语言看作有利的语言。在谈到与之相关的文化及其为世界所做的贡献时，我们常怀有崇敬与赞赏，而且这样做是很安全的，因为这些语言现在已不会构成什么大的威胁。 4. Yet many people see English as a blessing. Let me leave aside here the obvious advantages possessed by any world language, such as a large communicative network, a strong literary and media complex, and a powerful cultural and educational apparatus. 然而，许多人把英语看成是一件幸事。在此，我暂且不谈世界语言所具有的明显优势，例如庞大的交流网络、发达的文字与传媒体系以及强大的文化教育设施。 5. English-speaking South Africans of British descent were not particularly strong in opposing the apartheid regime, and the black opposition, whose members had many languages, was at first weak and disorganized. 讲英语的南非英国后裔并不强烈反对种族隔离政权，而黑人反对力量，其成员讲多种语言，在初期软弱无力且缺乏组织。 6. Such symbolism suggests that the users of the world's lingua franca should seek to benefit as fully as possible from the blessing and as far as possible avoid invoking the curse. 这一象征表明这种世界通用语的使用者应充分发掘这一幸事为我们带来的好处,同时尽能避免招来灾难。
2007 Text 2 For the past several years, the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called “Ask Marilyn.” People are invited to query Marilyn vos Savant, who at age 10 had tested at a mental level of someone about 23 years old; that gave her an IQ of 228 – the highest score ever recorded. IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies, to envision paper after it has been folded and cut, and to deduce numerical sequences, among other similar tasks. So it is a bit confusing when vos Savant fields such queries from the average Joe (whose IQ is 100) as, What’s the difference between love and fondness? Or what is the nature of luck and coincidence?①It’s not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers. 在过去的几年，《星期日报》的增刊《漫步》开设了一个名为“询问玛丽琳”的专栏。人们被邀请去询问 玛丽琳?沃斯?萨文特，玛丽琳?沃斯?萨文特在10岁时测试的智力水平达到别人23岁时的水平，这使得她的智商高达228――是有记录的最高水平。智商测试要求你完成口头和视觉分析，要求你在纸张被折叠、剪切后想象它的形状，要求你推论数字的顺序，还有其他类似的项目。所以，当沃斯?萨文特面对普通人（智商为100）提出的像“热爱与喜爱之间的区别是什么？”或者“运气与巧合的特征是什么？”这样的问题时，她感到有点困惑。设想物体、判断数字模式的能力如何使一个人能够回答难倒了一些最杰出的诗人和哲学 家的问题，这可并不那么显而易见。 mental adj.精神的, 智力的 verbal adj.口头的 【记】verb（言语），＋al（形容词后缀）＝口头的；nonverbal：不用语言的 analogy n.类似, 类推 【习】have an analogy to/with具有与...相似之处;by analogy用类推法 【例】No analogy exists between them. 两者毫无相似之处。 envision vt.想象, 预想 numerical adj.数字的, 用数表示的 fondness n.爱好, 溺爱 coincidence n.一致, 相合, 同时发生或同时存在(尤指偶然)的事 【巧】co（together）+ incidence（incident）＝coincidence：两个小的事情同时发生，“巧合”【例】What a coincidence.多巧啊。 elude v.躲避 1、It's not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers. 【译文】有些问题连一些最杰出的诗人和哲学家都难以回答，但是想象物体和计算数字模式的能力却能使 人找出答案，其中原因并不为人所知。 【析句】这是一个简单句，It只是形式主语，真正的主语是how引导的主语从句。而在主语从句中，主 语是the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns，谓语是suits，宾语是one，to answer questions是宾语补足语，而questions后又跟了一个定语从句。 【讲词】visualize意为"想象"，是imagine的同义词。例如：He had a hard time to visualize the scene as it was described.（他难以设想所描绘的场景。） elude表示"躲避"，也可表示"理解不了，想不起来"。根据句中的意思，可以译为"回答不了"。例如：The answer to this question eluded me for a long time, perhaps because it was so simple.（这个
1 While some studies have suggested that frequent use of cell phones causes increased risk of brain and mouth cancers, others have found no such links. But since cell phones are relatively new and brain cancers grow slowly, many experts are now recommending taking steps to reduce exposure. by bruce stutz 一些研究显示，经常使用手机会增加得脑部和口腔癌症的几率。有的研究却没发现两者之间有什么联系。但是，手机算是个新兴事物，而脑癌发展也缓慢，许多专家还是建议减少使用手机。 2 Does your cell phone increase your risk of brain cancer? Does it affect your skin or your sperm viability? Is it safe for pregnant women or children? Should you keep it in your bag, on your belt, in your pants or shirt pocket? Should you use a hands-free headset? Are present cell phone safety standards strict enough? 手机会增加得脑癌的几率吗？会不会影响皮肤或者精子活性？使用手机对孕妇或孩子安全吗？应该把手机放在哪，包里、衣服口袋，还是挂在腰带上？打电话的时候要用耳机吗？现在的手机安全标准够不够严？ 3 You don’t know? You’re not alone. 你不知道？这很正常。 4 With some 4 to 5 billion cell phones now in use worldwide and hundreds of studies seeking evidence of their health effects published in peer-reviewed journals over the last 10 years, there’s precious little scientific certainty over whether cell phones pose any danger to those using them. For nearly every study that reports an effect, another, just as carefully conducted, finds none. All of which leaves journalists, consumer advocates, regulatory agencies, politicians, industry spokespersons, and cell phone users able to choose and interpret the results they prefer, or ignore the ones they don’t. 如今，全世界共有40-50亿手机正在使用。过去十年里，成百上千的研究也在致力于寻找手机影响健康的证据，并在相关刊物上发表论文。但还没有确凿的证据能证明，使用手机损害健康。几乎没有研究发现手机对健康有不良影响。但这还是没影响到政治家、新闻记者、管理机构、产业发言人、消费者保护团体，还有消费者自己，选择他们喜好的结果去理解，忽略不喜欢的那些。 5 Do you, for instance, cite the studies that report adverse effects on sperm viability and motility, due to exposure to cell phone radiation or the studies that showed no —or mixed —results? 6 Do you cite the 2001 study that found increased incidence of uveal melanoma (a cancer of the eye) among frequent cell phone users, or the 2009 study by the same authors that, in reassessing their data, found no increase? 2001年的研究显示，常用手机的人患葡萄膜黑色素瘤（一种眼内癌症）几率会增大。2009年这些研究员又发表报告称，他们再分析当年的数据时，又不能确
Lesson 1 1. Yesterday’s terrorism darkened, marked and forever altered the way Americans live their lives. 昨日发生的恐怖主义活动使美国人的生活暗淡无光，在他们的生活中留下了印迹，并永远地改变了他们的生活。 2. “We are going to have to learn what a lot of other countries have gone through: to manage fear at a cultural and national level,” said Charles Figley, a professor of trauma psychology at Florida State University. “We’re getting a lesson in the way fear works.” 佛罗里达州立大学创伤心理学教授查尔斯?费格里说:“我们得学一学其它许多国家曾经经历过的东西，那就是从文化上和在全国范围内来应对恐惧。”他还说:“我们正在体验恐惧是怎样起作用的。” 3. In a country long proud and even boastful of its openness—a country where an ordinary citizen can stroll through the U.S. Capitol unescorted—the terrorist attacks are likely to force Americans to a lot of that. Metal detectors now mark the front door of many government buildings, and security guards are a fixture in the lobby of most large office buildings. 美国是一个一向以开放自豪甚至洋洋得意的国家，在这里，人们可以独自在美国国会大楼中闲庭信步，而现在，恐怖袭击很有可能迫使美国人处处小心，惶惶不可终日。其实我们很大程度上已经是这样了。许多政府大楼的前门装设的金属探测器已然成为一道风景线，大部分的办公大楼里也必备保安。 4. But retaliation carries the risk of setting off a tightening spiral of violence and counterviolence not unlike the Middle East or Northern Ireland. Unlike countries that have had to learn to live with violence,”We are new at this,” said Florida’s Dr. Figley, who heads a project that has trained trauma teams in Yugoslavia.”My fear is we will overreach and make things worse rather than better by retribution, revenge, racism and marginalizing ethnic groups.” 报复有很大的危险，会引发和在中东及北爱尔兰一样的紧张的暴力和反暴力的恶性攀升。与那些不得不在暴力中学习如何生存的国家不同，“我们是新手，”曾在南斯拉夫训练过创伤急救队的项目负责人费格里博士说，“我所担心的是惩罚、报复、种族主义和排斥少数民族的举动会过于偏激，适得其反。” 5. Fear of terrorism is likely to lead Americans to tolerate more government surveillance—such as overhead video cameras at sporting events—than they have to date. “It’s very likely in the wake of today’s events that we’re going to see a greater acceptance on the public’s part—and on the court’s part—to approve certain kinds of police tactics,” said William Stuntz, a Harvard Low School professor. 对于恐怖主义的恐惧会使美国人接受比现在更多的来自政府的监控，例如在运动竞赛场上高架的摄象机。哈佛大学法学院教授威廉姆斯?斯汤资说，“经过目前前这些事件，我们将发现，无论是公众，还是法庭，都会在更大程度上接受某些警察的策略。” Lesson 5 戴维先到一步，事后他气愤地向我发难说当他告诉领班准备和谁一起吃饭时，领班的语气骤然逆转。一瞬间就从“这是个什么人？”变成“这边有请，先生。”当我们赶到时，拍照的人已经在饭店外忙个不停了。戴维开始嘲笑我是伦敦这家高级饭店里的知名人物。这时，我俩向屋内望去并同时看到了我们的偶像。
1. Though he had apologized, she raised a query on his sincerity. A. trust（信任） B. request（请求；需要） C. examination（考试） D. question（问题；疑问） 译文：虽然他已经道歉了，她还是对他的诚意提出了质疑。 2. Discipline in Mr. Brown's class becomes very slack. A. strict（严格的；绝对的；精确的） B. loose（宽松的；不精确的） C. serious（严肃的；认真的） D. uncontrollable（无法管控的） 译文：布朗先生班上的纪律变得很松弛。 3. We couldn't believe that the joke was a nasty hit at him. A. malicious（恶毒的） B. lethal（致命的） C. footy（无足轻重的） D. gentle（温和，文雅的） 译文：我们不敢相信这个笑话是对他的恶毒攻击。 4. The winner's complacent smile annoyed some people. A. scornful（轻蔑的） B. humorous（幽默的） C. contented（满足的，心安的） D. ironical（讽刺的） 译文：胜利者自满的微笑惹恼了一些人。 5. This make-over has to start with the most basic societal unit-the family. A. task（任务；工作） B. improvement（提高；改进） C. measure（措施；测量） D. change（改变） 译文：这种转变必须从最基本的社会单元——家庭开始。 6. A Private Postsecondary and Vocational Education Accreditation System will be put into practice in California next school year.
Unit 1 Genetically Modified Foods—Feed the World? (2)Finding it difficult to adapt to the climate there (3)to have no access to the health service (4)an important role in prospering and developing (5)a depression in yield and a reduction in quality (6)could have made a good salary (7)We cannot estimate the value of modern science and technology too much. (8)The insurance company will recoup the farmers for the loss caused by the flood. (9)During the SARS outbreak, the lack of hygiene in poor countries had devastating consequences to all people of the world. (10)T his University Library is one of the largest Libraries in China, with a stack of over 2.3 million volumes. It supports the University’s research and teaching across a full range of subjects, and provides information about the Library’s collections and services in each subject area. (11)T he recession has hit middle-income and poor families hardest, widening the economic gap between the richest and poorest Americans as job layoffs ravaged household budgets. (12)C hina's government declared two strains of genetically modified rice safe to produce and consume, taking a major step toward endorsing the use of biotechnology in the staple food crop of billions of people in Asia. China is the world's top producer and consumer of rice, so its use of modified varieties has the potential to alter the grain's global supply patterns. China's officials have been less constrained by public pressure over the sometimes-controversial use of biotechnology in food than officials in other countries. The government has long supported research into agricultural biotechnology as part of a drive to ensure the nation remains self-sufficient in staple crops. IV. Cloze 1. species 2. predictable 3. unrelated 4. different 5. into 6. produce 7. seeing 8. also 9. obvious 10. inserted 11. nobody 12. approved 13. apparently 14. humans 15. risks Unit 2 The Biology of Skin Color: Black and White (2)He was not severely punished for his crime (3)advance our knowledge of the HIV virus. (4)when taken according to the instruction (5)to have no access to the health service (6)He has some vague ideas about what to do
Passage 5 In 1960-1961, Chad (乍得) harvested 9800 tons of cotton seed for the first time in its history, and put out the flag a little too soon. The efforts of the authorities to get the peasants back to work, as they had slacked off (松懈) a great deal the previous year during independence celebrations, largely contributed to it. Also, rains were well spaced, and continued through the whole month of October. If the 1961-1962 total is back to the region of 45000 tons, it is mostly because efforts slackened again and sowing was started too late. The average date of sowing is about July 1st. If this date is simply moved up fifteen or twenty days, 30000 to 60000 tons of cotton are gained, depending on the year. The peasant in Chad sows his millet (小米) first, and it is hard to criticize this instinctive priority given to his daily bread. An essential reason for his lateness with sowing cotton is that at the time when he should leave to prepare the fields he has just barely sold the cotton of the previous season. The work required to sow, in great heat, is psychologically far more difficult if one's pockets are full of money. The date of cotton sales should therefore be moved forward as much as possible, and purchases of equipment and draught animals encouraged. Peasants should also be encouraged to save money, to help them through the difficult period between harvests. If necessary they should be forced to do so, by having the payments for cotton given to them in installments (分期付款). The last payment would be made after proof that the peasant has planted before the deadline, the date being advanced to the end of June. Those who have done so would receive extra money whereas the last planters would not receive their last payment until later. Only the first steps are hard, because once work has started the peasants continue willingly on their way. Educational campaigns among the peasants will play an essential role in this basic advance, early sowing, on which all the others depend. It is not a matter of controlling the peasants. Each peasant will remain master of his fields. One could, however, suggest the need for the time being of kind but firm rule, which, as long as it cannot be realized by the people, should at least be for the people. 1. In 1960-1961, Chad had a good harvest of cotton because. A)the government greatly encouraged peasants B)rains favored the growth of cotton C)Chad gained independence in the previous year D)Both A)and B) 2. We learn from the passage that the date of sowing cotton is usually.