Unit 3 Back to the past
一、难点解析
1.We are in Italy now, and tomorrow we are visiting Pompeii.
我们现在到了意大利，明天将参观庞贝。
句中are visiting是现在进行时，表示“将参观”，英语中表示“来”、“去”等意义的动词常可用现在进行时表示将来的动作。
现在进行时表将来的用法表示近期的、事先已经计划安排好的。例如：—How are you getting to the airport?
—By taxi. Bob is coming with me to the airport.
“你准备怎样去机场？”“坐出租车去。鲍勃打算和我一起去机场。”
My uncle is coming to see me tomorrow.
我叔叔明天要来看我。
2. In 89 BC, the Romans took over Pompeii.
公元前89年，罗马人占领了庞贝。
短语take over 的意思是“占领”、“接管”，后可接名词或动名词，也可单独使用。例如：
He?d like to take over the farm one day.
他想有一天接管这个农场。
He is taking over my job while I am on holiday.
我度假期间，他将接手我的工作。
Not long after the American Civil War began, the Northern army took over many of the Southern cities.
美国南北战争爆发后不久，北方军队占领了许多南方城市。
After we had stopped for lunch, Sheila took over the driving for a while.
我们停下来用午餐后，希拉接过去开了一会儿车。
3. On 24th August AD 79, the volcano erupted and lava, ash and rocks poured out of it onto the surrounding countryside.
公元79年8月24日，该火山突然爆发，熔岩、火山灰和岩石从火山口喷射到周边的乡村。
(1) erupt vi. (火山等) 爆发
Few people expected the volcano to erupt again.
很少有人希望火山再次爆发。
The volcano erupted after years of dormancy.
那座火山在沉睡多年后爆发了。
My neighbor erupted in anger over the noise.
噪声使我的邻居勃然大怒。
(2)surrounding 为形容词“周围的”，the surrounding area“周边地区”作名词(总以复数形式出现) surroundings=environment。例如：
The house is in beautiful surroundings．
这所房屋环境优美。
4. Unfortunately, all the people were buried alive, and so was the city.
不幸的是，全城的人都被活埋了，整座城市也被掩埋了！
(1) unfortunately adv.不幸地。例如：
Unfortunately the little girl lost her sight with that terrible illness.
不幸的是那个小女孩因患重病失明了。
Unfortunately it will cost a lot of money.
不幸的是要花很多钱。
(2) 句中so was the city 意为“城市也……。”
…so + be (do/have/can)+subject?表示前句话所述的情况，也适用于另一个（些）人或物，so后面的谓语动词的选择要根据前面句子的谓语形式而定，时态要一致，同时so结构中主语人称和数也要保持一致。其否定式为…nor/ neither + be (do, have, can) + subject?。例如：
He has read the book, so have I.
他看过这本书我也看过。
If you go to the cinema tonight, so will I.
如果你今晚去电影院我也去。
You can?t speak English, nor can Tom
你不会讲英语汤姆也不会。
例：As your spoken English gets better, your written English get better.
A. so does
B. so will
C. such does
D. such will
【答案】B
【解析】此题考查“so + be/do/have/can+主语”结构，表示前者的情况也同样适合后者，又由于从句用的是一般现在时，因此主句应用将来时。
5. People started to dig in the area for treasure, which caused much damage.
人们开始在这个地区挖掘金银财宝，对遗址造成了很大的破坏。
句中which 引导非限制性定语从句，修饰前面的整个主句。例如：
Matt got first place in the game, which excited everyone.
马特获得比赛的第一名，这使得大家都很兴奋。
My new car, which I paid several thousand pounds for, is not running well.
我花几千英镑买的新车运行状况不好。
例：The meat in the fridge, ____ is still very fresh, is good enough for us to prepare a dinner for ten.
A. much of which
B. many of which
C. much of them
D. many of them
【答案】A
【解析】非限制性定语从句，用much of which。
6. It’s hard to imagine how this quiet volcano destroyed the whole city.
真的很难想象这样一座平静的火山怎么就毁灭了整个城市！
destroy vt.“毁坏，摧毁”。例如：
This would destroy the entire peace of the Middle East.
这将会破坏整个中东和平。
We cannot stop earthquakes. But we can do things to make sure they do not destroy the whole city.
我们不能阻止地震，但我们却可以采取一些措施以确保地震不致毁坏整个城市。
7. Tomorrow we are off to Naples to visit the museum that houses many of the treasure from Pompeii.
明天我们将前往那不勒斯，去参观那座收藏了许多来自庞贝城的宝物的博物馆。
be off ”意为“走掉”、“动身” =are going to go…。例如：
How and when is Lucy going off to Beijing?
露丝准备怎么去、什么时候去北京？
The next day I was off to Washington in a train.
第二天，我动身坐火车去华盛顿。
例：—I must be off now. ______. Bye.
— Thanks. The same to you. Bye.
A. All of lucky
B. All the best
C. All the better
D. All the hope
【答案】B
【解析】句中be off “要走了”。根据回答可知是嘱咐的话语。只有B项可以，All the best. “祝一切都好，一切顺利。”
8. It is believed by many people to have been gradually covered over by sandstorms from AD 200 to AD 500.
很多人相信，它是在公元200年至公元500年之间被风沙渐渐覆盖了。
(1)句中it 指的是楼兰古城，to have been gradually covered over 是动词不定式的被动式，使用了完成时态，表示“被覆盖”的事情已经发生。例如：
This book is reported to have been translated into many different languages.
据报道，这本书已被翻译成了多种语言。
后接不定式用于类似结构的动词除report 之外还有say, believe 等。例如： The film is said to be very touching.
据说那电影很感人。
The old castle was believed to have ghosts living in it for many years.
多年来人们一直相信这座古堡里面居住着幽灵。
⑵ gradually adv.“渐渐地，逐渐地”
His sense of touch gradually took the place of sight.
他的触觉逐渐代替了视觉。
The girls gradually quieted down.
女孩子们慢慢安静了下来了。
9. Seven found the remains of buildings buried under the sand, together with a lot of treasures, such as coins, painted pots, silk materials, documents and all paintings.
斯文发现了埋藏在沙子下面的建筑物遗迹，以及很多诸如钱币、彩绘罐、丝绸、文献和壁画等珍贵文物。
together with 在此表伴随。当主语后面跟as well as, with, together with, but, including, besides等连接的名词或代词时，谓语动词和其前面的名词或代词在人称和数方面保持一致。例如：
He, together with his classmates, will see the film.
他将会和他的同学一起去看电影。
Mr. Wang, together with his wife, has gone to Australia.
王先生和他太太一起去了澳大利亚。
例：When I got home last night，Tom together with my parents ________ TV.
A. watched
B. watching
C. was watching
D. were watching
【答案】C
【解析】本题综合性较强，同时考查时态和主谓一致两个目标。when引导的时间状语从句提供的情景，决定主句中的动词应用过去进行时；主句的主语是Tom，故动词用单数形式。
10. Not only was Rome a city a republic, but it was also to become the captain of the largest empires in history.
此时的罗马不仅是一座城市和一个共和国，它也将成为历史上最大帝国之一的都城。
not only…but also…conj.“不但……而且”。表递进关系。not only放句首, 后面的句子要用倒装语序。
She can not only sing but also play the piano.
她不仅会唱歌还会弹钢琴。
He gave me not only money but also advice.
他不仅给了我钱还给了我建议。
例：Things are getting worse than before. Not only _____ polluted, but _____ so crowded.
A. is the city; are all the streets
B. the city is; are all the streets
C. is the city; all the streets are
D. the city is; the streets are
【答案】C
【解析】not only等含有否定意义的词用在句首时，主谓倒装；但but所引导句子不倒装。
11. In both China and Rome at this time, poetry, literature and philosophy were being developed.
此时，无论在中国还是在罗马，诗歌、文学和哲学都有了长足发展。
句中were being developed 是被动语态的过去进行时，表示过去某一时间正在发生的事。
When I got there, the rooms were being painted.
我到达那里时，房间正在刷油漆。
She almost felt that she was being mocked.
她几乎感觉到她在被嘲弄。
Trees were being planted here this time last year.
去年的这个时候许多树被栽到了这儿。
12. In return for silk, China received wine, spices, wool and other goods.
中国用丝绸交换酒、香料、羊毛和其它物品。
短语in return for的意思是“作为对……的回报”。例如：
We gave Peter a nice present in return for his cooperation.
彼得很合作，作为回报我们给他送了一份很漂亮的礼物。
I?ll pay you six thousand ducats in return for the three thousand ducats that Antonio borrowed.
我将付给你六千块钱，用来归还安东尼奥借的那三千块钱。
13. It was a different story for China with the formation of the Sui Dynasty in AD 581, which once again reunited China in AD 589.
而此时对于中国就是一段不同的历史了：公元581年隋朝建立，它在公元589年重新统一了中国。
句中which 引导的非限制性定语从句修饰先行词the Sui Dynasty.
先行词和从句用逗号隔开的一般称为非限制性定语从句，用于补充解释或说明先行词或前面的句子，与先行词的衔接不太紧密。例如：
He left without saying good-bye, which made his friend angry.
他的不辞而别使得他的朋友很生气。
This is our factory, at the back of which there is a river.
这是我们工厂，厂后有一条河。
In area it is about the same size as the USA (without Alaska), which has more than thirteen times as many people.
从面积上讲，澳大利亚大体上相当于美国(阿拉斯加除外)，而美国的人口却比澳大利亚人口的十三倍还多。
二、词语辨析
1. damage, destroy, ruin, harm, hurt
(1)destroy “破坏；摧毁；毁灭”，强调以具有摧毁或杀伤性的力量把某物彻底毁掉。例如：
Why, you may wonder, should spiders be our friends? Because they destroy so many insects.
你也许会觉得奇异，蜘蛛怎么竟是我们的朋友？因为它们毁灭那么多的昆虫。 The house was completely destroyed by the fire.
房子彻底被大火烧毁了。
(2)damage“损坏；破坏；损毁（使失去价值）”。例如：
The storm damaged the crops greatly.
暴风雨对庄稼造成了极大的损坏。
Smoking can damage your health.
抽烟会损害你的健康。
(3)ruin该词除了有damage的一般用法外，还可表示“使……破产；糟蹋掉”
的意思。但不含有以某种摧毁性的力量进行破坏，而含有在一定的过程中逐渐毁掉的意思。Ruin 通常暗指无可挽回的伤害，但并不一定指完全毁灭。例如：
Oxford has been ruined by the motor industry.
牛津城已经被汽车工业毁掉了。
The crops are nearly ruined by the continuous rain.
连续不断的雨水几乎毁坏了这些农作物。
He ruined himself by taking drugs.
他吸食毒品把自己给毁了。
The fire ruined the books in the library.
大火毁坏了图书馆的书。
(4)harm 用作动词时常表示对身体的“伤害；危害”。例如：
Smoking will harm（＝damage/ruin）your health.
吸烟会危害到你的健康。
用作名词可构成短语do harm to，表示的范围更广。
(5)hurt “使身体/感情受伤害”。例如：
He jumped from the top of the wall and hurt his leg.
他从墙上跳下来摔伤了腿。
He hurt her feelings.
他伤了她的感情。
2. paint, draw
(1)paint指用颜色画，如油画颜料、水彩或者水墨画，例如：
I?m an art major and I paint a lot of pictures.
我是学美术的学生，我画许多画。
He is painting in oils.
他正在用油画颜料画画。
注：paint的引伸含义是“描述”
He is not so black as he is painted.
他并不像人们所说的那么坏。
(2)draw 通常指用铅笔、钢笔或者粉笔画，一般并不涂上颜料。
She draws very well.
她画得很好。
Children are drawing pictures.
孩子们正在画画。
注：drawing除了“图画”外，还有“工程图”的意思。
an engineering drawing
3. enormous，immense，huge，gigantic，tremendous，vast
这些形容词都描述超乎寻常大的事物，
(1)enormous 暗指在大小、数量或程度上超乎常规的:
I have never seen such an enormous boulder.
我从没见过如此巨大的圆石。
enormous不仅表示“块头”和“数量”方面的“大”，而且可以表示程度方面的“极大”，并且具有反常(abnormality)的内涵。
He earned enormous sums of money and was paid as much as ￡100 for a single appearance.
他挣得的钱是极多的，一次出场就付给他一百英镑之多。
(2)immense 指无限的或无法测量的尺寸或范围：
an immense crowd of people 无边无际的人海
immense pleasure 无以伦比的欢乐
(3)huge 尤指尺寸或容量的庞大,强调体型而非重量。例如：
We got a huge success.
我们取得了巨大的成功。
Four days after setting out, while the Titanic was sailing across the icy waters of the North Atlantic, a huge iceberg was suddenly spotted by a lookout.
启航四天后，泰坦尼克号在穿过北大西洋多冰的海域时，瞭望员突然发现了一个巨大的冰山。
(4) gigantic 指像巨人一样的大小尺寸：
There is a gigantic redwood tree.
那儿有一棵大得惊人的红杉树。
He left with a gigantic disappointment.
他带着极度的失望走了。
(5) tremendous 指大小让人生畏或令人感到可怕：
A tremendous monument of 100 feet high was set up last month.
一百英尺高的巨大纪念碑上个月建成了。
He ate a tremendous meal.
他吃下大量的一餐。
In his day, Mendoza enjoyed tremendous popularity.
门杜萨在全盛时期极受人们欢迎。
(6) vast 指范围、大小、地区或跨度的宽广。例如：
All the land was shrouded in one vast forest.
所有的土地都隐藏在广阔的森林中。
Of creatures, how few vast as the whale.
作为生物，几乎没有比鲸鱼更巨大的。
It is a vast expanse of desert.
那是一片辽阔的沙漠。
4. condition，state，situation，status
这些名词都表示人或事物存在的形式或方式。
(1) condition 表示人或事物由于受周围环境或其它因素的影响而导致的目前的“情况，状态”。
The condition of man is a condition of war of everyone against everyone.
人类的状态是人与人对抗的战争状态。
另外：on condition that是从属连词，引导条件状语从句，意思是“只有在……条件下”（=only if）、“条件是……”、“如果”（=if），但比if更正式。例如： He was allowed to go swimming on condition that he kept near the other boys.
准许他去游泳的条件是，他必须不远离别的男孩子。
I?ll come on condition that John is invited，too.
如果约翰也受到邀请，我就来。
On what condition would the woman accept the job?
给什么条件这位女士才会接受这份工作？
(2) state 指人或物在外观、心灵、健康等方面的自然“状态，情况”；常与不定冠词连用，只有单数形式，若说明某一状态，常与in连用。
Every body continues in its state of rest—unless it is compelled to change that state by forces impressed upon it.
每一个物体保持其静止状态—除非有加于其上的力，它才会改变那种状态。state 和condition 最普通，在多数情况下可以通用：绝望的状态；健康状况。
(3) situation 较狭义地指由环境综合决定的特定时间上的状态或情形：
Eternal truths will be neither true nor eternal unless they have fresh meaning for every new social situation.
如果永恒真理不能赋予社会状况新的意义，则它既不为真理也不会永恒。situation 可与condition互换，指政局时，用situation。
in a good state of situation 心情舒畅
the situation of the world 世界局势
(4) status 通常指被认为与同类或同阶层有关的人或物。指人时暗指相对的地位；指物时大致等同于State 或situation：
Mr. Polly?s status was that of a guest pure and simple.
波利先生的身份纯粹是客人。
What is the current status of the arms-reduction negotiations?
削减武器的谈判最近形势如何？
5. declare，announce，broadcast，publish
这些动词共有的中心意思是“公之于众”。
(1) declare vt.断言, 宣称, 宣布, 宣告, 声明
She declared her intention to run for office.
她公布了她要竞选官员的意愿。
I declare the court allows it.
我断言法庭会答应的。
(2) announce vt. 宣布, 通告
The new government announced its policy at once.
新政府很快宣布了它的政策。
The news was announced by Radio Beijing.
这条新闻是北京广播电台播的。
Mr. Green announced the date of marriage of his daughter to his relatives and friends.
格林先生向他的亲朋好友们宣布了他女儿的婚期。
(3) broadcast v. 广播，播放
The agency broadcasted an urgent appeal for medical supplies.
代理商通过电台紧急呼吁要求药品供应。
They broadcast a programme of his music last month on the radio.
上周电台广播了他的一个音乐节目。
broadcast还可作名词，指广播、广播的内容。
They are listening to the broadcast of a football match.
他们正在听足球赛的广播。
Today?s broadcast programmes are very exciting.
今天的广播节目非常精彩。
(4) publish vt. 公布, 发表
publish the marriage banns 发布结婚公告
His wish was to publish a magazine for the blacks.
他的愿望就是为黑人出版一份杂志。
6. affect, influence, impress
这组动词的一般含义为使人或能做出反应的物产生或受到影响。
(1)affect 的宾语是物时，它包含着足以引起反应的刺激，有时包含一定的改变。例如：
The slight change of weather can affect her delicate health.
天气稍有变化就会影响她那脆弱而娇嫩的身体。
We are lucky in that only the lower fields, which make up a very small proportion
of our farm, are affected by flooding.
我们的运气好，因为只有占我们农场极少部分的较低的田地受到洪水的影响。当affect的宾语是人时，它表示引起心智上或感情上的影响，即感动.例如： He was in no way affected by their misery.
他们的惨状一点也没打动他的心。
(2)influence 所表示的影响包含着“力量”，比如“他是个有影响的人物”。有时它包含着“诱使”的意思。例如：
They, having first persuaded themselves, contrive to influence their neighbors.
他们首先自己信服了之后，便设法诱使邻居。
No one can avoid being influenced by advertisements.
谁也不能避免受到广告的影响。
(3)impress 通常用于表示深受“感动”，而且把所看到的东西，铭记在心。例如： But I could not conceal the fact that I was impressed by the size of the diamonds.
但是我掩盖不了这一事实，那些钻石之大给我留下了深刻的印象。
7. route, course
这组名词的含义都与“路”有关。
(1) route的含义是“路线”，通常是迂回的，可以包括数条道路或街道，有时甚至包括小路、小巷。使用范围也较广。如：登山运动员所攀登的路线，实际上不是路；其它方面，如公共汽车所行经的“路线”，邮递员发送邮件的“路线”等。例如：
Modern alpinists try to climb mountains by a route which will give them good sport,…
现代登山运动员力图从那些能给他们带来大量运动的路线登山。
That postman is in charge of this route.
那个邮递员负责这条投递线路。
This bus route covers a large number of streets.
这路公共汽车行经许多街道。
(2) course通常表示船的“航道”或飞机的“航线”，有时表示自然的或时间的“进程”，有时表示有始有终的“进程”，有时表示循环往复的进程。例如：
When a light passenger plane flew off course some time ago, it crashed in the mountains and its pilot was killed.
不久前，有架轻便客机飞出了航线，在山区坠落了，飞行员丧生了。
Twenty or thirty pages of information handed to any of the major world powers around the year 1925 would have been sufficient to change the course of world history.
在1925年前后，如果把二三十页的情报交给任何一个世界强国，都会改变世界历史的进程。
8. so do I, so I do , I do so
(1)“so+助动词/情态动词/连系动词+主语”中so意为“也”，表示前面的人/物的情况也适用于后者。例如：
My father gets up early, so do I.
我爸爸很早起床，我也很早起床。
She is a writer, so is my uncle.
她是一位作家，我叔叔也是一位作家。
I have been to the Summer Palace, so has Tom.
我去过颐和园，汤姆也去过。
以上句子是主语为不同的两个人或两件事，而且都是肯定句。如果是否定句，就要用neither或nor。例如：
He do esn?t live in Nanjing. Neither (Nor) does she.
他不住在南京，她也不住在南京。
例：If you go there tomorrow , ＿＿＿＿.
A. so I do
B. so will I
C. so I will
D. so do I
【答案】B
【解析】省略后倒装。“If you go there tomorrow, I will go there, too. ”
(2)“so+主语+情态动词/助动词/连系动词”则用来表示对前一个句子所陈述的
内容进行强调，so意为“确实”“的确”，此结构意义为“确实如此，的确如此”，前后主语一致。例如：
He is a funny guy. So he is.
他是个风趣的人。的确是。
例：—You seem to like beer.
—＿＿＿＿．
A. So I do
B. So do I
C. So am I
D. So I am
【答案】A
【解析】此处为“so+主语+be/do/have/can”结构，表示强调，重复上句话的内容，译为“确实……；的确……”。
(3)“I do so”中的do so是一短语，用来替代上文出现的动词或动词+宾语/状语，以避免重复。例如：
Tom asked me to stop the car, and I do so (=stopped the car).
汤姆让我停车，我就把车停了下来。
He said he would tell me the news, but he didn't do so.
他说他会告诉我这个消息的，但他却没告诉我。
9. in return，in return for
(1) in return的意思是“作为报答（酬谢）”、“作为回报”。例如：
I am very grateful for your help，and hope that one day I may be able to do something for you in return.
我非常感谢你的帮助，希望将来能为你做点什么作为答谢。
He wanted nothing in return.
他不要任何东西作为回报。
Give some money to the boy in return．
给那个孩子一些钱作为回报吧。
例：Mr. Green stopped and the man said, “Thank you. You?ve been kind to me. This is what I can do in_________.”
A．all B．fact C．return D．the end
【答案】C
【解析】in return是固定搭配，表示“作为回报”的意思。
(2) in return for的意思是“作为对……的报酬”、“作为对……的报答”（=in payment for）。例如：
Give him some books in return for his help．
给他几本书作为他帮忙的回报。
I gave her some roses in return for her kindness.
我给了她一些玫瑰花以报答她的善意。
We?ll send them some picture postcards of Beijing in return for the New Year Card they sent us.
我们将寄给他们一些好看的北京图片明信片作为对他们寄来的贺年片的回礼。
三、语法解析：主谓一致
主谓一致是高一下学期的一个语法专项。对于这一语法的掌握大部分靠理解后的记忆。关键要找准主语，再看其句式结构，按照规则办事。另外，对于作主语的名词还要分清是可数名词还是不可数名词。下面我们就这一语法内容进行讲解。
谓语受主语支配，须和主语在人称、数上保持一致，叫主谓一致。处理主谓一致问题可依据三项原则：语法上一致、意义上一致和就近一致。
一、语法上一致：
谓语和主语通常是从语法形式上取得一致，即主语为单数形式，谓语动词也采用单数形式，主语为复数，谓语也为复数形式。
A、谓语用单数的情况
1、以单数名词或代词、动词不定式、动名词短语或从句作主语时。
例：The boy is clever enough to study maths well.
To work hard is necessary.
Reading aloud is very important in learning a foreign language.
Whether she comes or not is of no matter.
2、由and连接的并列单数主语的前边如果分别有each, every, 或no修饰时，其谓语要用单数形式。
例：In our country every boy and every girl has the right to education.
No teacher and no student is going to take part in such a boring game.
3、主语是单数，其后尽管有as well as, no less than, rather than, more than, but, except, besides, with, along with, together with, like, including, in addition to等起连接作用的词语带其他名词，谓语动词仍用单数。
例：The teacher as well as the students likes this painting.
4、某些不定代词，如either, neither, each, one, the other, another, anybody, anyone, anything, somebody, someone, something, every body, every one, everything, nobody, no one, nothing.等，当它们作主语时，通常用单数。
5、many a +单名，谓语用单数。
例：Many a student is coming.
6、the number of+复数名词，谓语用单数，中心词是number。
二、意义一致：
从意义着眼处理主谓一致问题，即主语形式为单数，意义为复数。谓语依意义而定用复数，反之，主语形式为复数，意义为单数，谓语用单数。
7、表时间、距离、价格、度量等的复数名词或短语作为一个整体看时，谓语动词用单数。
例：Fifty years is not a long time.
One hundred kilometers is a good distance.
Four hundred dollars is more than she can afford.
Five pounds is quite enough.
8、在说一个算式时，表数目的主语通常作单数看，谓语用单数。
例：20 plus 5 is 25.
9、以ics结尾的学科名称，如mathematics, physics, politics, news, works等都属形复意单名词，谓语用单数。
例：Mathematics seems to be difficult to me.
The glass works was rebuilt in 1959.
10、用作书名、剧名、报纸名、国名等复数名词作主语时，谓语用单数。
例：“The Arabian Nights” is a very interesting story book.
The United States is a capitalist country.
B、谓语用复数的情况：
1．主语为复数，谓语用复数。
例：They are doing their homework now.
2．用and或both… and连接并列主语时，谓语用复数。
例：Plastics and rubber never rot.
He and I are classmates when we were at college.
Both bread and butter were sold out in that shop.
What he says and what he does do not agree.
但是：并列主语如果指的是同一人、同一事物或同一概念其谓语要用单数形式，这时and后面的名词没有冠词。
例：In this hotel, the bread and butter (= the bread with butter on it) is served for breakfast.
A cart and horse was seen in the distance.
The girl?s teacher and friend is a young doctor.
Truth and honesty is the best policy.
3.一些只有复数形式的名词如clothes, scissors, trousers, shorts, scales, glasses 等，它们作主语时，谓语要用复数。
例：The scales are mine.
My trousers are being washed.
但：如果成双的东西前有a pair of来修饰时，谓语要用单数。
例：This pair of scissors belongs to the tailor.
4.表总称意义的名词public, police, cattle, people（人们、人民）作主语时，谓语动词用复数。
例：The police have not made any arrests.
People are talking about the news.
5.以定冠词the + adj（或分词形式的adj.）作主语时，如果指的是一类人，谓语用复数。
例：The English speak English.
The rich are not always happy.
C、单复数依情况而定：
1、在主谓倒装句子中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。
例：Here comes an old lady.
2、关系代词who, that, which等在定语从句中作主语，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。
例：Those who want to go please sign their names here.
Some of the energy that is used by man nowadays comes from the atom.
3、① a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a heap of(一堆), heaps of, a large quantity of等+n构成的短语作主语
②由分数、分数+n构成的短语作主语
③the rest of / the remainder of / most of/half of短语作主语,
其谓语动词要根据短语中后面名词的数而定，这是因为短语中后面的名词是中心词，而短语中前面的量词是修饰语。
例：There are lots of people.
Lots of damage was caused by the fire.
Three-fourths of the people here are doctors
Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is sea.
Only 30 percent of the students are…
Only 30 percent of the water is…
The rest o f the books are…
The rest of the water is…
Half of the visitors are from Europe.
Half of the fruit is bad.
Most of them are…
Most of the wood was used to make furniture.
4、有些集合名词，如family, team, group, crowd, crew, class, audience, government, company, committee等作主语时，如果看作一个整体用单数，如果就其中的一个成员而言，用复数。
例：family:My family is a big family.
My family are watching TV.
population:The population of the earth is increasing very fast.
What is the population of China?
One third of the population here are workers.
5、疑问代词who, what, which，不定代词all, some, any, none等，谓语动词须视情况分别采取复数或单数形式。
例：Who is your brother?