代词及It用法
代词是代替名词的词，英语中代词有人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词、指示代词、不定代词、疑问代词、连接代词和关系代词等九种。
一、人称代词：
(一)概述
表示“我(们)”、“你(们)”、“他/她/它(们)”等的词叫人称代词，它有人称、数和格的变化，其形式列
(二)人称代词的句法功能：
人称代词在句中的功能是通过“格”表现出来的，不同的格表明人称代词在句中有不同的句法功能。如：
1、主格形式作主语和表语。
He was late yesterday.昨天他迟到了。
They went to the cinema together.他们一起去看电影去了。
She and I are very good friends.我和她是很要好的朋友。
---Is that Mr. Smith? 是史密斯先生吗？ ---Yes, this is he.(电话用语) 是的。
It might have been she.那或许是她。
【注】①在非正式英语，尤其是口语中，人称代词作be的表语时，通常可用其宾格形式代替主格。如：---Who is it? 谁呀？ ---It’s me.是我。
②to be + 人称代词作主语的补足语时，人称代词用主格，作宾语的补足语时用宾格。如：
I was thought to be she.人们认为我是她。= They thought me to be her.
2、宾格形式作宾语(动词的宾语或介词的宾语)。
I bought a present for them. = I bought them a present.我给他们买了件礼物。
Mind you, this is just you and me.听着，这事只能你知我知，绝不可外传。
3、在比较状语从句中，在不引起误解的前提下，有时用宾格代替主格(尤其其后有同位语“all”时)。
He is taller than I (或me).他比我高。
He is taller than us all.他比我们都高。
【注】若可能引起误解，就不能用宾格代替主格。如：
He loves you more than I.他爱你胜过我爱你。
He loves you mare than me.他爱你胜过爱我。
4、用来表示感叹时，常用宾格形式。
Dear me! 哎呀/天哪! = Goodness me!
(三)代词排列次序(1—每一人称；2—第二人称；3—第三人称)
1、单数：通常按2,3,1或是3,2,1人称排列。如：
Mary and I are classmates. You, he and I are good friends.
2、复数：通常按1,2,3人称排列。如：
We, you and they have been invited to the party.
Both we and they happened to be there.
3、第三人称男女两性并用时，男先女后。如：
He and she still don’t quite agree to this plan.
4、承认过失，表示不吉祥的事，或有不好的意思时，单数按1,3,2人称排列，复数按3,2,1的人称排列。
It was I and Tom that broke the window.
I, he and you will be punished for being late.
They, you and we should leave there at once.
(四)he和she的特殊用法：
he(他)和she(她)除了用来指代男人和女人外，还可用来指代动词或无生命的东西：he可指代雄性动物
或庞大而又威猛之物。如：
Is the kitty a he or she? 这只小猫是公的还是母的？
The cat is playing with his own tail.那只猫在玩自己的尾巴。
The moon loses her brilliance when the sun makes his appearance.
太阳升起时，月亮失去了它的光辉。
【注】人们常用she/her来指代如船只、汽车、飞机、国家、城市等无生命的东西，以表达其喜爱或亲
切之情。如：
---How’s your new car? 你的新车怎么样？
---Terrific. She’s going like a bomb.好极了，劲儿象炸弹一样足。
(五)it的用法：It主要有两种用法：作代词和引导词用。
1、作代词：
(1)、作人称代词，代替前面提到的事物或身份不明的人。在性别不详或性别无关紧要时，也可指动物或
小孩（或婴儿）。如：
I was disappointed with the film. I had expected it to be much better. (NMET 93)
Someone is ringing the doorbell. Go and see who it is. (2000上海高考)
Aluminum looks heavy but actually it is very light.铝看起来重，但实际上它却很轻。
China is a large country. It lies in the east of Asia.中国是一个大国，它位于亚洲东部。
Boys and girls, the terminal examination is coming. You must be ready for it.
同学们，期末考试快到了。你们必须做好考试的准备。
Please go and get my dictionary; it is right on the desk; have you seen it?
请去把我的词典拿来；就在书桌上；看见了吗？
The scientific worker trained a fish to expect its food when it heard the sound of a whistle.
这位科学工作者训练一条鱼听到哨声便想进食。
---My brother has only one child. 我兄弟只有一个孩子。
---Is it a boy or a girl? 是男孩还是女孩？
【注】①it与one, that的区别：one表示同类的但不是同一个，且只能代替前面的可数名词，相当于
“a/an + 名词”；that表示同类的能够是同一个，且常接后置定语；it表示的是前面同一事物，目的是为了
避免重复，可换为“the + 名词”。如：
The population of China is larger than that of Japan.
I hope that there’s enough glasses for each gust to have one. (NMET 95)
A table made of stone is stronger than the one made of wood.
Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment, one I will always treasure.
(NMET 2002)
②it可指代前面提到的某件事情或将发生的某件事情。如：
How did I get to know him? Well, it was like this.
我是怎么理解他的呢? 嗯，事情是这样的。（it指上句中提到的某件事）
We shall appreciate it if you would send us your samples soon.
如贵方速寄样品来，我方将不胜感激。（it指if从句中提到的将来的某件事）
(2)、作非人称代词，表示天气、时间、距离、价值等，译成中文时一般可省略。如：
It’s getting darker. Let’s hurry.
It is three miles to the railway station.
---What the cost? ---It’s twenty dollars.
---He was nearly drowned once. ---When was that?
---It was in 1998 when he was in the middle school. (2002北京春高考)
It’s six o’clock already. The bank is closed.已经六点钟了，银行下班了。
Oh, it’s very cold this winter.哦，今年冬天非常冷。
It’s twenty li from this hotel to the airport.从这家旅馆到机场有20里。
(3)、作指示代词，相当于this, that，表示心目中的人或事物。如：
---Who is making such a noise? ---It must be the children.
---Whose bag is that? ---It’s my brother’s.
---Who is it? ---It’s me.谁（敲门）呵？是我。
---What you mean is that practice makes perfect. 你的意思是说熟能生巧。
---That’s exactly it. 就是这个意思。
---Do you want this one? ---Yes, that’s it.你要这个吗？对，正是这个。
【注】此时it也用于指代前面整个句子所表示的意思，要特别注意与关系代词which引导的非限制性定
语从句用法的区别：it仅作所在句子的主语或宾语，不能起连接作用；而which具有双重作用，作从句的主
语或宾语且具有连接前后两部分的功能，所以其前不能用连词and或but来连接，但which可转换成为and/ but
it。二者都能够用来代替前面整个句子所表示的意思。如：
The weather turned out to be very good, which was more than we could expect. (NMET 94)
Tom’s mother kept telling him that he should work harder, but it didn’t help. (NMET 93)
2、作引导词：
(1)、作形式主语。真正的主语能够是动词不定式、动名词或从句。如：
In fact, it is a hard job for the police to keep order in the important football match.
(上海2001) Does it matter if he can’t finish the job on time? (NMET 95)
It is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. (NMET 95)
It is difficult for me to learn English.对于我来说学习英语是困难的。
It is no use talking.光说没有用。
It is clear that he means well.很显然，他的用意是好的。
【注】①当it作形式主语时，若是no good, no use或useless等作表语，则必须用动名词作真正的主
语，其它情况用动词不定式作真正主语。
②it充当形式主语构成大量的常用句式。要注意it后谓语不同的形式，并译成通顺的汉语。
a) It is a pity that …真可惜……，可惜的是…… It is a fact that …事实是……
It is a wonder that …这真是个奇迹…… It is no wonder that …难怪……
b) It is obvious/clear that …很明显……，很清楚……
It is strange that …奇怪的是……，……令人费解
c) It so happened that …碰巧……，说来也巧……
It follows that …从而……，于是乎……，这样一来……
It seems that …看来…… It appears that …看来……，似乎……
It appears/seems as if …看起来好象…… It turned out that …原来……，结果……
It occurred to me that …我突然想到……
d) It was said that …据说 It was reported that …据报道……
It is believed that …据认为……，人们认为……
It is universally accepted that …普遍认为……
It is estimated that …据估计…… It is to be noted that …值得注意的是……
It must be admitted that …必须承认…… It was announced that …据宣布……
It can safely be said that …完全能够说……
It can thus be concluded that …由此能够得出结论……
e) It doesn’t matter ………是无关紧要的
It doesn’t need to be bothered that …无须担忧……
It makes no difference ………毫无二致
f) It is no use/good doing sth.做某事没用处/没好处
(2)、作形式宾语。真正的宾语能够是动词不定式、动名词或从句。如：
We consider it necessary to combine theory with practice.我们认为理论联系实际是必要的。
I think it no good doing so.我认为这样做没有用处。
We must make it clear that any delay in shipment will cause us great losses.
必须明确的是，任何装船的延误都会造成我们很大的损失。
【注】①与as引导的非限制性定语从句和what引导的主语从句的区别。如：
As is known to everybody, the moon travels around the earth once every month. (NMET 2001) =It is known to everybody that the moon travels around the earth once every month.
=What is known to everybody is that the moon travels around the earth once every month.
②与There is (was) no doubt (no need) to do sth.等惯用句型的区别。如：
I hate it when people talk with their mouths full. (NMET 98)
I don’t think it possible to master a foreign language without much memory work. (NMET 90)
3、用于强调句型：
强调句型的结构为：It is/was + 被强调部分 + that(被强调部分是人时还可用who, whom +原句其余部分。如：
原句：We practise oral English in Classroom 309 on Thursday evening.
It is we that/who practise oral English in Classroom 309 on Thursday evening.
周四晚上在309教室练习英语口语的是我们。（强调主语）
It is oral English that we practise in Classroom 309 on Thursday evening.
我们周四晚上在309教室练习的是英语口语。（强调宾语）
It is in Classroom 309 that we practise oral English on Thursday evening.
我们周四晚上是在309教室练习英语口语的。（强调地点状语）
It is on Thursday evening that we practise oral English in Classroom 309.
我们是在周四晚上在309教室练习英语口语的。（强调时间状语）
It was because I was busy that I did not attend his birthday party.
我是因为忙才没有参加他的生日宴会。（强调原因状语）
It was me that/whom he blamed.他责怪的是我。（强调宾语）
It is Li Wei that/who has helped us a lot.是李伟给了我们很大的协助。（强调主语）
It was yesterday that I went to visit the exhibition.
我是昨天去参加那个展览会的。（强调时间状语）
【注】对于引导的强调句型，在理解上要把握以下三点：
①被强调的对象在句中作主语、宾语、表语、状语等成份。
②强调的基本方法是将被强调部分放到“It is/was … that/who”之间，句子的其他部分按其原来在句中的顺序写在that/who之后。若被强调的句子是过去时态就用was,是现在或将来时态就用is；若被强调的对象是人时常用who代替that。
③判断it开头的句子是否为强调句，可采用“还原法”，即把“It is/ was … that/who”去掉，若其中间部分能还原到句子中本身所在的位置，句子结构完整，语法准确，则是强调句，否则就不是。如：Was it in this place that the Emperor died? 该句可还原为
The Emperor died in this place.即为强调句。
对于此类句型常从以下两个方面实行考查：
※与when, where引导的定语从句；until, before, since引导的时间状语从句的区别。如：
It was not until 1920 that regular radio broadcast began. (NMET 95) It was about noon when I climbed up the top of the mountain. (NMET 2002) It is 10 years since he graduated from Peking University.
It will be not long before we finish the task.
※强调句型的疑问句式常为：疑问词 + is/was + it + that + 其他部分。如：
What is it that Joe can’t find in the bathroom?
How is it that your answer differs from his?
4、it还可常用于以下句型：
It’s + 段时间 + since …从……已多长时间了(since从句要用一般过去时)
It won’t/will be … before …用不了/得过(多久)就/才……
If it were not/had not been for sb./sth.要不是有……
see to it that …务必使……，保证使……，负责……
It’s five years since we last meet.从我们上次见面已有五年了。
(比较：It is five years ago that we last met.我们上次见面是在五年前──强调句型)
It wont’ be long before we meet again.不久我们会再见面的。
If it hadn’t been for John, we would have lost the game.要不是有约翰，我们早就输掉那比赛了。
See to it that the work is done before dark.务必要在一黑前把活干完。
二、物主代词
(一)概述：
(二)物主代词的句法功能：
1、形容词性物主代词常作定语。
Is that man with his hands in his pockets your brother? 那个把手放在口袋里的人是你的兄弟吗？
【注】形容词性物主代词 + own 表示“某人自己的”，其后可跟名词也可不跟名词。这个结构常用来强调所属或独特性。如：
Don’t use my pen. Why not use your own (pen)?
别用我的钢笔。为什么不用你自己的呢？
I want a car of my own.我想要一辆我自己的车。
2、名词性物主代词常作主语、宾语及表语。
Can I borrow your pen? Yours writes better than mine.
我能借你的钢笔用一下吗？你的笔比我的好写。
My bike is out of order. May I use his? 我的自行车坏了，我能够用他的吗？
The room isn’t ours. It’s theirs.这房间不是我们的，是他们的。
【注】①名词性物主代词后不可跟名词或代词one(s)，它总是单独用在句子中，充当主语、表语或宾语。
②名词 + of + 名词性物主代词(或名词所有格)构成双重所有格形式，如：
a friend of mine我的一们朋友
③its为形容词性物主代词，通常不作名词性物主代词，故its一般不能单独使用。
三、反身代词
(一)概述
表示反射(指一个动作反射到该动作执行者本身)或强调(即用来增强名词或代词的语气)的代词叫反身代词。其形式列表如下：
(二)用法
1、作宾语
Make yourself at home.别客气。
She is worried about herself.她为自己担忧。
2、作表语
I am not quite myself today.我今天感觉不太好。
He recovered from the shock and was himself soon.他从震惊中清醒过来，很快恢复了正常。
3、作同位语
She is going abroad next month; she herself told me.她亲口告诉我她下月要出国了。
I gave the letter to the teacher himself.我把信交给老师本人。
【注】反身代词不能用作第一主语，能够用作第二、三主语。如：My brother and myself went there yesterday.
(三)包含反身代词的常用词组有：
make oneself understood让别人懂得自己的话 behave oneself使自己行为规矩些
teach oneself (mathematics)自学(数学) hid oneself(自己)藏起来
enjoy oneself过得很愉快 make yourself at home请不要拘束
help yourself (to some fruit)请随便吃(些水果) dress oneself (自己)穿衣
devote oneself to奉献给 say to oneself心里想
talk to oneself自言自语 by oneself独自(= alone, without help) in oneself自发的 to oneself独自占用或享用
四、指示代词
(一)概述
表示“这个(些)”“那个(些”等指示概念的代词叫指示代词。主要有：this, these, that, those, such
(二)用法
1、作主语
This happened many times long ago.在很久以前，这种情况发生过多次。
Those would be wonderful clothes.那将是些奇妙的衣服。
2、作宾语
The oldest building here is this, not that.这里最古老的建筑物是这幢，而不是那幢。
Such was Albert Einstein.阿尔伯特?爱因斯坦就是这样一个人。(倒装)
3、作定语
These articles are well written.这些文章写得很好。
You shouldn’t say such things.你不理应谈这样的事。
【注】①有时为了避免重复提到过的名词，常可用that或those代替。如：
The life in Japan is different from that in America.日本的生活与美国的生活不相同。
Radios made in Nanjing are just as good as those make in Shanghai.
南京生产的收音机与上海生产的一样好。
②this和that有时可表示“水准”，作状语，相当于so。如：
I don’t want that much.我不要那么多。
The books is about this thick.那本书大约有这么厚。
③在打电话时，常用this来介绍自己。用that来问对方是谁。如：
Hello, this is Jim. Is that Henry? 喂，我是吉姆，你是亨利吗？
④that可代替不可数名词。如：
This news is better than that.这条消息比那条消息好。
表示相互关系的代词叫相互代词，有each other和one another两组。一般来说，each other用于两个人或物之间，one another用于三个或三个以上的人或物之间，但这种区别在现代英语中已不明显。
1、作宾语
You and I know each other very well.你我相互都很了解。(作动词宾语)
All the children here are fond of one another.这里所有的孩子相互都很喜欢。(作介词宾语)
2、作定语
用each other’s 或one another’s所有格形式
They pointed out each other’s weak points.他们相互指出弱点。
【注】相互代词不能作主语。each other有时可分开使用，这时， each可作主语。如：
Each tries to do better than the other in their work.两人彼此都力争在工作中比对方做得更好。
六、疑问代词
英语中常见疑问代词有五个，用来构成特殊疑问句，它们是：who, whom, whose, what, which等。
1、who和whom的用法：
who是主格，在句中作主语和表语，whom是宾格，在句中作宾语。如：
Who came here yesterday? 昨天谁来这里了？
Whom do you wish to speak to? 你想找谁接电话？
【注】在口语中，该用whom的地方常用who代替。如：
Who are you talking about? 你们在说谁？
但是，如果前面有介词，则仍需用whom。如：
With whom will you go there? 你将要和谁一起去那儿？
2、whose, what及which在句中可作主语、表语、宾语和定语。
Whose is this? 这是谁的？
Whose book is it? 这是谁的书？
What language does he speak? 他说什么语言？
They are so alike, I can’t tell which is which.
他们是如此相象，我都分不出谁是谁了。
3、what与who
一般说来，what问的是职业或地位，who问的是姓名。如：
---What was her husband? 她丈夫是干什么的？ ---He was a lawyer.他是律师。
---Who was her husband? 她丈夫是谁？
---He was John Forbes, the son of a famous writer.他是约翰?福布斯，一个著名作家的儿子。
4、what与which
what一般指不定数目中的选择；which则指一定数目中的选择。如：
What fruit do you like best? 你最喜欢什么水果？
Which do you like better, oranges or apples? 你比较喜欢桔子还是苹果？
5、whatever, whichever, whoever分别为what, which, who的强调形式。如：
Whatever do you want? 你到底想要什么？
Whoever gave you the book? 究竟谁给你的这本书？
6、注意下列疑问词的使用与汉译的差别：
population …? ……人口是多少？
distance? 距离有多远？
What is the price? 价格是多少？
address? 住在哪里？
attitude? 态度怎样？
capital of …? ……的首都在哪？
(一)概述
不指明代替的是何特定的名词，起到名词或形容词的作用的代词叫不定代词。不定代词及其基本用法，
(二)部分不定代词的具体用法：
1.all全部，都
(1)all指三者或三者以上的“全部，都”。如：
[误]His hands are all dirty. [正]His hands are both dirty.他的双手都是脏的。
(2)all作主语时，谓语动词的人称和数应与all所指代的人或事物保持一致。如：
All of the people/them were very happy.所有的人/他们都非常高兴。
All are here except John.除了约翰大家都到了。
All goes well.一切进展良好。
(3)all可直接修饰可数名词，也可修饰不可数名词。如：
All things are difficult before they are easy.所有的事情都是先难后易。
All the students in this class are good at English.这个班所有的学生英语学得都不错。
All the money here belongs to him.这儿所有的钱都是他的。
(4)all修饰单数可数名词，表示“整个的，全部的”，相当于whole，但要注意the放的位置。如：
She ate all the cake.她把那块蛋糕全吃了。 = She ate the whole cake.
All the city is clean and tidy.整个城市都很整洁。 = The whole city is clean and tidy.
(5)all可修饰表示时间的单数名词，表示“从头到尾的”。如：
all (the) day一整天 all (the) morning一上午 all (the) night一整夜
【注】习惯上不说：all hour/year/century
(6)all可修饰专有名词，表示“全部，整个”。如：all China全国 all Paris整个巴黎
(7)all与not连用时，表示“部分”否定。如：
All bamboo doesn’t grow tall.并非所有的竹子都长得高。
= Not all bamboo grows tall. = Some bamboo grows tall, but some doesn’t.
2、both“两个都”，常在句中作主语、宾语、定语及同位语。
Both would l9ke to have a try.两人都想试一试。 (作主语)
We asked both to discuss it.我们要他们二人讨论这件事。 (作宾语)
Both the sister are nurses. 姐妹俩都是护士。 (作定语)
My parents are both watching TV now.我父母现在都在看电视。 (作同位语)
【注】①both常与and构成关连词，连接两个等列成分。如：
Both he and I know this teacher. 他和我都理解这位老师。
That day he defeated both her and me in the game.那天在比赛中他击败了我和她。
②both与not连用也表示“部分”否定。如：
Both of them haven’t read this story. = Only one of them has read this story.
并非他们两人都看过这个故事。
【注意】①all与both可直接修饰名词，如：all/both students(所有的/两个学生)。如果名词需要限
定范围，它能够有自己的限定词(the, 物主代词, 名词所有格或指示代词)，些时all与both须放在限定词的前面，即：all the/those/my students所有那些/我的学生 both his hands他两只手都
②all与both后可跟of + 人称代词宾格，此时不能省去of。如：
all of them他们都 both of us我们两个都
③如果all与both后跟of，of的后的名词前必须有限定词(此时限定词不可省去)。如：
all/both of the students
④all与both可作为同位语放在谓语动词的前面。如果谓语动词是由几部分组成的，则置于第一助动词的后面；如果动词为be，则置于be后。如：
We all agree with you.我们都同意你的看法。
We have all finished the homework.我们都完成作业了。
They are both useful.他们两者都有用。
3、none
(1)表示“三个或三个以上都不”，是all的否定形式。它在句中作主语或宾语。作主语时，其后的谓语动词能够是单数也能够是复数。
None of them is/are easy to get along with.他们中没有一个人容易相处。
I like none of you.我们我一个也不喜欢。
None of the pens is/are good to write with.没有一支钢笔是好使的。
(2)none可用来指代不可数名词，意为“没有一点”，相当于not any of。它作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。如：None of the money is yours.这钱没有一分是你的。
【注】①“none but + 复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词要用复数。如：
None but fools believe him.除非傻瓜才相信他。
②“none of + 名词”结构中的none不可用no, nobody, on one或nothing代替。
[正]None of the pens are/is his.这些钢笔没有一支是他的。
[误]No one of the pens is his. No of the pens is his.
③在绝绝大部分情况下，none侧重于数量，而nobody (none)/nothing侧重于人/物本身，在问答时，这个点表现得尤其突出。如：
---Who are for the plane? 谁赞同这项计划？ ---No one.没有人赞同。
---What is in the bottle? 瓶子里有什么？ ---Nothing.什么也没有。
---How many people are there in the room? 房间里有多少人？ ---None.一个也没有。
---How much money do you have on you? 你身上还着多少钱？ ---None.一点也没带。
4、no“无”总是置于名词之前作定语，也可代替not any, not a，但语气很强。如：
We have no lessons on Sunday.星期日我们不上课。 (no修饰可数名词)
There is no food here. Please get some.这儿没有食物，请弄些来。 (no修饰不可数名词)
He is no fool. (= He isn’t a fool at all.) (他绝非傻瓜)他很聪明。
It is no joke. (= It is not a joke at all.) (这可不是开玩笑)这是一件正经事。
【注】①no修饰的名词作主语时，谓语动词的人称和数应与该名词保持一致。如：
No shoes were sold that day.
No bus is waiting there.
②No + v-ing表示“禁止/不允许(做某事)”。此时不可用not。如：
No smoking! 禁止吸烟! No parking! 禁止停车!
③no作副词用，可与形容词或副词比较级连用，意为“毫不、并不”等意。如：
I can walk no farther.我再也走不动了。
He’s feeing no worse today.他今天病情没变坏。
I shall trouble you no further today.今天不多麻烦你了。
5、another和other
(1)another可作名词性不定代词，在句中单独作主语或宾语，也可作形容词性不定代词，修饰one或单
数可数名词。它表示不定数目上的另一个，不特指。如：
This one is a bit too large. Can you show me another (one)? 这个有点大，能再给我拿一个吗？
【注】“another + 基数词/few 等 + 复数名词”可表示“再……，另……”，此时将another后的部分看作一个整体。如：
We walked another ten miles (= ten more miles).我们又走了十英里。
(2)other(其他的)可与the连用，或与名词连用在句中和主语或宾语，它不能单独作主语或宾语。如：
He has two sisters, one is a nurse, the other is a teacher.
他有两个姐姐，一个是护士，加一个是老师。
People fool themselves, and try to fool other people.人们愚弄自己并且设法愚弄别人。
I’m busy now; ask me about it some other time.我现在很忙，再找个时间问我。
【注】①other的复数形式为others(= other people/things)，而the others则等于the other people/things (其余人/物的全部)。它们在句中单独作主语或宾语。如：
Some like milk chocolate, others prefer plain chocolate.
上些人喜欢奶油巧克力，另外一些人更喜欢纯巧克力。
We got home by 6 o’clock, but the others didn’t get back until about 8 o’clock.
我们六点以前到家，但其他人直到约八点才回去。
②the other单独使用常用来特指两个当中的另一个，表示单数概念。
③注意由other构成的一些词组：other than除了……以外，no other than不是别人(或物)正是……，every other day每隔一天，some day or other迟早，总有一天。
6、neither和either
(1)neither(两者中任何一个都不)和either(两者中任何一个都)意思相反但用法基本相同，都能够作主语、宾语和定语。如：
Either is OK.两个中随便哪个都行。
You may take either of the books.两本书中随你拿一本。
There are roses on either side of the road.路两旁各着玫瑰花。
Neither of them wants to stop for a rest.他们两个谁也不愿意停下来休息。
I like neither of them.他们两个我都不喜欢。
Neither side could win.两边都不能获胜。
(2)neither和either作主语时，谓语动词常用单数形式，但在非正式文体中，特别是其后有复数名词或代词时，常用复数形式作谓语。如：
Neither is willing to help her.两人都不愿帮她。
Neither of them want(s) to do the job.他们俩都不想干那份工作。
Either of the boys is/are ready.两个孩子做好了准备。
(3)either … or … (不是……就是……；或者……或者……)以及neither … nor … (既不……也不……)皆可构成并列连词，连接句中两并列部分。连接两并列主语时，谓语动词在人称和数上应遵循就近一致原则。如：
Either you or I am right.不是你对就是我对。
Either he or you have stolen my watch.不是他就是你偷了我的手表。
Neither my sister nor I am willing to work with you.我姐姐和我都不愿意和你一起工作。
(4)either在否定句中常位于句末，表示“也”之意。如：
I don’t like maths and he doesn’t like it, either.我不喜欢数学，他也不喜欢。
(5)neither表示“也不”，位于句首，后面使用倒装语序。如：
This shirt doesn’t fit me, neither does that one.这件衬衣不合我的身，那件也是这样。
7、each和every
each和every都可译为“每一个”，都表示单数概念，可与单数可数名词连用，但两者并非相同。
(1)each强调个体，倾向于把整体分开来考虑，可起名词和形容词的作用，在句中作主语、宾语、定语和
同位语。every强调全体，修饰单数可数名词或one，暗示无一例外。它在句中只能作定语，不能作主语、宾语和同位语。如：
Each of us has got a new book.我们每人得到一本新书。
I visited him at the hospital each day.我每天都到医院去看他。
The nurse gave the children two apples each.护士阿姨给每个小孩两个苹果。
The tickets each cost ten fen.这些邮票每张一角。
Every minute is important to us.每分钟对我们都是重要的。
There are TV stations in every big city in China now.现在中国每个大城市都有电视台。
(2)each指两个或两个以上(人或物)的每一个，every指三个或三个以上(人或物)的每一个。
There are many trees on each side of the street. (不用every)街道两旁有很多树。
(3)every有重复、反复之意，each没有。如：
They come here every two weeks. (不用each)他们每两周到这儿来一次。
类似的还可说：every year or two, every now and then, every other day, every five minutes
(4)every与not连用，表示部分否定，each和not连用，表示全部否定，试比较：
Every man is not honest.并非每个人都诚实。
Each man is not honest.这儿每个人都不诚实。
(5)在下列短语中，用each和every均可：each/every day, each/every year, each/every time。但every now and then(时常，不时)中不能用each。
8、some与any
some和any是表示不定数量的代词，some意为“一些，某些”，any意为“任何/不论谁/什么”。使用时注意以下几点：
①some一般用于肯定句中，any多用于疑问句、否定句和条件状语从句中。
②some和any能够用作名词性不定代词，也可用作形容词性不定代词。
③some和any在句中能够用作主语、宾语和定语。如：
Some of them like the music very much.他们中间有些人很喜欢这首乐曲。
Is there any left? 还有剩下的吗？
If you have money, please lend me some.如果你有钱的话，请借给我一些。(作动词宾语)
He is not interested in any of these pictures.他对这些画都不感兴趣。 (作介词宾语)
Some students visited the factory.一些学生参观了那家工厂。
There isn’t any ink left in the bottle.瓶子里没有墨水了。
(1)some的特殊用法：
①some也用于表示请求、邀请、建议、反问等的疑问句中。如：
Shall I make some tea? 我沏点茶好吗？
Would you lend me some money? 你借点钱给我好吗？
Why don’t you have some drink? 你怎么不喝点饮料？
②在希望对方做出肯定回答或预料对方可能会做出肯定回答的疑问句中用some。如：
Are there some stamps in the box? 盒子里有邮票吗？ (希望得到肯定回答。说话人知首盒里有邮票，只不过想证实一下。)
Are there any stamps in the box? 盒子里有邮票吗？ (纯属提问，有没有不知道)
Are you expecting some friends this morning? 你今天上午有朋友来吗？ (预料会得到肯定回答)
③some修饰单数可数名词时，表示不确定的“某一个”，相当于a certain。如：
I found the sentence in some book.我是在某一本书上发现这个句子的。
I hope I can see her some day.我希望有一天能见到她。
④some有时可作状语与数词连用，意为“大约”，相当于about。如：
Some 100 people were present at the meeting.大约有100人出席了会议。
It takes some half an hour to get there.到达那里大约要半小时。
(2)any的特殊用法：
①any能够用在肯定句中，意为“任何的，随便哪一个”，有强调作用。如：
Any one will do.任何一个都行。
He studies hard than any other student in the class.他比班上任何其他学都更努力。
②any能够用作状语，表示水准，常用于否定或疑问句中修饰比较级。如：
I can’t stay here any longer.我不能在这里呆下去了。
Don’t lend him any more money.不要再借钱给他。
Do you feel any better today? 今天感觉好些了吗？
③any能够用于指三个或三个以上之中的任何一个，但不可指两者中的任何一个。比较：
Have you read any of these two books? (误)
Have you read either of the two books? (正) 你读过这两本书中的一本吗？
I don’t like any of the books.这些书我都不喜欢。
I don’t like some of the books.这些书有些我不喜欢。
9、a few“一些”，few(否定)“几乎没有”，修饰可数名词复数。
a little“一些”，little(否定)“几乎没有”，修饰不可数名词。
(1)few, a few, little和a little均可作名词或形容词性不定代词，在句中作主语、宾语或定语。
(2)few和a few作主语或修饰主语时，谓语动词用复数；little和a little作主语或修饰主语是时，谓语动词用单数。如：
Few of them know French.他们中几乎没有人懂法语。
A few of them know French.他们中有些人懂法语。
He made very few mistakes in the test.他在考试中几乎没有出差错。
He made a few mistakes in the test.他在考试中出了一些差错。
I still have a little money here.我这儿不还有些钱。
Hurry up. There is little time left.快点，快没时间了。
He says little but does much.他说得少做得多。
(3)few前面可用these或those修饰。如：
We have learnt a lot from these few books.从这本书中我们学了很多东西。
(4)a little可作状语，修饰形容词、副词或形容词、副词的比较级形式，相当于a bit，意为“有点“。但not a little与not a bit意思大不相同，前者意为“非常，很(very)”，后者意为“一点也不(not in the least)”。如：
He is a little/a bit taller than his brother.他比他的兄弟稍高一点。
He is a little/a bit tired.他有点儿累了。’
he is not a little tired.他很累。 He is not a bit tired.他一点也不累。
(5)quite a few = many很多；quite a little = much很多
Quite a few people knew about it.很多人了解此事。
He was very thirsty and drank quite a little water.他很渴，喝了很多水。
10、many和much
(1)many和much都表示“很多”之意，但many表示或者修饰可数名词，much则表示或修饰不可数名词。它们在句中皆可作主语、宾语或定语。many作主语或修饰主语时，谓语动词用复数，much作主语或修饰主语时，谓语动词用单数。如：
Many of the teachers have taken part in the discussion.很多教师都参加了讨论。
Much has been done to get better results.为取得更好的成绩已经做了很多工作。
He has a lot of books and I have many, too.他有很多书，我也有很多。
I have much to do today.今天我有很多事要做。
(2)much的特殊用法：
①much也能够是副词，用作状语，表示水准等。如：
This garden is much larger than that one.这个园子比那个园子大多了。
She likes dancing every much.她非常喜欢跳舞。
②too much意为“太过度了”。
It’s not too much to say so.这样说并不过度。
③be not much意为“不怎么样”。如：
I’ve read the book and it is not much.这样说并不过度。
④be boo much for意为“非……力所能及”、“……让人承受不了”。如：
The job is too much for her.这项工作他干不了。
The journey will be too much for him.这个路将够他受的。
⑤how much可用于询问价格，在句中作表语。如：How much are the eggs? 鸡蛋怎么卖？
(3)too many“太多”，修饰可数名词复数。
too much“太多”，修饰不可数名词，如：too much water(太多的水)
much too“太……”，修饰形容词或副词的原级，如：much too cold(太冷了)
(4)much可修饰形容词和副词的比较级，而many则不可。但是，当形容词比较级置于复数名词之前时，比较级前不可使用much，而应使用many，如：many more books。
【注】many, much, (a) few, (a) little, several, some等词后面皆可跟“of + the等限定词 + 名词”。其中，of和限定词应同时出现(不可单独出现)。many, few, several等后面的名词须为复数名词，而much, little等后面的名词应为不可数名词。some后面的名词既可为复数名词又可为不可数名词。如：[正]Many of the students don’t understand it.
[正]Many students don’t understand it.
[误]Many of students don’t understand it.
[误]Many the students don’t understand it.
但是，all, both及half三词后既可跟“of + the等限定词 + 名词”，也能够直接跟“the等限定词 + 名词”。如：
[正]All students should study hard.
[正]All the students should study hard.
[正]All of the students should study hard.
[误]All of students should study hard.
(1)由some-, any-构成的复合不定代词的用法，参见“some和any”相关用法。
(2)anyone与everyone只能够指人，而any one和every one既可指人，又可指物。anyone与everyone 后不可接of短语，但any one与every one后面可接of短语。如：
Every one of the students can speak good English.这些学生中每个人能说一口流利的英语。
They have kept every one of our letters.我们的每一封信他们都保留着。
---Which pen do you want? 你想要哪支笔？ ---Any one will do.哪一支都行。
(3)形容词修饰复合代词时，必须放在后面。如：
I have something important to tell you.我有些重要的事情要告诉你。
12、one的用法
one能够指人或物，表示“一个人”或“某一个”。one既可作名词，也可作形容词，在句中作主语、表语、定语和宾语等。one的所有格形式是one’s，反身代词是oneself，复数形式是ones。
(1)泛指人，表示“人，人人”。如：
One must do one’s duty.人要尽责。 (作主语，定语)
One should be strict with oneself.一个人应该严格要求自己。(作主语、宾语)
(2)表示“一个人或物”。
He is one of the best students in the class.他是班上最好的学生之一。(作表语)
She will come here in one or two days.她一两天就要来这里。(作宾语)
(3)代替句中或上文已出现过的泛指名词，以避免重复。如：
She has bought a recorder. I want to buy one, too.她买了一台录音机，我也想买一台。 (作宾语) ---Have you blue pencils? 你有蓝铅笔吗？ ---No. I have red ones.没有。我有红铅笔。
(4)one可用this或that修饰，this one意为“这个东西，这个人”，that one意为“那个东西，那个人”。如：
This garden is small, but that one is rather big.这个园子很小，但那个园子却很大。
That boy is in Class One and this one is in Class Two.那个男孩在一班，这个男孩在二班。
(5)one能够用作定语从句或其他后置定语的先行词，其含义则需要根据其后的修饰语来明确。如：
Is he the one who got the prize? 他就是得奖的那个人吗？
He is not one to be easily frightened.他不是一个容易吓倒的人。
(6)the one和the ones表示特指(one和ones表泛指)。the one相当于that，the ones相当于those。
No dictionary is as useful as the one I bought last year.我去年买的那本词典最有用。 (= that) The children from the United States are different from the ones from China.
从美国来的孩子同从中国来的孩子不一样。 (the ones = those)
(7)one和that用法比较：
①在表示领属或修饰关系的of之前，不能使用one，而要使用“that/those of …”。如：
One of the serious problems facing us today is that of how to get more water for man to use.
今天摆在我们面前的严重问题之一是如何获取更多的人类用水。
②one只能替代单数可数名词，但that既可替代单数可数名词，又能够替代不可数名词；one表泛指而that表特指。如：
Tom has a red pen and a blue one (或two blue ones).
汤姆有一支红铅钢笔和一支蓝钢笔(或两支蓝钢笔).
He has no child, and he wants to adopt one/some.他没有小孩，他想收养一个(或几个)。
The weather in Kunming is better than that in Wuhan.昆明的气候比武汉的好。
(8)用one还是用it
one和ones是泛指，表示同类中的任何一个或几个。it是特指，指代上文已出现过的那个名词，表示同一个东西。比较：
He has a car and she wants to buy one, too.他有一部车，她也想买一部。
He has a car and she wants to buy it.他有一辆车，她想买下它。(it为特指，指“他的那辆车”。) She has no watch, so I want to buy one for her.她没有手表，我想为地买一块。
There is only one watch of the type in the shop, so I want to buy it for her.
商店里这种手表只有一块，我想为她买下。
八、关系代词
关系代词who, whom, whose, that, which是用来引导定语从句的。它一方面代表定语从句所修饰的那个名词(或代词)，一方面又在从句中担任一个成分，如：主语、宾语、表语或定语。
九、连接代词
疑问代词都可用作连接代词，来引导主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句或同位语从句。
高考练习题
1.Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment, __ I will always treasure.
A. that
B. one
C. It
D. what (NMET 2002)
2.One of the sides of the board should be painted yellow, and __. (NMET 2000春)
A. the other is white
B. another white
C. the other white
D. another is white
3.They were all very tired, but __ of them would stop to take rest. (NMET 95)
A. any
B. some
C. none
D. neither
4.I hope there are enough glasses for each guest to have __. (NMET 95)
A. it
B. those
C. them
D. one
5.Tom felt that he knew everybody’s business better than they knew it __. (NMET 96)
A. themselves
B. oneself
C. itself
D. himself
6.---Is __ here? ---No, Bob and Tim have asked for leave. (NMET 93)
A. anybody
B. somebody
C. everybody
D. nobody
7.---Is your camera like Bill’s and Ann’s? ---No, but it’s almost the same as __.(NMET 96)
A. her
B. yours
C. them
D. their
8.---Would you like some wine? ---Yes, just __. (MET 93)
A. little
B. very little
C. a little
D. little bit
9.Mr. Zhang gave the textbooks to all the pupils except __ who had already taken them.(MET 92)
A. the ones
B. ones
C. some
D. the others
10.There is so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can’t make up my mind __ to buy.
A. what
B. which
C. how
D. where (MET 92)
11.---Do you want tea or coffee? ---__, I really don’t mind. (NMET 2002春)
A. Both
B. None
C. Either
D. Neither
12.Someone is ringing the doorbell. Go and see __. (上海 2000)
A. who is he
B. who he is
C. who is it
D. who it is
13.Few pleasures can equal __ of a cool drink on a hot day. (NMET 99)
A. some
B. any
C. that
D. those
14.I hate __ when people talk with their mouth full. (NMET 98)
A. it
B. that
C. these
D. them
15.I agree with most of what you said, but I don’t agree with __. (NMET 97)
A. everything
B. anything
C. something
D. nothing
16.---Can you come on Monday or Tuesday? ---I’m afraid __ day is possible. (NMET 98)
A. either
B. neither
C. some
D. any
17.Young people may grow quickly in some ways and more slowly in __. (上海 93)
A. the other
B. some other
C. others
D. these others
18.__ friends Betty had made there were all invited to her birthday party. (上海 97)
A. Few of
B. Few
C. The few
D. A few
19.Some people would rather ride bikes as bike riding has __ of the trouble of taking buses.
A. nothing
B. none
C. some
D. neither
20.I need __ cloth, for I’m going to make __ clothes. (上海 95)
A. a lot of, many
B. much, much
C. many, many
D. many, a lot of
21.Tom’s mother kept telling him that he should work harder, but __ didn’t help. (NMET 93)
A. he
B. which
C. she
D. it
22.__ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. (NMET 95)
A. There
B. This
C. That
D. It
23.---Wasn’t it Dr. Wang who spoke to you just now? ---___. (上海 96)
A. I didn’t know was
B. Yes, it was
C. No, he wasn’t
D. Yes, he did
24.Don’t __ that all those who get good grades in the entrance examination will prove to be most
successful. (上海 98) A. take as granted B. take this for granted
C. take that for granted
D. take it for granted
25.In fact __ is a hard job for the police to keep order in an important football match.
A. this
B. that
C. there
D. it
26.Kate and her sister went on holiday with cousin of __. (MET 90)
A. their
B. theirs
C. her
D. hers
27.I don’t think __ possible to master a foreign language without much memory work. (MET 90)
A. this
B. that
C. its
D. it
28.Does __ matter if he can’t finish the job on time? (MET 91)
A. this
B. that
C. he
D. it
29.We couldn’t eat in a restaurant because __ of us had __ money on us. (MET 91)
A. all, no
B. any, on
C. none, any
D. no one, any
30.---He was nearly drowned once. ---When was __? ---__ was in 1998 when he was in middle school.
A. that, It
B. this, This
C. this, It
D. that, This
31.---You’re always working. Come on. Let’s go shopping. (北京2002春)
A. Anything
B. Something
C. All
D. That
32.We asked John and Jerry, but __ of them could offer a satisfactory explanation. (北京2005春)
A. either
B. none
C. both
D. neither
33.---Susan, go and join your sister cleaning the yard. (NMET 203) ---Why __? John is sitting there doing nothing.
A. him
B. he
C. I
D. me
34.---There’s coffee and tea; you can have __. ---Thanks. (NMET 2003)
A. either
B. each
C. one
D. it
35.---Why don’t we take a little break? ---Didn’t we just have __? (NMET 2000)
A. it
B. that
C. one
D. this
36.Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, __ was very reasonable. (上海2000)
A. which price
B. the price of which
C. its price
D. the price of whose
37.---Have you finished your report yet? ---No, I’ll finish in __ ten minutes. (NMET 95)
A. another
B. other
C. more
D. less
38.---Are the new rules working? ---Yes, __ books are stolen. (NMET 99)
A. Few
B. More
C. Some
D. None
39.Mr. Alcott, headmaster of the school, refused to accept __ of the three suggestions made by the
Student s’ Union. (上海2000春)
A. either
B. neither
C. any
D. none
40.Dr. Black come from either Oxford or Cambridge, I can’t remember __. (NMET 98)
A. where
B. there
C. which
D. that
不定代词 1．—How much water is there in the bottle？ —_______ A,None B, No one C.Many D.None of 2 . All of us were invited, but ____ of us came A．neither B．none C．Both D.no one 3.The old man has two sons．One is a worker，______ is a teacher． A．other B．others C．the other D．another 4. The bottle is empty. There is ____ in it. A．anything B．something C．Nothing 5. ----Look! We have ____ sugar. ----Really? Let's go and buy some. A．few B．a few C．little D．a little 6．There isn't ____ milk in the fridge. You'd better buy some. A．no B．any C．some 7. ----“There isn't ____ water here. Could you get ____ for me?” ----“All right.” A．some; some B．any; any C．some; any D．any; some 8. There are lots of English books here, and ____ of them is easy to understand. A．both B．all C．every D．each 9. These sweaters are too small for me. Please show me ____ one. A．other B．others C．the others D．another 10.There isn't ____ paper in the box. Will you go and get ____ for me? A．any; some B．any; any C．some; some D．some; any 11.There are some trees on ____ side of the street. A．both B．all C．either D．every 12.．“Which of the two dictionaries do you like better?”“I like ____ , because they're not useful.” A．both B．either C．all D．neither 13.．They were all very tired, but ____ of them would stop to take a rest. A．any B.no one C．none D．neither 14.．There were ____ people and ______noise in the park last Sunday. A．many; much B．much; much C．much; many D．many; many 15.．____ of them has a dictionary and ____ one of them can look up words in the dictionary.
高中英语语法：It的完整用法精讲 it可用作人称代词、指示代词、先行词及引导词等。 1. 人称代词it，是第三人称单数中性，代表前文已提到过的一件事物。如： 1）That vase is valuable. It's more than 200 years old. 那个花瓶很珍贵，它有200多年的历史。 2）I love swimming. It keeps me fit. 我喜欢游泳，它能使我保持健康。 当说话者不清楚或无必要知道说话对象的性别时，也可用it来表示。如： 3）It's a lovely baby. Is it a boy or a girl? 宝宝真可爱，是男孩还是女孩？ it可用来指代团体。如： 4）The committee has met and it has rejected the proposal. 委员会已开过会，拒绝了这项建议。 it用以代替指示代词this, that.如： 5）--- What's this? --- It's a pen. —这是什么？—是一支钢笔。 6）--- Whose book is that? --- It's Mike's. —那是谁的书？—是迈克的。 2. 指示代词it，常用以指人。如： 7）Go and see who it is. 去看看是谁。 8）--- Who is making such a noise? —是谁发出这样的吵闹声？ --- It must be the children. —一定是孩子们。 3.虚义it无指代性，常用作没有具体意义的主语，出现于表示天气、气候、温度、时间、地点、距离等意义的句子中。如： 9）It is half past three now. 现在是三点半钟。 10）It is six miles to the nearest hospital from here. 这里离最近的医院也有六英里。 11）It was very cold; it snowed and grew dark. 天气很冷；天下着雪，渐渐地变黑了。 it也常用来表示一般的笼统的情况。如： 12）It's awful—I've got so much work I don't know where to start. 糟透了——我有这么多工作要做我不知从何开始。 13）How is it going with you? 你近况如何？ 14）Take it easy. 不要紧张。 it也常用于下列结构： 15）It looks as if the college is very small. 看起来这个学院很小。 16）It seems as though our plan will be perfect. 似乎我们的计划很完善。 17）It's my turn. 该轮到我了。 it也常用于某些习惯用语中作宾语，各该习惯用语有具体意义，但it并无具体意义。如：cab it 乘车catch it 受责，受罚come it 尽自己分内come it strong 做得过分walk it 步行make it 办成take it out of somebody 拿某人出气 4. 先行词it. it充当形式主语或形式宾语，本身无意义，只起一种先行引导的作用，先行词不重读。后面的真正主语或真正宾语通常是不定式结构、-ing分词结构或名词性从句。 （1）用作形式主语
英语中代词的用法 代词是代替名词的一种词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词，按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为：人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、自身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词和不定代词八种。 一、人称代词是表示"我"、"你"、"他"、"她"、"它"、"我们"、"你们"、"他们"的词。人称代词有人称、数和格的变化，见下表： 数单数复数 格主格宾格主格宾格 第一人称I me we us 第二人称you you you you he him they them 第三人称she her hey them it it t they them 主格作主语或表语，如：He is my friend. 他是我的朋友。It’s me. 是我。 宾格作及物动词和介词的宾语, 还可作表语. Aunt Li took care of us. Who is knocking at the door It's me. 二、物主代词表示所有关系的代词，也可叫做代词所有格。物主代词分形容性物主代词和名词性物主代词二种，其人物和数的变化见下表。 形容词性物主代词my your his/her its our your their 名词性物主代词mine yours his/hers its ours yours/ theirs 形容词性物主代词只能做定语,修饰名词,相当于形容词,如：I like his car. 我喜欢他的小汽车。 名词性物主代词可以做主语、宾语和表语，相当于名词, 如：Our school is here，and theirs is there. 我们的学校在这儿，他们的在那儿。 三、指示代词表示"那个"、"这个"、"这些"、"那些"等指示概念的代词。指示代词有this，that，these，those 等。 如：That is a good idea. 那是个好主意。 四、表示"我自己"、"你自己"、"他自己"、"我们自己"、"你们自己"和"他们自己"等的代词，叫做自身代词，也称为"反身代词"。反身代词表示主语发生的动作落在主语自己身上,或用来加强名词或代词的语气。 如：She was talking to herself. 她自言自语。 I hope he didn't hurt herself. She taught herself English. 五、表示相互关系的代词叫相互代词，有each other和one another两组，但在运用中，这两组词没什么区别。 如：They love each other. 他们彼此相爱。 六、不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词。常见的不定代词有a11，both，each，every等，以及含有some-，any-，no-等的合成代词，如anybody，something，none。这些不定代词大都可以代替名词和形容词，在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语，但none和由some，any，no等构成的复合不定代词只能作主语、宾语或表语；every和no只能作定语。如： ---Do you have a car? --你有一辆小汽车吗？ ---Yes，I have one. --是的，我有一辆。
it的用法及练习 一、概述 在英语中，it的使用相当广泛，它既可用作代词，如人称代词（personal it）、指示代词（demonstrative it）及非人称代词（impersonal it）, 也可用作引导词（anticipatory it）和强调结构中的强调词（emphatic it） Someone is ringing the doorbell. Go and see who it is.有人在按门铃。去看看是谁。（人称代词）What’s this?这是什么？ It’s a book.这是一本书。（指示代词） What a long way it is from Beijing to London! 从北京到伦敦真远。（非人称代词） It's best to plant trees in spring because it's warmer.春天是植树的最佳时节，因为天气更暖和。（作引导词） It was I who met him in the park last week. 是我上星期在公园遇到他的。（强调结构中的强调词） 二、it作代词 1、用作人称代词（personal it） 代替前文提到过的事物，it作真实主语或宾语。 The frog is not a warm-blooded animal. It is a cold-blooded one.青蛙不是温血动物，它是冷血动物。My pen is missing. I can't find it anywhere. 我的笔丢了，我哪儿也找不到它了。 I won't be back tonight. Please tell my wife about it .我今晚不回来了，请你向我妻子说一声。 I was disappointed with the film. I had expected it to be much better. 我对这部电影很失望，我曾盼望它更好。 Tom's mother kept telling him that he should work harder, but it didn't help.汤姆的妈妈不停地告诉他要努力，但这没起作用。 2、用作指示代词（demonstrative it） 相当于this或that，it有时不特指某件东西，而代表前面已提到的或将会发生的某件事情。 -Who is knocking at the door? —谁在敲门？
高三英语第一轮复习：代词it的用法冀教版 【本讲教育信息】 一. 教学内容： 代词it的用法 二. 教学重点： （一） it的用法主要体现在以下几个方面：作为人称代词的it，先行代词的it，非人称代词的it以及强调句中的it和it的一些习惯用法。 1. it指代事物、群体、经验、活动等。可以代替一个词、词组或整个句子，以免重复。 That wasn’t where you had dinner，was it？ If you remember these points，it will help you. When can we come to visit you？Any time you feel like it. I love running. It keeps me fit. it也可指代婴孩或性别不详的人。 Do you hear a baby crying？Something must have hurt it. Who is making so much noise？It must be the children. Somebody is knocking at the door. I don’t know who it is. Who is it? 未见具体人，不同于Who is that ？见到具体某人，但不相识。 2. it用作非人称代词的主语，表示气候、天气、温度、时间、地点、距离等或虚指的情境。 It’s Sunday tomorrow. It’s five miles to the nearest station from here. It was dull when Tom was away. It seems that no one would like to help you. Had it not been for my illness last week，I would have gone with them. 3. it常用作先行代词 代指不定式，可用作形式主语或形式宾语，以it作形式主语或形式宾语的动词有believe，consider，feel，find，imagine，make，regard，suppose，think等。 It is difficult to learn written Chinese. It is of great help to master a foreign language. It took me a week to recite the text. I find it quite necessary to make some changes. He thought it best to be on his guard. 代指动名词，可作形式主语或形式宾语，常用在下列句型中 It is no good（no use，useless）＋动名词 It is a waste＋动名词 代指名词性从句，该结构中的名词性从句可用that，when，who等引导。 It happened that they were away. She wants to make it clear whether you still love her or not. It is not known what caused the accident. Has it been found out who is the murderer？ It is believed／known／reported／said／supposed／thought that an egg is the equivalent of one pound of meat. 可转换为An egg is believed／known／reported／
语法强化班（第一次作业） 一、单项选择题： （）1. This room is their and that room is . A. parents’, John’s and Mike’s B. parent’s, John and Mike’s C. parents’, John and Mike’s D. parent’s ,John and Mike’s ( )2.She is a friend of ________. A. my B. mine C. I D. he ( )3. Frank can’t find ____ dictionary . Can you lend ____ to _____? A. her, mine, her B. it, yours, he C. his , yours , him D. him, you, his ( )4.The man is rich , he can buy ___ a lot of things . A. he B. his C. himself D. herself ( )5. Do you have _____ to do this evening? A. important something B. anything important C. something important D. important something ( )6.We found ________very difficult to learn Japanese. A. this B. that C. it D.its ( )7 We need some more____. Can you go and get some, please? A. potato B. Potato s C. potatoes D. potatoe ( )8.What big____ the tiger has! A. tooth B. teeth C. tooths D. toothes ( )9-Would you like___tea?-No, thanks. I have drunk two____. A. any, bottles of orange B. some, bottles of orange C. many, bottles of oranges D. few, bottle of oranges ( )10.He is hungry. Give him ___ to eat. A. two breads B. two piece of bread C. two pieces of bread D. two pieces of bread s 二、找出下列句子中的错误并改正： 1）She went to the library with two ladies friends. 2）We are Frenchmen, and they are Germen. 3）I don’t have something to tell you. 4) Neither of them are from America. 5) What’s the weather like today? Today is rainy. 三、用括号内所给词的正确形式填空： 1、Meimei learnt to speak English by ________. (she) 2、My radio is not so good as ________. (he) 3、The girl under the tree is a friend of ________. (Lucy) 4、A friend of ________will come to see her tomorrow. (she) 5、Miss Li doesn't like that bag. She prefers ________. (I) 四、阅读理解： A very old lady won a million dollars in a lottery(彩票).Her son and his wife heard the news on the radio. “How are we going to tell your mother?” the wife asked. “it might kill her! ” “That's right.” the son said, “perhaps we'd better tell her doctor about it. He'll know how to tell the news to her.” Then they told it to the old lady's doctor. “I'm glad you told me.” he said, “a shock (打击), even a happy one could bring on a heart problem. Leave it to me. I'll find a way of telling her.” He thought about the problem for several days, then decided what he would say. He went to visit the old lady and
英语中代词的用法 It的用法 1．作人称代词 John likes playing Pingpong．/ He always does it in the afternoon．(指代上下文提到的事物)；/It's time we went home. / How far is it from here to your home ? / It is getting warmer and warmer．/ It's very quiet at the moment．(可指时间、天气、环境等) 2．引导词 A．作形式主语，代替由不定式、动名词或从句表示的真正主语。 It's important for us to learn a second language．/ It's no use talking to him．/ It's known to all that the earth goes round the sun． B．作形式宾语，代替由不定式、动名词或从句表示的真正宾语。 We feel it our duty to help others．/ He made it clear that he would leave the city．
C．强调结构：It is (was) +被强调部分＋that (或who)… 注意：在强调结构中，如被强调部分为时间状语或地点状语，其后的连接词也绝不能为when 或where，而应用that 。在复习中，一定要注意句式的不同。 It was in Shanghai that I bought the guitar．(that引起强调句) It was Shanghai where I bought the guitar．(where引起定从) It was twelve o'clock when we arrived there．(when引起时间状语从句） It was at twelve o'clock that we arrived there．（that 引起强调句） 3. it，one，that 的区别：作为代词，这三个词的对比使用是高考的热点之一。—Why don't we take a little break? —Didn't we just have __________? A．it B．that C．one D．this
代词 一、定义与分类 代词是代替名词及起名词作用的短语或句子的词。代词根据其意思和用法可分为人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、相互代词、疑问代词、连接代词、关系代词、不定代词九类。综观历年高考情况，在这九类代词中，不定代词一直是高考英语的重点。 ?人称代词I , you ，she ，him ?疑问代词who, whom, whose, which, what （用于引出特殊疑问句的代词） 注意：what与which的用法区别：当选择的范围较明确时，用which；不明确时用what。 如：Which color do you like, red, black or white? What color is your car? ?物主代词my 、your、hers ?关系代词which 、that、who、whom ?反身代词myself、yourselves 注意：反身代词用于be, feel, seem, look 等后作表语表示身体或精神所处的状态。 如：I'll be myself again in no time. 我一会儿就会好的。He doesn't feel himself today. I’m not quite myself these days. 我近来身体不大舒服。 ?连接代词who, whom, what, which, whose, whoever, whatever, whichever主要用于 引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句等 ?相互代词each other、one another ?不定代词one、each、another、neither ?指示代词this、that、those、these 注意：a. 为避免重复，可用that 和those 代替前面提到的名词。 如：The playground of this school is bigger than that of that school.(that=the playground) My books are next to those of the monitor. b. 在打电话时，通常用this 指自己，用that指对方：如：Hello. This is Jim. Is that John? c. this 和that 还可用作副词，用以修饰形容词或副词，意为“这么”、“那么”，相当于so。 如：I've done only that much. 我所做的就这么多。Is he always this busy? 他总这么忙吗? 二：人称代词，物主代词，反身代词用法概述 这三种代词都有人称（一、二、三人称）的变化、数（单、复数）的变化，以及性（阴性、阳性、中性）的变化。其中，人称代词除了这三种变化外，还有格（主格、宾格）的变化。 物主代词又包括两种形式：形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。特别注意：形容词性物主代词its没有相应的名词性物主代词。 这三种代词的形式变化表如下： 三、不定代词的用法 1）定义：不定代词是不指明代替任何特定名词或形容词的代词。 2）分类：
英语词类 英语中的词可以根据词义、语法功能和形式特征分为十大类，即名词(noun)、代词(pronoun)、形容词(adjective)、副词(adverb)、动词(verb)、数词(numeral)、冠词(article)、介词(preposition)、连词(conjunctions)和感叹词 (int erjection)。 英语代词的用法全归纳 一、定义与分类 代词是代替名词及起名词作用的短语或句子的词。代词根据其意思和用法可分为人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、相互代词、疑问代词、连接代词、关系代词、不定代词九类。综观历年高考情况，在这九类代词中，不定代词一直是高考英语的重点。 二：人称代词，物主代词，反身代词用法概述 这三种代词都有人称（第一、二、三人称）的变化、数（单、复数）的变化，性（阴性、阳性、中性）以及格（主格、宾格）的变化。 物主代词又包括两种形式：形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。特别注意：形容词性物主代词its没有相应的名词性物主代词。 这三种代词的形式变化表如下： 三、人称代词的用法 1) 定义：人称代词是用来指代人、动物或事物的代词。它必须在人称(第一人称、第二人称、及第三人称)、数（单数、复数）以及性（阴性、阳性、中性）三方面与被指代的名词一致。 如：I am a student. Tom is a boy, and he is a student. Mary is very pretty, and she likes singing. The boys are students, and they are in the room. The doy is small. It is Tom's. 2)人称代词的句法功能 A) 人称代词有主格和宾语之分：主格用作主语，宾格用作宾语。 B) 人称代词的主格形式在在句中作主语和表语。 如: I like music(主语). She is a teacher.(主语) She and I are good friends(主语). Neither she nor I am student. ——I saw the boys this morning. ——Are you sure it was they(表语)? C) 人称代词的宾格在句子作动词的宾语，或者介词的宾语。 如：I saw him at the party(宾语).
【英语】英语代词用法总结(完整) 一、单项选择代词 1．-Which of these two ties will you take? -I don't like these. Do you have any_____? A．one B．other C．ones D．others 【答案】D 【解析】 考查对不定代词的用法。--两个领带你想要哪一个？--都不喜欢，还有其他的吗？ others=other+名词”，泛指“别的人或物，其他的人/物”，故选D。 【名师点睛】不定代词one，ones ， other 和others的区别。 不定代词即不指明代替任何特定名词或形容词的代词。 1.不定代词one指代可数名词，既可指人，亦可指物，它可以代替上文中出现的单数可数名词，指代复数名词时可以用ones。 例如：I do not have a pen, can you lend me one? I like small cars better than large ones. 2.other具有名词和形容词性质，既可指人，亦可指物。other常与定冠词the连用。other只作形容词或代词，表示“其他的，别的”，不可单独使用。 例如：Do you have any other questions? the other作形容词或代词，特指两者中或两部分的另一个或另一部分。 3.others相当于“other+名词”，泛指“别的人或物”，只有名词性用法。 例如：Some are planting trees, others are watering them. 2．You should make ______ a rule to leave things______ you can find them easily. A．it; where B．it; then C．that; there D．this; when 【答案】A 【解析】 考查代词及状语从句。句中it作形式宾语，真正宾语为to leave things where you can find them easily；where引导地点状语从句，选A。 3．-Which of the ways should I take to the village? - way as you please．All seem to be equal in distance． A．Neither B．None C．Any D．Either 【答案】C 【解析】 考查代词：A．Neither两者都不，B．None三者以上都不，C．Any三者任何一个，D．Either两者任何一个，从后面的all看出路是三条以上，句意是：--你想走哪条路去村子？-你喜欢走哪条就走哪条，距离上都是一样的。选C。
I. it／one ／that三者均可用作代词, 指代前面提到的名词。一般说来, it指代同名同物; one 与that则指代同名异物。 I have lost my umbrella; I'm looking for it. （该句中it就是指前面的my umbrella） I have lost my umbrella; I think I must buy one. （one在该句中表泛指, 因为my umbrella 已经丢了） The umbrella you bought is cheaper than that I bought. （替代词that在该句中特指“the umbrella I bought”, 以区别“the umbrella you bought”） II. one与that虽可用来指代同名异物, 但one为泛指, 相当于a／an＋名词; that为特指, 相当 于the ＋名词。所以one所指代的名词的修饰语一般为 a／an ／some ／any; that所指代的名词的修饰语往往是the ／this ／that。 A chair made of steel is stronger than one made of wood. （该句中one可以换成a chair） The water in the cup is hotter than that in the pot. （该句中that可以换成 the water） III. one只能代替可数名词单数, 代替可数名词复数时用ones; that既可以代替不可数名词也可以代替可数名词单数, 代替可数名词复数时用 those。 I like this pen more than that one. （one代替可数名词单数pen） There were a few young people and some older ones in the house. （ones代替可数名词复数people） Mary's handwriting is far better than that of Peter. （that代替不可数名词 handwriting） These pictures are more beautiful than those. （those代替可数名词复数 pictures） IV. one既可代替事物, 也可代替人, that只能代替事物而不能代替人。有时可以用the one或the ones代替that或those。 The one ／That on the table is mine. （该句中The one代替事物, 并且也可以用That） He is the teacher, the one who is loved by the students. （该句中the one代替人, 不能用that） He advised the farmers to choose the best seed-heads, the ones ／those that had the best color. （该句中the ones代替事物, 并且也可以用those）
小学英语语法：代词it的用法（一）以下是整理的“小学英语语法：代词it的用法（一）”内容，供大家参考学习，希望大家可以仔细阅读，若想了解更多“小学英语语法”的相关内容，可以关注，小编会持续为大家更新。 人称代词it 作人称代词的it可以指代事物，也可以指代人，在句中通常作主语或宾语。 （1）指上文提到的事物、动物、植物等。例如： That vase is valuable. It’s more than 200 years old. 那只花瓶很宝贵，它有200多年的历史。 Water is very useful. We use it to generate electricity. 水非常有用。我们用它来发电。 The company was losing money and it had to make people Redundant 公司正在亏损，不得不裁减冗员。 The man went up to the cat and started stroking it. 那人走到猫跟前，开始抚摸它。 （2）指前面的短语、从句或句子的内容。例如： I’d like to go on a trip to Europe, but I cannot afford it. 我想去欧洲旅游，但我却负担不起费用。 Railroad service was suspended. They told me it was because of a landslide.
铁路不通了。他们告诉我是因为山体滑坡。She was frightened, but tried not to show it. 她吓坏了，但她尽量不表现出来。 （3）在性别不计或不明时指人或婴孩。例如：What a lovely baby! Is it a boy or a girl? 多可爱的宝宝！是男孩还是女孩？—There’s someone here to see you. 这儿有个人要见你。 —Who is it? 谁呀？
英语语法：代词的用法 代词是代替名词的词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词，按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为：人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、自身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词和不定代词八种。下面就来跟着小编一起学习英语语法：代词的用法吧。 英语语法：代词的用法 一、人称代词是表示我、你、他、她、它、我们、你们、他们的词。人称代词有人称、数和格的变化，见下表： 数 单数 复数 格 主格 宾格 主格 宾格 第一人称 I me we us
第二人称 you you you you 第三人称 he him they them she her they them it it they them 例如：Heis my friend. 他是我的朋友。 Its me. 是我。 二、物主代词是表示所有关系的代词，也可叫做代词所有格。物主代词分形容性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种，其人物和数的变
化见下表。 数 单数 复数 人称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 形容词性物主代词my your his/her/its our your their 名词性物主代词mine yours his/hers/its
ours yours theirs 例如：I like his car. 我喜欢他的小汽车。 Our school is here，and theirs is there. 我们的学校在这儿，他们的在那儿。 三、指示代词表示那个、这个、这些、那些等指示概念的代词。指示代词有this，that，these，those等。例如： That is a good idea. 那是个好主意。 四、表示我自己、你自己、他自己、我们自己、你们自己和他们自己等的代词，叫做自身代词，也称为反身代词。 例如：She was talking to herself. 她自言自语。 五、表示相互关系的代词叫相互代词，有each other 和one another两组，但在运用中，这两组词没什么大的区别。(有语法专家认为each other 指两者，one another表示三者及以上的彼此。) 例如：They love each other. 他们彼此相爱。 六、不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词。常见的不定代词有a11，both，each，every等，以及含有some-，any-，no-等的合成代词，如anybody，something，no one。这些不定代词大都可以代替名词和形容词，在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语，但none和由some，any，no等构成的复合不定代词只能作主语、宾语或表语;every和no只能作定语。例如：
It在初中阶段的用法 在初中英语教材中，出现了许多it的用法，现归纳如下 1、用作人称代词，代替前文提到过的事物。用于同名同物的场合。 My watch is missing. I can’t find it anywhere.(it=my watch) 2、代替指示代词that或this。 What’s this? It’s a computer. What’s that? It’s a pen. 3、用作非人称代词，表示时间、天气、距离、潮汐、自然环境等。It’s t ime for lunch. It was a raining day. How far is it from your office to the bank?It was very quiet in the library It will be lovely in the garden tonight. 4、用于指代性别不详的人或动物，有时指婴、幼儿。 --Who is it? 谁(敲门)啊? --It’s me , Lucy. Her new baby is tiny. It only weighs two kilos. 5、用作指示代词，指代前文已提到或后文将提到的事情。 You have saved my life; I’ll never forget it. The statesman was murdered last night. It was a terrible blow to the people. 6、用作引导词(即先行代词)，在句中作形式主语或形式宾语，代替后面的动词不定式短语、动名词短语、从句，或引导强调结构。 (1)代替动词不定式(短语)。 It is necessary for him to go there.(由for引出动词不定式的逻辑主语) It’s very good of you to have listened to me.(由of引出动词不定式的逻辑主语) Don’t you consider it better not to disturb him now? (2)代替动名词短语，作主语或宾语。 It’s no use talking to him about it. I found it necessary discussing the problem. .(3)代替由从属连词that引导，或由连接代词及连接副词引导的从句，在句中作主语或宾语。 It was evident that victory had returned. They want to make it clear to the public that they do an important and necessary job. (4)用在强调结构中，表示所强调的内容。 It is the people that (who) are really powerful. It was on Sunday night that all this happened. 典型考题 1.---This is my dog,Spotty. ---Oh,________is very lovely. A it B this C that 2.--- is very important that you told him 3.A it B this C that