Tracing large-scale structure at high redshift with Lyman-alpha emitters the effect of pecu

小学上册英语第6单元期中试卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.What is the name of the famous character who is a yellow sponge?A. SpongeBob SquarePantsB. Patrick StarC. Squidward TentaclesD. Mr. Krabs2.What do you call a person who studies the environment?A. EcologistB. BiologistC. GeologistD. EnvironmentalistA3. A ______ (野花) can add color to a meadow.4. A ______ (刺猬) has a spiky exterior for defense.5.He is a firefighter, ______ (他是一名消防员), who responds to emergencies.6.The ancient Romans held _______ to celebrate victories. (游行)7. A ______ (城市花园) can beautify neighborhoods.8.We will have _____ (fun/work) at the park.9.What is the name of the cosmic event that marks the end of a star's life?A. SupernovaB. Black HoleC. White DwarfD. Neutron Starbustion reactions require fuel and _____.11.The chemical formula for potassium iodide is ______.12.In which month do we celebrate Christmas?What is the capital of France?A. LondonB. ParisC. Rome13.Hydrochloric acid is found in our ______.14.Mercury is the ______ planet from the Sun.15.She is ______ her toys in the box. (putting)16. A frog's color helps it stay ______ (隐蔽).17.The ____ is a noisy bird that mimics sounds.18.We are going to ___ a festival. (attend)19.My brother loves to __________ (参加) local sports events.20. (52) contains many islands. The ____21.She wears a _____ (红色的) dress.22.What do you call a book that tells real-life events?A. FictionB. NonfictionC. BiographyD. FantasyB23.My pet parrot can _________ (说话).24. A __________ is formed by the accumulation of organic matter.25.The ________ is the smallest continent.26.Which fruit is known for having seeds on the outside?A. BlueberryB. StrawberryC. RaspberryD. Blackberry27.We celebrate New Year in ______ (一月).28.The frog is _____ (jumping/sitting) on the lily pad.29.The chemical symbol for indium is ______.30.What do we call the process of animals sleeping through the winter?A. MigrationB. HibernationC. EstivationD. DormancyB Hibernation31.The city of Wellington is the capital of _______.32.The chemical symbol for sodium is _______.33.What do we call a person who studies the weather?A. MeteorologistB. ClimatologistC. GeographerD. Environmentalist34.I want to ___ a comic book. (read)35.What shape has three sides?A. SquareB. RectangleC. TriangleD. CircleC36. A kangaroo's strong hind legs enable it to travel long ________________ (距离).37.The city of Beijing is the capital of _______.38.What do we call a large-scale farming operation?A. PlantationB. RanchC. OrchardD. GardenA39.What sound does a cow make?A. MeowB. BarkC. MooD. QuackC40.My dog loves to play with a ______ (球) in the park.41.I love to ______ (分享) my toys.42.Which month has Halloween?A. SeptemberB. OctoberC. NovemberD. December43.In winter, some plants _______ their leaves.44.What do you call a large area of rock and soil that is elevated?A. HillB. MountainC. PlateauD. CliffB45.I go to the library to _____ (read/study).46.What is the chemical formula for table salt?A. NaClB. KClC. MgCl2D. CaCl247.The __________ (历史的探索) continues to reveal new truths.48. A _______ (鳄鱼) has sharp teeth.49.The ______ (植物的生长) can be influenced by climate change.50.My cousin is learning to _______ (动词). 她对这个很 _______ (形容词).51.The ______ helps with the sense of smell.52.The main gas that contributes to the greenhouse effect is __________.53.She has a ___ (beautiful/ugly) dress.54.The Earth's tilt affects the changing of the ______.55.We have a ______ in our garden. (fountain)56.The first president of the United States was _______ (George Washington).57.I enjoy ______ (画画) in my sketchbook.58. A _____ (园艺书籍) can provide useful tips for gardeners.59.I saw a rainbow after the ______ (雨). It was very ______ (绚丽).60.The _____ (teacher/student) is helpful.61.I enjoy going outside when it’s __________. (阳光明媚的)62.How many days are in a week?A. FiveB. SixC. SevenD. Eight63. A ______ is a summary of experimental procedures.64.I have a special ________ that makes me happy.65.I saw a _______ (bird/fish) in the tree.66.The city of Istanbul is located in ________ (伊斯坦布尔位于________).67. A __________ (无机化合物) does not primarily contain carbon.68.What is the capital of Australia?A. SydneyB. MelbourneC. CanberraD. BrisbaneC69.What is 5 x 3?A. 10B. 15C. 20D. 2570.What is the largest ocean on Earth?A. AtlanticB. IndianC. ArcticD. Pacific71.Which instrument is used to measure temperature?A. BarometerB. ThermometerC. RulerD. ClockB72.I enjoy _____ (reading/playing) books at home.73.The __________ (历史的影响) can create change.74.The ice cream is ________ cold.75.I saw a _____ (鳄鱼) at the zoo.76.I love to watch ________ (科幻电影) in the theater.77.What do we call the science of classifying living things?A. BotanyB. TaxonomyC. ZoologyD. AnatomyB Taxonomy78.What do you call a large, flightless bird?A. EagleB. OstrichC. SparrowD. FalconB79.My mom makes _____ for breakfast. (pancakes)80.What is the name of the famous American singer known for her powerful voice?A. Whitney HoustonB. Mariah CareyC. Aretha FranklinD. AdeleA81.We have a ______ (快乐的) family dinner every Sunday.82.I like to ________ (network) with professionals.83.________ (植物迁徙) occurs naturally.84.Many animals hibernate during the ______.85.The process by which plants make their food is called _______.86.I write stories in my ______.87. A ______ (青蛙) can jump very high and far.88.The _____ (兔子) is known for its long ears.89.What is the name of the famous tower in Pisa, Italy?A. Tower of LondonB. Leaning Tower of PisaC. Eiffel TowerD. CN Tower90.In the garden, I saw a _______ (小鸟) singing happily on a branch.91.What do we call the person who leads a country?A. PresidentB. Prime MinisterC. MonarchD. All of the above92.My uncle is very _______ (形容词) about his job. 他总是 _______ (动词).93. A compound that can act as both an acid and a base is called an ______.94.I like to _____ (参观) historical sites.95.The _______ (Fourteenth Amendment) grants citizenship to all born in the US.96.The process of making biodiesel involves transesterification of _______ oils.97.What do we call the art of folding paper?A. PaintingB. OrigamiC. SculptureD. Drawing98.The __________ is a region known for its diplomatic relations.99.The ancient Egyptians invented _______ for writing. (象形文字)100. A _______ is a type of mixture where the components are not uniformly mixed.。

Evolution Unit 5 Overview - MARRIC5概述-马立克进化单元Name:____________________________________ Date:_____________Period:_____ Evolution Unit 5 – OverviewSchedule – February 11, 2009 through March 27, 2009; Unit Exam Tuesday 3/23/09Unit 5. Evolution Key Standards (2nd Semester)5a. The frequency of an allele in a gene pool of a populationdepends on many factors and may be stable or unstable over time.Students will apply how natural selection affects the characteristics of an organism and how mutations are maintained within a gene pool. (7a, 7b, 7c) Key Elements:1. Define the following concepts: natural selection, mutation, gene pool2. Describe the process of natural selection.3. Give an example of natural selection in nature.4. Explain how natural selection affects the characteristics of an organism.5. Explain how a mutation is formed.6. Discuss how a mutation is maintained within a gene pool.5b. The frequency of an allele in a gene pool of a populationdepends on many factors and may be stable or unstable over time. Evolution is the result of genetic changes that occur in constantlychanging environments. Students will describe how greater variationwithin a species may lead to greater survival of that species. (7d, 8b) Key Elements:1. Define variation, species.2. Explain how variation affects a species survival.3. Give a realistic example of how variation in a species has leadto its greater survival.5c. Evolution is the result of genetic changes that occur in constantly changing environments. Students will evaluate the effects of genetic drift and geographic isolation on a species. (8c, 8d) Key Elements:1. Define the following: genetic drift, gene pool, geographic isolation, and species2. Evaluate how genetic drift will affect a species, its gene pool, and its survival.3. Evaluate how geographic isolation will affect a species, its gene pool, and its survival. 5d. Evolution is the result of genetic changes that occur in constantly changing environments. Students will identify that analysis of fossil, DNA, and anatomical evidence supports evolution. (8e, 8f) Key Elements:1. Define the following: fossil, DNA, anatomical evidence, evolution, homologous structures, andanalogous structures.Evolution Unit Overview 12. Describe how fossil evidence supports evolution.3. Describe how DNA evidence supports evolution.4. Describe how anatomical evidence supports evolution.5. Give a realistic example of how all of the following support evolution: fossil evidence, DNA,and anatomical evidence.Note: The abbreviation CCS stands for California Content Standards referenced below.California Standards Evolution7. The frequency of an allele in a gene pool of a population depends on many factors and may be stable or unstable over time. As a basis for understanding this concept:a) Students know why natural selection acts on the phenotype rather than the genotype of anorganism.b) Students know why alleles that are lethal in a homozygous individual may be carried in aheterozygote and thus maintained in a gene pool.c) Students know new mutations are constantly being generated in a gene pool. d) Students know variation within a species increases the likelihood that at least some members ofa species will survive under changed environmental conditions.8. Evolution is the result of genetic changes that occur in constantly changing environments. As a basis for understanding this concept:a) Students know how natural selection determines the differential survival of groups oforganisms.b) Students know a great diversity of species increases the chance that at least some organismssurvive major changes in the environment.c) Students know the effects of genetic drift on the diversity of organisms in a population. d) Students know reproductive or geographic isolation affects speciation.e) Students know how to analyze fossil evidence with regard to biological diversity, episodicspeciation, and mass extinction.Textbook – Chapters 14 History of Life (pg 390 – 415) 15 Evolution (pg 416-449).Class Website – /teaching;Resources -, May 1998Tentative ScheduleWeek 1: 2/16 - 2/20 –President’s Day Holiday 2/16 Chapter 14 History of Life (due 2/23),Week 2: 2/23 - 2/27 –Unit 5 Quiz 1, Chapter 15 Evolutionary Processes (due on 3/5)Week 3: 3/2 - 3/6 – Unit 5 Quiz 2, Chapter 15 Evolution and Natural SelectionWeek 4: 3/9 - 3/13 – Unit 5 Quiz 3, Chapter 17 Classification and Review for ExamWeek 5: 3/16 - 3/20 – Breeding Bunnies and Molecular Clocks and Review for ExamWeek 6: 3/23 – 3/27 – Unit 5 Exam 3/24/00; Portfolio preparation Evolution Unit Overview 2"In the broadest sense, evolution is merelychange, and so is all-pervasive; galaxies,languages, and political systems all evolve.Biological evolution ... is change in theproperties of populations of organisms thattranscend the lifetime of a single individual. 1The ontogeny of an individual is notconsidered evolution; individual organisms donot evolve. The changes in populations thatare considered evolutionary are those thatare inheritable via the genetic material fromone generation to the next. Biologicalevolution may be slight or substantial; itembraces everything from slight changes inthe proportion of different alleles within apopulation (such as those determining bloodtypes) to the successive alterations that led 2from the earliest protoorganism to snails,bees, giraffes, and dandelions." Douglas J.Futuyma in Evolutionary BiologyWhat changes in evolution? Actually whatchanges is the frequency of an allele. Thefrequency of an allele in the gene pool of apopulation is how often an allele occurs inthe genotypes of individuals of the samespecies that are in the same area - thesame population. How often the alleleoccurs depends on lots of factors such as 1) what the allele codesfor - is it a critical trait for survival and 2) is the allele a dominant or a recessive allele. These factors determine whether the allele will be present for a long time or a short time. Naturalselection acts on population by changing the frequency of different alleles. If an allele is harmful, it will be eliminated from the population or reduced in its frequency because those individuals in the population exhibiting the trait will not survive. This leads to a fine difference between genotype and phenotype. Remember genotype is the kinds of genes an individual has and phenotype is its observable traits. It is the observable traits that are selected for or against resulting in increased allele frequency or reduced allele frequency, respectively. Since we are also considering genotypes, recall that the three ways that mutations happen most often are changes in the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) sequence due to insertions, deletions, or substitutions. It is very easy to get overly concerned about evolution if the focus is on human evolution. If instead the focus is on the mechanisms of how organisms change over time, a lot of emotional distress can be avoided. Being a Roman Catholic and believing that God created the Universe does not necessarily conflict with evolutionary theory. Evolution can be thought of as an accumulation of changes that occur within a population resulting from genetic and environmental changes. Within a population oforganisms of the same species there are differences between the individuals (variation). A species is a group of individuals that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring (offspring that can reproduce). The greater the variation between individuals the greater the likelihood that the species will survive if the environment changes.1 Ontogeny: the development of an individual from the moment the egg is fertilized up till adulthood.2 Protoorganisms: bacteria.Evolution Unit Overview 3Since the Earth was created, many environmental changes haveoccurred and some species have become extinct and others have apparently changed into different species. If an environment changes too much and there is not enough variation within the population, few if any individuals will survive the change, resulting in the species becoming extinct. But if there is sufficient variation so that some “weirdoes” can survive, then those will be the ones that can reproduce and their characteristic genes transmitted to the next generation. If there were a few before the change, then after the change they will be the majority apparently evolving into another species. Looking at fossils (mineralized remains of organisms) similarities can be observed. Paleontologists and evolutionary biologists have developed relationships between existing and extinct species by tracing anatomical and genetic similarities and differences.Besides mutations and large scale environmental changes, more minor changes can result in speciation. Speciation is the formation of a newspecies or group of organisms that can no longer interbreed with an original species population. These organisms no longer interbreed because their characteristics (either biological or behavioral) have become too different. This can happen randomly and by geographicisolation of a species. A random change in the kinds of genes in a population is called genetic drift. When populations of interbreeding individuals of the same species are large, the the allele frequency of each successive population is expected to vary little from the frequency of its parent population unless there are adaptive advantages associated with the alleles. But with a small breeding population (a group separated by geography), a change in even one individual can cause a disproportionately greater change in the population’s gene pool. Thereforesmall populations are more subject to genetic drift effects thanlarge populations. A situation exists when large populations are quickly reduced. This population reduction is called a population bottleneck. Like a bottleneck that is narrower than the bottle genetic variation is reduced. The reduced variation results in sudden changes in the allele frequency within the gene pool, and of the population’s characteristics. These type of changes are not gradual and called punctuated because sudden and drastic changes can occur. So evolutionary changes are not always slow (gradualism) or always rapid (punctuated equilibrium).Vocabulary1.Adaptation______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ____2. Analogousstructures________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____3. Anatomicalevidence_________________________________________________________4. ArtificialSelection__________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____5. DNA____________________________________________________________________6. Evolution_________________________________________________________________7.Embryology______________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ ____Evolution Unit Overview 48.Era_____________________________________________________________________ 9.Extinct_________________________________________________________________ __ 10. Fitness_________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____ 11. Fossil___________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____ 12. Foundereffect_____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____ 13. Gene Pool________________________________________________________________ 14. GeneticDrift______________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____ 15. GeographicIsolation_________________________________________________________ 16. Geologic TimeScale_________________________________________________________ 17.Gradualism______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ____ 18.Interbreeding___________________________________________________________ __ 19. Homologousstructures_______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____ 20. MassExtinction____________________________________________________________ 21.Mimicry_________________________________________________________________ _ 22.Mutation________________________________________________________________ _ 23. Natural selection___________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____ 24.Paleontology____________________________________________________________ ___ 25.Period__________________________________________________________________ _ 26. Phenotype________________________________________________________________ 27.Population______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ ____ Evolution Unit Overview 528. Punctuatedequilibrium_______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____ 29. Radioactive (radiometric)dating____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____ 30. Relativedating_____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____ 31. Reproductiveisolation________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____ 32. Survival of thefitness_______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____ 33.Speciation______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ____ 34.Species_________________________________________________________________ _ 35.Theory__________________________________________________________________ _ 36. Vestigial Structure(organ)____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____ 37.Variation_______________________________________________________________ __ 38.Darwin__________________________________________________________________ _ 39.Diversity_______________________________________________________________ __ 40. Indexfossil_______________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____ 41.Niche___________________________________________________________________ _ 42.Pesticide_______________________________________________________________ __ 43.Resistant_______________________________________________________________ __ 44.Variation_______________________________________________________________ __ 45. GalapagosIslands___________________________________________________________ Steps of Natural SelectionEvolution Unit Overview 6Evolution Unit Study Guide1. Evolution can be defined as any change in the relative frequency of alleles in the gene pool of a_____________________2. Differences between the members of a population will most likely be passed onto futuregenerations if they are3. Mutations that are lethal in homozygous individuals can survivein a population by being carriedbyA population of land snails colonized a field of yellow grass. At first, thepopulation contained two types of snails, one with brown bands on their shellsand another with yellow bands on their shells, as shown in thefigure below.After 10 years, most of the snails had shells with yellow bands.4. What process most likely led to an increase in the number ofsnails with yellow bands?5. What is the most likely reason that there are more yellow-banded snails present in thegrassland?A field of crops was sprayed with pesticides to control a population of insects that was eating the crop. Only 1% of the insects survived. The same amount and type of pesticide was sprayed on the field each year for the next 4 years. The graph below shows the percentage of insects that survived each year after the pesticide was used.6. Why was the pesticide less effective each year in its ability to control the target population ofinsects?7. change over evolutionary time.Evolution Unit Overview 78. In a species of plant, the sudden appearance of one plant with a different leaf structure wouldmost likely be the result of9. What would cause a mutation?10. In carrier pigeons there is a rare inherited condition that causes the death of the chicksbefore hatching. In order for this disease to be passed from generation to generation theremust be parent birds that11. Describe natural selection.12. The idea that evolution takes place at a continuous but very slow rate is knows as ______13. The idea that evolution takes place at one point in time, followed by a long period withoutchange is14. A genetic change will be maintained in a population if the change15. According to Darwin’s theory of natural selection, individuals who survive are the ones bestadapted for their environment. Their survival is due to the____________________________________________________________________ _16. When mountain lions prey on a herd of deer, some deer are killed and some escape. Which partof Darwin’s concept of natural selection might be used to describe this situation?17. A change in a sequence of DNA is called a18. Natural selection acts directly on19. If a mutation introduces a new skin color in a lizard population, what factor might determinewhether the frequency of the new allele will increase?_____________________________________________________________________20. genetic diversity provides a species with a higher probabilityof survivingchanges to its environment.21. The difference in the fur color of the individual species in a population is described as___________________________22. Two animals of different species would not be able to23. Spraying DDT to kill mosquitoes became less effective each year the pesticide was used. Thisdecrease in the effectiveness was probably caused by the fact that ______24. When penicillin was first introduced it was very effective in destroying most of the bacteriathat cause gonorrhea. Today, certain varieties of this bacterium are resistant to penicillin.Explain the presence of these penicillin resistant bacteria.Evolution Unit Overview 825. Although similar in many respects, two species of organisms exhibit differences that makeeach well adapted to the environment in which it lives. The process of change that may accountfor these differences is26.27. A random change in gene frequency in a small population is called28. Genetic drift is most likely to effect29. Geographic and reproductive isolation can result in30. A species of finch (a type of bird) has been studied on one of the geographically isolatedGalapagos Islands for many years. Since the island is small, the lineage of every bird forseveral generations is known. This allows a family tree of each bird to be developed. Somefamily groups have survived and others have died out. The groupsthat survive probably have31. A single species of squirrel evolved over time into two species, each on opposite sides of theGrand Canyon. This change was most likely due to32. All the genes of all members of a particular population make up the population’s ___________.33. Describe a gene pool.34. In genetic drift, allele frequencies change because of35. Genetic drift tends to occur in populations thatEvolution Unit Overview 936. A small population of chimpanzees lives in a habitat that undergoes no change for a long period.How will genetic drift probably affect this population?________________37. The separation of populations by barriers such as rivers, mountains, or bodies of water is called38. The geographic isolation of two populations of a species tends to increase differences betweentheir gene pools because it39. What kind of animal would be best adapted to survive extreme change in temperature?Comparisons are made between two different organisms by finding the place where the two lines intersect. The number where the columns and rows intersect shows how many amino acids are different in the cytochrome c of both organisms. For example, the number of amino acids that are different when comparing a rabbit's cytochrome c with a tuna's cytochrome c is 17. The larger thenumber, the greater the difference in the structure of the cytochrome c molecules of the twoorganisms.40. According to the table, which pair of organisms is least closely related?41. According to the table, which pair of organisms is most closely related?42. In a certain area of undisturbed layers of rock, fossils of horseshoe crabs may be found in theupper layer, and a lower layer contains fossils of trilobites. Trilobites are extinct aquaticarthropods resembling modern horseshoe crabs. This information suggests thatEvolution Unit Overview 1043. In the early stages of development, the embryos of dogs, pigs, and humans resemble eachother. This observation suggests that these animals may have44. An example of a structure that would be homologous to a birdwing would be a45. Fossil trees are petrified when the wood is replaced with46. The long, slow process of change in species over time is47. In humans, the pelvis and femur, or thigh bone, are involved in walking. In whales, the pelvisand femur shown in the figure above are48. Modern sea star larvae resemble some primitive vertebrate larvae. This similarity may suggestthat primitive vertebrates49. The number and location of bones of many fossil vertebrates are similar to those in livingvertebrates. Most biologists would probably explain this fact on the basis of __________________________________________________________________________ ___50. Individuals within a population of rabbits have different colors of fur as shown in the diagrambelow. The difference in the fur color of the individual rabbits is described as_____________________.51. What are three types of mutation?Sunny says Hi and Good Luck on your studies. Bunny out.Evolution Unit Overview 11。

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固定螺纹(防溅式) 镍铬-镍铝热电偶 Splash-proof chromel-alumel thermocouple with fixed threaded bushing
55 双支热电偶 Twin thermocouple 铠装热电偶 Armored thermocouple 56 铂热电阻 Platinum resistance thermometer 57 表面热电阻 Surface resistance thermometer 58 可动法兰普通式铂热电阻 Platinum resistance thermometer with movable flange 59 温包 Thermal bulb 60 三、压力测量仪表 Pressure measuring instrument 61 弹簧管压力表 Burdon-tube manometer 62 氨用压力表 Ammonia manometer 63 氨用电接点压力表 Ammonia manometer with electric contacts 64 隔膜压力表 Diaphragm sealed manometer 65 法兰膜片隔离式压力表 Flanged diaphragm sealed manometer 66 标准压力表 Standard pressure gauge 67 电接点弹簧压力表 Bourdon-tube manometer with electric contacts 68 氨用真空表 Ammonia vacuum-gauge 69 膜片真空表 Membrane vacuum-gauge 70 风压表 Output air pressure gauge 71 膜盒式微压计 Capsule-type micromanometer 72 双波纹管差压计 Differential pressure gauge with double bellows 73 活塞式压力计 Piston type pressure gauge 74 补偿微压计 Compensating micromanometer 75 带冷凝管压力表 Manometer with condensing tube 76 四、流量、液位测量仪表 Flow & level measuring instruments 77 椭圆齿轮流量计 Ovalgear flowmeter 78 湿式气体流量计 Wet type gas flowmeter 79 气远传转子流量计 Pneumatic remote transmitting rotameter 80 靶式流量计 Target flowmeter

第 39 卷第 3 期2023 年6 月结构工程师Structural Engineers Vol. 39 ， No. 3Jun. 2023考虑混凝土徐变收缩的超高层偏心核心筒-框架结构水平变形和结构内力分析鲁正1，*周映旻1王远航2王超3张富文3（1.同济大学结构防灾减灾工程系，上海 200092； 2.中建三局集团第一建设有限责任公司，武汉 266100；3.上海市建筑科学研究院有限公司，上海 200032）摘要核心筒偏置的框架-核心筒结构在平面上不对称，可能在水平方向产生较大的不利变形。

采用混凝土徐变收缩B3模型，在ETABS中对某偏心核心筒-框架结构进行施工分析，计算了结构在不同时期的水平变形，并分析了水平变形对结构内力的影响。

计算中考虑了钢管混凝土柱中钢管的环箍效应，以及钢管与混凝土的应力重分布、施工工序等因素。

计算结果表明，偏心核心筒-框架结构的水平变形沿结构高度呈“中间大、两头小”分布。

研究结果显示徐变和收缩引起的水平变形随时间明显增加，部分幅值在后期大于弹性变形；合理规划施工顺序可有效降低结构构件内力。

通过与实测数据的对比，验证了所用模型的准确性。

关键词高层结构，水平变形，徐变收缩，施工分析Analysis of Horizontal Deformation and Internal Force of Super High-Rise Frame-Eccentrical Core Tube StructureConsidering Creep and Shrinkage of ConcreteLU　Zheng1，*ZHOU　Yingmin1WANG　Yuanhang2WANG　Chao3ZHANG　Fuwen3（1.Department of Disaster Mitigation for Structures，Tongji University， Shanghai 200092， China；2.The First Construction Co.，Ltd.， of China Construction Third Engineering Bureau Group， Wuhan 266100， China；3.Shanghai Research Institute of Building Sciences Co.，Ltd.， Shanghai 200032， China）Abstract The frame-eccentrical core tube structure is asymmetric in plane and may produce large adverse deformation in horizontal direction. The B3 model of concrete is used to analyze the construction of a frame-eccentrical core tube structure in ETABS. The structural horizontal deformation in different periods is calculated and the influence of horizontal deformation on the internal force of the structure is analyzed. The hoop effect of steel tube in CFST column，the stress redistribution between steel tube and concrete and the construction sequences are considered. The calculation results show that the horizontal deformation of the eccentric core-frame structure is large in the middle and small at both ends along the structural height. The results show that the horizontal deformation caused by creep and shrinkage increases obviously with time， and their amplitude will be larger than the elastic deformation in partial components in the later stage； besides， the results also show that reasonable planning for construction sequence can effectively alleviate the internal force of structural members. The accuracy of the model is verified by comparing with the measured data.收稿日期：2022-05-20基金项目：国家重点研发项目（2020YFB1901402），上海市优秀学术带头人计划（20XD1423900），中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助（11080）* 联系作者：鲁正（1982-），男，汉族，浙江上虞人，工学博士，教授，主要从事高层建筑抗震性能研究。

易错点17 阅读理解主旨大意题目录01 易错陷阱（3大陷阱）02 举一反三【易错点提醒一】标题类易混易错点【易错点提醒二】段落大意类易混易错点【易错点提醒三】文章大意类易混易错点03 易错题通关养成良好的答题习惯，是决定高考英语成败的决定性因素之一。

做题前，要认真阅读题目要求、题干和选项，并对答案内容作出合理预测;答题时，切忌跟着感觉走，最好按照题目序号来做，不会的或存在疑问的，要做好标记，要善于发现，找到题目的题眼所在，规范答题，书写工整;答题完毕时，要认真检查，查漏补缺，纠正错误。

易错陷阱1：标题类易混易错点。

【分析】标题类是对中心思想的加工和提炼，可以是单词、短语、也可以是句子。

她的特点是短小精悍，多为短语；涵盖性、精确性强；不能随意改变语言表达的程度和色彩。

如果是短语类选项，考生容易混淆重点，此时应当先划出选项的关键词。

此类题和文章的中心主题句有很大关系。

中心主题句一般出现在第一段，有时第一段也可能引出话题，此时应当重点关注第二段和最后一段，看看是否会出现首尾呼应。

易错陷阱2：段落大意类易混易错点。

【分析】每个段落都有一个中心思想，通常会在段落的第一句或最后一句体现，这就是段落主题句。

如果没有明显的主题句时，应当根据段落内容概括处段落大意。

有时考生还会找错文章对应位置，盲目选词文中相同的词句，而出现文不对题的现象。

易错陷阱3：文章大意类易混易错点。

【分析】确定文章主旨的方法是：先看首尾段或各段开头再看全文找主题句，若无明显主题句，就通过关键词句来概括。

如，议论文中寻找表达作者观点态度的词语，记叙文中寻找概括情节和中心的动词或反映人物特点的形容词。

文中出现不同观点时，要牢记作者的观点彩色体现全文中心的。

此时，要注意转折词，如：but, however, yet, in spite of, on the contrary等。

【易错点提醒一】标题类易混易错点【例1】（浙江省义乌五校2023-2024学年高三联考试题）The scientist’s job is to figure out how the world works, to “torture (拷问)” Nature to reveal her secrets, as the 17th century philosopher Francis Bacon described it. But who are these people in the lab coats (or sports jackets, or T-shirts and jeans) and how do they work? It turns out that there is a good deal of mystery surrounding the mystery-solvers.“One of the greatest mysteries is the question of what it is about human beings — brains, education, culture etc. that makes them capable of doing science at all,” said Colin Allen, a cognitive scientist at Indiana University.Two vital ingredients seem to be necessary to make a scientist: the curiosity to seek out mysteries and the creativity to solve them. “Scientists exhibit a heightened level of curiosity,” reads a 2007 report on scientific creativity. “They go further and deeper into basic questions showing a passion for knowledge for its own sake.” Max Planck, one of the fathers of quantum physics, once said, the scientist “must have a vivid and intuitive imagination, for new ideas are not generated by deduction (推论), but by an artistically creative imagination.”......ong as our best technology for seeing inside the brain requires subjects to lie nearly motionless while surrounded by a giant magnet, we’re only going to make limited pro gress on these questions,” Allen said.What is a suitable title for the text?A．Who Are The Mystery-solversB．Scientists Are Not Born But MadeC．Great Mystery: What Makes A ScientistD．Solving Mysteries: Inside A Scientist's Mind【答案】C【解析】文章标题。

JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERINGVol.47No.8，2016（Monthly）C O N TEN TSOptimal operation of flood control for cascade reservoirs based on Parallel Chaotic Quantum Particle Swarm Optimization……ZOU Qiang WANG Xuemin LI Anqiang HE Xiaocong LUO Bin（967）Slope stability analysis by considering rainfall infiltration in multi-layered unsaturated soils…………SHI Zhenming SHEN Danyi PENG Ming ZHANG Lulu ZHANG Fawang ZHENG Xiaozhan（977）Mesoscale numerical analysis on moisture transportin in cracked concrete subjected to drying-wetting cycles………………………………………………………………WANG Licheng BAO Jiuwen（986）Characteristics of Nitrate-N losses through runoff and hydrological tracing in subtropical agricultural catchments……………………………………………………………………………………………………………WANG Rui TANG Jialiang ZHANG Xifeng SHEN Dong ZHAI Longbo ZHU Bo（996）Contribution of hydrological and biological processes to nutrient retentionin an agricultural headwater stream predominated by Phragmites australis…………………………………………………………………………………LI Ruzhong CAO Jingcheng HUANG Qingfei YIN Xiaoxi YAN Xiaosan（1005）Changes in the turbulent characteristics for sediment bed coated by biofilm…………………………………………………CHENG Wei FANG Hongwei HUANG Lei LAI Haojie HE Guojian（1017）Research on river health assessment based on different biological assessmblages………………………………………………………………LI Yanli LI Yanfen ZHAO Li XU Zongxue SUN Wei（1025）Mechanism of the intermittent motion of two-phase debris flows head and the energy character……………………………………………………………………LÜLiqun WANG Zhaoyin CUI Peng（1035）Investigation on hydraulic transients in tailrace tunnel with air inlet and release from the vent………………………………………………………………………………YU Xiaodong ZHANG Jian（1045）Investigating the circle pipe’s roughness with the fractal geometry theory and the practical application ……………………………………………………………………………………ZHANG Landing（1054）Fracture toughness of concrete after carbonation and wet-dry cycle of sulfate solution……………………………………………………ZHANG Tingyi WANG Zili ZHENG Guanghe ZHU Haitang（1062）Bearing mechanism of reinforced concrete penstock with steel liner considering friction-contact behav⁃ior…………………………………………SU Kai ZHANG Wei WU Hegao SHI Changzheng（1070）Discrete and continuous coupling numerical simulation of the impact loading……………………………………………………………………………………JIA Mincai CHEN Chun WU Shaohai（1079）Finite-element simulation and experiment on polymer directional fracturing and grouting for dykes and dams………………………SHI Mingsheng WANG Fuming LIU Heng GUO Chengchao（1087）985 976 99510161016 1024 1034 1044 1053 1061 1069 1078 1086 1092 Page Number in This File水利学报SHUILI XUEBAO 第47卷2016年第8期（月刊）目次［期刊基本参数］CN11-1882/TV *1956*m *A4*128*zh *P *￥30.00*1200*14*2016-08基于并行混沌量子粒子群算法的梯级水库群防洪优化调度研究………………………………………………………………………………………………邹强王学敏李安强何小聪罗斌（967）考虑多层非饱和土降雨入渗的边坡稳定性分析………………………………………………………………………………………………………石振明沈丹祎彭铭张璐璐张发旺郑小站（977）干湿交替下开裂混凝土中水分传输的细观数值分析…………………………王立成鲍玖文（986）亚热带农业小流域暴雨过程硝态氮迁移特征及水文示踪研究………………………………………………………………………………………王芮唐家良章熙锋申东翟龙波朱波（996）芦苇占优势农田溪流营养盐滞留的水文和生物贡献分析………………………………………………………………………………………………………李如忠曹竟成黄青飞殷晓曦严小三（1005）生物膜泥沙床面对水体紊动影响的实验研究…程伟方红卫黄磊赖豪杰何国建（1017）基于不同生物类群的河流健康评价研究………李艳利李艳粉赵丽徐宗学孙伟（1025）两相泥石流龙头的非恒定运动过程及能量特征……………………吕立群王兆印崔鹏（1035）尾水隧洞通气孔进排气瞬态过程研究…………………………………………俞晓东张健（1045）用分形几何理论研究圆管糙率及其实用意义……………………………………………张兰丁（1054）碳化与硫酸盐溶液干湿循环后混凝土断裂韧度…………张廷毅汪自力郑光和朱海堂（1062）考虑摩擦接触特性的钢衬钢筋混凝土管道承载机理研究…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………苏凯张伟伍鹤皋石长征（1070）冲击荷载作用的离散-连续耦合数值模拟……………………………贾敏才陈纯吴邵海（1079）堤坝高聚物定向劈裂注浆试验与有限元模拟……………石明生王复明刘恒郭成超（1087）EDITORIAL BOARDHONORARY PRESIDENTSSUO Lisheng HU Siyi LIU NinCONSULTANTSLU Youmei ZHU Erming GAO Anze ZHANG Zezhen CHEN Bingxin GAO JizhangPRESIDENTKUANG Shang-fuVICE PRESIDENTSWU Hongwei YU Qiyang JIA Jinsheng YANG XiaodongMEMBERSCAI Xuming（U.S.A）CAI Yuebo Chandra Madramootoo（Canada）CHEN Jin CHEN Houqun CHEN Qiuwen CHEN Minjian CHEN Shengshui CHEN Zuyu CHENG Guoyin CHENG Xiaotao DENG Jiaquan Desmond Walling（UK）DU Leigong FANG Hongwei FENG Ping FENG Shaoyuan FNEG Shurong GAN Hong GAO Zhanyi GU Hong GUO Jun GUO Qizhong（U.S.A）GUO Shenglian HAN Qiwei HE Jianbing HU Chunhong HUAI Wenxin HUANG Jiesheng HUANG Qiang HU Zuoliang Hyo-Seop Woo（Korea）JIA Jinsheng James Yang（Sweden）JIANG Naiqian JIE Yuxin JIN Juliang KANG Shaozhong KONG Xianjing KUANG Shangfu LI Jiren LI Jia LI Jiusheng LI Wanhong LI Yun LI Yuanyuan LI Zantang LIAN Jijian Xu Liang（U.S.A）LIU Handong LIU Xiaoyan LIU Yulong LIU Zhiping LU Jinyou LU Wenxi MA Hongqi MA Jianhua NI Jinren NIU Xinqiang Norihisa Matsumoto（Japan）PENG Caide QIN Boqiang Roger Falconer（UK）SHEN Zhenzhong SHU Longcang TIAN Bin WANG Fujun WANG Guangqian WANG Hao WANG Lizhong WANG Renkun WANG Wensheng WANG Xiaohong WANG Yicheng WANG Xiaogang WEI Qiwei WU Hongwei WU Pute WU Zhongru XIA Jun XU Zeping XU Zongxue XU Weilin YANG Dawen YANG Kailin YANG Xiaodong YAO Shuanxi YAO Wenyi YU Qiyang ZHANG Chaoran ZHANG Chunsheng ZHANG Guoxin ZHANG Limin ZHANG Jian ZHANG Jianmin ZHANG Jianyun ZHANG Yongbo ZHANG Zongliang ZHENG Peiming ZHONG Denghua ZHONG Pingan ZHONG Zhiyu ZHOU Xiaoguang ZHU Bofang ZHU Xingming ZUO QitingCHIEF EDITORCHENG XiaotaoDEPUTY CHIEF EDITORSLI Zantang GAN Hong XU ZepingOptimal operation of flood control for cascade reservoirs based on Parallel Chaotic QuantumParticle Swarm OptimizationZOU Qiang，WANG Xuemin，LI Anqiang，HE Xiaocong，LUO Bin（Changjiang Institute of Survey Planning Design and Research，Wuhan430074，China）Abstract：The optimal operation of flood control for cascade reservoirs is a huge-scale complex nonlinear problem，involving a large number of decision variables and complicated constraints，and there are complex coupling relationship among water level and flow rate in each reservoir and each time with high dimension，nonlinear，strong constraint characteristics.Therefore，the evolution with traditional methods are difficult to directly solve or have low computational efficiency with premature convergence.This research tried to adopt Quantum Particle Swarm Optimization（QPSO）for cascade reservoirs optimal operation of flood control，and in order to improve the convergence effect and global search capability of QPSO，three improvements were presented for QPSO，such as population initialization with chaotic theory，adaptive activation mechanism and chaotic local search for elite particles.Furthermore，with the aim of reducing the computational time，a multi-core parallel computation technology was also employed.Overall，on the basis of above three im⁃provements and multi-core parallel computation technology，Parallel Chaotic Quantum Particle Swarm Optimi⁃zation（PCQPSO）was proposed in the paper.Then test function demonstrated the practicability，stability and high effectiveness of PCQPSO.Finally，the case study based on PCQPSO shows that PCQPSO is fast convergence efficiency，high precision，and the outcomes of this research based on PCQPSO offer new in⁃sights to carry out an efficient strategy for optimal operation of cascade reservoirs flood control.Key words：cascade reservoirs；flood control optimal operation；Quantum Particle Swarm Optimization；cha⁃otic search；multi-core parallel computationSlope stability analysis by considering rainfall infiltration in multi-layered unsaturated soils SHI Zhenming1，2，SHEN Danyi1，2，PENG Ming1，2，ZHANG Lulu3，4，ZHANG Fawang5，ZHENG Xiaozhan6（1.Department of Geotechnical Engineering，Tongji University，Shanghai200092，China；2.Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Geotechnical and Underground Engineering，Tongji University，Shanghai200092，China；3.State Key Laboratory Ocean Engineering，Shanghai Jiaotong University，Shanghai200240，China；4.Department of Civil Engineering，Shanghai Jiaotong University，Shanghai200240，China；5.Institute of karst geology，CAGS，Guilin541004，China；6.Guangdong Geologic Survey Institute，Guangzhou510440，China）Abstract：Rainfall is one of the major causes for slope failures.Rainfall infiltration reduces the slope resis⁃tance by largely lowering the matrix suction.The paper presents a method slope stability analysis of multi-layered unsaturated soils.Firstly，the Green-Ampt infiltration model is improved to calculate the infil⁃tration depth in multi-layered unsaturated soils.Then，the soil strength parameters are estimated with con⁃sideration of rain infiltration.Finally，stability analysis is conducted by using of strength reduction method with ABAQUS.The method is applied to the case study of the Dafushan landslide in Guanzhou and found that the shallow slip surface in the simulation is close to the real case.Slope stability analyses are further conducted with different rainfall intensity and lasting period.It is found from the analysis that the slide sur⁃face is most probably located in wetting front or at the interface between the soils and bedrock.The long term and low density antecedent rainfall makes larger infiltration depth and deep seated slope failure；the short term and high density antecedent rainfall usually cause smaller infiltration depth and shallow seated slope failure；with the increase of rainfall intensity，rainfall duration，the infiltration depth increases，and then aggravate the slope failure.Key words：rainfall infiltration；unsaturated soils；infiltration depth；strength parameters；slope stabilityMesoscale numerical analysis on moisture transportin cracked concrete subjected to drying-wetting cyclesWANG Licheng，BAO Jiuwen（State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering，Dalian University of Technology，Dalian116024，China）Abstract：For the splash and tidal zone of marine concrete structures，there are two main existing forms of the moisture involving both gas and liquid phases，which exist within the pores of concrete.Based on the unsaturated flow theory of capillary absorption by concrete，the one-dimensional nonlinear differential equation for moisture transport in cracked concrete subjected to drying-wetting cycles is developed.With consideration of the transport hysteresis during drying and wetting period，the models accounting for moisture transport coefficients during this process in an individual crack are respectively proposed.In terms of the mesoscale methodology that the cracked concrete is treated as a four-phase composite material consisting of coarse aggregate，mortar，interfacial transition zone（ITZ）and crack，the two-dimensional lattice network model with a single crack is adopted to conduct the numerical simulation of moisture transport in cracked concrete subjected to drying-wetting pared with the existing experimental results，the proposed models are utilized to verify the transport theory of drying-wetting cycle in cracked concrete.Furthermore，by means of the above numerical models，the effect of drying-wetting cyclic mechanism（i.e.，the ratio of drying-wetting time and cyclic times）and crack width on water distribution of cracked concrete are numeri⁃cally carried out and reasonably analyzed.The numerical results suggest that water content distribution pro⁃files within the crack and in the location perpendicular to crack direction depend on the ratio of drying-wet⁃ting time and cycles for the constant crack width.For the crack width ranging between0.05-0.3mm，water content within the crack and perpendicular to crack direction decreases with the increase of crack width.Key Words：drying-wetting cycles；cracked concrete；moisture；mesoscale lattice model；crack widthContribution of hydrological and biological processes to nutrient retentionin an agricultural headwater stream predominated by Phragmites australisLI Ruzhong，CAO Jingcheng，HUANG Qingfei，YIN Xiaoxi，YAN Xiaosan （School of Resources and Environmental Engineering，Hefei University of Technology，Hefei230009，China）Abstract：To examine the contribution of hydrological and biological processes to nutrient retention in a headwater stream with growing lots of aquatic macrophytes，eight field tracer experiments were conducted at an agricultural headwater stream reach，predominated by Phragmites australis，in the Nanfeihe River from September2014to June2015.Such three typical hydrodynamic parameters as Reynolds numbers（Re），Froude numbers（Fr），and Manning roughness coefficient（n）of stream flows were calculated firstly accord⁃ing to the hydraulic data.Subsequently，both the practical and relative contributions of hydrological and bio⁃logical processes to NH4+and PO43-retention as well as the total retention ratios of the two nutrients were estimated quantitatively.Study results show that the stream reach displayed striking turbulence characteris⁃tics over the eight tracer experiments and its flow status belonged to subcritical flow.The values of n ranged from0.066to0.112，with a mean value of0.089.The proportional NH4+and PO43-retention ranged from9.17%to28.27%and5.75%to17.79%，with the averages of14.68%and12.53%，respectively.The practical contribution rates of hydrological and biological factors to NH4+retention were10.12%and4.57%，respectively，and10.12%and2.41%for PO43-，respectively.The relative contributions of hydrological and biological processes to NH4+retention were72.51%and27.49%，respectively，and81.42%and18.58%for PO43-，respectively.The findings mentioned above indicate that hydrological process has a greater impact on the retention of NH4+and PO43-for the studied stream reach.Moreover，relationship between the hydrody⁃namic parameters（i.e.Q，Re and Fr）and the Manning roughness coefficient（n）could be expressed by using power functions，but no obvious relationship has been found between the practical retention ratio（i.e.ηNH4，ηPO4）and the following hydrodynamic parameters as n and Re.Key words：agricultural stream；nutrient retention；aquatic macrophyte；tracer experiment；hydrodynamic parameterCharacteristics of Nitrate-N losses through runoffand hydrological tracing in subtropical agricultural catchments WANG Rui1，2，TANG Jialiang1，ZHANG Xifeng1，SHEN Dong1，ZHAI Longbo1，2，ZHU Bo1（1.Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment，Chinese Academy of Sciences，Chengdu610041，China；2.University of Chinese Academy of Sciences，Beijing100049，China）Abstract：In order to understand the hydrological pathways of nitrate-N in subtropical agricultural catch⁃ments，this study was carried out at a nested agricultural headwater catchment in Hilly area of purple soil. Rainfall，discharge，δ18O，nitrate-N were monitored continuously in two storms.End member mixing analy⁃sis（EMMA）model was applied to quantify the contributions from different water sources.The results show that：（1）Surong catchment has the highest nitrate-N concentrations，while Wanan has the lowest nitrate-N，indicating that nitrate-N decreased with lager catchment size attribute to water dilution effect from other small watersheds which are dominated by woodland;（2）Subsurface flow from sloped croplands contributes to peak nitrate-N concentrations increased during the recession period of storm flow.The results of EMMA show that bothδ18O and nitrate-N successfully traced subsurface flow replenishment process during the flow recession period.But intense human activity might lead a certain deviation.In sum，nitrate-N has the poten⁃tial to be environmental indicator and hydrologic tracer simultaneously during storm events for small agricul⁃tural catchments.But its application in more storm events at multiple sites remains to be further validated. Key words：agricultural catchments；nitrate-N；storms runoff；hilly area of purple soil；hydrological tracingChanges in the turbulent characteristics for sediment bed coated by biofilm CHENG Wei1，2，FANG Hongwei1，2，HUANG Lei1，2，LAI Haojie1，2，HE Guojian1，2（1.Department of Hydraulic Engineering，Tsinghua University，Beijing100084，China；2.State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering，Tsinghua University，Beijing100084，China）Abstract：Biofilm growth on the sediment bed will change the turbulent characteristics and influence the sediment incipient，suspension and transportation.In this study，sediment with median size d50<0.1mm is used to investigate the change of turbulent characteristics with and without biofilm coating on the bed un⁃der the same discharge.Acoustic Doppler Velometer（ADV）is used to obtain the instantaneous velocity in the vertical direction.Mean velocity，Reynold stress，turbulent intensity distribution and bursting events above the bed are analyzed and compared between the biofilm-coated bed and the bed without biofilm，the influence of which on the sediment transportation is also discussed.Results show that with biofilm coated，the mean velocity in vertical direction increase and the bed resistance decrease，Reynold stress and turbu⁃lent intensity also decrease near the bed，which may change the vertical distribution of suspended sedi⁃ment.Bursting events analysis shows a disadvantage of sediment incipient by the coated biofilm.Key words：sediment transport；biofilm；turbulent characteristicResearch on river health assessment based on different biological assessmblages LI Yanli1，LI Yanfen2，ZHAO Li1，XU Zongxue3，SUN Wei1（1.Institute of Resources&Environment，Henan Polytechnic University，Jiaozuo454000，China；2.Institute of Chemical and Environment Engineering，Jiaozuo College，Jiaozuo454000，China；3.College of Water Sciences，Beijing Normal University，Beijing100875，China）Abstract：In this study，a multimetric index based on fish and macroinvertebrate at the levels of communi⁃ty structure and function for the Hun-Taizi River basin（MMI-HT）was developed to assess river health. First，an index of land use，water and habitat quality（ILWHQ）was calculated to evaluate the environmen⁃tal quality in the studied sites.Then，core metrics were selected using a stepwise procedure（the analysis of the range of index value distribution，stepwise regression analysis，Pearson correlation）that evaluated metric stability，responsiveness to stressors.Finally，ration scoring method was used to score multimetric in⁃dex in the Hun-Taizi River（MMI-HT）.Eight metrics（Cyprinidae species，Proportion of benthic species，Proportion of omnivore species，Proportion of individuals as tolerant species，Proportion of demersal eggs species，Proportion of individuals as demersal eggs species，EPT，Proportion of clingers）were selected to construct MMI-HT.Generally，macroinvertebrate metrics were more sensitive to coarse substrate，electric conductivity and suspended solid，whereas，fish metrics were more sensitive to fine substrate，dissolved oxy⁃gen，chloride，nitrogen，Permanganate index，water temperature，land use and perturbations of hydrological processes.Two groups responded differently to multiple stressors.The results showed that nine sites were in excellent condition，six were in good condition，seven in normal condition，seven in poor condition，and six in very poor condition in the Taizi River basin.There was no site in excellent condition，five in good condition，four in normal condition，five in poor condition，and five in very poor condition in the Hun Riv⁃er basin.These findings indicate that ecosystem health is worse in the Hun River than that in the Taizi River.Key words：multimetric assessment；fish；macroinvertebrate；land use index；riverMechanism of the intermittent motion of two-phase debris flows headand the energy characterLÜLiqun1，WANG Zhaoyin1，CUI Peng2（1.State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering，Tsinghua University，Beijing100084，China；2.Mountain Hazard and the Earth's Surface Processes Key Laboratory，Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment，Chinese Academy of Sciences，Chengdu610041，China）Abstract：A typical two-phase debris flow exhibits a high and steep flow head consisting of rolling boul⁃ders and cobbles and intermittent or fluctuating moving velocity.The relative motion between the solid phase and the liquid phase is obvious.The motion of a two-phase debris flow depends on not only the rhe⁃ological properties of the flow，but also the energy transmission between the solid and liquid phases.In ad⁃dition to the rheological characteristics of two-phase debris flow，energy transfer between liquid phase and solid phase plays an important role.Energy analysis method was used to study the energy transfer mecha⁃nism between the two phase flows and simulate the motion of two-phase flow.This paper analyzed the inter⁃mittent feature of two-phase debris flows based on videos of field debris flows and flume experiments.The experiments showed that the height of the head of the two-phase debris flow increased gradually at the initi⁃ation stage and reached equilibrium at a certain distance.The height growth and the velocity of the flow head showed fluctuating characteristics.Physical equations were established and the analyses proved that the average velocity of the two-phase debris flow head was proportional to the gully slope and flood discharge，and inversely proportional to the volume of the debris flow head.Key words：two-phase debris flow；intermittent motion；unsteady flow；flow power；energy dissipation.Investigation on hydraulic transientsin tailrace tunnel with air inlet and release from the ventYU Xiaodong1，2，ZHANG Jian2（1.State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science，Wuhan430072，China；2.College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering，Hohai University，Nanjing210098，China）Abstract：Based on the one-dimensional hydraulic transients and the method of characteristics（MOC），the mathematical model of the vent in the tail race tunnel is established by using the Discrete Free-Gas Cavity Model（DGCM），and the thermodynamic properties of the gas is taking into account as well.A cor⁃responding numerical model has been developed using the data of a real hydropower station，and the phe⁃nomenon of air inlet-two phase flow-air releases is investigated during transient process.The results show that air inlet can effectively relieve the negative pressure in the tunnel，but air releases can lead to a large impact pressure，which comes from the water column rejoin after the separation by the air，resulting in the direct water hammer.When the area of the vent is large，the impact pressure decreases with the in⁃crease of the area，when the area of the vent is small，the impact pressure increases with the increase of the area.According to its characteristics，the structure of a new type of vent is presented，i.e.，the vent is fully open when the air flows in，and the vent is partly open when the air flows out.When the air re⁃leases area is about10%of the air inlet area，the pressure oscillation is small.Key words：hydropower station；hydraulic transients；vent；tailrace tunnel；air pocketInvestigating the circle pipe’s roughness withthe fractal geometry theory and the practical applicationZHANG Landing（Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute，Nanjing210029，China）Abstract：The author analyzes the important effects of equivalent roughness K S in calculating the friction losses of turbulent flow，based on the existing theoretical and experimental research achievements of resis⁃tance laws，as well as depicts the situation of calculating the friction losses and applicationin China’s hy⁃draulic engineering.For the case of circle pipe’s roughness，the author researches on the fractal characteris⁃tics of roughness of pipe’s inner wall with the fractal geometry theory，and gives the mathematical model of the fractal dimension and numerical examples.The author also demonstrates the relationship between the fractal dimension and equivalent roughness K S，the calculation methods of fractal dimension of pipe rough⁃ness in longitudinal and transverse are discussed respectively，then gives way to apply the turbulent resis⁃tance laws and research achievements provided by the former to engineering practice directly.Key words：fractal geometry；circle pipe；equivalent roughness；fractal dimension；friction lossesFracture toughness of concrete after carbonation andwet-dry cycle of sulfate solutionZHANG Tingyi1，2，WANG Zili1，2，ZHENG Guanghe1，2，ZHU Haitang3（1.Yellow River Institute of Hydraulic Research，Zhengzhou450003，China；2.Research Center on Levee Safety&Disaster Prevention，the Ministry of Water Resources，Zhengzhou450003，China；3.School of Water Conservancy and Environment Zhengzhou University，Zhengzhou450002，China）Abstract：In this paper，the effects of deteriorations is studied，such as carbonation and wet-dry cycle in sulfate solution，upon fracture toughness of concrete.Through the three-point bending test on the notched beams of concrete after carbonation and wet-dry cycle in sulfate solution，the effects of carbon⁃ation time（t）and wet-dry cycle number（n）upon the fracture toughness of concrete were studied.The re⁃sults show that carbonation and wet-dry cycle deteriorate the fracture toughness to some extent.Degradation factor（R）is less than1.Fracture toughness decreases as t（or n）increases.R significantly decreases as（or n）increases，and statistical analysis indicates that t and n meet the relation of exponential function with R respectively.Because of the obvious interaction between carbonation and wet-dry cycle，the individual ef⁃fect of carbonation（or wet-dry cycle）is more serious than the alternate one.Based on the test results，the calculation model is established for calculating fracture toughness of concrete deterioration.This model is helpful to analyze the crack propagation and fracture toughness of concrete deterioration.Key words：carbonation；sulfate solution；wet-dry cycle；concrete；fracture toughnessBearing mechanism of reinforced concrete penstock with steel liner consideringfriction-contact behaviorSU Kai1，ZHANG Wei2，WU Hegao1，SHI Changzheng1（1.State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science，Wuhan University，Wuhan430072，China；2.Civil Engineering and Architecture College of Guangxi University，Nanning530004，China）Abstract：Coulomb friction model is employed to simulate the friction-contact behavior between steel liner and reinforced concrete when a numerical model of reinforced concrete penstock with steel liner located on the downstream surface of concrete dam is built up.The critical pressure of concrete crack initiation，con⁃crete crack propagation law，penstock deformation characteristic and stresses distribution of steel are ana⁃lyzed upon the friction-contact model（FCM）.Some impressive conclusions can be achieved from the re⁃sults：the concrete crack propagation law of FCM meets the experiments’results well；the differences of tensile stress of the steel liner between the crown and the bottom are less than the traditional node shared model when FCM model is adopted；the width of the concrete crack of FCM model ranges from0.3to 0.4，larger than traditional node shared model；non-uniformities of both the displacement around the pen⁃stock crown and the steel liner tensile stresses increase with the friction while tensile stresses values and strain non-uniformities of the cross-crack-reinforcement decrease when the friction are larger.The results in⁃dicate that the rebar stresses are less while the non-uniform of liner stresses are greater when the combina⁃tions between steel liner and surrounding concrete are enhanced.Key words：penstock；reinforced concrete penstock with steel liner；friction-contact behavior；bearing mechanismDiscrete and continuous coupling numerical simulation of the impact loadingJIA Mincai1，2，CHEN Chun1，2，WU Shaohai3（1.Department of Geotechnical Engineering，Tongji University，Shanghai200092，China；2.Key Laboratory of Geotechnical and Underground Engineering.of Education Ministry，Tongji University，Shanghai200092，China；3.China Railway Eryuan Engineering Group Co.Ltd.，Chengdu610031，China）Abstract：Dynamic compaction and impact rolling have been widely used in hydraulic engineering（e.g. port engineering and dam engineering）.The research about complex dynamic characteristics mainly depends on laboratory model tests and engineering experience，while the numerical method was rarely bin⁃ing the discrete element method（DEM）and finite difference method（FDM），a discrete and continuous coupling model was established to simulate dynamic compaction.The hysteretic damping model of the PFC2D is used in the important area，while the surrounding area is simulated with Mohr-Coulomb model of FLAC2D.According to the force equilibrium principle，the resultant force and bending moment acting on the boundary wall are distributed to the boundary node of continuous model.Due to the fact that the coupled boundary could not bear tensile stress，adjustment is made to transfer the boundary surface stresses，and the velocity of boundary wall is determined by the velocity of boundary node.The numerical results were compared with those of laboratory tests and the feasibility of the coupling simulation was validated，which provides a new method for dynamic improvement and stability analysis of dam and port.Key words：impact load；discrete element method；finite difference method；discrete and continuous cou⁃pling；dynamic characteristics。

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固定螺纹(防溅式) 镍铬-镍铝热电偶 Splash-proof chromel-alumel thermocouple with fixed threaded bushing
55 双支热电偶 Twin thermocouple 铠装热电偶 Armored thermocouple 56 铂热电阻 Platinum resistance thermometer 57 表面热电阻 Surface resistance thermometer 58 可动法兰普通式铂热电阻 Platinum resistance thermometer with movable flange 59 温包 Thermal bulb 60 三、压力测量仪表 Pressure measuring instrument 61 弹簧管压力表 Burdon-tube manometer 62 氨用压力表 Ammonia manometer 63 氨用电接点压力表 Ammonia manometer with electric contacts 64 隔膜压力表 Diaphragm sealed manometer 65 法兰膜片隔离式压力表 Flanged diaphragm sealed manometer 66 标准压力表 Standard pressure gauge 67 电接点弹簧压力表 Bourdon-tube manometer with electric contacts 68 氨用真空表 Ammonia vacuum-gauge 69 膜片真空表 Membrane vacuum-gauge 70 风压表 Output air pressure gauge 71 膜盒式微压计 Capsule-type micromanometer 72 双波纹管差压计 Differential pressure gauge with double bellows 73 活塞式压力计 Piston type pressure gauge 74 补偿微压计 Compensating micromanometer 75 带冷凝管压力表 Manometer with condensing tube 76 四、流量、液位测量仪表 Flow & level measuring instruments 77 椭圆齿轮流量计 Ovalgear flowmeter 78 湿式气体流量计 Wet type gas flowmeter 79 气远传转子流量计 Pneumatic remote transmitting rotameter 80 靶式流量计 Target flowmeter

2020年杭州育才中学高三英语一模试卷及参考答案第一部分阅读（共两节，满分40分）第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项AHow to Look at ShapeTake a seat at the virtual(虚拟的) table. At our new, monthly membership program, you'll join MoMA staff and fellow members for lively discussions about our collection and exhibitions. Ask questions, share your thoughts, and broaden the mind. A live Q&A, with Michelle Kuo and Anny Aviram, about shape and its role in MoMA's collection is also arranged.Draw, Write, and Connect with OthersExperiment with drawing and writing exercises as ways to connect with others, even when physically distant, in this 45-minute online workshop. This workshop is part of the Creativity Lab at Home plan. This session is led by Francis Estrada, Assistant Educator, and Hannah Fagin, Coordinator. Ifs open to anyone, but registration is limited and space is available on a first-come, first-served basis.Storytelling Through ArtThere are many ways to tell a story — through words through theater and dance, or through visual art, for example. Discover how artist Jacob Lawrence shared the history of an important event by combining words and art in a series of paintings calledThe Migration Series. For kids ages seven to fourteen. Parent participation is encouraged in this online event. Don' miss the opportunity to spend meaningful time with them.The Human ShelterIn 2016, MoMA opened Insecurities: Tracing Displacement and Shelter, an exhibition that examined how contemporary architecture arid design addressed ideas of shelter in light of global refugee(难民) emergencies. Danish Boris Benjamin Bertram documented the exhibition, and the result is a movie by him asking what makes a home, and, perhaps more importantly, when shelter becomes home. This online event is part of Member events.1.What is special about How to Look at Shape?A.It provides an interactive part.B.It is accessible to everyone.C.It is organized by Michelle Kuo.D.It focuses on MoMA's new collection.2.Which event is family-friendly?A.The Human Shelter.B.How to Look at Shape.C.Storytelling Through Art.D.Draw, Write, and Connect with Others.3.In which aspect might Bertram do well?A.Shelter design.B.Storytelling.C.Art education.D.Film-making.BWhen almost everyone has a mobile phone, why are more than half of Australian homes still paying for a landline（座机）?These days you’d be hard pressed to find anyone in Australia over the age of 15 who doesn’t own a mobile phone. In fact plenty of younger kids have one in their pocket. Practically everyone can make and receive calls anywhere, anytime.Still, 55 percent of Australians have a landline phone at home and only just over a quarter（29%）rely only on their smartphones according to a survey（调查）. Of those Australians who still have a landline, a thirdconcedethat it’s not really necessary and they’re keeping it as a security blanket — 19 percent say they never use it while a further13 percent keep it in case of emergencies. I think my home falls into that category.More than half of Australian homes are still choosing to stick with their home phone. Age is naturally a factor （因素）— only 58 percent of Generation Ys still use landlinesnow and then, compared to 84 percent of Baby Boomers who’ve perhaps had the same home number for 50 years. Age isn’t the only factor; I’d say it’s also to do with the makeup of your household.Generation Xers with young families, like my wife and I, can still find it convenient to have a home phone rather than providing a mobile phone for every family member. That said, to be honest the only people who ever ring our home phone are our Baby Boomers parents, to the point where we play a game and guess who iscalling before we pick up the phone（using Caller ID would take the fun out of it）.How attached are you to your landline? How long until they go the way of gas street lamps and morning milk deliveries?4. What does paragraph 2 mainly tell us about mobilephones?A. Their target users.B. Their wide popularity.C. Their major functions.D. Their complex design.5. What does the underlined word “concede” in paragraph 3 mean?A. Admit.B. Argue.C. Remember.D. Remark.6. What can we say about Baby Boomers?A. They like smartphone games.B. They enjoy guessing callers’ identity.C. They keep using landline phones.D. They are attached to their family.7. What can be inferred about the landline from the last paragraph?A. It remains a family necessity.B. Itwill fall out of use some day.C. It may increase daily expenses.D. It is as important as the gas light.CThe far side of the moonis a strange and wild region, quite different from the familiar and mostly smooth face we see nightly from our planet. Soon this rough space will have even stranger features: it will be crowded with radio telescopes.Astronomers are planning to make the moon's distant side our newest and best window on the cosmic(宇宙的) dark ages, a mysterious era hiding early marks of stars and galaxies. Our universe was not always filled with stars. About 380,000 years after the big bang, the universe cooled, and the first atoms of hydrogen formed. Gigantic hydrogen clouds soon filled the universe. But for a few hundred million years, everything remained dark, without stars. Then came the cosmic dawn: the first stars flickered, galaxies came into existence and slowly the universe's large­scale structure took shape.The seeds of this structure must have been present in the dark­age hydrogen clouds, but the era has been impossible toprobeusing optical(光学的) telescopes—there was no light. And although this hydrogen produced long­wavelength(or low­frequency) radio emissions,radio telescopes on Earth have found it nearly impossible to detect them. Our atmosphere either blocks or disturbs these faint signals; those that get through are drowned out by humanity's radio noise.Scientists have dreamed for decades of studying the cosmic dark ages from the moon's far side. Now multiple space agencies plan lunar missions carrying radio­wave­detecting instruments—some within the next three years—and astronomers' dreams are set to become reality.“If I were to design an ideal place to do low­frequency radio astronomy, I would have to build the moon,”says astrophysicist Jack Burns of the University of Colorado Boulder. “We are just now finally getting to the place where we're actually going to be putting these telescopes down on the moon in the next few years.”8. What's the purpose of building radio telescopes on the moon?A To research the big bang. B. To discover unknown stars.C. To study the cosmic dark ages.D. To observe the far side of the moon.9. What does the underlined word “probe” in Paragraph 3 possibly mean?A. Explore.B. Evaluate.C. Produce.D. Predict.10. Hydrogen radio emissions can't be detected on Earth because ________．A. there was no light in the dark agesB. they cannot possibly get through our atmosphereC. gigantic hydrogen clouds no longer fill the universeD. radio signals on Earth cause too much interference11. What can we infer from theunderlined sentence in the last paragraph?A. Scientists have to rebuild the moon.B. We will finally get to the moon's distant side.C. The moon is a perfect place to set up radio telescopes.D. A favorable research environment will be found on the moon.DThe Nez Perce Indians are a tribe that lived in the Pacific Northwest of theUnited States. At the time of the Lewis and Clark expedition (探险队) , which was one of the first journeys by Americans from the Atlantic coast to the Pacific coast and back again, the Nez Perce territory (领土) covered about 17 million acres, covering parts of Washington, Oregon, and Idaho. Butthat was a brief sweet history.In September 1805, when Lewis and Clark came off theRockieson their westward journey, the entire exploring party was hungry and ill -- too weak to defend themselves.Had the Nez Perce chosen to attack them, they could have put an end to the Lewis and Clark expedition there on the banks ofClearwater River. Instead the Nez Perce welcomed the white Americans and looked after them until they made a full recovery. Thus began a long friendship between the Nez Perce and white Americans. But white men’s greed for land and gold finally broke the friendship.In 1855 Governor Isaac Stevens ofWashingtonTerritoryinvited the Nez Perce to a peace conference. He said there were a great many white people in the country, and many more would come. But the Chief of the tribe at that time, Old Joseph, replied, “Take away your paper. I will not touch it with my hand.”Things were quiet for a while after that, but not for long. When Old Joseph died, the chiefship was passedonto Young Joseph. In the late 1870s, government officials came to order the Nez Perce to leave theWallowaValleyand then began hard battles between the Nez Perce and the white soldiers. After the tribe had fought thirteen battles and moved 1,600 miles to-wards Canada in an attempt to retreat(撤退) north, Young Joseph, gave in to the United States Army. Here was his famous statement, “Hear me my chiefs. I am tired; my heart is sick and sad. From where the sun now stands I will fight no more forever.”In 1885, Chief Joseph was sent along with manyof his band to the Colville Reservation inWashingtonwhere Joseph continued to lead his band for another 25 years, at times coming into conflict with the leaders of 11 other tribes living on the reservation.(保留地，居留地)12. What isTRUEabout the Lewis andClark expedition?A. They were well cared for by the Nez Perce.B. They ended their expedition on the banks ofClearwater River.C. They started the first battle with the Nez Perce.D. They were the first Americans to travel from theAtlanticto the Pacific.13. What ended the friendship between the Nez Perce and the Whites?A. Old Joseph’s proud mannerB. White men’s increasing demand for land and goldC. A growing number of white men in the landD The breakdown of the peace talk14. Young Joseph gave in at last because ________.A. he grew olderB. he was terribly illC. he hated the warD. he lost other chiefs’ support15. The passage might be followed by a paragraph about ________.A. the customs and traditions of the Nez Perce IndiansB. the last years of Chief Joseph in the Colville ReservationC. lasting fights between the Nez Perce and the whitesD. constant conflicts between the Nez Perce and other tribes第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

CameraFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, searchFor other uses, see Camera (disambiguation).Section through a modern single-lens reflex cameraLeft to right: an Agfa box camera, a Polaroid Land camera, and a Yashica 35 mm SLR A camera is a device that records images, either as a still photograph or as movingimages known as videos or movies. The term comes from the camera obscura (Latin for "dark chamber"), an early mechanism of projecting images where an entire room functioned as a real-time imaging system; the modern camera evolved from the camera obscura.Cameras may work with the light of the visible spectrum or with other portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. A camera generally consists of an enclosed hollow with an opening (aperture) at one end for light to enter, and a recording or viewing surface for capturing the light at the other end. A majority of cameras have a lens positioned in front of the camera's opening to gather the incoming light and focus all or part of the image on the recording surface. The diameter of the aperture is often controlled by a diaphragm mechanism, but some cameras have a fixed-size aperture.A typical still camera takes one photo each time the user presses the shutter button. A typical movie camera continuously takes 24 film frames per second as long as the user holds down the shutter button.Contents[hide]∙ 1 History∙ 2 Mechanicso 2.1 Image captureo 2.2 Lenso 2.3 Focuso 2.4 Exposure controlo 2.5 Shutters∙ 3 Film formats∙ 4 Camera designso 4.1 Plate camerao 4.2 Large formatcamerao 4.3 Folding camerao 4.4 Box camerao 4.5 Rangefindercamerao 4.6 Single-lens reflexo 4.7 Twin-lens reflexo 4.8 Ciné camera∙ 5 Image gallery∙ 6 See alsoo 6.1 Typeso 6.2 Brandso 6.3 Other∙7 References8 External links[edit] HistoryMain article: History of the cameraCamera obscura.The forerunner to the camera was the camera obscura.[1]The camera obscura is an instrument consisting of a darkened chamber or box, into which light is admittedthrough a convex lens, forming an image of external objects on a surface of paper or glass, etc., placed at the focus of the lens.[2] The camera obscura was first invented by the Iraqi scientist Ibn al-Haytham(Alhazen) as described in his Book of Optics (1015-1021).[3]Irish scientist Robert Boyle and his assistant Robert Hooke later developed a portable camera obscura in the 1660s.[4]The first camera that was small and portable enough to be practical for photography was built by Johann Zahn in 1685, though it would be almost 150 years before technology caught up to the point where this was practical. Early photographic cameras were essentially similar to Zahn's model, though usually with the addition of sliding boxes for focusing. Before each exposure, a sensitized plate would be inserted in front of the viewing screen to record the image. Jacques Daguerre's popular daguerreotype process utilized copper plates, while the calotype process invented by William Fox Talbot recorded images on paper.The first permanent colour photograph, taken by James Clerk Maxwell in 1861.The first permanent photograph was made in 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce usinga sliding wooden box camera made by Charles and Vincent Chevalier in Paris. Niépce built on a discovery by Johann Heinrich Schultz (1724): a silver and chalk mixture darkens under exposure to light. However, while this was the birth of photography, the camera itself can be traced back much further. Before the invention of photography, there was no way to preserve the images produced by these cameras apart from manually tracing them.The development of the collodion wet plate process by Frederick Scott Archer in 1850 cut exposure times dramatically, but required photographers to prepare and develop their glass plates on the spot, usually in a mobile darkroom. Despite their complexity, the wet-plate ambrotype and tintype processes were in widespread use in the latter half of the 19th century. Wet plate cameras were little different from previous designs, though there were some models, such as the sophisticated Dubroni of 1864, where the sensitizing and developing of the plates could be carried out inside the camera itself rather than in a separate darkroom. Other cameras were fitted with multiple lenses for making cartes de visite. It was during the wet plate era that the use of bellows for focusing became widespread.The first colour photograph was made by Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell, with the help of English inventor and photographer Thomas Sutton, in 1861[5][edit] Mechanics[edit] Image capturesee also Photographic lens design19th century studio camera, with bellows for focusing.Traditional cameras capture light onto photographic film or photographic plate. Video and digital cameras use electronics, usually a charge coupled device(CCD) or sometimes a CMOS sensor to capture images which can be transferred or stored in tape or computer memory inside the camera for later playback or processing. Cameras that capture many images in sequence are known as movie cameras or as ciné cameras in Europe; those designed for single images are still cameras. However these categories overlap. As still cameras are often used to capture moving images in special effects work and modern digital cameras are often able to trivially switch between still and motion recording modes. A video camera is a category of movie camera that captures images electronically (either using analogue or digital technology).[edit] LensMain article: Photographic lensMain article: Photographic lens designThe lens of a camera captures the light from the subject and brings it to a focus on the film or detector. The design and manufacture of the lens is critical to the quality of the photograph being taken. The technological revolution in camera design in the 18th century revolutionised optical glass manufacture and lens design with great benefits for modern lens manufacture in a wide range of optical instruments from reading glasses to microscopes. Pioneers included Zeiss and Leitz.[edit] FocusAuto-focus systems can capture a subject a variety of ways; here, the focus is on the person's image in the mirror.Due to the optical properties of photographic lenses, only objects within a limited range of distances from the camera will be reproduced clearly. The process of adjusting this range is known as changing the camera's focus. There are various ways of focusing a camera accurately. The simplest cameras have fixed focus and use a small aperture and wide-angle lens to ensure that everything within a certain range of distance from the lens, usually around 3 metres (10 ft) to infinity, is in reasonable focus. Fixed focus cameras are usually inexpensive types, such as single-use cameras. The camera can also have a limited focusing range or scale-focus that is indicated on the camera body. The user will guess or calculate the distance to the subject and adjust the focus accordingly. On some cameras this is indicated by symbols (head-and-shoulders; two people standing upright; one tree; mountains). Rangefinder cameras allow the distance to objects to be measured by means of a coupled parallax unit on top of the camera, allowing the focus to be set with accuracy. Single-lens reflex cameras allow the photographer to determine the focus and composition visually using the objective lens and a moving mirror to project the image onto a ground glass or plastic micro-prism screen. Twin-lens reflex cameras use an objective lens and a focusing lens unit (usually identical to the objective lens.) in a parallel body for composition and focusing. View cameras use a ground glass screen which is removed and replaced by either a photographic plate or a reusable holder containing sheet film before exposure. Modern cameras often offer autofocus systems to focus the camera automatically by a variety of methods e.g. by fishing.[6][edit] Exposure controlThe size of the aperture and the brightness of the scene controls the amount of light that enters the camera during a period of time, and the shutter controls the length of time that the light hits the recording surface. Equivalent exposures can be made with a larger aperture and a faster shutter speed or a corresponding smaller aperture and with the shutter speed slowed down.[edit] ShuttersMain article: Shutter (photography)Although a range of different shutter devices have been used during the development of the camera only two types have been widely used and remain in use today.The focal plane shutter operates as close to the film plane as possible and consists of cloth curtains that are pulled across the film plane with a carefully determined gap between the two curtains or consisting of a series of metal plates moving either vertically or horizontally across the film plan. As the curtains or blades move at a constant speed, exposing the whole film plane can takes much longer than the exposure time. For example an exposure of 1/1000 second may be achieved by the shutter curtains moving across the film plane in 1/50th of a second but with the twocurtains only separated by 1/20th of the frame width. When photographing rapidly moving objects, the use of a focal plane shutter can produce some unexpected effects. Focal plane shutters are also difficult to synchronise with electronic flash and it is often only possible to use flash at shutter speeds below 1/60th second although in some modern cameras that can be as fast as 1/100second/The Copal shutter or more precisely the in-lens shutter is a shutter contained within the lens structure, often close to the diaphragm consisting of a a number of metal leaves which are maintained under spring tension and which are opened and then closed when the shutter is released. The exposure time is determined by the interval between opening and closing. In this shutter design, the whole film frame is exposed at one time. This makes flash synchronisation much simpler as the flash only needs to fire once the shutter is fully open. This disadvantage of such shutters is their inability to reliably produce very fast shutter speeds and the additional cost and weight of having to include a shutter mechanism for every lens.[edit] Film formatsMain article: Film formatsA wide range of film and plate formats have been used by cameras. In the early history plate sizes were often specific for the make and model of camera although there quickly developed some standardisation for the more popular cameras. Theintroduction of roll-film drove the standardisation process still further so that by the 1950s only a few standard roll films were in use. These included 120 film providing 8, 12 or 16 exposures, 220 film providing 16 or 24 exposures, 127 film providing 8 exposures , principally in Brownie 125 cameras and 35mm film providing 12, 20 or 36 exposures - or up to 72 exposures in bulk cassettes for the Leica range.For cine cameras, 35mm film was the original film format but 16mm film soon followed produced by cutting 35mm in two. An early amateur format was 9.5mm. Later formats included 8mm film and Super 8.[edit] Camera designs[edit] Plate cameraThe earliest cameras produced in significant numbers used sensitised glass plates and are now termed plate cameras. Light entered a lens mounted on a lens board which was separated from the plate by an extendible bellows. Many of these cameras, had controls to raise or lower the lens and to tilt it forwards or backwards to control perspective . Focussing of these plate cameras was by the use of a ground glass screen at the point of focus. Because lens design only allowed rather small aperture lenses, the image on the ground glass screen was faint and most photographers had a darkcloth to cover their heads to allow focussing and composition to be carried out more easily. When focus and composition were satisfactory, the ground glass screen was removed and a sensitised plate put in its place protected by a dark slide (photography) . To make the exposure, the dark slide was carefully slid out and the shutter opened and then closed and the dark-slide replaced. In current designs the plate camera is best represented by the view camera.[edit] Large format cameraMain article: View cameraThe large format camera is a direct successor of the early plate cameras and remain in use for high quality photography and for technical, architectural and industrialism photography. There are three common types, the monorail camera, the field camera and the press camera. All use large format sheets of film and have an extensible bellows with the lens and shutter mounted on a lens plate at the front. These cameras have a wide range of movements allowing very close control of focus and perspective. Some single lens reflex cameras and twin lens reflex cameras using film larger than 35 mm are also termed "large format " cameras, especially in the photographic press, to distinguish them from their smaller 35 mm cousins.[edit] Folding cameraThe introduction of films enabled the existing designs for plate cameras to be made much smaller and for the base-plate to be hinged so that it could be folded up compressing the bellows. These designs were very compact and small models were dubbed Vest pocket cameras.[edit] Box cameraBox cameras were introduced as a budget level camera and had few if any controls. The original box Brownie models had a small reflex viewfinder mounted on the top of the camera and had no aperture or focussing controls and just a simple shutter. Later models such as the Brownie 127 had larger direct view optical viewfinders together with a curved film path to help compensate for the imperfections of the simple lens system. Despite their lack of controls, box cameras sold in large numbers and helped to popularise photography for the wider public.[edit] Rangefinder cameraMain article: Rangefinder cameraAs camera and lens technology developed and wide aperture lenses became more common range-finder cameras were introduced to make focussing more precise. Therange finder had two separated viewfinder windows one of which was linked to the focusing mechanisms and moved right or left as the focussing ring was turned. The two separate images were brought together on a ground glass viewing screen. When vertical lines in the object being photographed met exactly in the combined image, the object was in focus. A normal composition viewfinder was also provided.[edit] Single-lens reflexMain article: Single-lens reflex cameraIn the single-lens reflex camera the photographer see the scene through the camera lens. This avoids the problems of parallax which occurs when the viewfinder or viewing lens is separated from the taking lens. Single-lens reflex cameras have been made in several formats including 220/120 taking 8, 12 or 16 photographs on a 120 roll and twice that number of a 220 film. These correspond to 6x9, 6x6 and 6x4.5 respectively (all dimensions in cm). Notable manufacturers of large format SLR include Hasselblad, Mamiya, Bronica and Pentax. However the most common format of SLRs has been 35 mm and subsequently the migration to digital SLRs, using almost identical sized bodies and sometimes using the same lens systems.Almost all SLR used a front surfaced mirror in the optical path to direct the light from the lens via a viewing screen and pentaprism to the eyepiece. At the time of exposure the mirror flipped up out of the light path before the shutter opened. Some earlycameras experimented other methods of providing through the lens viewing including the use of a semi transparent pellicle as in the Canon Pellix[7] and others with a small periscope such as in the Corfield Periflex series[8][edit] Twin-lens reflexMain article: Twin-lens reflex cameraTwin-lens reflex cameras used a pair of nearly identical lenses, one to form the image and one as a viewfinder. The lens were arranged with the viewing lens immediately above the taking lens. The viewing lens projects an image onto a viewing screen which can be seen from above. Some manufacturers such as Mamiya also provided a reflex head to attach to the viewing screen to all the camera to be held to the eye when in use. The advantage of a TLR was that it could be easily focussed using the viewing screen and that under most circumstances the view seen in the viewing screen was identical to that recorded on film. At close distances however, parallax errors were encountered and some cameras also included an indicator to show what part of the composition would be excluded.Some TLR had interchangeable lenses but as these had to be paired lenses they were relatively heavy and did not provide the range of focal lengths that the SLR could support. Although most TLRs used 120 or 220 film some used 127 film.[edit] Ciné cameraMain article: Movie cameraA ciné camera or movie camera is a type of photographic camera which takes a rapid sequence of photographs on strips of film. In contrast to a still camera, which captures a single snapshot at a time, the ciné camera takes a series of images, each called a "frame" through the use of an intermittent mechanism. The frames are later played back in a ciné projector at a specific speed, called the "frame rate" (number of frames per second). While viewing, a person's eyes and brain merge the separate pictures together to create the illusion of motion. The first ciné camera was built around 1888 and by 1890 several types were being manufactured. The standard film size for cinécameras was quickly established as 35mm film and this remains in use to this day. Other professional standard formats include 70 mm film and 16mm film whilst amateurs film makers have used 9.5 mm film, 8mm film or Standard 8 and Super 8 before the move into digital format. The size and complexity of ciné cameras varies greatly depending on the uses required of the camera. Some professional equipment is very large and too heavy to be hand held whilst some amateur cameras were designed to be as small and light as possible enabling single-handed operation.[edit] Image gallery1921 KodakOpened up CineKodak, used35mm movie filmSilvestriFlexicamV oigtländer Brillant twin-lensreflex camera.Contax S of 1949 —the world's first pentaprism SLR1952 V oigtlanderVito IIAsahiflex IIaof 1955Kodak Retina IIIC of 1957Nikon F of 1959 —the first 35mm system camera V oigtländerVitoret of 19621988 ASoviet-eraLOMOLC-Acamera2003 —Canon EOS 300D, amodel that sparked thepopularity of consumer-levelDSLRs。

江苏省南京市第一中学2024届高三上学期暑期阶段性测试英语试题一、阅读理解1．Which unique technological feature of the Apple Vision Pro enables an unprecedented mixed reality experience for users?A．Eye-tracking system.B．Dual-chip design.C．Optical sensors.D．High-definition display.2．Which of the following statements accurately compares the capabilities of the four products mentioned?A．Apple Vision Pro is the only one with a dualchip design.B．Meta Quest 3 offers the highest graphics processing performance.C．PS VR2 detects eye movements for online interaction.D．PICO 4 lacks a high-precision tracking system.3．If Simon wanted to buy a product to play a game, which of the following products would be his first choice?A．Apple Vision Pro.B．Meta Quest 3.C．PS VR2.D．PICO 4.“Digital art with iPad and Apple Pencil has helped to expand my creative thinking.”Apichaya "Bim" Wannakit is starting her fourth year in painting, sculpture, and graphic art at Silpakorn University in Bangkok, in the heart of the modern Thai art scene. Growing up in Northeast Thailands creative community in Ubon Ratchatani, Bim developed her passion for art at a young age.She took inspiration from anime like "Dragon Ball Z" cartoons she saw on television and the "Manga" comic books she collected. She put years of hands-on practice into her illustrations using brushes, watercolors, and oil paints. In high school, she discovered even more ways to express herself and expand her creative palette when she started using iPad with Apple Pencil.“I quickly adapted to the precision and flexibility of digital painting using Apple Pencil,” Bim says. “It brought my entire art kit into one magical tool, without sacrificing the natural feel of traditional mediums. It allows me a new way to bring my ideas to life.”When it was time to get ready for university, Bim used iPad to bring her art portfolio together, capturing and storing all her mixed media digitally in iCloud. Bim says, “I initially chose Apple technology because of its cloud service for file management and simple-to-learn design interface — iPad has made my life easier.”Today she uses Procreate on iPad with Apple Pencil for all her creative workflows. Features such as QuickShape and StreamLine with Apple Pencil enable her to quickly add layers, outlines, colors, and shadows in an immersive and playful way. “My love for traditional painting and digital art brings me a new sense of balance. My Apple devices help to make this possible from anywhere.”iPad also supports her daily academic work. Bim uses Apple Pencil with GoodNotes for note-taking, and Microsoft Word on iPad for creating art descriptions. “In class, I use iPad Pro to present my work,” Bim says. “And the 12.9-inch screen is large enough for my professor to view my art comfortably.”“Through my art, I want to tell a story that inspires others and creates a space for experimental ideas.”4．What does Bim Wannakit value most about using Apple devices for her art?A．The cost-effectiveness of the devices.B．The ability to create a balance between traditional and digital art.C．The simplicity of the design interface.D．The ease of file management through cloud services.5．Why did Bim choose to use iPad and Apple Pencil for her artistic work?A．They replicated the feel of traditional art materials exactly.B．They provided a cheaper alternative to professional art tools.C．They allowed her to combine digital flexibility with a natural drawing feel.D．They were the only tools available to her at the time.6．According to the article, how has Bim's artistic practice been enhanced by digital tools?A．She can now create larger artworks than before.B．She has access to a wider range of colors and textures.C．She can share her work instantly with a global audience.D．She can experiment with new techniques and styles more easily.7．Bim mentioned that GoodNotes and Microsoft Word have been helpful in her academic work. What are the main uses of these tools?A．Creating detailed sketches for her art projects.B．Organizing her research and writing academic papers.C．Editing photos for her online art gallery.D．Designing promotional materials for art exhibitions.We explore large-scale training of generative models on video data. Specifically, we train text-conditional diffusion models jointly on videos and images of variable durations, resolutions and aspect ratios. We leverage a transformer architecture that operates on spacetime patches of video and image latent codes. Our largest model, Sora, is capable of generating a minute of high fidelity video. Our results suggest that scaling video generation models is a promising path towards building general purpose simulators of the physical world.We train a network that reduces the dimensionality of visual data. This network takes raw video as input and outputs a latest representation that is compressed both temporally and spatially. Sora is trained on and subsequently generates videos within this compressed latent space. We also train a corresponding decoder model that maps generated latents back to pixel space.All of the results above and in our landing page show text-to-video samples. But Sora can also be prompted with other inputs, such as pre-existing images or video. This capability enables Sora to perform a wide range of image and video editing tasks—creating perfectly looping video, animating static images, extending videos forwards or backwards in time, etc.Sora is also capable of generating images. We do this by arranging patches of Gaussian noise in a spatial grid with a temporal extent of one frame. The model can generate images of variable sizes—up to 2048*2048 resolution.We find that video models exhibit a number of interesting emergent capabilities when trained at scale. These capabilities enable Sora to simulate some aspects of people, animals and environments from the physical world. These properties emerge without any explicit inductivebiases for 3D, objects, etc.—they are purely phenomena of scale.We believe the capabilities Sora has today demonstrate that continued scaling of video models is a promising path towards the development of capable simulators of the physical and digital world, and the objects, animals and people that live within them.8．What is the meaning of the underlined words in the text?A．the original raw video data.B．a compressed version of the video data.C．the process of reducing video quality.D．the spatial and temporal dimensions of a video.9．What is the main content of Paragraph 3?A．Sora's ability to generate high-resolution images.B．The process of training Sora on compressed latent space.C．Sora's various applications in image and video editing.D．The emergence of interesting capabilities in video models.10．Which of the following best describes the overall goal of the research described in the passage?A．To create realistic images and videos using only text prompts.B．To develop a general-purpose simulator capable of simulating various aspects of thephysical world.C．To train a network that can compress video data without losing quality.D．To explore the potential of transformer architectures in video and image generation tasks. 11．What is the author's attitude towards the future development of Sora?A．Skeptical.B．Optimistic.C．Neutral.D．Uncertain.Electric vehicles (EVs) are a strong weapon in the world's efforts against global warming. But the effects of EVs depend on what country you are in. In some nations, electric vehicles lead to the release of more carbon gasses than gasoline cars, new research shows.The Radiant Energy Group (REG) compared gas emissions caused by a gasoline vehicle and from charging an electric vehicle. The study compared the emissions caused by charging a Tesla Model 3 to drive 100 kilometers with the emissions coming from an average gasoline cardriven the same distance.Countries where charging an electric vehicle is cleaner than driving a gasoline-powered car use a lot of hydroelectric, nuclear or solar power.Sales of electric cars are rising the fastest in Europe. Data from REG suggests that EVs in Poland and Kosovo actually create more carbon emissions because their electric systems depend so much on coal.In other European countries, however, EVs result in reduced emissions. The carbon gas reduction depends on what energy supplies electricity systems and the time of day vehicles are charged.The countries with the biggest carbon gas savings from EVs use a lot of nuclear and hydroelectric power. An EV driver in Germany reduces greenhouse gas emissions by 55 percent over a gasoline car. Germany uses a mix of renewable energy and coal to produce electricity.Germany and Spain create a lot of electricity from the sun and wind. But the sun and wind do not add to a country's electricity system equally throughout the day.For this reason, the amount of carbon emissions saved by driving an EV depends on the time of day it is being charged. Charging in the afternoon, when there is more sun and wind, saves 16 to 18 percent more carbon than at night when electricity systems are more likely to be using gas or coal.Automakers including General Motors, Stellantis and V olkswagen have set targets to sell mainly electric vehicles in Europe in the coming years. U.S. car manufacturer General Motors said it will have all new electric cars by 2022.12．Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?A．The amount of carbon emissions saved by EVs depends on the source of electricity used for charging.B．Charging EVs during daylight hours with renewable energy sources can cause more carbon savings.C．The time of day when EVs are charged can significantly affect their carbon footprint.D．General Motors plans to sell only gasoline-powered cars by 2022 in the United States. 13．What can be inferred from the fact that car manufacturers like General Motors, Stellantis, and V olkswagen have set targets to sell mainly electric vehicles in Europe?A．The demand for EVs in Europe is expected to decrease in the near future.B．These manufacturers believe that EVs will become the norm in Europe in the coming years.C．Europe has banned the sale of gasoline-powered cars entirely.D．These manufacturers are not confident in the long-term viability of EVs.14．Based on the information in the passage, which of the following is a potential challenge for the widespread adoption of EVs?A．The limited range of EVs compared to gasoline-powered cars.B．The high initial cost of EVs compared to traditional vehicles.C．The inconsistency of renewable energy sources for EV charging.D．The lack of charging stations in rural areas.15．Which of the following would be the most suitable title for the passage?A．The Environmental Impact of Electric Vehicle Charging.B．The Global Shift to Electric Vehicle Adoption.C．The Economics of Electric Vehicle Ownership.D．The Future of Renewable Energy in Automobiles.In the rapidly advancing world of today, the concept of lifelong learning has become increasingly relevant. 16 Rather, it is essential to continuously adapt and learn throughout one's life. This essay aims to explore the significance of lifelong learning in the modern era, discussing its impact on personal growth, career development, and societal progress.17 As technology and knowledge continue to evolve, it is important to stay updated with new information and ideas. By engaging in lifelong learning, individuals can enhance their cognitive abilities, broaden their horizons, and develop a growth mindset. This, in turn, leads to a more fulfilling and enriching life experience.Lifelong learning is essential for career development. In the modern job market, employers increasingly value candidates who possess the ability to adapt to change and learn new skills quickly. Lifelong learners are more likely to stay relevant and competitive in their field, as they are constantly improving their knowledge and skills. 18Moreover, lifelong learning contributes significantly to societal progress. As individualscontinuously acquire new knowledge and skills, they are able to contribute more effectively to their communities and countries. 19 Lifelong learning also fosters a culture of inclusivity and diversity, as it encourages individuals from different backgrounds and experiences to learn and grow together.In conclusion, lifelong learning is an indispensable aspect of life in the modern era. 20 By committing to lifelong learning, individuals can stay updated with new knowledge and ideas, enhance their cognitive abilities, and contribute more effectively to their communities and countries. Therefore, it is important for us to cultivate a habit of lifelong learning and encourage it among our peers and future generations.A．Additionally, they demonstrate a commitment to personal and professional development. B．With the development of science and technology, humans will continue to be replaced by AI. C．Lifelong learning is crucial for personal growth.D．This can lead to innovations, economic growth, and cultural richness.E．It is essential for personal growth, career development, and societal progress. F．Therefore, only lifelong learning, in order to maintain the leading position.G．It is no longer sufficient to acquire knowledge and skills during one's formal education.二、完形填空Once upon a time, there was a small village hidden deep in the mountains. The villagers led a simple life, depending mostly on farming for their 21 . One day, a young man named Jack arrived in the village. He was 22 and eager to explore the surrounding mountains.Jack quickly 23 with the villagers and became a part of their community. He was fascinated by the 24 tales of the mountains and the mysterious creatures that were said to inhabit them. Determined to find out the truth, Jack decided to embark on a journey of 25 .Before leaving, the villagers warned him of the dangers that awaited him in the mountains. They told him about the 26 weather, the treacherous paths, and the wild animals that roamed the area. But Jack was not 27 . He packed his belongings, bid farewell to the villagers, and started his journey.As he climbed higher and higher, the weather became increasingly 28 . The pathswere slippery and difficult to navigate. But Jack persevered, determined to reach the top of the mountain.After days of 29 , Jack finally reached the summit. The view was breathtaking, with rolling hills and dense forests stretching out as far as the eye could see. But as he was taking in the 30 , he heard a strange sound coming from the bushes nearby.Curious, Jack approached the bushes and peeked inside. To his surprise, he saw a small, 31 creature with big eyes and furry ears. The creature seemed 32 at first, but then it slowly approached Jack, sniffing the air curiously.Jack realized that this was one of the mysterious creatures the villagers had talked about. He felt a sense of 33 and excitement wash over him. He gently reached out his hand and the creature cautiously sniffed it, 34 allowing Jack to pet it.From that day on, Jack and the creature became close friends. They explored the mountains together, 35 each other's company. The villagers were amazed when Jack returned with his newfound friend and shared his adventures with them.The experience taught Jack the value of courage, perseverance, and friendship. It also showed him that there was more to the world than what he had imagined, and that there was always something new and exciting to discover.21．A．income B．entertainment C．inspiration D．experience 22．A．adventurous B．cautious C．lazy D．timid 23．A．argued B．competed C．bonded D．disagreed 24．A．boring B．ordinary C．amazing D．strange 25．A．discovery B．escape C．adventure D．research 26．A．unpredictable B．pleasant C．calm D．mild 27．A．discouraged B．frightened C．delighted D．satisfied 28．A．severe B．comfortable C．warm D．changeable 29．A．hiking B．struggling C．resting D．searching 30．A．scene B．creature C．challenge D．danger 31．A．fierce B．ugly C．cute D．powerful 32．A．aggressive B．nervous C．confident D．happy 33．A．wonder B．relief C．pride D．pity34．A．eventually B．immediately C．suddenly D．frequently 35．A．seeking B．enjoying C．avoiding D．tolerating三、语法填空阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

The University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignNIH Resource for Macromolecular Modeling and Bioinformatics Beckman InstituteComputational Biophysics WorkshopTimeline:a VMD pluginfor trajectory analysisAuthor:Barry IsralewitzJanuary24,2011A current version of this tutorial is available at/Training/Tutorials/CONTENTS2 Contents1Introduction31.1Getting Started (3)1.2Required Programs (4)1.3Timeline in action:examine events in titin domain extension..51.4Per-residue vs.per-selection calculations (7)2Interface and controls10 3Trajectory analysis:titin domain extension153.1Secondary structure during titin domain extension (15)3.2Thresholding and changing appearance:examining RMSF (17)3.3Examine backbone hydrogen bonds during titin extension (18)3.4Using Data Files and Data Collections (19)4Analysis Scripts234.1Simple user-defined all-residue scripts (23)4.2Writing a.tcl script to generate a per-residue.tml datafile (23)4.3Writing a.tcl script to generate a per-selection.tml datafile..271INTRODUCTION3 1IntroductionThis tutorial demonstrates how to use the VMD plugin Timeline to analyze and identify events in molecular dynamics(MD)trajectories.Timeline creates an interactive2D box-plot–time vs.structural component–that can show detailed structural events of an entire system over an entire MD trajectory. Events in the trajectory appear as patterns in the2D plot.The plugin provides several built-in analysis methods,and the means to define new analysis methods. Timeline can read and write data sets,allowing external analysis and plotting with other software packages.Timeline includes features to help analysis of long trajectories and trajectories with large structures.In the main2D box-plot graph,users identify events by looking for patterns of changing values of the analyzed parameter.The user can visually identify regions of interest–rapidly changing structure values,clusters of broken bonds, differences between stable and non-stable values,and similar.The user can explore the resulting structures by tracing the mouse cursor(“scrubbing”)over the identified areas.The structure is highlighted and the trajectory is moved in time to track the highlight.If you have any questions or comments on this tutorial,please email the TCB Tutorial mailing list at tutorial-l@.The mailing list is archived at /Training/Tutorials/mailing list/tutorial-l/.1.1Getting StartedIf you downloaded the tutorial from the web,thefiles that you will be needing can be found in a directory called timeline-tutorial-files.If you received thefiles through a workshop,they can be found in the same directory under the path∼/Workshop/timeline-tutorial.•Unix/Mac OS X Users:In a Terminal window type:cd<path to timeline-tutorial-files directory>You can list the content of this directory,by using the command ls.•Windows Users:Navigate to the timeline-tutorial-files directory using Windows Explorer.This will place you in the directory containing all the necessaryfiles.In the figure below,you can see the structure of this directory.1INTRODUCTION4Figure1:Directory structure for tutorial exercises.Output forfile-writing exercises is provided in the“example output”subdirectory.1.2Required ProgramsThe following programs are required for this tutorial:•VMD:The tutorial assumes that you already have a working knowledge of VMD,which is available at /Research/vmd/ (for all platforms)–The VMD tutorial is available at/Training/Tutorials/vmd/tutorial-html/•a text editor of your choice(we offer a few easy-to-use recommendations):–UNIX:nedit()–Windows XP:WordPad(included with OS).We recommend using WordPad as opposed to NotePad for this tutorial.However,pleaseensure that you save anyfiles in this tutorial as.txt formatfiles,asopposed to.rtf or.docfiles,and to use thefile extensions specifiedin the exercise,e.g..tml.–Mac OS X:Smultron(),TextEdit(included with OS)1INTRODUCTION5a)b)Figure2:Exploring a secondary structure event.Row a)shows the system before the local structure change,row b)shows the system afterwards.The left panels show the entire data plot.The middle panels shows a zoomed-in part of the data plot,and the right panels shows the3D structure of the selected trajectory frame.The vertical bar indicates the current frame.The purple oval, added for thisfigure,shows the rough area of the identified event.See text for additional details.•a command prompt,such as a terminal in UNIX,Terminal.app in Mac OS X, or the DOS command prompt in Windows.Windows users can obtain a command prompt by clicking Start→Programs→Accessories→Com-mand Prompt.1.3Timeline in action:examine events in titin domainextensionThis subsection provides a short run-through of of Timeline features to provide a general idea of how the plugin is ter sections will introduce the display and user interface in greater detail.Here,we look at an MD trajectory of the I91domain of the muscle protein titin.In the simulation trajectory,an external force is applied to the I91domain with the Steered Molecular Dynamics method:one terminus of the domain isfixed and a harmonic restraint moving with constant velocity is applied to the other terminus,causing the domain to extend,unfold,and unravel.The secondary structure changes greatly as the domain unfolds;examining these changes will give us some initial insight into1INTRODUCTION6 how the domain architecture responds to applied force.With the titin I91extension trajectory loaded into VMD,the user starts Timeline by selecting Extension→Analysis→Timeline from the main VMD window,then generates the secondary structure plot by selecting Calculate→Calc.Sec.Structure in the VMD Timeline window.We examine trajectory events which appear as changes in value in the2D plot.As the user moves the highlight cursor around the area of an event in the 2D plot,she can explore the behavior of the3D structure.Figure2illustrates examining an event in a Timeline plot of per-residue secondary structure.By moving the cursor around the event area indicated with a purple oval,the user observes a beta strand,depicted in yellow,losing its secondary structure as it peels away from another beta strand.Note that the purple oval is added for the purposes of this tutorial,the user must normally visually identify the event area. Here the event to notice is the abrupt transition of a horizontal region of yellow to white:part of the domain losing the beta strand character(yellow)it had since the start of the trajectory and becoming random coil(white)as the domain extension proceeds.A user would scrub the mouse highlight cursor around the area of the purple oval,would produce the state shown in Figure2a,before the local structure change,and examine the steps needed to reach Figure2b, after the local structure change has taken place.To“scrub”,click down the left mouse button with the cursor in the area of interest in the2D graph,then move the cursor around the area of interest with the button still depressed–while splitting attention between the2D graph,the changing3D structure,and the changing numerical values displayed in the Highlight Details panel(described below).In Figure3,a plot of salt bridge lifetimes during the titin domain exten-sion trajectory shown in Figure2is displayed,illustrating moving the highlight cursor to examine a salt bridge breaking event.This plot is per-selection;each selection is the pair of residues involved in a salt bridge.Only residue pairs that form a salt bridge for at least one frame of the trajectory are listed.A high-lighted salt bridge is seen breaking between Figure3a and3b.The Timeline highlighted representation can be manipulated like any other VMD representa-tion;here coloring of the highlight was changed from the default ColorID1/red to ResType to show the different residue types of the salt bridge partners,and easily track salt bridge partners as they move apart.In Figure4Timeline’s Threshold Count plot is used to helpfind a suitable color scaling for the plot shown(per-residue Room Mean Square Fluctuation (RMSF)).The Threshold Count is the number of residues or selections in each frame with a value within a given range.As the Threshold Count range controls are adjusted as shown in Figure4b,a pattern with multiple peaks appears (Figure4c),this range is then used to change the color scale,with the result shown in Figure4d.The Threshold Count sliders allow the users to very quickly scan through threshold ranges,without taking the time to redraw the entire2D plot,while still giving an overview of the entire trajectory.1INTRODUCTION7 a)b)Figure3:Exploring a salt bridge breaking event.A Timeline plot of the salt bridges found throughout a trajectory.The structural elements in the vertical axis are selection groups,with each group being the pair of residues involved in a salt bridge.The left panels show the data plot,and the right panels show the3D structure of the selected trajectory frame.The vertical bar indicates the current frame.The purple oval,added to thisfigure,shows the rough area of the identified event.Row a)shows the system before the salt bridge breaks,rowb)shows the system after the salt bridge breaks.See text for additional details.1.4Per-residue vs.per-selection calculationsTimeline plots data about a list of structural elements vs.time.There are two ways of defining the list of structural elements to be analyzed in Timeline.1INTRODUCTION 8a)b)d)c)Figure 4:Using the threshold count to find a color scaling range.The per-residue Root Mean Square Fluctuation (RMSF)plot in a)has color scale set to the default,i.e.,full,data range.Adjusting the Threshold Count range sliders in b)shows multiple peaks in the for the displayed range in c).In d),the 2D plot coloring scale of has been set to the range that was found in c),revealing which structures contribute to the threshold count.Per-residue :a list of residues;the protein and nucleotide residues in the user-defined selection.The default selection is “all”,so this defaults to being a list of all residues in the current molecule.1INTRODUCTION9 Per-selection:a list of any VMD selections.For example,a list of salt bridge pairs,a list of the segments in a large protein complex,a list of of favorite structures in a molecule.These may be defined in built-in functions, listed explicitly,or defined algorithmically in user scripts.2INTERFACE AND CONTROLS 102Interface and controlsThis general description of the Timeline interface should help with navigating in Section 3,“Trajectory Analysis”.Threshold min. / max.Scale/key 2D data plotHighlight details panel Threshold plot (number of residues in each frame within threshold)Current frameCurrent highlight Zoom presetsVertical axis zoomMolecule ID & analysis selectionHorizontal & both-axis zoomVertical axis (structure)Horizontal axis (trajectory frame)Timeline menu bar Threshold count, high, and totalFigure 5:The Timeline 2D data plot.Main interface features are indicated.See a closer view of parts of the interface in Figure 6,and descriptions of these in Table 1.A diagram of the Highlight Details panel is in Figure 7.The top-level Timeline menus are described in Table 2.2INTERFACE AND CONTROLS11a)g)f)e)d)c)b)h)i)k)l)j)Figure 6:Parts of the Timeline interface.a)Horizontal and both-axis zoomsliders,b)Vertical axis zoom slider,c)Threshold count plot,d)Fixed-zoom buttons,e)Highlight Details panel,f)Molecule ID and Analysis selec-tion,g)Key/Scale,h)Key Scale (secondary structure),i)Threshold mini-mum/maximum,j)Threshold count,high,total k)Current structure highlight,l)Current frame highlight2INTERFACE AND CONTROLS 12Analysis method Residue numberResidue name Chain name Segment nameFrame numberUnits ValueFigure 7:Highlight Details panel.2INTERFACE AND CONTROLS13Table1:Timeline main interface featuresInterface element Description See FigureCurrent highlight selec-tion cursor This2D highlight cursor determines the structure that is high-lighted in the3D molecule view,and which is described in the Highlight Details panel.Left mouse button click or drag to change the current highlight selection.5Horizontal axis zoom slider.Scales the2D data plot eful for changing timerange viewed without changing structure range.6aBoth-axis zoom slider.Scales both axes bine with resizing Timelinewindow tofit a larger trajectory or structure in less screen area.6aVertical axis zoom slider.Scales the2D data plot eful for changing range ofstructure data displayed,without changing time range.6b Fixed-zoom buttons.Thefit all button scales the entire loaded trajectory to displaywithin the default window size.The every residue button scalesthe vertical axis to show an axis label for every residue.6dMolecule ID Specifies the molid of the molecule to analyze.6f Analysis selection A VMD selection string,specifies what part of the currentmolecule to use for per-residue analysis.Default is“all”.6fThreshold count plot Graphs number of items(residues or selections)in each framethat are within the threshold range for each frame.The maxvalue is normalized to the height of the graph.First instance ofmax.(min.)value marked with a green(red)line.6cKey/Scale Displays the analysis method,units,and numerical range of cur-rently displayed colors.6g Key/Scale(sec.struct.)When displaying Secondary Structure,displays the structure col-oring codes.The one-letter code descriptions are listed in Help→Structure codes...and in Figure9.6h,92D Data Plot This is a plot of structural elements(residues or selections)vs.time.Exploring this plot for changes,transitions,and visually-detectable correlations helps the userfind events in the trajectory.5Threshold min./max.Set the range for Threshold plot.The Threshold plot will changeas you drag these sliders.The limits of the sliders are adjustedfor the range of the loaded data set.6iThreshold count,high, and total Shows the threshold count for the currently highlighted frame,thehighest threshold count in the trajectory,and the total numberof items in the structure.6jCurrent frame bar The long vertical black bar indicates the current frame,and helpsto visually locate the highlight cursor.5 Current frame highlight Highlight box in the horizontal axis to indicate current frame6l Current structure high-lightHighlight box in the vertical axis to indicate current structure6kMouse zoom-in/zoom-out.Zoom in with right-button click-and-drag;this creates a rectangle selection,the contents of which will expand tofill the2D plot. Zoom out with right click,or with the zoom slider andfixed zoom controls.Scroll Bars Use to move around the2D data block,whenever either scale iszoomed in beyond the“fit all”size.Moves thorugh the structureand the trajectory.5Current structure high-light The long vertical black bar indicates the current frame;this alongwith highlights in the horizontal and vertical axes labels helps visually locate the highlight cursor.5Highlight Details panel Description of the residue/selection beneath the2D cursor.Thecurrent residue number,residue name,chain,segment,and frame,data value for the selected residue,and current analysis method.6e,72INTERFACE AND CONTROLS14Table2:Timeline Top-level MenusTitle DescriptionFile Allows saving and loading formatted data sets,and printing of the 2D data plot.Calculate Provides several built-in calculation options,access to user data fields,and user-defined per-residue functions.Threshold Allows direct entry of values for threshold graph,and clear-ing/recalculating the graph.Analysis Allows a user to enter the user-defined per-residue function,and to set the frame range to which to apply the chosen analysis method. Appearance Sets the value range for scaling on the2D data plot,the shading pallette(greyscale or rainbow),and other user interface details. Data File list of the current data collection,for quick browsing between .tmlfiles in a designated directory.3TRAJECTORY ANALYSIS:TITIN DOMAIN EXTENSION15 3Trajectory analysis:titin domain extensionTo use Timeline to identify events in a trajectory,we must choose which param-eters to examine,perform the required analyses,and explore the resulting2D data sets.We use as an example the titin I91extension trajectory introduced above,and start with examining secondary structure,to get an overall sense of the architectural changes that take place during forced extension.Then we will look at geometricfluctuations during the trajectory,which will both illustrate how to use some of the Timeline tools and provide some hints as to when and where important events are taking place in the I91extension.Then we will look at the hydrogen bond breaking between theβ-strands of the domain’sβ-sheets, to get more insight into how the protein architecture handles applied force. 3.1Secondary structure during titin domain extension We examine how the secondary structure of the domain changes as the force extension takes place.We can see visually by animating the3D trajectory that the domain begins as aβ-sandwich then unravels as the force extension takes place,but there is more to the story;we can make a2D data plot to examine the fate of eachβ-strand.•Start a new VMD unch VMD by:–Unix/Mac OS X Users:typing vmd in a Terminal window.–Windows Users:using the Start menu.•Load in the PSFfile for titin I91domain.In the VMD Main window,select File→New Molecule,then in the Molecule File Browser window,with Load files for:New Molecule selected,navigate to the timeline-tutorial-files directory and select titin.psf.•Load in the titin extension trajectory.In the Molecule File Browser win-dow,with Loadfiles for:0:titin.psf selected,open titin.dcd,which is also in the timeline-tutorial-files directory.The trajectory shows a steered molecular dynamics extension of the I91domain of the giant muscle pro-tein titin,solvated in a water droplet with a non-periodic boundary.•Adjust the VMD Main time slider to frame0.In the VMD Main window, select Graphics→Representations...to display the Graphical Representa-tions window.In the Graphical Representations window,edit the default all selection to not water.Set the Coloring Method to Secondary Struc-ture and Drawing Method to New Cartoon.•Open the Timeline plugin window.In the VMD Main window,select Extension→Analysis→Timeline.•Display secondary structure for all frames,all residues in the trajectory.In the VMD Timeline window,select Calculate→Calc.Sec.Structure3TRAJECTORY ANALYSIS:TITIN DOMAIN EXTENSION16•Scrub the cursor and explore the2D data plot.With left mouse depressed move the2D cursor around the2D data plot.Note how the3D highlight(a red Licorice representation)moves around the molecule,highlightingwhatever is currently under the2D cursor.Figure8:Secondary structure for all residues of I27for all frames of the loaded trajectory.The structure corresponding to the red highlight rectangle in the Timeline(left)data panel is shown in the3D view(right panel).See Figure9 for a magnified view of the color key.•Get detailed information about the trajectory.Details about the residue beneath the2D cursor are shown in the details box to left and below the box plot.The current residue number,residue name,chain,segment,and frame,as well as the data value for the selected residue,and the current analysis method.These change as you move the cursor.•Zoom and scroll around the data plot.Right-mouse-click-and-drag to drawa green-outline box to define the area to zoom into.Right-click will zoomout.The three slider controls on the right side of the Timeline window also control zoom:the vertical slider zooms vertically,the horizontal slider zoom horizontally,the central zoom slider scales the whole data block at once.Thefit all button scales both axes tofit within the standard size of the Timeline window.The every residue button changes the vertical scale to display numbering for every vertical element(residues or selections (covered below,in Section4.3)).•Examine color scale key:The color key for secondary structure attributes is labeled“sec.structure”,and displays the one-letter structure codes used by STRIDE software.The one-letter code descriptions are listed in Help→Structure codes...,and in Figure9.Most relevant here,‘E’(yel-low)corresponds to’Extended conformation’,the main component of beta3TRAJECTORY ANALYSIS:TITIN DOMAIN EXTENSION17T TurnG 3-10 Helix I Pi-helixH Alpha Helix B Isolated Bridge E Extended Con gurationC Coil (none of the above)Figure 9:Color key for secondary structure plots.sheets;‘T’(aqua)corresponds to “Turn”,another beta sheet component,and ‘C’(white)stands for “Coil”(random coil,no structure).Note that secondary structure is a special case for coloring;for all other cases of calculations,the color scale shows a numerical range.•Identify the time frames when each of the individual β-strands begins to lose secondary structure,and when it has completely lost secondary structure.3.2Thresholding and changing appearance:examiningRMSFThere are two related ways to help examine how the values of a data set are distributed:first,by using the Threshold Count tool;second,by changing the color scaling range of the 2D plot.The Threshold Count tool adds up,for each frame,the number of residues or selections that fall within a given range,then plots these numbers for all frames.The plot is dynamically updated as the Threshold Min and Max values are changed.Here we review how to do this for the Root Mean Square Fluctuation data set examined in Figure 4,then use the results from this to set the color scaling range,in order to identify which structures are involved in the fluctuation events.•Display root mean square fluctuation for all frames,all residues in the trajectory.In the VMD Timeline window,select Calculate →Calc.RMSF •Use the thresholding tools.Adjust the Threshold Plot by changing the Threshold Min and Threshold Max bounds sliders.(Type in values here with select Threshold →Set bounds...Set them to 4.48and 6.67and note the repeating pattern of peaks.This thresholding can change much more3TRAJECTORY ANALYSIS:TITIN DOMAIN EXTENSION18 quickly than we can adjust the2D plot(especially for a large plot)and can track changes hard to total up by eye.The Threshold plot updates as the range is changed,to allow quick exploration of the plots.Now apply the threshold bounds values we set to the coloring of the whole2D plot: select Appearance→Set scaling...and enter4.48and6.67as bottom and top values.The result should resemble Figure4c.Scrub the highlight cursor over the transitions in the resultant plot to see what structures are involved in thefluctuation increases.More on changing appearance.Perform other changes to the Timeline plot,to see features that may be helpful when working with different data sets or different structures:•Toggle display of one letter vs.three letter residue codes in the vertical plot labels by selecting Appearance→Show1-letter codes.•With the Analysis Selection set to all,or to any interesting sub-selection, make an RMSF plot as before with Calculate→Calc.RMSF.Change the2D Plot color scale with Appearance→Color scale→Rainbow and Appearance→Color scale→Grayscale.•For more experimentation with this specific trajectory,source a TCL script to load the example system in the state shown in Figures2and3,with car-toon representation and coloring showing native secondary structure.To this,start a new VMD session,change directory using the VMD Tk termi-nal to timeline-tutorial-files,then enter into the VMD Tk terminal source start-titin.vmd.Note that thisfile sources titin-struct.vmd in the same directory.The latter Tcl script imposes the known native secondary structure of the published structure,in order to show more ac-curate beta-strands at trajectory start compared to that determined from the built-in secondary structure algorithm(STRIDE).3.3Examine backbone hydrogen bonds during titin ex-tensionNow we will look at the hydrogen bond breaking pattern during the I91extension trajectory.Since we are looking at the protein architecture,we will examine the bonds between the partnerβ-strands that make up the twoβ-sheets which form the I91domainβ-sandwich.•Change the Analysis Selection from all to name N HN O C,to select only the atoms involved in inter-β-stand hydrogen bonds.•Calculate the hydrogen bonds that can be formed with the current se-lection,in Calculate→Calc.H-bonds....Enter a Bond distance cutoffof3.5and an Angle cutoff(deg)of45,then click the Calculate button.Theresult should resemble Figure10.3TRAJECTORY ANALYSIS:TITIN DOMAIN EXTENSION19•The value of data in the2D plot is either0or1.Set the Threshold Plotrange from0to1to see the number of formed hydrogen bonds in eachframe.(Although the auto-ranging is already set from0to1,you muststill adjust the threshold minimum control once to display the ThresholdPlot).•Zoom in the plot to examine individual hydrogen bonds.Click on theatoms in the3D view to display the names and numbers of the residuesinvolved.•Use the hydrogen bond plot,and thefit all button,to look for overallpatterns of hydrogen bonds breaking.Look for H-bond breaking—theend of a white horizontal line—clustered around the same time,and checkthe associated structures.While using a copy of a secondary structure plotsuch as Figure8for reference,note whichβ-strands the bond breakingsare associated with,and how they relate to the beginning/ending times ofsecondary structure loss(unraveling)of individualβ-strands.•Load in a version of the I91extension trajectory with four times as manyframes(four times the temporal detail):naviage to to the examples directory and load titin-big.dcd•We will examine a set of inter-β-strand hydrogen bonds that are stableduring equilibration of I91.Change directory to the examples directoryand typesource stable-titin-backbone-hbonds.tcl in the Tk console.Thiswill add two vmd atom macros:backboneHSel and backboneOSel.•Change the analysis selection to backboneHSel or backboneOSel.•Select Calculate→Calc.H-bonds...and click the Calculate button.•Scrub through the trajectory with the highlight cursor,using the Thresh-old count tool to note how the hydrogen bond count has the largest dropbetween frames11and18.Note where these breaking H-bonds are in the2D view,as in the previous example.•Add both CPK and Hbond graphic representations as for selection backboneHSel or backboneOSel.Note the hydrogen bonds ending in the2D graph be-tween frames11and18,and how they correspond to the hydrogen break-ing in the3D view,as shown in Figure11.These simultaneous hydrogenbond breaking seen in Figure11c is what is responsible for the extensionforce peak seen in Figure11a.Under forced extension,I91architecturecannot allow further unraveling until these bonds are broken.3.4Using Data Files and Data CollectionsThese features help with saving and loading completed calculations(so you won’t have to spend time calculating them again),and with creating and brows-ing sets of pre-computed calculations.3TRAJECTORY ANALYSIS:TITIN DOMAIN EXTENSION20•Export and Import the calculated data.Select File→Write Data File...and save as test-rmsf.tml.Clear the plot with Calculate→Clear data, then read the datafile back in with File→Load Data File...,and specify the test-rmsf.tml you just saved.•Use a data collection:With the titin trajectory loaded,select Data→Set Data Collection directory...and select titin-data-coll in the dialog box, which is in the timeline-tutorial-files directory.•The Data menu is now populated with the.tmlfiles in that directory, select each to load that calculation data.Select Data→titin-strand-contacts.tml,then Data→titin-h-bonds.tml,etc.Loading each data set will reset the coloring range of the2D plot to the full range of each loaded set.•Try making a new directory,save two or more.tmlfiles to it,then display the contents via the Data menu.。

教师教案( 2007—2008学年第一学期 )课程名称：专业外语授课学时：48授课班级：园林艺术设计051、052、053任课教师：XXX浙江林学院园林学院课程名称专业外语年级05级课程编号(2007-2008-2)-040023005-0402006-1授课专业班级园林051，052修课人数必修课学科基础课 ( ) ；专业基础课 ( ) ；专业课 ( )课程类型选修课专选课 (√ ) ；公选课 ( )授课方式理论课 (√) ；实践课 ()考核方式考试 ( )考查 (√ )课程教学总学时数学时40学分 2.5学时分配课堂讲授 40 学时（含学生发言讨论）教材名称自编教材《园林专业英语》王欣浙江林学院园林学院2006教学参考书Landscape rchitectureDesign on the Land《西方现代景观设计的理论和实践》，，LandscapeArchitectureJohn O.SimondsNormanT.Newton王向荣林箐ASLAMcGraw-HillThe Belknap Pressof HarvardUniversity Press中国建筑工业出版社期刊199719712001授课教师王欣职称副教授学科风景园林规划与设授课时间学3102（星期二上午1~2节）,学6201（星期三上午3～4节）周次第一周 2008年2月25日2007年3月2日教学时数4章节1、Introduction：Landscape Architect Harmony with the Living Earth教学目的及要求1、让学生了解本课学习内容和范围2、介绍学习方法3、Harmony with the Living Earth教学重点与难点重点：西方Landscape Architect专业的工作范围难点：个别句子教学手段及教学方法讲课、提问多媒体教学作业复习和预习，寻找相关网络资源分组，5人一组，自愿原则。

摘要下一代移动通信系统网络融合加快，移动互联网应用高速发展，使得有关的新技术和新应用成为移动通信系统研究的重大内容。

在新的应用场景下，由于存在多径传播和时变性，作为传播媒介的无线信道，对无线通信系统的性能有着巨大的影响。

因此，无线信道的测量与建模对于其传输技术的研究有着重要的指导意义。

本文基于无线信道的传播特性，对无线信道的测量与建模方法进行研究。

主要研究内容如下：首先，简单回顾了无线信道的传播特性，包括大尺度传播特性和小尺度传播特性。

介绍了无线信道测量与建模的基本原理，对现有的测量方法和建模方法进行了归纳和总结。

最后以信道模型在无线电导航频率规划中的应用，说明信道建模的工程实践意义，通过仿真计算，指配结果与美国联邦航空局标准吻合，提供了一种简单有效的频率指配方法。

然后，本文研究了大尺度衰落信道建模方法，对采用最小二乘法的经典大尺度衰落建模作了说明。

基于确定性的环境地形，重点对基于射线跟踪的信道建模方法做了介绍，并采用WinProp的传播估计模型，对典型场景进行了传播预测。

预测结果显示，基于射线跟踪的建模方法能够适应性地跟踪具体传播环境，对场景信道实现更精准地建模。

类似地，研究了小尺度衰落信道建模方法。

首先介绍了小尺度衰落信道的特性描述和抽头延迟线模型，为了建立小尺度衰落信道模型，重点对基于解相关算法、扩频滑动相关法、压缩感知的信道估计方法进行了研究，对其原理分别做了介绍，并在一定条件下作了仿真分析。

结果表明：解相关算法不依赖于探测波形，都能够实现原始信道的估计，但其估计性能的优劣与探测脉冲的形状有关，更符合理想冲激脉冲的波形有着更高的估计性能；扩频滑动相关法抗噪声性能良好，能够很好地估计出多径信道。

在多种伪噪声序列中，m序列实现简单，有着优良的自相关性能，是最为常用的伪噪声序列；压缩感知算法充分利用无线信道的稀疏性，可以在一定条件下实现信道的精确估计，其中正交匹配追踪算法实现简单，重构效果良好，应用较为广泛。

工艺流程数字化平台核心技术点1.工艺流程的数字化平台需要具备高效的数据采集和处理能力。

The digital platform for the process flow needs to have efficient data collection and processing capabilities.2.数据存储和管理是数字化平台的关键，要能够大规模存储和快速检索数据。

Data storage and management are key to the digital platform, requiring the ability to store and retrieve data ona large scale.3.平台应该能够实现工艺流程的实时监控和反馈，确保生产过程的稳定运行。

The platform should be able to achieve real-time monitoring and feedback of the process flow, ensuring stable operation of the production process.4.数据安全和隐私保护是数字化平台不可或缺的部分，必须具备完善的安全机制。

Data security and privacy protection are essential parts of the digital platform, requiring comprehensive security mechanisms.5.可视化展示是数字化平台的重要功能，能够直观地展现工艺流程的数据和状态。

Visualization display is an important feature of the digital platform, able to intuitively display the data and status of the process flow.6.平台需要支持多种数据格式和接口，以实现系统间的数据交互和集成。

英文化妆品广告翻译的归化和异化研究AStudyof Domestication and Foreignization in Translating English Cosmetic Advertisements摘要广告属于一种推销产品的手段, 通过包括报纸、杂志、商品外包装、电视等的各种媒介来吸引消费者的注意并刺激其消费, 其中化妆品广告也是如此。

随着世界全球化进程的加快以及我国扩展海外市场的化妆品公司的不断拓展, 广告翻译的好坏直接影响了我国化妆品在国际化妆品市场上的占比和发展。

因此, 为使化妆品广告能达到一定预期效果, 我们就需要了解化妆品广告的翻译策略。

归化和异化是处理语言形式与文化因素的两种不同的翻译策略，它是意译和直译的进一步延伸。

然而归化和异化之争由来已久，中外翻译史上不乏各自归化和异化派的代表人物，其争议关键大多在于哪个更好。

而实际上，异化和归化是两种互相补充的翻译策略。

归化有利于译入语读者对于原文的理解，异化则有助于丰富译入语的表达手段。

本文将对归化和异化这两种翻译策略进行探讨，追溯其根源，弄清其概念，举例说明其所指，并且在此基础上透过语言研究的层面，将从跨文化的角度来探讨翻译中的归化和异化现象，并进一步用实例阐述了它们在翻译过程中相辅相成，并用互补的辩证关系。

广告翻译是一直翻译理论与实践研究领域的研究热点之一。

然而对于化妆品这类拥有庞大女性消费群体的主流消费品，其广告语翻译研究目前仍存在一定的不足。

本文以归化和异化核心理论为基础，以化妆品广告宣传语为语料，分析其语言特色，并从译语读者视角出发，探讨化妆品广告语翻译中应该重视的因素，以期为翻译实践研究和广告传媒提供一点启示。

关键词：归化；异化；化妆品广告；翻译策略AbstractAs a means of promoting the sale of products, advertising attracts the attention of consumers and stimulates the consumption through various media (newspapers, magazines, television, etc.). So is the cosmetic advertising.With the acceleration of globalization and cosmetics companies’ growing expansion of overseas markets in China, the stand or fall of advertising translation directly affects the cosmetics’ share and developmentin the overseas market or in our country.Therefore, in order to achieve the desired effect of cosmetic advertising, we need to understand the translation strategies of cosmetics advertising.Domestication and foreignization are two different translation strategies to deal with linguistic forms and cultural factors. They are further extension of free translation and literal translation.However, the dispute between domestication and foreignization has a long history. In the history of Chinese and foreign translations, there is no shortage of representatives of both domestication and foreignization.In fact, foreignization and domestication are two complementary translation strategies.Domestication is conducive to the comprehension of the original text, and foreignization helps to enrich the expression of the language. In this article, the two strategies are discussed. The paper tracesthe two strategies’ roots to understand theirconcepts, setting examples to point out the differences, and explaining the cross-cultural phenomenon of foreignization and domestication in translation through the level of language research, anduseexamples to expound thecomplementary and dialectical relations in the process of translation.Advertising translation is one of the hot topics in the field of translation theory and practice.However, there are still some deficiencies in the translation studies of the mainstream consumer products, such as cosmetics, which have a large female consumer group.In this paper, based on the core theory of foreignization and domestication, cosmetics advertising language is viewed as corpus to analyze its language features. In addition, starting from the perspective of the target language readers, this article explores the factors in cosmetics advertising language translation, in order to provide a little inspiration for the study of the translation practice and advertising media.Keywords:domestication; foreignization; cosmetics advertising; translation strategiesContents摘要 (2)Abstract (3)Chapter 1 Introduction (1)Chapter 2 Domestication and Foreignization (5)2.1 Definition of Domestication (2)2.1.1 Features of Foreignization Translation (3)2.2 Definition of Foreignization (2)2.2.1 Features of Foreignization Translation (3)Chapter 3 The Application of Domestication and Foreignization in Translating English Cosmetics Advertisements113.1 The Application of Domestication in Translating EnglishCosmetics Advertisements (13)3.2 The Application of Foreignization in Translating EnglishCosmetics Advertisements (13)Chapter 4 Factors Influencing the Choice of Domestication or Foreignization (21)4.1 Factors of Selecting Domestication (22)4.1.1 The Factor of Culture (26)4.1.2 The Factor of Language (26)4.1.3 The Factor of Laws and Regulations (26)4.2 Factors of Selecting Foreignization (22)4.1.1 The Factor of Catering to the Needs of Y oung People (26)4.1.2 The Factor of Selling Strategy (26)Chapter 5 Conclusion (27)Bibliography (39)Acknowledgements (40)Chapter 1 IntroductionIn today's highly developed economy, advertising, as the carrier of information, has penetrated into every field of our life. As the products of all countries circulating around the world, advertising itself has become an important style. Advertisingis regarded as a way of promotion, with itspurpose being attracting the attention of consumers. Thus, advertising translation is a crucial role in the promotion and marketing of products.Fully considering the characteristics of advertising language and adopting appropriate translation strategies are ways to better understand the advertising to consumers and concernabout the product. This thesis studies the translation of English Cosmetic Advertisements from the perspective of domestication and foreignization in translation strategies (Baker et al 2004: 77). English cosmetics advertising has become a part of life indispensable. In order to attract more customers' eyes, more and more foreign cosmetics pursue novelty in advertising.The cosmetics referred to in this article are the facial skin care products, cosmetics and perfumes of high-end brands in the domestic market.The focus and purpose of the research is limited to the written language of the advertisement. Therefore, the influence of the design, image, sound, video and other factors on the advertising effect is not within the scope of the study.In the history of Chinese translation, the dispute between foreignization and domestication is seen in the large-scale debates between literal translation and liberal translation represented by "faithfulness" and "smoothness" in modern history.In recent years, the domestic and foreign journalshave published many articles about domestication and foreignization, and these articles take the western literary criticism and comparative literature theories about domestication and foreignization to the discussion used in translation theory and practice.In some sense, from the angle of culture, literal translation and free translation can be adopted to make a summary in some articles. Some articles apply relevance theories to seek domestication and foreignization from the optimal relevance point. these articles come from different angles to broaden the research of foreignization and domestication (Zhu Anbo2009: 184). The strategies of domestication or foreignization have always been a hot topic in the translation field.It is oftendifficult to conclude a dispute with such a duality. Ifscholars on both sides of the argument do not fundamentally adjust their reasoning methods, and provide the credible evidence to support their own viewpoint fully, a new round of debatingwill be like the dispute of literal translation and free translation in the history, which finally will make people adhere to their own opinions. However, we must understand that the translation process is not only an activity of translating one language into another, but also a cultural exchange.With the international globalization, the trade and cultural exchange activities between countries become more and more frequent.Translation activities play an increasingly important role in the communication between countries.However, it depends on many factors whether to adopt domestication or foreignization in a specific texts.This article discusses the translation strategies of domestication and foreignization, tracing the root causes, making clear the concepts, and expounding the translation strategies foreignization and domestication’s application in cosmetics advertisements (He Chuansheng1997: 381).The main problem to be solved is how to choose the proper way of domestication or foreignization in the translation of English cosmetic advertisements.Chapter 2 Domestication and Foreignization2.1 Definition of Domestication. Chang Liu (2017) explicitly explains the meaning of this kind of translation term. Domestication, in contrast to foreignization, refers to the language tradition that abides by the native culture and the native expression of language. It requires the translator ofapproaching to the target language readers, andadopt the way expressed by the target language readers to convey the content of the original text. However, the source culture is the final destination. Jianzhong Guo (2003) considers that the receiver always understands the translation which is based on his own cultural view. It is not difficult to see thatdomestication is an effective means of translation to adapt target language and culture in advertisementtranslation. Qiyi Liao (2000) supports that the application of domestication is consistent with “the cultural principle of the target language”. Qiaoer Lu (2007) clarified the purpose and main function of advertising style, that is, to induce and persuade customers to accept their products and services, and decided that the translation of advertising shall put the target language and readers in the first place to implement domesticating translation. However foreignization has its limitations in advertising translation, it is widely applied because of the international marketing strategy and the psychological needs of consumers. It was sensitive like a rise of foreign cosmetics in China that the translation of English cosmetics advertisements has become a focus.Lawrence Venuti(1995：352) gives his descriptions of domestication translation: “adhering to the target language culture of the current mainstream values, openly adopting conservative from the original "assimilation" means, so as to make the translation conform to the local standard of the law, publishing trends and political needs.”In other words, domestication translation tries to reduce the exoticism in translation, providinga natural and fluent translation for the target language reader, so that the author can approach to the reader.Venudi (1995) believesthat the domestication rule embodied that the dominant cultural society "used to accept the clear and coherent translation, and hidedthe values of foreign texts in the values of the country".This suggests that in the translation integration of foreign values, the translator makes it "in line with the native language schema" to make "hidden beauty " possible (袁晓宁2010: 388). Then naturally,the translation version under the target language culture belongs to purposedtranslation without being found by readers.He used his formal schema to consciously adopt a natural and fluent target language style or to adjust the translation into the target text genre. The concept and characteristics of the original text are in line with the content schema of the translation readers.Smooth translation versions cover up the difference between different cultures, and the translation of purpose language mainstream culture replaces the target language cultural values.Translators’psychological schemata assimilation play down the strangeness of the original texts.2.1.1 Features of Domestication TranslationAn act of cultural aggression.V enudi believed that the western translation tradition is based on the values of ethnocentrism and imperialist culture to shape foreign texts, so he put forward the translation of domestication. While foreignization can be a form of resistance to ethnocentrism and racism, against cultural self-appreciation and against cultural hegemonism, so as to maintain the geographical relations of the nation (Fu Zhongxuan1993: 414). The post-colonial translation theory proposed by V enudi’sthoughtthat the efforts of the translator iscovered by smooth naturalized technique, putting the translators in stealth and unfair status, which also covers the differences between the cultural and historic primitives.This is to impose the value of a strong culture such as English on the weak culture, which is an act of cultural aggressio n. Under this situation, V enuti advocatesthe use of domestication in translation to combat this cultural aggression."Translation is a pure difference game," V enudi said in favor of Brown Shaw. "translation always involves differences, but also covers differences, and occasionally reveals differences, often highlighting differences.In this way, the translation itself is the living embodiment of the difference.The essence of "difference" is the schema difference between different cultures. Assimilation or adaptation of these differences can be regarded as the cognitive basis of domestication and foreignization translation theory.V enudi also acknowledged that domestication translation was "a conservative 'assimilation' approach to the original text."In this regard, scholars also use the "assimilation" to express " domestication " (Friedrich et al, 1813: 65).Ahere to functional equivalence theory. In China and in the west, literal translation and free translation are the most widely used in practice and the most studied translation methods.The terminology of domestication and foreignization discussed by western scholars is not complementary, but mutually exclusive.In the west, the man who advocated domestication was Eugene Nida (1987: 631), who proposed the "closest natural equivalence". Nida's dynamic equivalence (or functional equivalence), is the purpose of the expression of the translation, namely the translation version should be completely natural, and as much as possible to the source language behavior patterns into the category of the readers of theculture.The purpose of domestication translation is to convey the basic spirit and semantic content of the original work to the readers, not in the form of language or the representation of individual details.Its advantage lies inthat its fluent and smooth language can be easily accepted by readers.So the readers will not cause understanding obstacles. its shortcomings are translation tend to stay only in the content, plot, or the main purpose of spirit, and can't deep into the cultural essence of precipitation in the language core.American scholar V enudi is the representative figure of foreignization , in his book The Translator’s Invisibility, published in 1995, the first domestication translation shortcomings had witnessed the criticism from the height of the culture, literature, which promoted foreignization translation and impedancetranslation to retain the original language and cultural differences (廖七一2000: 84).2.2 Definition of ForeignizationV enudi (1995) called foreignization translation as "deviating from national pressure", and its effect is " injecting the cultural differences in foreign language in the text into the target language, sending the reader to go abroad, so as toget unprecedented reading experience".Translators intentionally break through the target language routine, may add new content, retain the originally authentic or exotic emotional appeal. Besides, the translator and the reader will escape from the fetters of strong target language culturein the process of translation.It can be seen that, inV enudi's view, the definition of foreignization is to deviate from the local mainstream values and to preserve the linguistic and cultural differences of the original text.Foreignization, in contrast to domestication, refers to retain the characteristics of foreign countries such as forms, preferences, or tones. Lawrence V enuti, the well-known translation theorist, is a leading force in foreignization theory. In The Translator's Invisibility A History of Translation(1995), he puts forward a translation theory and practice which is against the smooth translation from the perspective of deconstructive translation theory. In the process of translation,foreignization’s premise is toadmit and objectively treat the differences of different cultures. Foreignization needs translators to consider from the originalversion, approaching more to the original author (Li Wenge2004: 132). Foreignizationalso requires the translators as far as possible not to disturb the original author,, making readers approach to the author, thus striving to take corresponding to the source language expressions, so as to reproduce the original style and culture breath.2.2.1 Features of Foreignization TranslationThe target language replaces the target language cultural values of the mainstream culture.While discussing foreignization, V enudi (1995)gave a description to domestication translation strategy: “abiding by the target language culture of the current mainstream values, openly adopting the assimilation methodof the conservative original text, so as to make the translation conform to the local standard of the law, publishing trends and political needs.”The biggest characteristic of foreignization translation is to use fluent idiomatic English translation.In this kind of translation, translators’efforts are concealed by fluent translation, the translator is invisible, and is hiddenbehind the differences between different cultures.The strangeness of the original text has been played down, and translation and become more transparent.The translation strategy of foreignization from the post-colonial theory will be regarded as the colonization and subjugation of imperialism and the manifestation of cultural hegemony.Therefore, V ennudi (1995) advocated the translation strategy of foreignization .According to this strategy, translators try to get rid of the fetters from the strong culture in the process of translation.Foreignization translation should not be interpreted as the corresponding translation.It cannot improve the fidelity of the translation.Postcolonial scholars Robinson thought that foreignization translation and literal translation and word-for-word translation (Newmark et al 2001: 96 ). Translator should not take this kind of extreme method, because they do not adhere to adhere to the original text in translation of the meaning of individual words in a sequence of syntax. Inforeignization translation, new things may be added, so as to highlight the identity of the translator, to improve the status of translation, and the translation of cultural hegemony.Chapter 3 The Application of Domestication and Foreignization in Translating English Cosmetics Advertisements3.1 The Application of Domestication in Translating English Cosmetics AdvertisementsSometimes domestication translation method also is a kind of necessity, because translation process is not conducted in a vacuum.It is under two different cultural contexts, includingthe source language culture and the target language culture, which also needs to take into consideration the problems of translatability between two cultures.Sometimes the translator can not reproduce the source language image in the target language, has tocompletely abandon the image of the source language (Hou Jiaxiu2012: 68).Then a better way is to use the image of the target language thatreaders are familiar with to represent the image of the source language, using the same expressions in the targetlanguage that readers need to follow. The advantage of this kind of image replacementof the domestication method is that it can make the translation accord with the original expression with the same or similar effect, and to some extent compensating for the losses caused by not reproducing the source language.For example:(1)In terms of e positive adjectives.Such adjectives are often used to highlight the unique advantages of a product and to bring positive feelings to people on the cognitive side, for example: new, special, free, sure, clean, wonderful, special, bright, brilliant, etc.English version: A flawless skin，a porcelain －clear complexion．( Marie Claire)Translation version: 搪瓷般的透白肌肤———美白新肌系列"Flawless", "porcelain", "clear" such adjectives are an exaggerated rhetoric, but when the female consumers who have the desire for skin whiten see this kind of product description, they will automatically believe that this product can really help theyachieve the whitening.Similar adjectives include: "Refreshing Mist for Summer", "Perfect Skin as An Angel", "Lasting beauty under the spotlights", "softand supple", "passionate", "elegant" and so on (Lu Qiaoer 2007: 97).(2) In terms of the use of short and concise verbs.The purpose of commercial advertising is to maximize economic benefits.Advertising designers always want to find the most concise and persuasive language.Most of the verbs in the cosmetics slogan collected by the author's research institute are simple, simple and monosyllabic verbs, for example: buy, come, ask, save, love, feel, taste, try, keep, etc.The characteristics of the use of adverbial verbs in cosmetics actually validate the classic (1) “KISS”law in advertising design, which is "Keep It Short and Sweet" (Lu Qiaoer 2007: 97).(3) In terms of the use of a second person pronoun.The frequency of "you", "your" or "yourself" is much higher than other personal pronouns, such as:(2) What you really need for whitening?(3) Express your emotions and forget wrinkles．( 4) Open your eyes to a new you．(5) Philosophy: what you believe is what you become．(6) Reinvent Y ourself (Lu Qiaoer 2007: 97)．The cosmetics advertising language is called as a typical type of text, which has strong communication function. Its language form shows obvious interactivity, and there seems to be a virtual "speaker", so as tolet the reader talk face to face of trust and intimacywith acquaintances, thus promoting marketing purposes.In terms of Syntax.Syntactic form is the skeleton of a sentence, and the diversity of syntactic forms makes the realization of different communicative functions possible.Through the analysis, the article expounds that the advertisement language of cosmetics shows great flexibility and diversity in the sentence pattern selection.Declarative sentences are most common in cosmetics advertising, which are often used to state or introduce a brand, or to introduce the product in the most concise way.(1) The most unforgettable women in the world wear Revlon．(2) Tommy，the new American Fragrance from Tommy LaKleur．(3) The secret to beauty is simple —be who you are．These three slogans all use the extremely succinct language to introduce their products or cosmetic brand philosophy, seeming to communicate to the consumer a hard truth: as long as you use our products, you will be looking forward to the beauty of the effect.(5) In terms ofimperative sentences. Imperative sentences are very common in the promotion of cosmetic effect.Because this type of sentence has a strong pragmatic effect, it is often used to persuade, order, or urge listeners or viewers.Such as:(10) Feel the passion．(11) Give me the Green World，or give me yesterday．(12) Bringing together the best in Health and Beauty．In terms ofinterrogative sentence pattern.Obviously, the real purpose of interrogative sentence pattern is not to ask readers questions, but to attract consumers' attention and curiosity in the form of questions, and guide them to think "problems" from the perspective of merchants.Such as:(1) What you really need for whitening?(2) Don’t you owe it to y ourself to relax in the new millennium?(3) Are you Mark’s angel?From the above examples, we can see that the domesticationtranslation strategy consider more about readers from the target language.Its strength is the ability to make a translation read or sound more authentic, which gives the reader a sense of intimacy.The adoption of national center for domesticationtranslation strategy is the attitude, and is a foreign language text that conforms to the target language cultural values (Guo Jianzhong2003: 176).The domesticationtranslation strategy brings the author into the target language culture, so the translator will think of the original language and the original authorin the heart, so as to give the accurate and vivid expression conforming to the original content and style as far as possible. At the same time, the translator must also think about the readers, and the translation version should be as close to the readers as possible, so that the readers can understand and accept it.3.2 The Applica tion of Foreignization in Translating EnglishCosmetics AdvertisementsThe success of cosmetic advertisements lies in whether they can induce consumers to buy products. Consumers first focus on the brand of cosmetics when choosing products.A lot of cosmetics, especially foreign cosmetics, like to use the person's name as a brand name, also use literal translation, more translation strategies, such as 迪奥"Dior", 阿玛尼"armani" and so on. However, the translation often lacks enough attraction, especially when the customers see the brands they don't knowatthe first time.Under the guidance of foreignization translation method, the translator should "adapt to the target language, the host culture, and target audience’s acceptance as the guidance, make the source text conduct creative rewriting to a larger degree, generate single mode or multimode states the target language discourse, attain the goal of the expressiveness of the translator", so as to promote cosmetics sales (王琼2003：44).Modality refers to the mode of representation, including language, image, color, sound and other symbolic systems.A single mode, as long as it is a language symbol, is usually accompanied by images or other symbols.The translation of single mode is still at the linguistic level, namely the translation of brand name.The translator chooses to add creative translation on the basis of transliteration to convey more information about the brand to consumers.For example: "Chanel" is t ranslated into“香奈儿”, "Estee Lauder"is translated as“雅诗兰黛”, in which "香", "雅", "兰" "黛" words not only take the transliteration, which show goodimplied meanings, catering to the be fondness of female consumers, whichno doubt will cause more temptation. Some businesses have added new intention to the brand to reach the promotion purpose.The cosmetics brand "M.A.C." is translates as "魅可", which creates a charm.Mamonde comes from French, meaning "myworld", but the translation version is "梦妆", which shows the intention of fresh and dreamy."La Mer" means " thesea ", and the translation version of "海蓝之谜" not only translates the source language, but also shows a mysterious and noble quality.In particular, “Revlon” is translated into "露华浓", both sound and form techniques are adopted. The translation versioncomes from by Li B ai’s poem: "云想衣裳花想容，春风拂槛露华浓(Clouds and peonies are reminiscent of the dress and face of Y ang's respectively. The spring wind flows across the corridor while the penoys are set off by the glittering dews.)", foiling the quality of its elegant and gorgeous features.Chinese values are deeply influenced by Confucian thoughts, and they are conservative and moderate in both words and deeds, temperament and ideology.The translation ofmany modals of brands names is more attracting consumer attention but adhering to the moderate ways in words and deeds, temperament and ideology: such as Origins means "起源", but literal translation is so boring, so its translation version changes into “悦木之源”, in addition to the function word of "之" and source language meaning of "源", "悦" is a translation of adjectives, suggested use feeling letting a person sense please "悦". "Wood" is come from image modal translation, because the image of the brand logo is a tree. In the same way, "Lancome" is translated into “兰蔻”, in addition to the choice of a beautiful sound near the word, its image mode is a rose, meaning the French Lancome ancient castle full of roses.Whether or not consumers know the origin of the Lancome, it is impossible to deny the appeal of the brand.Cosmetic brand, of course, is the best translation to achieve the unity of "the sound, form and meaning", but if translators cannot get both effects, they tend to pay more attention to form and aesthetic feeling to maintain brand name meaning, so as to increase product appeal in this principle (Li Zhenli2011: 23).Chapter 4 Factors Influencing the Choice of Domestication or Foreignization4.1 Factors of Selecting Domestication4.1.1 The Factor of CultureDifferent ethnic nationsare separatedin different parts of the world, and create their own cultures. The cultural traits and patterns are different, but culture in many aspects of different ethnic groups all have in common, namely culture have in common.The commonality of culture is reflected in the language, which means that the expressions of different languages have similarities, that is, the。

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