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Biomass production in a 15-year-old poplar short-rotation coppice culture in Belgium
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Aspects of Applied Biology 112, 2011 Biomass and Energy Crops IV
Biomass production in a 15-year-old poplar short-rotation coppice culture in Belgium
By S Y DILLEN, S VANBEVEREN, N AL AFAS, I LAUREYSENS, S CROES and R CEULEMANS Antwerp University, Biology Department, Research Group Plant and Vegetation Ecology, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium Summary Biomass production of a 15-year-old multiclonal poplar short-rotation coppice (SRC) in Flanders, Belgium, is presented in this study. A wide range of 17 clonal varieties from six different parentages were planted in 1996 and no irrigation, fertilizers or fungicides were applied after the establishment year. After 15 years or four rotations, clones from pure species displayed significantly higher yields than hybrid clones. Specifically, clone Wolterson (Populus nigra) and clones Columbia River, Fritzi Pauley and Trichobel (P. trichocarpa) proved to be good candidates for SRC in temperate regions of Northwestern Europe. During the fourth rotation, lowest biomass yields were observed for the D×T and T×D clones, despite fast juvenile growth for the latter. Trends observed in the dynamics of biomass production during earlier rotations continued in the fourth rotation though differences among clones became more pronounced after 15 years of low-input SRC. For some clones, re-sprouting from root suckers likely affected stool survival values during the fourth rotation. Key words: Bioenergy, clone, Populus spp., stool survival, number of shoots Introduction Short-rotation coppice (SRC) systems are carefully tended plantations of fast-growing perennial species with good coppice and resprout capacity such as poplar and willow (Ceulemans & Deraedt 1999; Dillen et al., 2010). Poplar and willow SRC have been extensively studied since the oil crisis in the 1970s as a substitute to fossil fuels, i.e. bioenergy (Dickmann, 1996). Some decades later, their potential to mitigate climate change has generated renewed interest. However, recent studies reported that adverse environmental effects may outweigh the benefits of their mitigation potential (Sevigne et al., 2011). The environmental impacts of SRC are evaluated through life cycle assessment, although a widely accepted and uniform methodological approach is still lacking (Njakou Djomo et al., 2011). SRC toward bioenergy production is characterized by high planting density and relatively short rotations, i.e. 2–5 years. The complete life span of poplar or willow SRC systems is believed to be 20–25 years but life expectancy can be markedly affected by plantation maintenance, planting density in relation to harvest frequency and presence of pathogens (Sims et al., 2001). Experiments covering the complete life span of SRC are scarce. Nevertheless, long-term experiments are essential to gain insight into biomass potential, energy costs, greenhouse gas balance and environmental impacts of the SRC system throughout its full life cycle. 99
In this study, we documented biomass production of a 15-year-old multiclonal poplar SRC. The plantation was maintained as a low energy input system; no fertilization, irrigation or fungicides were applied after the establishment year. During 15 years, including four rotations, stool survival, number of shoots and biomass production were frequently estimated for the 17 poplar clones (Al Afas et al., 2008). We built on earlier work and compared actual yields with yields from earlier rotations (Laureysens et al., 2004, 2005; Al Afas et al., 2008). To study the dynamics of biomass production of a poplar SRC over 15 years we estimated effects of clone and year as well as their mutual interactions interactions on stool survival, number of shoots and biomass production. Material and Methods Site and experimental design The plantation was established on a former household waste land filled with a mixture of sand, clay and rubble from nearby areas in Boom, Flanders, Belgium (51°05’N, 04°22’E). In April 1996, 25 cm-long hardwood cuttings from selected clones were planted at an initial planting density of 10 000 trees per hectare according to a double row design system with alternating interrow distances of 0.75 and 1.5 m and a spacing of 0.9 m between cuttings within rows. The 17 clones were distributed using a randomized block design with three replicate plots per clone. Each plot consisted of 100 trees or 10 rows by 10 columns, but only a core of six rows by six columns, i.e. 36 assessment trees, was sampled to avoid border effects. Plant material Clones were a mixture of hybrids and pure species: one Populus nigra L. clone (N) Wolterson; three P. trichocarpa Torr. & Gray clones (T) Columbia River, Fritzi Pauley and Trichobel; six P. trichocarpa × P. deltoides Bartr. clones (T×D) Beaupré, Boelare, Hazendans, Hoogvorst, Raspalje and Unal; three P. deltoides × P. trichocarpa (D×T) clones IBW1, IBW2 and IBW3; three P. deltoides × P. nigra clones (D×N) Gaver, Gibecq and Primo; and one P. trichocarpa × P. balsamifera L. clone (T×B) Balsam Spire. Management regime After planting, weeds were controlled by mechanical weeding and herbicides (Laureysens et al., 2004, 2005; Al Afas et al., 2008). All saplings were cut in December 1996 to obtain a multi-stem coppice in the next growing season. Mechanic weed control and/or herbicides were also applied during the first growing season after each harvest. No irrigation, fertilizers or fungicides were applied after the establishment year. A schematic overview of the coppice regime, rotation cycles and maintenance of the plantation is given in Fig. 1. Biomass estimation Survival of stools (%), number of shoots and shoot diameter were assessed among the 36 assessment trees at the end of the growing season of years 1997–2003, 2005, 2006 and 2010. Shoot diameter (D) was measured at 22 cm above ground level using a digital caliper (Mitutoyo, type CD-15DC, UK). When D exceeded 3 cm, the average of two perpendicular D measurements was further used in calculations (Pontailler et al., 1997). At regular intervals, a selection of shoots representative of the shoot diameter frequency distribution was randomly harvested from stumps, i.e. 5–30 shoots per clone (Pellis et al., 2004; Laureysens et al., 2004; Al Afas et al., 2008). Shoots were weighed after being dried at 105°C in a drying oven until constant mass was reached. For the years during which harvests were realized, above-ground woody biomass production was estimated by means of allometric power relationships between shoot dry mass and shoot diameter per clone and per year (M = a Db, with a and b as regression coefficients, and M as shoot dry mass; Pontailler et al., 1997). Biomass production in 1997 and 100
Fig. 1. Schematic overview of coppice regime, rotation cycles and management of the 15-year-old poplar short-rotation coppice at Boom, Belgium (1996–2010).
1998 was estimated using the allometric power equations of 1999, and biomass production of 2005, 2006 and 2010 using the equations of 2003 (Al Afas et al., 2008). At the end of each rotation, the harvested biomass was weighed (fresh and/or dry weight). Statistical analyses Analyses were performed in R Statistical Computing Environment (Language Environment Version 2.12.1). Means were calculated with their standard error (SE). Clonal and rotation effects on survival, number of shoots and biomass were tested using a repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). The following model was used: Y = μ + Cl + Yr
Table 1. Tests of fixed effects of the repeated measures three-way ANOVA model for stool survival, number of shoots and biomass production Clone Stool survival Number of shoots Biomass production F16,353 = 55.9*** F16,325 = 27.8*** F16,322 = 21.9*** Rotation F3,353 = 106.1*** F3,325 = 113.6*** F3,322 = 206.7*** Year F7,353 =4.8*** F6,325 =113.6*** F6,322 =61.9*** Clone × year F112,353 = 0.19ns F95,325 = 2.1*** F95,322 = 1.1ns Clone × rotation F 48,353 = 5.56*** F 47,325 = 5.6*** F 47,322 = 4.6***
Year was treated as nested factor within rotation. Significance levels are indicated as follows: *** P ≤ 0.001; ** P ≤ 0.01; * P ≤ 0.05; ns non-significant.
Fig. 2. Time course of survival (%), number of shoots and biomass production (ton ha-1) during four rotation cycles of the short-rotation coppice with 17 clones belonging to six parentages. Means ± standard
102
error. T = Populus trichocarpa; B = P. balsamifera; D = P. deltoides; N = P. nigra.
displayed lowest stool mortality and most vigorous resprouting in the 15-year-old SRC (Fig. 2). T clones showed high biomass yields by growing few but large shoots. On the other hand, very low biomass yields were obtained for D×T and T×D clones after 15 years (Fig. 2). Overall, significant clone × rotation interactions were observed (Table 1; Fig. 2). The T×D clones had vigorous juvenile growth and high biomass production during the first years but due to high mortality rates, T×D biomass production dropped dramatically from the second growing season onward (Fig. 2). Clone Hoogvorst (T×D) did not survive the third rotation. As opposed to T×D clones, D×N clones slowly established and had low growth rates during the first growing season (Fig. 2). But after the first rotation, biomass production of the D×N clones steadily increased to intermediately and highly ranked biomass values compared to other clones in the fourth and third rotations respectively. Surprisingly, stool survival of some clones was higher in the fourth than in the third rotation (Fig. 2). Explanations for this unexpected observation are given in the Discussion. Correlations among traits Significant correlations were found among traits in 2010, i.e. third year of fourth rotation. Obviously, high biomass production was associated with higher stool survival (r = 0.67 and P ≤ 0.01). Overall, clones producing a higher number of shoots tended to have higher biomass production (r = 0.56 and P ≤ 0.05). However, different growth strategy, i.e. few but larger shoots, resulted in large biomass yields for T clones. Finally, high stool survival was significantly correlated to stronger resprout capacity, or a higher number of shoots (r = 0.66 and P ≤ 0.01) According to Spearman rank coefficients across years, clonal stability of biomass production was generally highest within rotations (cf. Al Afas et al., 2008). Across rotations, the first rotation is not representative for the subsequent rotations (Table 2). Some changes in clonal biomass rankings occur between the second and the fourth rotation, but Spearman rank coefficients suggested high clonal stability between the last two rotations (Table 2). Table 2. Spearman rank coefficients calculated from clonal means of biomass production between fourth and earlier rotations of the 15-year-old poplar SRC 4th rotation 2009
2008 1 rotation
st
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
2010 ns ns ns ns ns 0.53* 0.68**
2nd rotation
3rd rotation
0.74*** 0.88***
Years without biomass measurements are in italic. Significance levels are indicated as follows: *** P ≤ 0.001; ** P ≤ 0.01; * P ≤ 0.05; ns non-significant.
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Discussion The 15-year-old poplar SRC was planted with commercially available clonal varieties at the time of establishment, except for the IBW clones (D×T) which were clones in the observation phase. Striking clonal differences in biomass production were observed after four rotations. Some clones displayed the highest biomass levels in comparison with previous rotations. The pure species clones Wolterson, Columbia River, Fritzi Pauley and Trichobel yielded 7.9–10.3 ton ha-1 yr-1 in the fourth rotation. Yet, strikingly different growth strategies were maintained by these promising N and T clones. Wolterson produced numerous shoots after coppicing, while the T clones displayed high apical dominance and produced few, but large shoots. The N and T clones accommodated the growth strategy typical of their respective parentage, P. nigra and P. trichocarpa (Marron et al., 2010). Other clones did not survive the third rotation (Hoogvorst) or showed extremely low yields as Beaupre, Boelare and the IBW clones. Consequently, the IBW clones were not commercialized. The poor results the D×T and many of the T×D clones can be largely explained by their high susceptibility to leaf rust (Melampsora larici-populina). As discussed in Al Afas et al. (2008), a severe rust attack in 2001 caused high mortality. None of the D×T and T×D clones completely recovered and biomass production of these clones continued to decrease, even several years after the major leaf rust infestation. Plots with high mortality as a result of the rust attack were overgrown with tall weeds, as weed control was only applied the first year after each harvest. The tall weeds have likely reduced growth of poplar resprouts by competing for light, water and/ or nutrients in high-mortality plots (Sage et al., 1999). Al Afas et al. (2008) raised the question whether hybrids between P. deltoides and P. trichocarpa lose their resprout capacity and growth vigour after several harvests. Poplar hybrids are widely planted because of their vigorous juvenile growth. They often outperform the pure species at early age and assure rapid establishment of the plantation (Hayes 1952; Stettler et al., 1996). Consistently decreasing stool survival over the first three rotations has been demonstrated for the studied SRC by Laureysens et al. (2003) and Al Afas et al. (2008). Rooting difficulties during the first years and between-shoot competition for light during canopy closure were believed to affect stool survival. Unexpectedly, higher stool survival was observed in the fourth rotation for several clones of T, D×N and T×B parentage. Root sprouts from neighboring trees may have occupied some of the open areas in the field. These new shoots could not always be distinguished from originally planted individuals. The performance of some clones varied substantially over different rotations and years. Spearman rank coefficients demonstrated that productive clones in the first and second rotations did not per se displayed high biomass production during the fourth rotation. The clonal ranking of biomass in the fourth rotation was similar to that of the third rotation though differences among clones were more pronounced; highly productive clones as Wolterson and Fritzi Pauley reached peak biomass levels while biomass production of T×D and D×T clones was lowest after 15 years. In conclusion, this study highlights the need for long-term experiments to evaluate clonal performance over the complete life cycle of SRC systems. Clone × year or clone × rotation interactions likely affect the choice of clonal varieties to be grown in SRC systems. From this long-term experiment, clones from pure species are preferred over hybrids. The wide range of clones reduced the risks of the severe rust attack in 2001. Acknowledgements This study was supported by Research Foundation Flanders (FWO/G.0108.97), European Commission (AL/95/121/SWE), European Research Council (ERC Adv. Grant, POPFULL), 104
Center of Excellence ECO (University of Antwerp), Province of Antwerp and City Council of Boom. The project has been carried out in close cooperation with Eta-com B., supplying the grounds and part of the infrastructure. All plant materials were kindly provided by the Research Institute for Nature and Forest (Geraardsbergen, Belgium) and by the Forest Research, Forestry Commission (UK). We gratefully acknowledge everyone who helped with biomass production measurements over the three rotations. O. El Kasmioui and S.Y. Dillen are Research Associates of the Research Foundation-Flanders (F.W.O.-Vlaanderen, Belgium). References Al Afas N, Marron N, Van Dongen S, Laureysens I, Ceulemans R. 2008. Dynamics of biomass production in a poplar coppice culture over three rotations (11 years). Forest Ecology and Management 255: 1883-1891. Ceulemans R, Deraedt W. 1999. Production physiology and growth potential of poplars under short-rotation forestry culture. Forest Ecology and Management 121:9–23. Dickmann D I. 1996. Silviculture and biology of short-rotation woody crops in temperate regions: then and now. Biomass and Bioenergy 30:696–705. Dillen S Y, Marron N, El Kasmioui O, Calfapietra C, Ceulemans R. 2011. Poplar. In Energy Crops, Chapter 14, DOI: 10.1039/9781849732048-00275 (In press). Eds N G Halford and A Karp. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry. Hayes H K. 1952. Development of the heterosis concept. In Heterosis. Ed. J W Gowen. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State. University College Press. Laureysens I, Deraedt W, Indeherberge T, Ceulemans R. 2003. Population dynamics in a 6-year-old coppice culture of poplar. I. Clonal differences in stool mortality, shoot dynamics and shoot diameter distribution in relation to biomass production. Biomass and Bioenergy 24:81–95. Laureysens I, Bogaert J, Blust R, Ceulemans R. 2004. Biomass production of 17 poplar clones in a short rotation coppice culture on a waste disposal site and its relation to soil characteristics. Forest Ecology and Management 187:295–309. Laureysens I, Pellis A, Willems J, Ceulemans R. 2005. Growth and production of a short rotation coppice culture of poplar. III. Second rotation results. Biomass and Bioenergy 29:10–21. Marron N, Storme V, Dillen SY, Bastien C, Ricciotti L, Salani F, Sabatti M, Rae AM, Ceulemans R, Boerjan W. 2010. Genomic regions involved in productivity of two interspecific poplar families in Europe. 2. Biomass production and its relationships with tree architecture and phenology. Tree Genetics and Genomes 6:533–554. Njakou Djomo S N, El Kasmioui O, Ceulemans R. 2011. Energy and greenhouse gas balance of bioenergy production from poplar and willow: a review. GCB Bioenergy 3:181–197. Pellis A, Laureysens I, Ceulemans R. 2004. Growth and production of a short rotation coppice culture of poplar. I. Clonal differences in leaf characteristics in relation to biomass production. Biomass and Bioenergy 27:9–19. Pontailler J Y, Ceulemans R, Guittet J, Mau F. 1997. Linear and non-linear functions of volume index to estimate woody biomass in high density young poplar stands. Annals of Forest Science 4:335–345. Sage R B. 1999. Weed competition in willow coppice crops: the cause and extent of yield losses. Weed Research 39:399–411. Sevigne E, Gasol CM, Brun F, Rovira L, Pagés J M, Camps F, Rieradevall J, Gabarrell. 2011. Water and energy consumption of Populus spp. bioenergy systems : A case study in Southern Europe. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15:1133–1140. Sims R E H, Maiava T G, Bullock B T. 2001. Short rotation coppice tree species selection for woody biomass production in New Zealand. Biomass and Bioenergy 20:329–335. Stettler R F, Zsuffa L, Wu R. 1996. The role of hybridization in the genetic manipulation of 105
Populus. In Biology of Populus and Its Implications for Management and Conservation. Eds R F Stettler, H DBradshaw Jr, P E Heilman and T M Hinckley. Ottawa: NRC Research Press.
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play a part (in) 重要程度：★☆☆☆☆难易程度：★★☆☆☆ Have you realized the part computers have ___________ in the daily life? A. made B. given C. caused D. played 【参考答案】D 【拓展延伸】 1. play a part (in) 在……中扮演一个角色；参与；在……中起作用 2. play the role of 扮演……的角色 play an important role / part in...在……中起重要作用 play the leading role / part主演；起带头作用 3. take part in 参加 for the most part多半；在很大程度上 for one’s part就某人而言，对某人来说 1. Colors play an important ___________ in the way you look. A. part B. form C. effect D. pride 2. Mr. Huang will ___________ in the movement. A. play a leading part B. take parts C. play leading part D. take a part 3. __________ part that women ___________ in society is great. A. The; plays B. A; takes C. A; plays
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XX九年级英语上册Unit13教案（新版人教 版） 学科English年级9班级 课型fresh课时1/6媒体ataperecorder,cAI 课题Unit13e’retryingtosavetheearth!SectionA1a~1c 话题Protectingtheenvironent 功能Talaboutpollutionandenvironentalprotection 教 学 目 标 知识 技能1.Targetlanguage: e’retryingtosavetheearth. Peoplearethroinglitterintotheriver. Theriverusedtobesoclean. Everyoneshouldhelptocleanuptheriver. Graar: Presentprogressive,usedto,odalverbs ordsandexpressions;
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八年级上册英语单元知识点归纳 Unit1Wheredidyougoonvacation? 短语归纳 1.goonvacation去度假 2.stayathome待在家里 3.gotothemountains去爬山 4.gotothebeach去海滩 5.visitmuseums参观博物馆 6.gotosummercamp去参加夏令营 7.quiteafew相当多 8.studyfortests为测验而学习 9.goout出去10.mostofthetime大部分时间11.haveagoodtimedoing=havefundoing=enjoyoneself玩得高兴 去购 物because+句子 查明22.goon上上下下 用法： 3.nothing 4.seem+ 13.dislikedoingsth.不喜欢做某事 14.keepdoingsth.继续做某事keepondoingsth不停做某事 15.Whynotdo.sth.=whydon’tyoudosth为什么不做……呢？ 16.so+adj.+that+从句如此……以至于…… 17.tellsb.(not)todosth.告诉某人（不要）做某事 18.enough+名词，形容词+enough 19.notreally.真的没有。 20.seemtodosth似乎好像做某事 21.Byefornow!到这该说再见了。
22.Howdoyoulike…=Whatdoyouthinkof…=Whatdoyouthinkabout… Unit2Howoftendoyouexercise? 短语 1.helpwithhousework帮助做家务 2.onweekends=ontheweekend在周末 3.howoften多久 一次howsoon多久（回答in10years）4.hardlyever几乎从不 5.onceaweek每周一次twiceamonth每月两次everyday每天three/four…timesaweek每周三四…次 6.befree=beavailable有空 7.gotothemovies去看电影 https://www.doczj.com/doc/4715241530.html,etheInternet用互联网ontheInternet在网上surftheInternet 上网 9.swingdance摇摆舞10.playtennis打网球play+ 球类/棋类/中国乐器playthe+西洋乐器11.stayuplate熬夜；睡得很晚12.atleast至少atmost最多 擅长 根本firstofall 21.suchas看牙医 用法 少…? 5.主语 7.It’ 10.What Unit3I 短语 和……相同；与……一致bedifferentfrom与……不同5.careabout关心；介意takecareof=lookafter照顾6.belikeamirror像一面镜子7.themostimportant最重要的8.aslongas只要；既然 9.bringout使显现；使表现出10.getbettergrades取得更好的成绩11.reachfor伸手取12.infact 事实上；实际上13.makefriends交朋友14.one…,theother…一个…，另一个15.touchone’sheart 感动某人16.betalentedinmusic有音乐天赋 17.shareeverything分享一切18.talkabout谈论19.primaryschoolstudents小学生middleschoolstudent中学生https://www.doczj.com/doc/4715241530.html,rmation是不可数名词，一则消息：apieceofinformation 21.theEnglishstudycenter英语学习中心 用法
XX八年级英语上册第七单元导学案（人 教版） 本资料为woRD文档，请点击下载地址下载全文下载地址Unit7 willpeoplehaverobots? Period8 SectionBSelfcheck 教师复备栏或 学生笔记栏 【学习目标】 .熟练掌握本单元词汇： 2.熟练掌握本单元句型： 5） In20years，IthinkI’llbeanewspaperreporter. ontheweekend,I’lllooklesssmartbutIwillbemorecomfortable. whatwillyour…belike? 【学习重点 难点】 本单元的单词、短语、语法 【学法指导】 及时练习与巩固
【教学过程】 一、 导入（启发探究 3分钟） 对话复习： Nick:whatareyoureading,jill? jill:It’sbookaboutfuture. Nick:Soundscool.Sowhatwillthefuturebelike? jill:well,citieswillbemorecrowdedandpolluted.Therew illbefewertreesandtheenvironmentwillbeingreatdanger. Nick:Thatsoundsbad!willwehavetomovetootherplanets. jill:maybe.ButIwanttoliveontheearth. Nick:me,too.Thenwhatcanwedo? jill:wecanuselesswaterandplantsmoretrees.Everyonesh ouldplayapartinsavingtheearth. 二、自学（自主探究 6分钟） 用法：
八年级英语上册Unit7 Will people have robots?知识点归纳 课 件www.5y https://www.doczj.com/doc/4715241530.html,八年级英语上册Unit7willpeoplehaverobots?知识点归纳 八年级上Unit7willpeoplehaverobots? oncomputer在电脑上 onpaper在纸上 livetodo200yearsold活动200岁 freetime空闲时间 indanger处于危险之中 ontheearth在地球上 playapartinsth.参与某事 spacestation太空站 lookfor寻找 computerprogrammer电脑编程员 inthefuture在未来 hundredsof许多；成百上千 thesame…as…与……一样 overandoveragain多次；反复地 getbored感到厌烦的
wakeup醒来 falldown倒塌will+动词原形 将要做…… fewer/more+可数名词复数 更少/更多……less/more+不可数名词 更少/更多…… havetodosth.不得不做某事 agreewithsb.同意某人的意见 such+名词（词组） 如此…… playapartindoingsth.参与做某事 Therewillbe+主语+其他 将会有…… Thereis/are+sb./sth.+doingsth.有……正在做某事makesb.dosth.使某人做某事 helpsb.withsth.帮助某人做某事 trytodosth.尽力做某事 It’s+adj.+forsb.todosth. 对某人来说，做某事……的。 1.ThestudentsinourschoollearnEnglish computers. A.at
八年级英语上册Unit7Willpeoplehaverobots?知识点归纳puters在电脑上， 2、onpaper在纸上， 3、livetobe200yearsold活到200岁， 4、freetime空闲时间， 5、indanger在危险中， 6、ontheearth在世界上 7、playapartinsth在某方面出力/做贡献， 8、spacestation太空站， 8、lookfor寻找， 9、computerprogrammer电脑程序师， 10、inthefuture在将来， 11、hundredsof成百上千的， 12、thesame…as与…一样， 13、overandoveragain反复， 14、getbored无聊， 15、wakeup醒来/唤醒， 16、looklike看起来像， 17、falldown倒下/落下 二、重要句子（语法） 1、will+动词原形将要做
2、fewer/more+可数名词复数更少/更多… 3、less/more+不可数名词更少/更多 4、trytodosth.尽力做某事 5、havetodosth不得不做某事 6、agreewithsb.同意某人的意见 7、such+名词（词组）如此 8、playapartindoingsth参与做某事 9、makesbdosth让某人做某事 10、helpsbwithsth帮助某人做某事 11、Therewillbe+主语+其他将会有…. 12、Thereis/are+sb.+doingsth有…正在做… 13、Itis+形容词+forsb+todosth做某事对某人来说…语法： Whatwillthefuturebelike? Citieswillbemorepolluted.Andtherewillbefewertrees. Willpeopleusemoneyin100years? No,theywon’t.Everythingwillbefree. Willtherebeworldpeace? Yes,Ihopeso. Kidswillstuffyathomeoncomputers. Theywon’tgotoschool.
八上英语复习重点总结 Unit1Wheredidyougoonvacation? 单元重点： 1）一般过去时 2）不定代词的用法： a)不定代词作主语，谓语动词用单三 b)形容词修饰不定代词要放在其后 c)something一般用在肯定句中，anything一般用在否定句和疑问句中重点词组： goonvacation去度假stayathome待在家里gotothemountains去爬山gotothebeach去海滩visitmuseums参观博物馆gotosummercamp去参观夏令营quiteafew相当多 studyfor为……而学习 goout出去 mostofthetime大部分时间tastegood尝起来很好吃ofcourse当然 feellike给……的感觉/想要inthepast在过去walkaround四处走走becauseof因为onebowlof…一碗……thenextday第二天 drinktea喝茶 findout找出；查明 goon继续 takephotos照相somethingimportant重要的事upanddown上上下下 comeup出来
用法集锦： 1）buysth.forsb./buysb.sth.为某人买某物 2）taste+adj.尝起来……look+adj.看起来…… 3）nothing…but+动词原形除了……之外什么都没有 4）seem+（tobe）+adj.看起来…… 你还能想到seem的什么用法？ 5）arrivein+大地点/arriveat+小地点到达某地 6）decidetodosth.决定去做某事 7）try的用法： 作动词：trydoingsth.尝试做某事/trytodosth.尽力去做某事tryone’sbesttodosth. 作名词：haveatry 8)forgetdoingsth.忘记做过某事/forgettodosth.忘记做某事 9)enjoydoingsth.喜欢做某事 10)dislikedoingsth.不喜欢做某事 11)Whynotdo.sth.?为什么不做……呢？ 12)So+adj.+that+从句如此……以至于…… 13)tellsb.(not)todosth.告诉某人（不要）做某事 14)总结keep的用法 Unit2Howoftendoyouexercise? 单元重点： 1）关于how的词组 2）频率副词的位置：放在be动词、助动词、情态动词之后，实意动词之前 3)Howoften与Howman ytimes的区别？ 重点词组： helpwithhousework帮助做家务onweekends/ontheweekend在周末