Case study 个案研究Basic knowledge 基础知识
Basic skill基本技能Full-time educational programme 全日制教育计划Skilled worker 技术个人Semi-skilled worker 半技术个人School-leaver 毕业生、离校生Comprehensive school 综合学校Specialized staff 专业教师Block release 离校学习、离岗学习
V ocational qualification 职业资格Career education 生计教育Social skills 社交技能Life skills 生活技能
School environment 学校环境Work experience 工作经验Actual experience 实际经验Work-study programme利用学习以外的时间参加劳动,工读计划,半工半读,勤工俭学Co-operative education programme 合作教育计划Lower tech nician 初级技术个人
Technical education 技术教育Final examination 期末考试Practical experience[ik'spi?ri?ns; 实践经验Dual system 双元制是一种国家立法支持、校企合作共建的办学制度，即由企业和学校共同担负培养人才的任务，按照企业对人才的要求组织教学和岗位培训。该模式是德国职业技术教育的主要形式，在德国的企业中应用很广，近几年也被我国的一些企业借鉴或采用。The Ministry of Education/Labor 教育部/劳动部Physical education 体育
Sandwich program三明治教育计划三明治教育是英国发展最早、影响最为深远产学研合作教育模式因而被当作英国产学研合作教育模式代名词时至今日英国三明治教育发展了一百多年已经完美地融入了英国高等教育体系中英国高等教育不可或缺重要组成部分V ocational guidance 职业指导
Job mobility岗位/职业流动Educational research 教育研究Cognitive/affective/psychomotor domain 认知/情感/动作技能领域
Performance/behavioral objective 操作性/行为目标
Evaluation technique 评价技术Information service 信息服务Tracer system of school-leaver 毕业生追踪制度
Job analyses 工作分析Social status 社会地位Disadvantage group 弱势群体Teacher training 教师培训Entrance level入学水平College of advanced education 高等教育学院Teachers’college 师范学院或normal university Infant teacher 幼儿教师
Full-time course 全日制课程 Part-time course 部分时间制课程Tea cher-preparation 师资培养 Home science Home E conomics domestic science housecraft家政学
Technical college 技术学院Government/public/dependent school 公立学校An independent school is a school that is independent in its finances and governance; it is not dependent upon national or local government for financing its operations, nor reliant on taxpayer contributions, and is instead
funded by a combination of tuition charges, donations, and in some cases the investment yield of an endowment. It is governed by a board of directors that is elected by an independent means and a system of governance that ensures its independent operation. It may receive government funds. However, its board must be independent.
The terms independent school and private school are often synonymous in popular usage outside the United Kingdom. Independent schools may have a religious affiliation, but the more precise usage of the term excludes parochial and other schools if there is a financial dependence upon or governance subordinate to outside organizations. These definitions generally apply equally to primary education, secondary education, and tertiary
education institutions.
硕士学位masterate，master's degree硕士课程主分为两种，分别是修课式和研究式。修课式的硕士课程主要有理学硕士(MasterofScience，英文短写为MSc)，教育硕士(Master of Education，英文短写为MEd)，工程硕士(Master of Engineering，英文短写为MEng)和
文学硕士(Masterof Arts,英文短写为MA)。另有工商管理硕士(Master of Business Administration,英文短写为MBA)。而研究式的硕士课程有哲学硕士(Master of Philosophy，
英文短写为MPhil)。
Bachelor of Education教育学学士baccalaureate;bachelor's degree学士学位
Pre-service training 职前培训Pre-Service岗前（培训) Monotechnical institution单一技术教育机构
Concurrent programme双轨教育计划Student teacher师范生
Non-government/private/independent school 私立学校
Bachelor of Arts/Science 文学士/理学士Economic benefits经济效益Technological progress 技术进步Polytechnical college 多科技术学院V ocational course职业课程Tertiary eduction 高等教育Director of education 教育局长Principal of college 学院院长Teaching staff 教师队伍Educational facilities 教育设施
Diploma student 大专学生University student 大学学生Senior staff 资深教师，老教师Social sciences 社会科学Humanity sciences人文科学Diploma course文凭课程（大专课程）Well-qualified staff 优秀教师Academic standard 学术标准Tertiary non-university education 非大学实施的高等教育
Bachelor Of Technology技术学士Bachelor Of Business 商学士Agricultural college 农学院Scientific principles 科学原则Specialist institutions专业性教育机构Academic stature 学术水平salary scale工资级别academic status 学术地位Primary student（小学生）secondary-level student（中学生）secondary diploma student（中专生）diploma student（大专生）university student（大学生）postgraduate student（研究生）Diploma course/degree course（学位课程）
Subject matter学科内容主题主旨College preparatory curriculum 大学预科课程
Science curriculum理科课程Premedical curriculum 医科大学预科课程Curriculum design课程设计Curriculum development 课程编制/开发Curriculum planning 课程规划Subject curriculum 学科课程Planned curriculum规划的课程Formal curriculum 正式课程Experienced curriculum 经验的课程/体验的课程
Perceived curriculum 领悟的课程Instructional strategy 教学策略Curriculum objective 课程目标Learning situation 学习情境Learning process 学习过程Learning outcome 学习结果Competency-based education 能力本位教育
V ocational education 职业教育Learning environment 学习环境K-12 programs 幼儿园至12年级教育计划
subject –centered curriculum学科中心课程Open curriculum 开放课程Curriculum-program-course-subject
Primary school（英国用法）elementary school（美国用法）Accountability model 奖惩性模式Merit pay 奖金
Local education authority（LEA）地方教育当局
Professional development model 专业发展模式
Education innovation 教育改革Headteacher 主任教员Pilot study 试点研究Appraisal cycle 评价周期Classroom observation课堂听课Appraisal statement 评价报告Even with the more sophisticated theories and processes now available，…即使现在有了更加深奥的理论和过程，我们仍然拒绝下列任何课程概念，即把教育局限于有组织的知识的领域范围之内，因为这种课程概念是不充分的。
An earlier edition of this book used a definition Lewis and Miel classified with Caswell’s as “something actualized.”这本书的早期版本（1966年）采用了一个定义，Lewis和Miel把这个定义以及Caswell的定义分类为“某种现实化的东西”。
This is the view that informed Sir Keith Joseph when he first declared the Government’s interest in teacher appraisal。这就是Keith Joseph爵士首次宣布英国
政府对教师评价感兴趣时所提出的观点。
This emphasis on the jobdescription has been maintained in the pilot studies and…在试点研究中，一直强调岗位介绍。在试点期间，对评价范围的精心考虑很好地体现了对重大改革进行试点的价值。
Since，however，appraisal needs to dovetail with the INSETprocess，…然而，由于评价需要与教师在职教育与培训的过程相吻合，因此两年的周期似乎比四个学期的周期或五个学期的周期更加可取。
Any other outcome would fly in the face Of experience…
人们普遍体验到征求需求的效果，因此任何其他结果都会与之相悖。Education in England is overseen by the United Kingdom's Department for Education and Department for Business, Innovation and Skills. Local government authorities are responsible for implementing policy for public education and state-funded schools at a local level.
The education system is divided into stages based upon age: Early Years Foundation Stage (ages 3–5), primary education (ages 5–11), secondary education (ages 11–18) and tertiary education (ages 18+).
From the age of 16 there is a two-year period of education known as "sixth form" or "college" which typically leads to A-level qualifications (similar to a high school diploma in some other countries), or a number of alternate qualifications such as BTEC, the International Baccalaureate or the Cambridge Pre-U.
England also has a tradition of independent schooling; legally, parents may choose to educate their children by any suitable means.
Higher education often begins with a three-year bachelor's degree. Postgraduate degrees include master's degrees, either taught or by research, and the doctorate, a research degree that usually takes at least three years.
Universities require a Royal Charter in order to issue degrees and all but one are financed by the state via tuition fees, which cost up to ￡9,000 per academic year for English, Welsh and European Union students.
PCB 专业术语中英文翻译 很多PCB 的书上使用的是英文，但是大多数的人又看不懂英文， 这时候怎么办呢，我们需要翻译，但是如果每看到一个不会的词 儿就去翻译，那么就太耗费时间了，所以我们捷多邦总结了一些 常用的专业术语的中英文对照，希望能对大家有用。 1.印制电路：printed circuit 2.印制线路：printed wiring 3.印制板：printed board 4.印制板电路：printed circuit board (pcb) 5.印制线路板：printed wiring board(pwb) 6.印制元件：printed component 7.印制接点：printed contact 8.印制板装配：printed board assembly 9.板：board 1 10.表面层合电路板：surface laminar circuit (slc) 11.埋入凸块连印制板：b2it printed board 12.多层膜基板：multi-layered film substrate(mfs) 13.层间全内导通多层印制板：alivh multilayer printed board 14.载芯片板：chip on board (cob) 15.埋电阻板：buried resistance board 16.母板：mother board 17.单面印制板：single-sided printed board(ssb) 、管路敷设技术通过管线不仅可以解决吊顶层配置不规范高中资料试卷问题，而且可保障各类管路习题到位。在管路敷设过程中，要加强看护关于管路高中资料试卷连接管口处理高中资料试卷弯扁度固定盒位置保护层防腐跨接地线弯曲半径标等，要求技术交底。管线敷设技术中包含线槽、管架等多项方式，为解决高中语文电气课件中管壁薄、接口不严等问题，合理利用管线敷设技术。线缆敷设原则：在分线盒处，当不同电压回路交叉时，应采用金属隔板进行隔开处理；同一线槽内强电回路须同时切断习题电源，线缆敷设完毕，要进行检查和检测处理。、电气课件中调试对全部高中资料试卷电气设备，在安装过程中以及安装结束后进行 高中资料试卷调整试验；通电检查所有设备高中资料试卷相互作用与相互关系，根据生产工艺高中资料试卷要求，对电气设备进行空载与带负荷下高中资料试卷调控试验；对设备进行调整使其在正常工况下与过度工作下都可以正常工作；对于继电保护进行整核对定值，审核与校对图纸，编写复杂设备与装置高中资料试卷调试方案，编写重要设备高中资料试卷试验方案以及系统启动方案；对整套启动过程中高中资料试卷电气设备进行调试工作并且进行过关运行高中资料试卷技术指导。对于调试过程中高中资料试卷技术问题，作为调试人员，需要在事前掌握图纸资料、设备制造厂家出具高中资料试卷试验报告与相关技术资料，并且了解现场设备高中资料试卷布置情况与有关高中资料试卷电气系统接线等情况 ，然后根据规范与规程规定，制定设备调试高中资料试、电气设备调试高中资料试卷技术电力保护装置调试技术，电力保护高中资料试卷配置技术是指机组在进行继电保护高中资料试卷总体配置时，需要在最大限度内来确保机组高中资料试卷安全，并且尽可能地缩小故障高中资料试卷破坏范围，或者对某些异常高中资料试卷工况进行自动处理，尤其要避免错误高中资料试卷保护装置动作，并且拒绝动作，来避免不必要高中资料试卷突然停机。因此，电力高中资料试卷保护装置调试技术，要求电力保护装置做到准确灵活。对于差动保护装置高中资料试卷调试技术是指发电机一变压器组在发生内部故障时，需要进行外部电源高中资料试卷切除从而采用高中资料试卷主要保护装置。
1.素质教育：Quality Education 2. EQ：分两种，一种为教育商数Educational quotient，另一种情感商数Emotional quotient 3. 保险业：the insurance industry 4. 保证重点指出：ensure funding for priority areas 5. 补发拖欠的养老金：clear up pension payments in arrears 6. 不良贷款：non-performing loan 7. 层层转包和违法分包：mutlti-level contracting and illegal subcontracting 8. 城乡信用社：credit cooperative in both urban and rural areas 9. 城镇居民最低生活保障：a minimum standard of living for city residents 10. 城镇职工医疗保障制度：the system of medical insurance for urban workers 11. 出口信贷：export credit 12. 贷款质量：loan quality 13. 贷款质量五级分类办法：the five-category assets classification for bank loans 14. 防范和化解金融风险：take precautions against and reduce financial risks 15. 防洪工程：flood-prevention project 16. 非法外汇交易：illegal foreign exchange transaction 17. 非贸易收汇：foreign exchange earnings through nontrade channels 18. 非银行金融机构：non-bank financial institutions 19. 费改税：transform administrative fees into taxes 20. 跟踪审计：foolow-up auditing 21. 工程监理制度：the monitoring system for projects 22. 国有资产安全：the safety of state-owned assets 23. 过度开垦：excess reclamation 24. 合同管理制度：the contract system for governing projects 25. 积极的财政政策：pro-active fiscal policy 26. 基本生活费：basic allowance 27. 解除劳动关系：sever labor relation 28. 金融监管责任制：the responsibility system for financial supervision 29. 经济安全：economic security 30. 靠扩大财政赤字搞建设：to increase the deficit to spend more on development 31. 扩大国内需求：the expansion of domestic demand 32. 拉动经济增长：fuel economic growth 33. 粮食仓库：grain depot 34. 粮食收购企业：grain collection and storage enterprise 35. 粮食收购资金实行封闭运行：closed operation of grain purchase funds 36. 粮食销售市场：grain sales market 37. 劣质工程：shoddy engineering
英语语法专业术语 语法grammar 句法syntax 词法morphology 结构structure 层次rank 句子sentence 从句clause 词组phrase 词类part of speech 单词word 实词notional word 虚词structural word 名词noun 专有名词proper noun 普通名词common noun 可数名词countable noun 不可数名词uncountable no 抽象名词abstract noun 具体名词concrete noun 物质名词material noun 集体名词collective noun 个体名词individual noun 介词preposition 连词conjunction 动词verb 主动词main verb 及物动词transitive verb 不及物动词intransitive verb 系动词link verb 助动词auxiliary verb 情态动词modal verb 规则动词regular verb 不规则动词irregular verb 短语动词phrasal verb 限定动词finite verb 非限定动词infinite verb 使役动词causative verb 感官动词verb of senses
动态动词event verb 静态动词state verb 感叹词exclamation 形容词adjective 副词adverb 方式副词adverb of manner 程度副词adverb of degree 时间副词adverb of time 地点副词adverb of place 修饰性副词adjunct 连接性副词conjunct 疑问副词interrogative adverb 关系副词relative adverb 代词pronoun 人称代词personal pronoun 物主代词possessive pronoun 反身代词reflexive pronoun 相互代词reciprocal pronoun 指示代词demonstrative pronoun 疑问代词interrogative pronoun 关系代词relative pronoun 不定代词indefinite 物主代词possessive pronoun 名词性物主代词nominal possessive 形容词性物主代词adjectival possessive pronoun 冠词article 定冠词definite article 不定冠词indefinite article 数词numeral 基数词cardinal numeral 序数词ordinal numeral 分数词fractional numeral 形式form 单数形式singular form 复数形式plural form 限定动词finite verb form 非限定动词non-finite verb form
英语语法专业术语表达 英语语法语语语语表达 1. Morphology 语法 2,Notional Words 语语语3, Form Words 虚语 4,Parts of Speech 语语 5,The Noun 名语 6,The Pronoun 代语 7,The Numeral 数语 8,The Verb 语语 9,The Adjective 形容语 10. The Adverb 副语 11. The Article 冠语 12. The Preposition 介语 13. The conjunction 语语 14. The Interjection 感语语15. The Particle 小品语 16. Word Building 构语法17. Conversion 语化 18. Derivation 派生 19. Composition 合成 20. Prefix 前语 21. Suffix 后语 22. Compound Words 合成语23. Classification of Nouns 名语的分语
24. Common Nouns 普通名语 25. Proper Nouns 语有名语26. Countable Nouns 可名语数27. Uncountable Nouns 不可名语数28. The Singular Form 语形式数29. The Plural Form 语形式数 30. Individual Nouns个体名语31. Collective Nouns集名语体32. Material Nouns物语名语33. Abstract Nouns抽象名语34. The Common Case普通格35. The Possessive Case所有格36, Personal Pronouns 人代语称37. Possessive Pronouns物主代语38. Self Pronouns反身代语39. Demonstrative Pronouns指示代语40. Interrogative Pronouns疑语代语不意达41. Conjunctive Pronouns语接代语42. Relative Pronouns语系代语43. Indefinite Pronouns不定代语44. Reciprocal Pronouns相互代语45. The Subjective Case主格46. The Objective Case语格47. Cardinal Numerals基语数48. Ordinal Numerals 序语数49. Fractional Numerals分语数50,Notional Verbs语意语语 51. Link Verbs语系语语 52. Auxiliary Verbs助语语 53. Modal Verbs情语语语 54. Transitive Verbs及物语语 55. Intransitive Verbs不及物语语56. Regular Verbs语语语语 57. Irregular Verbs不语语语语 58. Person人称 59. Number数 60. Tense语语 61. Voice语语 62. Mood语气
市场营销专业术语中英文对照标准翻译 本文为市场营销中经常用到的一些中文与英文互译的标准用语，希望对市场营销从业人员有所帮助。 《财富》杂志Fortune 案头调研Desk Research 奥美公司Ogilvy & Mather 白色商品White Goods 百乐门Parliament 百威啤酒Budweiser 包裹销售法Banded Pack 宝洁公司Procter & Gamble 宝丽来Polaroid 宝马BMW 边际成本Marginal Cost 边际收益Marginal Benefit 标准差，均差Standard Deviation 别克Buick 波立兹调查公司Alfred Politz Research, Inc 波旁王朝Ancient Age Bourbon 波特福洛分析Portefolio Analysis 产品差异Product Differentiation 产品生命周期Product Life Cycle 产品系列Product Line 产品组合Product Mix 阐述Presentation 超级市场Supermarket 成对比较法Paired Comparisons 成功的理想主义者Successful Idealist 承诺型消费者Committed Buyer 程度测试Tachistoscope 橙色商品Orange Goods 冲动购买Impulse Buying 重叠率Duplication 抽样Sampling 传销Pyramid Selling 传阅发行量Pass-on Circulation 词语联想法Word Associaton 刺激营销Incentive Marketing 促销Promotion 达彼思广告公司Ted Bates & Copany 大卫·奥格威David Ogilvy 戴比尔斯De Beers
语法grammar 句法syntax 结构structure 句子sentence 从句clause 词组phrase 词类part of speech 单词word 实词notional word 虚词structural word 单纯词simple word 派生词derivative 复合词compound 词性part of speech 名词noun 专有名词proper noun 普通名词common noun 可数名词countable noun 不可数名词uncountable noun 抽象名词abstract noun 具体名词concret noun 物质名词material noun 集体名词collective noun 个体名词individual noun 介词preposition 连词conjunction 动词verb 及物动词transitive verb 不及物动词intransitive verb 系动词link verb 助动词auxiliary verb 情态动词modal verb 规则动词regular verb 不规则动词irregular verb 限定动词finite verb 非限定动词infinite verb 使役动词causative verb 感官动词verb of senses 感叹词exclamation 形容词adjective 副词adverb 方式副词adverb of manner 程度副词adverb of degree 时间副词adverb of time 地点副词adverb of place 关系副词relative adverb 代词pronoun 人称代词personal pronoun 物主代词possessive pronoun 反身代词reflexive pronoun 指示代词demonstrative pronoun 疑问代词interrogative pronoun 关系代词relative pronoun 不定代词indefinite pronoun 物主代词possessive pronoun 名词性物主代词nominal possessive pronoun 形容词性物主代词adjectival possessive pronoun 冠词article 定冠词definite article 不定冠词indefinite article 形式form 单数形式singular form 复数形式plural form 原形base form 从句clause 从属句subordinate clause 并列句coordinate clause 名词从句nominal clause 定语从句attributive clause 状语从句adverbial clause 宾语从句object clause 主语从句subject clause 同位语从句appositive clause 时间状语从句adverbial clause of time 地点状语从句adverbial clause of place 方式状语从句adverbial clause of manner 让步状语从句adverbial clause of concession 原因状语从句adverbial clause of cause 结果状语从句adverbial clause of result 目的状语从句adverbial clause of purpose 条件状语从句adverbial clause of condition 句子sentence 简单句simple sentence 并列句compound sentence 复合句complex sentence 并列复合句compound complex sentence 陈述句declarative sentence
active voice 主动语态，passive voice被动语态， absolute construction独立结构， adjective 形容词，adverd 副词，noun名词， verb动词， artical冠词， determiner限定词，quantifier量词，numeral数词， subject主语， object宾语，adverbial状语，attributive定语，complement补语，predicative表语，appositive同位语，infinitive不定式, -ing participle-ing分词, -Ed participle -ed分词，finite clause 限定从属分句，non-finitive clause非限定分句,inversion倒装，adverbial clause状语从句，subject clause主语从句，relative clause/attributive clause定语（关系）从句，从句也可以用clause as subject/object/来表示主语从句、宾语从句 时态：tense语态：voice单数：singular form复数：plural form 主谓一致：agreement of subject and verb 定语从句：attributive clause 名词性从句： noun clause 状语从句：adverbial clause 虚拟语气：subjunctive mood 冠词：article代词：pronoun形容词和副词：adjective & adverb 动词和动词词组：verbs & verb phrase 非谓语动词：Non-Predicate Verbs / Non-Finite verbs
预约券reservation ticket 下午茶high tea 微博Microblog/ Tweets 裸婚naked wedding 亚健康sub-health 平角裤boxers 愤青young cynic 灵魂伴侣soul mate 小白脸toy boy 精神出轨soul infidelity 人肉搜索flesh search 剩女3S lady（single，seventies,stuck）/left girls 山寨copycat 异地恋long-distance relationship 性感妈妈yummy mummy 钻石王老五diamond bachelor 时尚达人fashion icon 上相的,上镜头的photogenic 学术界academic circle 哈证族certificate maniac 偶像派idol type 住房公积金housing funds 熟女cougar（源自电影Cougar Club） 挑食者picky-eater 伪球迷fake fans 紧身服straitjacket 团购group buying 奉子成婚shotgun marriage 婚前性行为premarital sex 炫富flaunt wealth 决堤breaching of the dike 上市list share 赌球soccer gambling 桑拿天sauna weather 自杀Dutch act 假发票fake invoice 金砖四国BRIC countries 笑料laughing stock 泰国香米Thai fragrant rice 学历造假fabricate academic credentials 泄洪release flood waters 狂热的gaga eg: I was gaga over his deep blue eyes when I first set eyes on him 防暑降温补贴high temperature subsidy 暗淡前景bleak prospects
这里汇聚了中西医学行业的大部分英语词汇和详细解说，如果要查询相关词汇，你可以点此word 文档工具栏的“编辑”，找到“查找”，然后点开输入你要查询的词汇就可以查询了。 西医篇： 1、医院部门及科室名称 2、医务人员名称 3、诊断和治疗常用词汇 4、常见疾病名称 5、常见手术名称 6、常用药物名称 7、常用护理术语 8、常用临床医学术语 9、医疗器材 10、医学英语快速记忆－后缀 11、主要人体系统名称 12、医院类型名称 13、医学词汇 14、医学常用字首与字根 1.医院部门及科室名称 out-patient department 门诊部 In-patient department 住院部 Nursing department 护理部 Admission office 住院处 Discharge office 出院处 Registration office 挂号处 Reception room, waiting room 侯诊室 Consultation room 诊察室 Isolation room 隔离室 Delivery room 分娩室 Emergency room 急诊室 Ward 病房室 Department of internal medicine 内科 Department of surgery 外科 Department of pediatrics 儿科 Department of obstetrics and gynecology 妇科 Department of neurology 神经科 Department of ophtalmology 眼科 E.N.T.department 耳鼻喉科 Department of stomatology 口腔科 Department of urology 泌尿科 Department of orthopedic 骨科 Department of traumatology 创伤科 Department of endocrinology 内分泌科
English grammar terms often used 英语语法常用词语1．Parts of speech 词类 noun 名词pronoun 代词numeral 数词adjective 形容词verb 动词adverb副词article 冠词preposition介词conjunction连词interjection感叹词particle 小品词 2. Word building 构词法 conversion 转化derivation 派生affixation词缀法prefix前缀suffix后缀compound words 合成词 3．Classification of nouns 名词的分类 common nouns普通名词proper nouns 专有名词 individual nouns个体名词collective nouns 集合名词 material nouns 物质名词abstract nouns 抽象名词 countable nouns 可数名词uncountable nouns不可数名词 the singular form 单数形式the plural form 复数形式 the common case 普通格the possessive case 所有格 the subjective case 主格the objective case 宾格 person 人称third person singular 第三人称单数 4. Classification of pronouns 代词的分类 personal pronouns 人称代词possessive pronouns 物主代词 self pronouns 反身代词demonstrative pronouns 指示代词 interrogative pronouns 疑问代词conjunctive pronouns 连接代词 relative pronouns 关系代词reciprocal pronouns 相互代词 indefinite pronouns 不定代词 5．数词、形容词、冠词 cardinal numerals 基数词ordinal numerals 序数词 fractional numerals 分数词the comparative degree 比较级 the superlative degree 最高级The definite article 定冠词 the indefinite article 不定冠词 6．Classification of verbs 动词的分类 national verbs 实义动词link-verbs系动词 auxiliary verbs助动词modal verbs 情态动词 transitive verbs 及物动词intransitive verbs 不及物动词 regular verbs 规则动词irregular verbs 不规则动词 the present forms 现在式the past forms 过去式 the participle 分词the present participle现在分词 the past participle 过去分词the infinitive 不定式 the gerund 动名词bare infinitive 不带to的不定式
常见英语语法速记 一be得用法口诀! 我用am,您用are,is连着她,她,它; 单数名词用is,复数名词全用are。 变疑问,往前提,句末问号莫丢弃。 变否定,更容易,be后not莫忘记。 疑问否定任您变,句首大写莫迟疑。 二时间名词前所用介词得速记歌 年月周前要用in,日子前面却不行。 遇到几号要用on,上午下午又就是in。 要说某日上下午,用on换in才能行。 午夜黄昏须用at,黎明用它也不错。 at也用在明分前,说“差”可要用上to, 说“过”只可使用past,多说多练牢牢记,莫让岁月空蹉跎。 三记住f(e)结尾得名词复数 妻子持刀去宰狼,小偷吓得发了慌; 躲在架后保己命,半片树叶遮目光。 九个以f(e)结尾得名词。Wife(妻子)。Knife(刀子)、wolf(狼)、thief(小偷)、shelf(架子)、self(自己)、life(生命)、half(一半)、leaf(树叶) 这些名词以f(e)结尾变复数时,将f(e)变v再加es。还有以self结尾得反身代词复数用法也同样,如:myselfourselves、yourselfyourselves。 例外得有serf(农奴)、chief(首领)、belief(信仰)、safe(保险柜)、gulf(海湾),它们以直接加s变为复数形式,另外handkerchief可用两种复数形式:handkerchiefs或handkerchieves。四巧记48个国际音标 单元音共十二,四二六前中后。 双元音也好背,合口集中八个整。 辅音共计二十八,八对一清又七浊, 四个连对也包括。有气无声清辅音, 有声无气浊辅音,发音特点应掌握。 五非谓语动词得一些特殊用法后只接不定式作宾语得一些常用特殊谓语动词动词后,不定式,want, hope与wish, agree, decide, mean, manage, promise, expect, pretend,且说两位算在此, 要记牢,要记住,掌握它们靠自己。 六后接动词不定式做宾语补足语省略不定式符号“to”得一些常用特殊动词一些动词要掌握,have, let与make, 此三动词就是使役,“注意”“观察”“听到”see, 还有feel与watch,使用它们要仔细, 后接“宾补”略去“to”,此点千万要牢记 除此之外,还可以掌握“八字言”, 一感feel,二听hear, listen to,三让have, let , make,四瞧see, look at, observe, watch
物流专用术语物流基本概念术语 1．物品article 2．物流logistics 3．物流活动logistics activity 4．物流作业logistics operation 5．物流模数logistics modulus 6．物流技术logistics technology 7．物流成本logistics cost 8．物流管理logistics management 9．物流中心logistics center 10．物流网络logistics network 11．物流信息logistics information 12．物流企业logistics enterprise 13．物流单证logistics documents 14．物流联盟logistics alliance 15．供应物流supply logistics 16．生产物流production logistics 17．销售物流distribution logistics 18．回收物流returned logistics 19．废弃物物流waste material logistics 20．绿色物流environmental logistics 21．企业物流internal logistics 22．社会物流external logistics 23．军事物流military logistics 24．国际物流international logistics 25．第三方物流third-part logistics (TPL) 26．定制物流customized logistics 27．虚拟物流virtual logistics 28．增值物流服务value-added logistics service 29．供应链supply chain 30．条码bar code 31．电子数据交换electronic data interchange (EDI) 32．有形消耗tangible loss 33．无形消耗intangible loss 物流作业术语 1．运输transportation 2．联合运输combined transport 3．直达运输through transport 4．中转运输transfer transport
科技英语中专业术语的翻译 1.意译：根据科技术语的含义，将其翻译成汉语里和它完全对等的名词就叫意译。对单 个词语来说，意译也就是直译。意译法时最常用的翻译方法，它能使读者直接了解术语的含义。例如： ①firewall 防火墙 ②data mining 数据挖掘 ③automatic program control 自动程序控制 2. 音译：根据英语的发音翻译成汉语里相应的词。科技英语中某些由专有名词构成的术 语、单位名称、新型材料的名称等，在翻译时都可采用音译法。例如： ·gene 基因；quark 夸克；Pentium 奔腾 ·celluloid 赛璐璐；nylon 尼龙、 ·Hertz (Hz) 赫兹（频率单位）；lumen 流明（光通量单位） 3．形译：英语中有些科技术语的前半部分是表示该术语形象的字母或单词，翻译成汉语时可把这一部分翻译成表示具体形象的词，或保留原来的字母，这就叫形译。例如： I-bar 工字钢，工字条；O-ring 环形圈；twist-drill 麻花钻；X-ray X光；α-brass α黄铜 4.缩写词：英语首字母缩写词在科技新词中占有很大的比重，这类词如译成汉语，就显得拖沓冗长，因此很多情况下干脆不翻译。例如： ◎CPU:Centeral Processing Unit (中央处理器) ◎ASCII:American Standard Code for Information Interchange (美国信息交换标准码) ◎A TM:Asynchronous Transfer Mode （异步传输模式） 一些国际组织的缩写也常采用这种方法。例如： WTO (世界贸易组织)；UNESCO （联合国教科文组织）；WHO (世界卫生组织)；IOC（国际奥委会） 注[1]：指含锌量≦35℅的铜铝合金。
英语语法术语汇总 语法grammar 句法syntax 词法morphology 结构structure 实义词notional / content word 虚词structural/ form/function word 构词法word-building 词根root 前缀prefix 后缀suffix 同义词synonym 反义词antonym 转化法conversion 派生法derivation 词缀法affixation 合成法composition 派生词derivative 复合词compound 词性part of speech 名词的分类classification of nouns 名词noun 专有名词proper noun 普通名词common noun 可数名词countable noun 不可数名词uncountable noun 抽象名词abstract noun 具体名词concrete noun 物质名词material noun 集合名词collective noun 个体名词individual noun 介词preposition 感叹词interjection 引导词particle 感叹词exclamation 强调词emphasizer 强调用法emphatic use 动词verb 实义动词notional verb 主动词main verb 及物动词transitive verb 双宾语及物动词ditransitive verb 不及物动词intransitive verb 系动词linking verb 助动词auxiliary 情态动词modal verb 规则动词regular verb 不规则动词irregular verb 短语动词phrasal verb 限定动词finite verb 非限定动词non-finite verb 使役动词causative verb 感官动词verb of senses 动态动词event verb 静态动词stative verb 副词adverb 方式副词adverb of manner 程度副词adverb of degree 时间副词adverb of time 地点副词adverb of place 频度副词adverb of frequency 疑问副词interrogative adverb 关系副词relative adverb 连接副词conjunctive adverb 代词pronoun 人称代词personal pronoun 物主代词possessive pronoun 反身代词reflexive pronoun 相互代词reciprocal pronoun 指示代词demonstrative pronoun 疑问代词interrogative pronoun 关系代词relative pronoun 不定代词indefinite pronoun 名词性物主代词nominal possessive pronoun 形容词性物主代词adjectival possessive pronoun
重要概念 morpheme:A morpheme is the minimal distinctive grammatical unit, and is the lowest unit in grammatical hierarchy. Morphemes are actually abstract elements of analysis. What occurs is an orthographic form in writing termed “morph” which realizes the morpheme. parsing：Breaking a sentence into smaller components for analysis and then grouping them into various classes in a systematic way. complex sentence The complex sentence is a sentence that contains more than one clause that are joined together by subordinating one to another． Alternative questions: Those questions that suggest two (or more) alternatives and usually imply that one of them could be true. How-exclamations: Exclamations that are led by the adverb …how?. It highlights the adjective, adverb, or verb in exclamations. . Collective noun: These are generally countable nouns, but even in the singular they refer to groups of people, animals or things, such as family, class, team, government, committee, etc. Proper noun: Proper nouns are nouns referring to specific person, place or thing,such as Smith, Mark (persons), Washington D.C., London (places), NA TO, United Nations (things) Mass noun:Those that can not take plural are mass nouns, such as butter, cheese, homework music, etc. Unit noun: It is also called "partitive", is a very special class of words that is used to specify the quantities measures and shapes of the modified noun such as: piece, batch, bunch, item, etc. Foreign plurals：They are words borrowed from some other languages which still take their original forms of plural，Most often，they are from-Latin，French，Greek：alumna--alumnae，index--indices，plateau--plateaux，analysis—analyses，etc．singular invariables:They are proper nouns like country names, personal names and mass nouns like those denoting sciences, subjects, diseases, and games. For example: the United States，the United Nations，Black，Jones，classics，physics，bronchitis，bowls，et。． plural invariables：They are 1)names of tools and articles of dress consisting of two equal parts：binoculars，compasses，jeans，shorts，etc．2)some collective nouns：cattle，people，police，etc．3)geographical names of mountain ranges，waterfalls，groups of islands：the Rockies，the Balkans，Niagara Falls，etc．4)other nouns ending in-s：archives，arms，etc． Tense:Any one of the inflected forms in the conjugation of a verb that indicates the temporal location of an event or a state of affairs. Aspect:aspect reflects the way in which the verb action is regarded or experienced with respect to time. Determiners? Determiners refer to words which are used in the premodification of a noun phrase and which typically precede any adjectives that premodify the headword． Genitives Forms or construction used to denote possession, measurement or source. Example: John?s car; a moment?s digression; the resistance of Iraq Voice: A property of verbs or a set of verb inflections indicating the relation between the subject and the action expressed by the verb. Mood: A set of verb forms or inflections used to indicate the speaker's attitude toward the factuality or likelihood of the action or condition expressed. In English the indicative mood is used to make factual statements, the subjunctive mood to indicate doubt or unlikelihood, and the imperative mood to express a command. Modal auxiliary:One of a set of English verbs, including can, may, must, ought, shall, should, will, would and etc., that are characteristically used with other verbs to express mood or tense. The non-finite verbs: The non-finite verbs are verbs that are not marked for tense or for subject-verb concord. Dangling participle: When the subject of a participle is not expressed, it is normally understood to be the subject of the main clause. If the rule is broken, the participle is regarded as a dangling one. Preposition: In some languages, a word placed before a substantive and indicating the relation of that substantive to a verb, an adjective, or another substantive, as English at, by, in, to, from, and with. The relative clause: it is defined as a clausal modifier, restrictive or non-restrictive, used to modify a preceding construction, most often a preceding noun or noun phrase. The grammatical principle: it stipulates that the verb matches its subject both in person and in number. The unified text:the unified text is one that is not only structurally well-integrated but also semantically coherent. 第1页，共1页