《高级英语》自学指导用书
编者：赵晓
Part One: College English Book Five
Lesson 1 Rashid?s School at Okhla
I. Introduction
Rashid?s School at Okhla, taken from Santha Rama Rau?s first book Home to India, records the author?s visit with her aunt Kitty to a village school a t Okhla in 1939, when she was a 16-year-old girl newly returned from ten-years? schooling in Britain to her native country India. The text gives us a glimpse of her intense interest in the changes that were taking place in her native land and of the educational campaign carried out by the Congress Party hoping to bring political consciousness through education to the people of India. In running the village school, Rashid, the headmaster, met with and conquered various difficulties: the villagers? deep-rooted suspicion about education, religious obstacles and financial shortage, etc. It was out of countless such efforts by numerous Indians that the New India was created.
II. Organization of the Text
1. On the way to Okhla (Paragraphs 1-2)
Through description of the road condition, traffic and property of bullock and camel owners, the author brings out the poverty and backwardness of India and foretells the difficulties for the educational campaign carried on in the Indian villages.
2. At Okhla (Paragraphs 3-4)
Another picture is taken of the backwardness and isolation of the Indian village by specific description of the village huts, multi-functional tiny shop, and early marriage of the village women.
3. Meeting Rashid at his school (Paragraphs 5-18)
In describing the school activities, the author tells the reader the difficulties involved in running a village school (i.e. villages? deep-rooted suspicion about education and religious barriers) and great efforts and enthusiasm exerted by the Congress Party of which Rashid serves as one of its representatives in the educational campaign.
4. Meeting Rashid at Kitty?s home in Delhi (Paragraphs 19-24)
Another difficulty is discussed in the conversation between Kitty and Rashid: lack of financial support from the colonial government. At the same time, the author?s mother speaks of the relationship between reason and conscience and analyzes the difference in education between the Western countries and India.
III. Key Words and Expressions
1. orderly (Para 1): well-arranged.
2. facilitate (Para 1): make…easy or easier.
3. brass (Para 1): an alloy of copper and zinc. Compare: copper (a single element) and bronze (an alloy of copper and tin).
4. household utensils (Para 1): 家庭用具。Compare: household appliances（家用电器）。
5. proprietor (Para 3): (shop) owner.
6. as much…as (Para 5): to the same degree…as, e.g. It is as much our responsibility as yours（这是你们的责任，同样是我们的责任）.
7. fluid English (Para 5): fluent English.
8. enunciate (Para 6): pronounce.
9. in a florid tone (Para 6): in a showy tone.
10. an impetus (Para 6): a push forward.
11. gauge (Para 6): judge; estimate.
12. in a small way (Para 8): on a small scale. Compare: in a big way (= on a large scale).
13. inaugurate (Para 8): start; launch.
14. accomplish (Para 9): succeed in doing something; finish successfully. Compare: finish, complete and accomplish. To finish is to bring something to an end; to complete is to make something whole or perfect; and to accomplish implies great effort involved. E.g. I need one more stamp to complete my collection of this set (i.e. This set of stamps is made complete.). But: I finished my stamp collection at the age of 16 (i.e. I stopped collecting stamps then.).
15. skeptical (Para 9): suspicious.
16. carry weight (Para 10): have importance; have effect.
17. substantial difference (Para 11): great difference.
18. misrepresent the incident (Para 18): give an untrue account of the issue slightly.
19. a rickety bus (Para 19): a shaky bus; a very old bus that is likely to fall to pieces.
20. true to his promise (Para 19): in accordance with his promise; as he had promised to do.
21. carry through (Para 20): carry out.
22. not courage so much as hard work and money…(Para 21): not courage but rather hard work and money. Not…so much as or not so much…as: not…but rather（与其说是。。。不如说是。。。）.
23. might as well (Para 23): also may (just) as well: have no strong reason not to（不妨）.
24. contradict (Para 23): rebuke.
25. on my hands (Para 24): as my pressing responsibility. Antonym: off my hands: not as my pressing responsibility.
26. mutual corrective (Para 24): something that corrects each other?s defects.
IV. Questions for Discussion
1. Was the Agra road an asphalt road or a dirt road? What gives the clue to your answer in the text?
(It was a dirt road. The sentence “behind us the dust rolled upward in thick red clouds” gives the clue in the text.)
2. What were the four functions of the shop owner at Okhla?
(The shop owner at Okhla serves as a provider of daily commodities, a governor of the village,
a village banker and a village letter-writer.)
3. What signs of educational activity among the children did the two visitors notice?
(They noticed that the children were taught fine arts, farming and geography.)
4. What difficulties did Rashid have in persuading the villagers to send their children to his school? How did he manage to do that?
(Firstly, the villagers were suspicious about education. They didn?t believe they could really learn something useful from the educational campaign. Secondly, they were concerned more about family finances than about their children?s education, as the children became important to their families in that they could help support their families. Rashid managed to assure the villagers that the children would learn really useful things in school --- how to enrich the soil and how to make the land more productive. He also persuaded the villagers to send their children to school by offering to provide the means for the children to reel cotton for an hour every day so that the
earnings from the cotton spools could be used to support their families.)
5. Was the school co-educational? Was co-education common in cities then in India? What did Rashid say the reason was?
(Yes, it was. No, it wasn?t. Rashid said that, once the poor villagers moved to cities, they lost their land and consequently a kind of independence spirit. Therefore they were more affected by traditional customs and ideas which disapprove of co-education. As a result, co-education was less common in cities and in the countryside in India.)
6. Rashid denied that it took courage to open the school. Why did he deny that? What did he say it took?
(Because theoretically the colonial government supported education for all people and there were even some laws concerning this matter. Rashid said it took hard work and money.)
7. The mother said that Rashid had a “frightening responsibility.” Why did she think it was frightening?
(It was frightening because the children would never forget what was taught and so a teacher had no chance of making any mistakes. It was frightening also because sooner or later the new ideas taught would conflict with old ideas, beliefs and habits and so a teacher was doing something risky.)
8. What does the mother say about reason and conscience?
(Reason is the mental power of judging right or wrong from principles, religious codes, or conventional moral customs. Conscience is the individual sense of judgment of what is right or wrong. In the mother?s view, we rely on both reason and conscience. They compensate each o ther by correcting each other?s shortcoming.)
9. What do you think Rashid had in mind when he said that education was only an impetus to the achievement of “political consciousness”?
(When he said that education was only an impetus to the achievement of “political consciousness,” Rashid had two ideas in mind. One was that a teacher should treat the villagers as his equals and should not act in a way that would show his superiority to the villagers. The other was that a teacher could only push the villagers to educate themselves, but how much they achieved in education depended on themselves. A teacher could not take the place of the villagers in the educational campaign.)
10. What do you think of Rashid as a person?
(Rashid was a man of immense energy. He was passionate yet practical. He was well-educated and had a profound love for his students and his country. He was also timid.)
V. Exercises
A. Fill in the blank in each sentence with the best word or expression from the box below, changing its form when necessary:
facilitate as much…as impetus gauge in a small way not so much…as misrepresent inaugurate carry weight substantial true to on one?s hands
1. Such a port would __________ the passage of oil from the Middle East to Japan.
2. She has a large family __________.
3. His actions are always ________ his words.
4. The mayor?s opinion ______ great ______ in this town.
5. The private wanted to show the sergeant that he was ______ a man ______ anybody.
6. Foreign investments have become the primary ________ behind the country?s economic recovery.
7. The demonstrators demanded that blacks be given a __________ voice in the government.
8. The elections were over and the first native Governor was ________.
9. It was ______ the clothes ______ the man himself who impressed immediately.
10. Witnesses claim to have been seriously ________.
(Key: 1. facilitate 2. on her hands 3. true to 4. carried…weight 5. as much…as
6. impetus
7. substantial
8. inaugurated
9. not so m uch…as 10. misrepresented)
B. Choose the right word from the box given below for each blank:
introducing conflict technology known status resulted significant destroyed seeds power worse that led methods countries supplies development declined growth rate turn number shown system swiftly that
1. The “Green Revolution”
The introduction of new varieties of rice and wheat in Asia and Latin America has been (1)______ as the “Green Revolution.” So far t he new (2)______ and the accompanying technology have not (3)______ in increased agricultural production per head or reduced malnutrition. The direct, quantitative effects of (4)______ high-yielding variation of food grains have been modest.
The indirect and quantitative effects, however, have sometimes been (5)______. The new technology has (6)______ to changes in crop pattern and in (7)______ of production. It has accelerated the (8)______ of a market-orientated, capitalist agriculture. It has encouraged the (9)______ of wage labor, and thereby helped to create or augment a class of agricultural laborers. It has increased the (10)______ of landowners, and this in (11)______ has been associated with a greater polarization of classes and intensified (12)______.
Changes in (13)______ and class alignments have been accompanied by changes in the distribution of income. Profits and rents have increased absolutely and relatively. The share of wages has (14)______ and in some instances real wages rates or the (15)______ of days worked, or both, have declined. In short, an old (16)______ of agriculture, slowly or (17)______ is in the process of being (18)______ by the advance of contemporary (19)______.
The policies (20)______ have accompanied the “Green Revolution” in many underdeveloped (21)______ have aggravated the problems (22)______ these countries face. (23)______ of some commodities have increased, but the (24)______ of growth of total agricultural production has (25)______ little tendency to rise. At the same time, inequality has become (26)______, poverty has increased absolutely.
(Key: 1. known 2. seeds 3. resulted 4. introducing 5. significant 6. led 7. methods 8. development 9. growth 10. power 11. turn 12. conflict 13. status 14. declined 15. number 16. system 17. swiftly 18. destroyed 19. technology 20. that 21. countries 22. that 23. supplies 24. rate 25. shown 26. worse)
Lesson 2 Four Choices for Young People
I. Introduction
In the 1960s, American youth were disillusioned with what they called “the adult world” for
its social problems like racial discrimination, poverty and the Vietnam War and rebelled against it in various ways. They rejected the conventional social values and voiced their beliefs and attitudes to protest against the American society in which they had no further confidence: some quit the usual ways of society; some escaped from cities to the unspoiled country to live a rather primitive communal life; and still others took up arms, hoping to get rid of the social evils once and for all. Against this background, the author wrote this article to suggest that reform approach was the only workable way for young Americans to deal with the social problems.
II. Organization of the Text
1. American youth?s dissatisfaction with the American society (Paragraphs 1-2)
2. Four choices for them to deal with the social problems (Paragraphs 3-14)
①Author’s attitude toward the youth’s dissatisfaction (Paragraph 3)
②The first choice: drop out (Paragraph 4)
③The second choice: flee (Paragraphs 5-6)
④The third choice: plot a revolution (Paragraphs 7-10)
⑤The fourth choice: reform (Paragraphs 11-14)
III. Key Words and Expressions
1. misgivings (Para 1): anxiety; worries.
2. scores of (Para 2): a large number of.
3. do without (Para 2): dispense with; manage without.
4. cope with (Para 3): deal successfully with.
5. drop out: quit the usual ways of society, such as rejecting conventional social values and withdrawing from conventional social activities.
6. expedient (Para 4): temporary solution.
7. batten on (Para 4): live well on.
8. run out of (Para 6): have no more of.
9. unsullied (Para 6): unspoiled.
10. bucolic (Para 6): pastoral.?
11. workings (Para 7): mechanisms.
12. dashing (Para 7): energetic.
13. charismatic figure (Para 7): one who has great popular appeal.
14. revolutionist (Para 8): a professional revolutionary or a revolutionary with serious intention.
15. come off (Para 8): happen.
16. senescence (Para 8): old age.
17. disillusionment (Para 8): disappointment.
18. hard-faced (Para 8): stubborn.
19. stuffy (Para 8): dull; without imagination.
20. dawn on (Para 9): bring about.
21. bureaucracies (Para 9): government organizations at all levels.
22. inviting (Para 11): attractive.
23. exasperating (Para 11): annoying.
24. in short supply (Para 11): scarce. Compare: in full supply.
25. remedy (Para 11): put or make right.
26. in a mess (Para 12): in trouble.
27. vehemently (Para 12): strongly; violently.
28. affluent (Para 13): wealthy; rich.
29. dawn on (Para 13): make…realize.
30. insoluble (Para 13): unconquerable; unsolvable.
31. warfare (Para 13): military war.
32. insuperable (Para 14): unconquerable; unsolvable.
33. pragmatically (Para 14): practically.
34. dogged (Para 14): unyielding.
IV. Questions for Discussion
1. How do young Americans look at their society in general?
(They look at the American society with great distrust and hold that American government should be responsible for all the social problems.)
2. What does the author say is the most important decision for them to make?
(The author thinks the most important decision for them to make is to choose a strategy to cope with the imperfect American society.)
3. Why does the author say the first choice is “parasitic”?
(Because those people who make the first choice depend on the society to make a living and yet refuse to take up any social responsibilities.)
4. In what way does the second choice differ from the first one? Why does the author say it is no longer practical on a large scale?
(The second choice differs from the first one in that the escapists are willing to support themselves and to contribute somethi ng to the society. They simply don?t like the environment of civilization, that is, the city. It is no longer practical on a large scale because on the one hand, except for the polar regions, very few areas on the earth remain unsettled, and, on the other hand, except for the rich gentleman farmers, people are moving to the cities.)
5. What people make the third choice? Why does the author say they “are bound to be disappointed in either case”?
(People who make the third choice are those who have no patience with the tedious workings of the democratic process or who believe that basic institutions can only be changed by force. They are bound to be disappointed in either case because the author thinks if their revolution fails, the revolutionaries will either be killed or spend their remaining life in prison and even if their revolution is successful, the revolutionaries will still be disappointed as the new revolutionary state is just as hard-faced and stuffy as the old one. It is powerless in solving the old social problems.)
6. What is the implied meaning of his analogy of a military campaign in the Apennines?
(The implied meaning of his analogy of a military campaign in the Apennines is that social problems can not be solved once and for all. When the old problems are solved, new ones will come into existence. These new problems have to be dealt once again.)
7. What is the fourth choice? What does the author think of it?
(The fourth choice is the reform approach. The author thinks it is the only approach that works.) V. Exercises
A. Fill in the blank in each sentence with the best word or expression from the box below, changing its form when necessary:
strike run out of cleanse disappoint insoluble unprecedented satisfy virtual contribute available symbolize vehement
1. For many Americans, it is their lifelong dream to buy a ____________ two-storied house with
a garden.
2. To make Beijing our worthy capital, we must get it ____________ of polluted air, among other things.
3. In a lot of cultures, red roses are used to ____________ love.
4. Unfortunately, their car ____________ fuel, just ten miles short of Chicago.
5. An ____________ event in history took place in 1969, when two American astronauts landed for the first time on the Moon..
6. The detective finally gave up, declaring the mystery ____________ .
7. Though high-sounding, his speech ____________ everyone at the meeting as totally irrelevant to what was discussed.
8. If you travel by plane, Beijing and Guangzhou are ____________ neighboring cities.
(Key: 1. satisfactory 2. cleansed 3. symbolize 4. ran out of 5. unprecedented 6. insoluble 7. struck 8. virtually)
B. Circle the right word or expression in the brackets in each of the following sentences:
1. The professor looked over our papers with a hasty (sight, glance) .
2. Before ordering their dinner, they considered the (relevant, relative) merits of chicken and roast beef..
3. The little boy?s constant nois e (exhilarated, exasperated) his father, who was busy writing
a paper for a symposium.
4. Isn?t it (wholesome, noisome) to live in a city with so many vehicles passing day and night?
5. He was born in a small town (lived, inhabited) by about 500 people.
6. Her desk was all (jumbled, cluttered) with old papers, strings, and other odds and ends.
7. He thinks they are extremely (idealistic, ideal) , for all their pragmatism.
8. She made one last (attraction, appeal) to her father for permission to go to the party.
(Key: 1. glance 2. relative 3. exasperated 4. noisome 5. inhabited 6. cluttered
7. idealistic 8. appeal)
C. Choose the right word from the box given below for each blank:
sick femininity politically touch correspondent felt relative settled frank friendship blonde cut eyes what invited heart arranged took wore submit widened across taken that glass restaurant dining member money face supplies covering fashion accepted said introduce least aside appointment distrusted
2. Agnes Smedley
Getting in (1)_____ with Chou En-lai was a tougher nut to crack, since I (2)____ it essential that I meet him under auspices acceptable to him. So Bosshard (3)____ for me to meet Agnes Smedley at a luncheon in the YMCA (4)____ room. Though not a (5)____ of any Communist party, she had spent months in the cave city of Yen?an and worshiped Chu Teh and his sturdy 8th Route Army.
She was now a (6)____ for the Manchester Guardian --- when she (7)____ time off from
her aggressive assaults on the foreign community for (8)____ and hospital (9)____ to alleviate the neglect with which the Chinese treated their (10)____ and wounded soldiers.
She was without much conventional charm of (11)____, her (12)____ was squarish, as was her figure. Her (13)____ hair, streaked in shades of sun-scorched yellow, was (14)____ in an indifferent bob; she (15)____ clothes for the sole purpose of (16)____ her body, with no thought of (17)_____.
Though a (18)____ of the Marine Corps general Smedley Butler, she had little use for most military officers, except of course her beloved Chinese Reds. In her (19)____ the military were all (20)____ na?ve, an opinion she promptly stated in an abrupt and somewhat harsh voice.
But after this initial phase of putting me in my place, she (21)____ down and we got along pleasantly enough. During coffee I (22)____ her to have Wiener schnitzel the next evening at the Austrian-Chinese (23)____. Though her eyes (24)____ momentarily with surprise, she (25)____. That evening, after the third gimlet, Agnes set her (26)____ down with a thump and
(27)____ flatly: “What?s this all about, Captain Dorn? I know damned well I?m not the type
(28)____ your type asks out on a date.”
“I want you to (29)____ me to Chou En-lai and to ask him to be (30)____ with me.”
“Well, at (31)____ you?re honest about it. That?s to your credit---(32)____ from all these drinks, I like honesty. Even though I think I?m being (33)____ in. I?ll see (34)____ I can do. I?ve get an (35)____ with Chou tomorrow morning.”
We finally shook hands (36)____ the table, and I began a long (37)____ with this intense, unhappy woman. A radical with a great soft (38)____, she refused to (39)____ to any form of discipline and (40)____ all political leaders.
(Key: 1. touch 2. felt 3. arranged 4. dining 5. member 6. correspondent 7. took 8. money 9. supplies 10. sick 11. femininity 12. face 13. blonde 14. cut 15. wore 16. covering 17. fashion 18. relative 19. eyes 20. politically 21. settled 22. invited 23. restaurant 24. widened 25. accepted 26. glass 27. said 28. that 29. introduce 30. frank 31. least 32. aside 33. taken 34. what 35. appointment 36. across 37. friendship 38. heart 39. submit 40. distrusted)
Lesson 3 Rock Superstars:
What Do They Tell Us About Ourselves and Our Society?
I. Introduction
Rock music, shortening for rock and roll, started in the United States in the 1950s and quickly became popular throughout the world. Even today it is still popular with the teenagers. The author probes into the social significance of rock music from a sociological point of view. He begins with the scene of three rock concerts in the first three paragraphs to bring out the different attitudes held by teenagers and adults toward rock stars. Then by citing a sociologist and a musician, he points out that rock music is a sociological expression and that it mirrors its times. The rock music arena is a sort of debating forum where ideas clash and crash and where rock stars not only embody teenagers? attitudes toward soci al and political issues but also help the American society define its beliefs and feelings. The author returns to the question posed in the sub-heading, intending to encourage the readers to think seriously about the problem.
II. Organization of the Text
1. Description of the scene at three rock concerts (Paragraphs 1-3)
2. Social significance of rock music (Paragraphs 4-10)
①Authoritatives’views (Paragraphs 5-6)
a. Music expresses its times. (Irving Horowits)
b. Rock music is really a sociological expression rather than a musical force. (Todd Rundgren)
②Examples to support their views (Paragraphs 7-10)
a. Politics (Paragraphs 7-8)
b. Feelings (Paragraph 9)
c. Summary (Paragraph 10)
3. Rewards to rock superstars: fame and gain (Paragraphs 11-12)
4. Returning to the question raised in the title (Paragraph 13)
III. Key Words and Expressions
1. amphitheater (Para 1): “amphi-”, a prefix, meaning “circular, surrounding”; an amphitheater is a roofless building with rows of seats on a slope that completely surrounds and rises above a central usually circular area, especially one built in ancient Rome used for competitions and theatre performances圆形剧场
2. packed (Para 1): crowded with people
3. sprinkle (Para 1): spray
4. contents (Para 1): the thing contained, here it refers to water
5. surge (Para 1): move forward like a sea wave
6. crunch up (Para 2): crowd up noisily
7. singing ghoul (Para 2): horror singer
8. marvelous (Para 2): wonderful
9. tune up (Para 3): adjust a musical instrument and get ready for performance
10. pilgrimage (Para 3): a religious journey made to show devotion to a sacred place
11. adulation (Para 4): excessive praise
12. reverence (Para 4): great respect
13. fantasy (Para 4): imagination
14. clash and crash (Para 5): three figures of speech are involved in this phrase: alliteration (repetition of an initial consonant in a series of content words头韵, e.g.: bread and butter), assonance (repetition of a stressed vowel in a series of content words 准押韵, e.g.: make, lake, late ,later) and metaphor (a comparison without the use of comparative words such as like or as 暗喻, e.g.: He is a lion.他勇猛得像头狮子[= He is as brave as a lion.]。)
15. embody (Para 6): express
16. editorialize (Para 6): carry editorials (leading articles in a newspaper or a magazine)
17. disaffection (Para 7): dissatisfaction. Compare:
dissatisfaction: dissatisfaction can be caused by any events. It has a much wider scope of application than disaffection
disaffection: usually has to do with a political cause.
18. urge (Para 8): advocate
19. lyrics (Para 9): words of a song
20. celebrate (Para 9): praise
21. baby (Para 12): a loved person
IV. Questions for Discussion
1. What is the function of the two quotations? Are they appropriate?
(The first quotation tells us the content of rock music while the second tells us the social significance of rock music. Yes, they are.)
2. What does the author attempt to illustrate with the three examples? What similarities have you noticed concerning the writing of these examples?
(The author attempts to illustrate the great influence of rock music among the teenagers with the three examples. In the writing of these examples the author follows the same set pattern: the date, the place, the mention of a particular musical performer, and his or her effect upon the audience. The sentences are short, packed with adjectives, in an attempt to recapture the excitement of these performances.)
3. According to Horowitz, what is the social significance of rock music? Say in your own words what he means.
(According to Horowitz, rock music reflects the characteristics of the times in which it is composed. It reflec ts American people?s believes and attitudes and rock music stage is a place where different ideas come into violent conflict.)
4. Has the author given a complete answer to the question he raises in the title? Why do you think the author ends the article the way he does?
(No, he doesn?t. It may be the author?s intention not to provide any solution but to encourage the readers to think seriously about the problem.)
5. How do you account for the statement that “Rock music is really a sociological expression rather than a musical force”?
(Rock music is a social phenomenon expressing the likes and dislikes of particular groups of people. It is not a brand-new musical form.)
6. What make the American youth worship their rock stars with such intense passion? (American youth worship their rock stars with such intense passion because rock stars speak out what they want to say in a way that suits the taste of the American youth.)
7. What does rock music tell us about the American people and society? Is it right to dismiss it as decadent?
(Rock music tells us the believes and attitudes of American people and society. It tells us what the American people and society concern most in the 1960s such as civil rights, nuclear fallout, loneliness, revolution, sadness, love, hate and tender feelings. It is not right to dismiss it as decadent.)
V. Exercises
Fill in the blank in each sentence with the best word or expression from the box below, changing its form when necessary:
sprinkle swelter in other words lazy rather than reject act out idle worship reverence drive embody
1. His paintings ____________ the spirit of the modern era.
2. How do you ____________ your frustrations, by throwing glasses or something?
3.The peddler ____________ some water over his vegetables to make them fresher and heavier.
4. In such heated air, the ____________ students could hardly keep their minds on their lessons.
5. That?s ____________ gossip. Don?t listen to it.
6. She sent in her application for the job, but was ____________ as unqualified.
7. The salesman considered it safe to go along with the boss ______________ to contradict him.
8. Everybody should have a sincere ____________ for the laws of his country.
(Key: 1. embody 2. act out 3. sprinkled 4. sweltering 5. idle 6. rejected 7. rather than 8. reverence)
B. Circle the right word or expression in the brackets in each of the following sentences:
1. The whole nation watched the two candidates (arguing, debating) the issue of raising taxes on TV.
2. It was a (proud, arrogant) moment for my cousin when she shook hands with the President.
3. Even if you (mix, blend) oil and water, they will not (mix, blend) .
4. Some people watch television so much that they cannot (conceive, imagine) of living without it..
5. As it was an informal dinner, most people (wore, were dressed) in their comfortable clothes .
6. Do you think those young people are (idealistic, ideal) or pragmatic?.
7. Filled with great (adulation, admiration) for their integrity and courage, he was determined to be a man like them.
8. Deep at night, they could still hear gun-fire (rambling, rumbling) in the distance.
(Key: 1. debating 2. proud 3. mix; blend 4. conceive 5. were dressed 6. idealistic 7. admiration 8. rumbling)
C. Choose the right word from the box given below for each blank:
costs economic stagnated dependent developing speculate middle peoples through trade become started corporations back created with half used toward investments turned process sharp earned times increase said favor seek deficit developed turned overseas markets relationship industry later crisis
3. Japanese Capitalism
Since the San Francisco Peace Treaty following the occupation, Japan?s economy has been (1)________ on the American economy. Until the (2)________ of the 1960s Japan?s (3)________ growth was tied in (4)________ American?s military expenditures and it may be (5)________ that Japanese (6)________ gained indirectly in world (7)________ at the expense of the more defense-oriented American industry. In other words, Japan, in its (8)________ with America benefited from an international division of labor shaped by relative production (9)________.
However, when the Vietnam War bogged down, America?s productivity (10)________, the dollar crisis began, and Japanese-United States relations (11)________ strained. During the seco nd (12)________ of the 1960s, Japan?s trade with America (13)________ sharply in Japan?s (14)________. In 1967, Japan?s trade with the United States showed a (15)________ of $200 million, but five years (16)________ in 1972 this had (17)________ into a surplus of $3 billion---up until the recent oil (18)________. America was trying in its policy (19)________ Japan to put a brake on Japan?s (20)________ expansion.
As this situation (21)________, big enterprises in Japan began to (22)________ an
independent economic sphere of influence, and (23)________ rapidly to expand activities in the (24)________ nations.
Big (25)________ converted into yen the $10 billion they had (26)________ from exports during 1971-72, and (27)________ these yen to (28)________ in stocks, real estate, and commodities. Building up their retained earnings (29)________ gains in such speculation, they then converted some of the profits (30)________ into dollars and increased their (31)________ overseas. During this (32)________, clever use was made of revolution and subsequent devaluation of the yen to further (33)________ profits. This is the background behind the direct (34)________ investments of $2.3 billion in1972, about 2.7 (35)________ the previous year?s investments. This (36)________ increase in overseas investment, however, has (37)________ new strains in Japan?s relationship with the (38)________ of developing nations.
(Key: 1. dependent 2. middle 3. trade 4. with 5. said 6. industry 7.markets 8. relationship 9. costs 10. stagnated 11. become 12. half 13. turned 14. favor 15. deficit 16. later 17. turned 18. crisis 19. toward 20. economic 21. developed 22. seek 23. started 24. developing 25. corporations 26. earned 27. used 28.speculate 29. through 30. back 31. investment 32. process 33. increase 34. overseas 35. times 36. sharp 37. created 38. peoples)
Lesson 4 A Most Forgiving Ape (Part One)
I. Introduction
Our text is taken from the book No Room in the Ark, whose title is a parody of a Bible story. According to Genesis, after God created mankind and put them on the earth, he later found they became wicked. With regret God decided to send a flood to destroy every living being on the earth. But God was pleased with Noah, the only good man God could find at that time. So God commanded Noah to build an ark, a covered boat, and take into the boat with him his family, a male and female of every kind of animal and bird. The flood came on the earth and continued for forty days. Every living being on the earth died with the only exception of Noah and those who were with him in the ark. So when there is no room in the ark for an animal, that animal is really facing the danger of extinction.
A Most Forgiving Ape is mainly a narration of how the author managed to closely observe the gorilla in its wild state in Central Africa. His purpose is not to entertain the reader with the description of some rare animal. His is really warning the world that the gorilla, so lovely an animal, is facing the danger of extinction unless some effective measures are taken.
II. Organization of the Text
1. The mountains in which the gorillas live (Paragraphs 1-2)
2. An account of the gorilla in various aspects (Paragraphs 3-9)
3. Description of Kabale, the game warden and guides before setting out on a search expedition (Paragraphs 10-14)
III. Key Words and Expressions
1. all at once (Para 1): suddenly
2. break out (Para 1): unfold; show suddenly
3. lofty (Para 1): high
4. forbidding (Para 1): frightening looking
5. soporific (Para 2): sleep-producing
6. temperate (Para 2): mild
7. mount (Para 3): display; exhibit
8. intrepid (Para 4): persistent and dauntless
9. elusive (Para 4): difficult to recall
10. trace (Para 5): draw
11. springy (Para 5): elastic
12. after a fashion (Para 9): also: in a fashion: in some way
13. take reprisals (Para 9): take revenge
14. bear a resemblance to (Para 11): look like
15. lush (Para 11): luxurious
16. ascent (Para 13): climbing
17. ordeal (Para 13): test of will
18. pig-headedness (Para 13): stubbornness
19. in point of fact (Para 14): actually; in reality; in fact
IV. Questions for Discussion
1. What does the author think of the mountainous region where the gorilla lives?
(It is a strange and disturbing place.)
2. Why does the author think that “the gorilla is something of a paradox in the African scene”? (He thinks that the gorilla is something of a paradox in the African scene because we think we know the gorilla very well, but actually we know him very little.)
3. Why do scientists take a great interest in the mountain gorilla? What do they want to prove? (Scientists take a great interest in the mountain gorilla because we know him very little. They want to prove the “humanness” of the animal.)
V. Exercise
Choose the right word from the box given below for each blank:
increase prices land high revolution called coming plans little thought prevent land powerful left take production devoted holders prices on lucrative less thanks yielded rent modernization lend hired interest development problem act addition
4. Agrarian Problem in India
There has been an immense and unprecedented wave of (1) ________ reform in India since the (2) ________ of Independence in 1974. One might have (3) ________ that after these reforms the larger holders (4) ______ on the soil would have (5) ________ themselves to the reorganization and intensification of production (6) ________ their land. Such a (7) ________ had it occurred, might have (8) ________ the owners abundant returns and might have given India a great (9) ________ in output so essential for the (10) ________ of the country and the success of the Five Year (11) ________.
Instead, in vast area of the country the larger (12) ________ find it simpler and more (13) ________ to give out much of their land on (14) ________ to petty tenants and weak crop sharers. In (15) ________ to stopping rent, the larger holders often (16) ________ money at usurious rates of (17) ________ to their petty tenants and crop sharers. Furthermore, the larger holders may (18) ________ as traders in agricultural commodities. They (19) ________ over the produce of the smaller people of their village, often paying them less than the going market (20) ________.
(21) ________ rents, high rates of interest and low (22) ________ have the mass of petty tenant producers with very (23) ________ to invest in the development of the land, and keep them at the mercy of the more (24) ________ people in the village. Thus, on the one hand, the grip of the larger holders serves to (25) ________ the lesser folk from developing the (26) ________; on the other hand, the larger holders do far (27) ________ than they might to modernize (28) ________ on that part of their land that they farm directly with (29) ________ labors.
There is a kind of industrial (30) ________ proceeding in India today, in the sphere of manufacture. But (31) ________ to the agrarian (32) ________, there is nothing that can legitimately be (33) ________ an agricultural revolution.
(Key: 1. land 2. coming 3. thought 4. left 5. devoted 6. on 7. modernization 8. yielded 9. increase 10. development 11. Plan 12. holders 13. lucrative 14. rent 15. addition 16. lend 17. interest 18. act 19. take 20. prices 21. High 22. prices 23. little 24. powerful 25. prevent 26. land 27. less 28. production 29. hired 30. revolution 31. thanks 32. problem 33. called)
Lesson 5 A Most Forgiving Ape (Part Two)
I. Introduction
This part is a further description of how the touring party got a close observation of the gorilla. It develops in time sequence, in the natural process of climbing from the foot of the mountain to the point where they saw the gorilla. In the course of the description, the author also gives a vivid description of the natural surroundings at every stage and includes episodes having to do with his fatigue, fear, and joy with a humorous touch. All this makes the passage an excellent piece of description.
II. Organization of the Text
1. Climbing from the foot of the mountain to a clearing 8,000 feet above sea level (the first rest) (Paragraphs 1-3)
2. Climbing from the clearing to over 10,000 feet (the second rest) (Paragraphs 4-9)
3. Encounter with the gorilla (Paragraphs 10-14)
III. Key Words and Expressions
1. an uncompromising track (Para 1): a continuous, rugged and steep path
2. roll away (Para 1): roll continuously
3. cast about (Para 5): also: cast around; cast round: search anxiously about (one) for (something)
4. insistent (Para 5): urgent
5. come up with (Para 5): reach
6. border on (Para 6): verge on; be very much like
7. fatigue (Para 7): tiredness; exhaustion
8. get nowhere (Para 8): make no progress. Compare: get somewhere: make some progress
9. amnesia (Para 8): loss of memory
10. come on (Para 8): also: come upon: discover…by chance
11. draw up (Para 9): pull forward
12. adjure (Para 10): beg; urge earnestly
13. palpable (Para 10): noticeable; obvious
14. bizarre (Para 10): odd; weird; peculiar; strange
15. thump (Para 10): beat rapidly
16. fan out (Para 11): spread
17. at all events (Para 11): in any case
18. come up against (Para 12): meet (something, such as difficulty or opposition)
19. reflex action (Para 12): movement by instinct
20. give vent to (Para 13): express; utter
21. outlandish (Para 13): strange
22. melt away (Para 13): disappear
23. encounter (Para 14): meeting; experience
IV. Questions for Discussion
1. Why is human reaction to the gorilla different from all other large animals?
(Because the gorilla has so many human qualities that as soon as you see him, you have a sense of recognition. You feel you will be able to make some gesture, utter some sound, that the animal will recognize and understand.)
2. What attitude should we have toward western scientist like the author who study wild life in Africa?
(On the one hand, we should learn from their persistence in the scientific research; on the other hand, we should be critical about their attitude toward the local African people. From the text we learn that the author has a sense of superiority toward the African guides. He does not treat the guides as his equals though they are very friendly and helpful[See Paragraph 9].)
V. Exercise
Choose the right word from the box given below for each blank:
cool increase area visited that compared difficulties tourism markets reasons spent from families earnings industry which past business number rates travel centers than because exchange hotels coasts expect grown one fastest size in for see principally who high that possible
5. Tourism in India
In 1973 India attracted 305,000 tourists, setting a new record. There were also 61,000 people who (1) ________ the country mainly for business (2) ________, and a slightly smaller (3) ________ of entirely business visitors. Although this represents an (4) ________ of about 20 percent in 1972, it is still a smaller total than Singapore?s 880,000.
From April, 1969 to May, 1974, the India (5) ________ Department Corporation is estimated to have (6) ________ about ￡20 m on about 400 rooms in five-star (7) ________. Occupancy (8) ________, particularly in the main (9) ________ of Delhi, Calcutta and Bombay, have been (10) ________. The holiday cottage developments are (11) ________ on the south-west and south-east (12) ________. The foothills of the Himalayas, which are (13) ________ in summer and served as a retreat (14) ________ many officials and their (15) ________ during the British period, are another priority (16) ________.
A common complaint of (17) ________ agents is that Europeans, (18) ________ account for over 40 percent of the tourist traffic, (19) ________ to see all of India in a fortnight in the same way (20) ________ they may try to (21) ________ Italy or France (22) ________ a week. But this is not (23) ________ because of the (24) ________ of the country, with the distance (25) ________ Delhi to Nadras, for example, being greater than (26) ________ from London to Rome.
Despite this and other (27) ________ tourism has (28) ________ steadily in the (29)
________ 10 years. In 1960 the number of tourists was 123,000, less (30) ________ a third of the 1973 total. Britain, (31) ________ sent 27,000 tourists in 1967 and 59,000 in 1973, remains (32) ________ of the most important (33) ________ for the Indian tourist (34) ________, and has also been one of the (35) ________ growing.
This growing (36) ________ is particularly significant (37) ________ it produces foreign
(38) ________, much of it in currencies which are freely convertible. In 1973 foreign-exchange
(39) ________ from travelers amounted to nearly ￡40 m. (40) ________ with less than ￡30 m. in 1972.
(Key: 1. visited 2. reasons 3. number 4. increase 5. Tourism 6. spent 7. hotels 8.rates 9. centers 10. high 11. principally 12. coasts 13. cool 14. for 15. families 16. area 17. travel 18. who 19. expect 20. that 21. see 22. in 23. possible 24. size 25. from 26. that 27. difficulties 28. grown 29. past 30. than 31. which 32. one 33. markets 34. industry 35. fastest 36. business 37. because 38. exchanges 39. earnings 40. compared)
Lesson 6 A Lesson in Living (Part One)
I. Introduction
The text is taken from Maya Angelou?s autobiographical novel I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. The heroine, Marguerite, is the pseudonym of the author herself. In the novel, Maya Angelou tells the story of her childhood and her bitter struggle to grow into a woman of distinction.
The novel was published in 1970, a year when the stormy black riots had more or less subsided. Written in such a background, the novel reflects the awakening of the political consciousness of the blacks in the civil rights movement. It is not merely a personal story, but a story of how the blacks come to realize their own talents, power and strength. The story is told in the first person with minute details and feminine psychological insights, which reflects the human warmth among the blacks.
II. Organization of the Text
1. The author?s general impression of Mrs. Flowers (Paragraphs 1-5)
2. Mrs. Flowers? strange relationship with Momma, the author?s grandmother (Paragraphs 6-13)
3. The event that leads to the visit to Mrs. Flowers? (Paragraphs 14-31)
III. Key Words and Expressions
1. wiry (Para 2): thin
2. ruffle (Para 3): make…rough; make…uneven
3. let alone (Para 3): not to mention
4. benign (Para 4): gentle
5. measure (Para 5): example; model
6. carrying voice (Para 6): loud voice; sonorous voice
7. leave out (Para 7): fail to include
8. unbalanced passion (Para 7): extreme emotion
9. unceremonious (Para 8): informal
10. mean (Para 10): ungenerous
11. textured voice (Para 10): rough voice
12. appeal to (Para 11): attract
13. incessantly (Para 11): constantly
14. evenizer (Para 13): a balancing power
15. sacrilegious (Para 17): irreverence
16. competently (Para 23): skillfully
17. hand out (Para 23): give; award
18. fitting (Para 31): suitable
IV. Questions for Discussion
1. What kind of woman is Momma? Give examples to illustrate your point.
(Momma is an uneducated religious old lady and a typical housewife. She is simple-minded and inconsiderate. This can be seen in the text: She speaks ungrammatical sentences and she not only calls Mrs. Flowers but also her own granddaughter “sister”. She is overjoyed when praised by Mrs. Flowers for her needle work. She forces her granddaughter to take off her dress before Mrs. Flowers, totally unaware that this will embarrass her granddaughter.)
2. What is Marguerite?s impression of Mrs. Flowers?
(In the mind of Marguerite Mrs. Flowers is refined, graceful, gracious, gentle, and kind. She is well-educated and considerate, a woman that can be compared with any white woman in the town Stamps.)
3. Why should Marguerite wish to die when she was waiting for Mrs. Flowers outside the shop?
(This is because she was too embarrassed for being forced to take off her dress before Mrs. Flowers.)
V. Exercise
Choose the right word from the box given below for each blank:
derived call crossed names official same lies beyond number covers importance area that migrated government gulf since territory became routes along shown middle commercial estimated lands usage groups countries geographical language which bridge population reduced famines settled frontiers
6. Iran
Iran and Persia, the two (1) ________ have been used to designate the (2) ________ country, but are not true synonyms. When the Aryan people (3) ________ from their original (4) ________ somewhere within Asia to the upland plateau below the Caspian Sea, one of their tribal (5) ________ was the Iranian. The Iranian tribe called Parsa finally (6) ________ in a region of the plateau (7) ________ they called Parsa. In time this regional name (8) ________ Pars and Fars, and hence the people of many other lands came to (9) ________ the country Persia.
In Sasanian times the (10) ________ name of the empire of Iran was Iran Shah. (11) ________ 1935 when the Iranian (12) ________, for the sake of consistency, requested all foreign (13) ________ to use the official name of Iran, the correct designation has gained general (14) ________. On the other hand, the (15) ________ of the country is Persian Farsi to the inhabitants, since it (16) ________, over the centuries, from the language of ancient Parsa.
Iran (17) ________ between the Caspian Sea and the Persian (18) ________, and has common (19) ________ with Iraq, Turkey, Soviet Russia, Afghanistan and Pakistan. Iran?s (20) ________ position made it the (21) ________ for communication by land between Far Eastern Asia and the (22) ________ of the Mediterranean and Europe. For hundreds of years the main trade (23) ________ between the Far East and the West (24) ________ northern Iran, and later on,
when sea routes became of equal (25) ________, additional highways led up from ports (26) ________ the Persian Gulf to the principal (27) ________ centers both within the country and (28) ________ its frontiers.
Iran today (29) ________ an area of 628,000 square miles, a much smaller (30) ________ than at many times in her long existence. Drawing on the accounts of earlier travels, it has been (31) ________ that during the Safavid period the (32) ________ of Iran was about 40 million. Wars, (33) ________, and epidemics are thought to have (34) ________ this number to million by the (35) ________ of the nineteenth century. The economic renaissance of the country is (36) ________ by the fact (37) ________ in 1972 the population was reliably estimated to (38) ________ 30,329,000.
(Key: 1. names 2. same 3. migrated 4. area 5. groups 6. settled 7. which 8. became 9. call 10. official 11. Since 12. government 13. countries 14. usage 15. language 16. derived 17. lies 18. Gulf 19. frontiers 20. geographical 21. bridge 22. lands 23. routes 24. crossed 25. importance 26. along 27. commercial 28. beyond 29. covers 30. territory 31. estimated 32. population 33. famines 34. reduced 35. middle 36. shown 37. that 38. number)
Lesson 7 A Lesson in Living (Part Two)
I. Introduction
This part tells how Mrs. Flowers gave Marguerite the first lesson in living, telling her she must be intolerant of ignorance but understanding of illiteracy. Mrs. Flowers enlightened her by giving her the novel and the book of poems to read. The poetic reading of A Tale of Two Cities, the advice she gave her, the human warmth and care she felt from her, and the charm of everything working on her and in her house, opened a new perspective in Marguerite?s lif e. What strikes the reader is that in the world of racial discrimination and social injustice one finds love and hope n the black community.
II. Organization of the Text
1. On the way to Mrs. Flowers? (Paragraphs 1-8)
2. At Mrs. Flowers? (Paragraphs 9-23)
3. Returning home (Paragraphs 24-28)
III. Key Words and Expressions
1. hang back (Para 2): remain behind
2. separate from (Para 4): distinguish from
3. outhouse (Para 9): (AmE) outside lavatory
4. Compare odor (Para 9), scent (Para 10) and smell:
odor: a neutral word, referring to both the pleasant and unpleasant smells
scent: a faint pleasant smell
smell: an unpleasant odor
5. icebox (Para 11): (AmE) refrigerator
6. leer (Para 13): look sideways and threateningly
7. expressly (Para 15): particularly; especially; on purpose
8. mother wit (Para 16): natural, innate wisdom
9. homely (Para 16): simple
10. couch (Para 16): express
11. cascade (Para 18): fall
12. selflessness (Para 23): forgetting of oneself
13. shield (Para 27): cover
14. settled people (Para 28): rich people
15. take to (Para 28): like; love
16. trail off (Para 28): die out
IV. Questions for Discussion
1. Was Marguerite anxious to talk to Mrs. Flowers on their way to the latter?s house? Why? Give reasons to prove your point.
(No. Because the conversation with Mrs. Flowers would remind her of the tragic rape incident that happened at St. Louis. This can be seen from the fact that marguerite was reluctant to walk side by side with Mrs. Flowers. She “hung back in the separate unasked and u nanswerable questions.”)
2. What is the influence literature exerts on Marguerite?s life?
(Literature enables her to temporarily forget her bitter experience and life is turned from bitterness to happiness for her when she is reading literature works.)
3. What do you think is the lesson Mrs. Flowers teaches the girl?
(The lesson Mrs. Flowers teaches the girl is “One must always be intolerant of ignorance but understanding of illiteracy.”)
V. Exercises
Fill in the blank in each sentence with the best word or expression from the box below, changing its form when necessary:
infuse the measure of intolerant let alone memorize cascade ruffle couch swirl single out inclusive sop
1. The wind ____________ the surface of the lake.
2. All the children in the class did wrong, but David was ____________ for punishment.
3. He can?t even read the alphabet, ____________ speak the language.
4. His speech ____________ his countrymen with patriotism.
5. You are expected to ____________ all the transitive verbs in the text.
6. She is ____________ what a college student should accomplish.
7. He can?t be a good manager. He is ____________ of any criticisms about his management.
8. When it rained, water would ____________ down the hill.
(Key: 1. ruffled 2. singled out 3. let alone 4. infused 5. memorize 6. the measure of 7. intolerant 8. cascade)
B. Choose the right word or expression in the brackets to complete each of the following sentences:
1. Students of English are required to (remember, memorize) the listed 2,000 words.
2. You should not be (intolerable, intolerant) of different religious beliefs.
3. He tried to (infuse, fill) the awkward situation with humor.
4. We have a sense of working towards a (common, ordinary) goal.
5. The virus can only be transmitted through (familiar, intimate) contact.
6. It suddenly (happened, occurred) to him that he had worked for twelve hours without eating anything.
7. The students waited in (respectable, respectful) silence for the Nobel Prize winner to make his speech.
8. The children suffer most when their parents (divide, separate).
(Key: 1. memorize 2. intolerant 3. infuse 4. common 5. intimate 6. occurred
7. respectful 8. separate)
C. Choose the right word from the box given below for each blank:
pay dependent alone lessons slowed to support so emergency demand price ahead called generations since need fear cooler conquered worrying that relations war important state but inflation go stay that this parliament situation on
7. Israel?s Dependence on U.S.
There was the terrible economic cost of the war of October, 1973. The entire Israeli economy, which was booming along just prior to the war, (1 ) ________ down to a snail?s pace, as almost all able-bodied men were (2) ________ away to the front. The net result of all (3) ________ has been the world?s highest (4) ________ rate (some 37% annually, or about triple (5) ________ of the U.S.) and a drastic increase in taxes. And perhaps most (6) ________ it has meant that Israel, in order to (7) ________ her defense bills, has had to (8) ________ deeply into debt --- especially (9) ________ the United States.
“We are now up to our ears in …I owe you? to the U.S.”, Israeli (10) ________ member Samuel Tamir told me. “And just to (11) ________ alive, we must go (12) ________ borrowing more. This is a very bad (13) ________ for us, very dangerous. Besides the unpleasant fact (14) ________ it will take us (15) ________ to pay you back, it means that we are (16) ________ more than ever on you --- not just for money, (17) ________ for our lives.”
Indeed, one of the c learest (18) ________ of the war has been the extent of Israel?s dependence on U.S. (19) ________. For more than at any time, (20) ________ her establishment as a (21) ________ in 1948, Israel has now become isolated. The twenty or (22) ________ countries that broke off diplomatic (23) ________ with Israel during the (24) ________ have not resumed then, and the Europeans and Japanese, in desperate (25) ________ of Arab oil, have grown (26) ________ than ever to Israel?s requests. Thus, it has been left to t he United States, almost (27) ________, to underwrite Israel?s needs, and so we have to the tune of some $ 2.2 billion (28) ________ aid this past fall, and more than $ 500 million projected in the year (29) ________.
But all aid has its (30) ________ --- and this is precisely what is (31) ________ Israelis today. Many of them (32) ________, even dread, having to return Arab territories (33) ________ in June 1967. And yet, they know the United States is going to (34) ________ such concessions.
(Key: 1. slowed 2. called 3. this 4. inflation 5. that 6. important 7. pay 8. go 9. to 10. parliament 11. stay 12. on 13. situation 14. that 15. generations 16. dependent 17. but 18. lessons 19. support 20. since 21. state 22. so 23. relations 24. war 25. need 26. cooler 27. alone 28. emergency 29. ahead 30. price 31. worrying 32. fear 33. conquered 34. demand)
Lesson 8 I?d Rather Be Black Than Female
I. Introduction
Unit 4 An unusual job 课文重点讲解： 1) It’s all in a day’s work when you’re a stuntwoman. all in a/the day’s work: (colloquial) not unusual; as expected 家常便饭,不足为奇 e.g. (1) Coping with the paparazzi at any time is all in a day’s work for the celebrity.对于明星来说，随时应对狗仔队已经成为家常便饭。 (2) When the machine broke down, Mary said it was all in a day’s work. 2)it’s a profession that badly lacks female participation lack 的用法：可以做动词(及物和不及物)，也可以做名词 e.g. a lack (n.)of money; the lack (n.)of time You will not lack (vi)in support from me.你将得到我的帮助。 The plant died because it lacked (vt.) moisture. 这株植物因为缺乏水分而死。 3) A stuntperson is a man or woman who does all the hair-raisingly dangerous bits of acting work in films or on TV. "hair-raisingly": n. + adv.的复合词形式 ,意思是: 令人毛骨悚然的 e.g. heart-breakingly bad news bone-bitingly cold wind ear-deafeningly loud noise bits: small pieces 少许,少量 4) This can be anything from a relatively simple fall into a swimming pool, to tripping off the top of a skyscraper building. 本句中最主要的结构是:from …to…需要用平行结构,from 后面用的是名词a fall, 那么to 后面也要用名词,动名词或者名词词组, 这里tripped off是动名词词组. trip off: jump from 从…跳离 5) It sounds like a crazy profession that only the crazy would attempt, but it’s actually a job that many people think about -few people actually go through with it. the crazy: 定冠词+形容词表示一类人. e.g. the weak the ordinary the young the rich think about: consider doing 考虑 e.g. I would like to think about your suggestion before I give a definite reply. go through with: to complete or pursue (sth. which has been agreed or planned) to the end (often with difficulties)完成, 把...进行到底
Lesson 1 词汇(Vocabulary) Bazaar (n.) : (in Oriental countries)a market or street of shops and stalls(东方国家的)市场，集市 ----------------------------------------------------------------- cavern (n．) : a cave，esp．a large cave洞穴，山洞(尤指大洞穴，大山洞) ----------------------------------------------------------------- shadowy (adj.) : dim；indistinct模糊的；朦胧的 ----------------------------------------------------------------- FONT style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: cornflowerblue" color=white>harmonious (adj．) : having musical tones combined to give a pleasing effect；consonant(音调)和谐的，悦耳的／harmoniously adv． ----------------------------------------------------------------- throng (n.) :a great number of people gathered together；crowd人群；群集 ----------------------------------------------------------------- conceivable (adj.) : that can be conceived，imagined 可想象的，想得到的 ----------------------------------------------------------------- din (n.) : a loud，continuous noise喧闹声，嘈杂声 ----------------------------------------------------------------- would-be ( adj．) : intended to be预期成为……的；将要成为……的 ----------------------------------------------------------------- muted (adj.) : (of a sound)made softer than is usual(声音)减弱的 ----------------------------------------------------------------- vaulted ( adj．) : having the form of a vault；arched 穹窿形的；拱形的 ----------------------------------------------------------------- sepulchral(n．) : a cave，esp．a large cave洞穴，山洞(尤指大洞穴，大山洞) ----------------------------------------------------------------- shadowy (adj.) : suggestive of the grave or burial；dismal；gloomy坟墓般的；阴森森的 ----------------------------------------------------------------- guild ( n．) : any association for mutual aid and the promotion of common interests互助会；协会 ----------------------------------------------------------------- trestle (n.) :a frame consising of a horizontal beam fastened to two pairs of spreading legs，used to support planks to form a table，platform，etc．支架；脚手台架；搁凳----------------------------------------------------------------- impinge (v．) : strike，hit，or dash；have an effect 撞击，冲击，冲撞；对……具有影响 ----------------------------------------------------------------- fairyland (n.) : the imaginary land where the fairies live；a lovely enchanting place仙境；奇境 ----------------------------------------------------------------- burnish ( v．) : make or become shiny by rubbing；polish擦亮；磨光；抛光 ----------------------------------------------------------------- brazier ( n.) : a metal pan，bowl，etc．，to hold burning coals or charcoal，as for warming a room or grilling food火盆；火钵 ----------------------------------------------------------------- dim ( v．) :make or grow unclear(使)变暗淡；(使)变模糊 ----------------------------------------------------------------- rhythmic /rhythmical ( adj．) :having rhythm有韵律的；有节奏的／rhythmically adv ----------------------------------------------------------------- bellows ( n.) :(sing．&p1.)a device that produces a stream of air through a narrow tube when its sides are pressed together(used for blowing fires，etc．)(单复同)风箱 ----------------------------------------------------------------- intricate ( adj．) :complex；hard to follow or understand because full of puzzling parts，details，or relationships；full of elaborate detail错综复杂的；精心制作的 ----------------------------------------------------------------- exotic ( adj．) :strange or different in a way that is striking or fascinating奇异的；异常迷人的 ----------------------------------------------------------------- sumptuous ( adj．) :involving great expense；costly lavish豪华的；奢侈的；昂贵的 ----------------------------------------------------------------- maze ( n.) : ----------------------------------------------------------------- ( n.) :a confusing，intricate network of winding pathways 迷津；迷宫；曲径 ----------------------------------------------------------------- honeycomb ( v．) :fill with holes like a honeycomb使成蜂窝状 ----------------------------------------------------------------- mosque ( n.) :a Moslem temple or place of worship清真寺；伊斯兰教堂
Lesson 1 bane造成困扰或不快的事物；wither away消失,破灭；dead weight沉重的负担；spur刺激，鼓舞;relegate 使降级;decolonization非殖民化;underprivileged贫困的; prerogative特权;audiovisual aids直观教具;paradoxical似是而非的;plow through sth费劲地穿越;sweeping 全面的;彻底的，大范围的，根本性的;substantially非常；大大地; disparity差异,不同; authoritarianism专制; ideology意识形态; polytechnical多学科性质的; draw on吸收,汲取；take account of考虑斟酌,体谅； be acquainted with使某人熟悉…; make sense of懂得,了解...的意义; Text B Avalanche: a sudden appearance of an overwhelming number of things; "the program brought an avalanche of mail"；(雪片似的)飞来；突然到来的一大批，大量；Corps:特种部队[k?r, kor] Kick back:反击回击报复Slog:苦干辛勤工作Deadbeat:懒人 Impart：bestow a quality on; 传授；告知，透露Soprano:女高音歌手,男童声最高音歌手 Drip:1.滴出, 漏下2. 含有；充满；充溢Fret: irritate, distress使烦恼；焦急；使磨损 Rock the boat:破坏现状，捣乱 Lesson 2 The native son ingenious机灵的, 有独创性的, 精制的, 具有创造才能; Jim-crow歧视黑人的,<贬>黑人专用的;unanimous一致的，一致同意的; bounce back弹起，弹跳;跳回;predilection爱好, 偏袒; sardonic嘲笑的, 冷笑的, 讥讽的;discompose使不安, 使烦乱, 使烦恼; eject逐出, 撵出, 驱逐, 喷射;derisive嘲笑的, 值得嘲笑的; incongruous不调和的, 不适宜的; thaw使融解, 使缓和,融化, 解冻; bawl高声喊叫, 咆哮; imprecation诅咒,谩骂; enact制定,颁布;intercession求情,调解;astound使震惊;rise as one man集体起立; brown-out灯火管制rebuff: 断然拒绝；回绝；漠不关心 loophole: 漏洞 Lesson 3 underwrite承担经济责任;inoculate接种，注射预防针;parasite寄生虫，寄生植物; exotic奇异的；异国风味的 ;narcotic毒品，麻醉品 ;lobby游说（政治家或政府） ; an optimal vaccine最佳疫苗;drastic极端的，急剧的，严厉的，猛烈的; fastidious讲究的;succor援助 ;solace安慰 ; Text B suffrage选举权; public-spirited有公德心的, 有爱国心的; school of thought学派; disinterested公正无私的，无个人利益关系的;concede承认,让步,退让; disseminate散布,广为传播; on the rocks触礁, 毁坏, 破产; immutable不可变的,不变的,不能变的; withdraw into some ivory tower逃避现实; Lesson 4 drab单调的，枯燥的；thrive兴旺, 繁荣, 旺盛；churn搅拌, 搅动；clench咬紧（牙关）；捏紧（拳头)；grind磨碎,碾碎；苦差事，枯燥乏味的工作；snap断裂，厉声说,不耐烦地说；repertoire(排练好的)常备剧目, 演唱节目；全部技能；tranquilizer镇静剂, 止痛药；sneak through surveillance.逃过监督；in no shape to handle stress.无法应对压力；stagnate停滞，不发展，不进步； take sth. in stride从容对付某事；thwart阻止，阻挠；turn of events形势的变化；call into play 发生作用(发挥,发扬,发动,调动)；impotent无力的,无权能的；afflict 使苦恼,折磨；grind sb. down（长时间）虐待，压榨，折磨（某人）；caution against警告, 告诫；gear up做准备；gain the upper hand控制(掌握,取得优势)；strew撒(某物)于面上；lapse过失，失误；disconcert打扰打乱…的安静；扰乱； Text B
v1.0 可编辑可修改第一单元 这是艾米。她很安静。她非常努力学习。 那是吴一帆。他非常聪明。他也有礼貌。 你好！我叫奥利弗。 我们有一个新的体育老师。他是名很棒的足球运动员。 王老师将会成为我们的新语文老师。 她什么样 她非常和蔼 她严厉吗是的，有时候（严厉） 你知道杨老师吗不，我不知道。 他是谁他是我们音乐老师。 他年轻吗不，他不年轻。
v1.0 可编辑可修改他老。他幽默吗是的。 太棒了，我喜欢有趣的老师。 谁是你的英语老师 杨先生史密斯夫人史密斯小姐/女士 谁是你的美术老师琼斯老师。 谁是史密斯夫人 她是校长。她高和严格。 王老师将会是我们的新语文老师。 真的吗她什么样 你知道她吗是，她是我妈妈。 她害羞。他们乐于助人。
v1.0 可编辑可修改他们努力学习/工作。 我有个机器人。他的名字罗宾。 我的爷爷制造了他。 罗宾个子矮但很强壮。他聪明。 他会说中文和英文。 他努力工作。他在家非常有帮助。 他严厉。他让我完成作业。 我们的新体育老师今天来！ 真的吗他是什么样的人 我只知道他是名很棒的足球远动员。 他一定又高又强壮
v1.0 可编辑可修改射门，哦！我没接住球！ 我能加入你们吗 你很瘦还那么矮。 你会踢足球吗 当然，让我展示给你们看。 10比3，我们赢了！ 你太厉害了！ 我们的新体育老师也是名很棒的足球远动员。
v1.0 可编辑可修改第二单元 1、星期五你有什么课 2、我有一节体育课 3、你经常做运动吗 4、不，我不喜欢做运动。 5、你周末经常读书吗 6、不，但我经常睡觉。 7、爷爷！看我的画 8、真棒！星期四你有什么课 9、我有数学、英语和音乐课 10、哦！你爱音乐课！谁是你的音乐老师。 11、杨先生
第二课 广岛——日本“最有活力”的城市 (节选) 雅各?丹瓦“广岛到了!大家请下车!”当世界上最快的高速列车减速驶进广岛车站并渐渐停稳时，那位身着日本火车站站长制服的男人口中喊出的一定是这样的话。我其实并没有听懂他在说些什么，一是因为他是用日语喊的，其次，则是因为我当时心情沉重，喉咙哽噎，忧思万缕，几乎顾不上去管那日本铁路官员说些什么。踏上这块土地，呼吸着广岛的空气，对我来说这行动本身已是一个令人激动的经历，其意义远远超过我以往所进行的任何一次旅行或采访活动。难道我不就是在犯罪现场吗? 这儿的日本人看来倒没有我这样的忧伤情绪。从车站外的人行道上看去，这儿的一切似乎都与日本其他城市没什么两样。身着和服的小姑娘和上了年纪的太太与西装打扮的少年和妇女摩肩接踵；神情严肃的男人们对周围的人群似乎视而不见，只顾着相互交淡，并不停地点头弯腰，互致问候：“多么阿里伽多戈扎伊马嘶。”还有人在使用杂货铺和烟草店门前挂着的小巧的红色电话通话。 “嗨!嗨!”出租汽车司机一看见旅客，就砰地打开车门，这样打着招呼。“嗨”，或者某个发音近似“嗨”的什么词，意思是“对”或“是”。“能送我到市政厅吗?”司机对着后视镜冲我一笑，又连声“嗨!”“嗨!”出租车穿过广岛市区狭窄的街巷全速奔驰，我们的身子随着司机手中方向盘的一次次急转而前俯后仰，东倒西歪。与此同时，这
座曾惨遭劫难的城市的高楼大厦则一座座地从我们身边飞掠而过。 正当我开始觉得路程太长时，汽车嘎地一声停了下来，司机下车去向警察问路。就像东京的情形一样，广岛的出租车司机对他们所在的城市往往不太熟悉，但因为怕在外国人面前丢脸，却又从不肯承认这一点。无论乘客指定的目的地在哪里，他们都毫不犹豫地应承下来，根本不考虑自己要花多长时间才能找到目的地。 这段小插曲后来终于结束了，我也就不知不觉地突然来到了宏伟的市政厅大楼前。当我出示了市长应我的采访要求而发送的请柬后，市政厅接待人员向我深深地鞠了一躬，然后声调悠扬地长叹了一口气。 “不是这儿，先生，”他用英语说道。“市长邀请您今天晚上同其他外宾一起在水上餐厅赴宴。您看，就是这儿。”他边说边为我在请柬背面勾划出了一张简略的示意图。 幸亏有了他画的图，我才找到一辆出租车把我直接送到了运河堤岸，那儿停泊着一艘顶篷颇像一般日本房屋屋顶的大游艇。由于地价过于昂贵，日本人便把传统日本式房屋建到了船上。漂浮在水面上的旧式日本小屋夹在一座座灰黄色摩天大楼之间，这一引人注目的景观正象征着和服与超短裙之间持续不断的斗争。 在水上餐厅的门口，一位身着和服、面色如玉、风姿绰约的迎宾女郎告诉我要脱鞋进屋。于是我便脱下鞋子，走进这座水上小屋里的一个低矮的房间，蹑手蹑脚地踏在柔软的榻榻米地席上，因想到要这样穿着袜子去见广岛市长而感到十分困窘不安。
Lesson Eleven On Getting off to Sleep谈睡眠 人真是充满矛盾啊! 毫无疑问，幽默是惟一帮助我们摆脱矛盾的办法，要是没有它，我们就会死于烦恼。 What a bundle of contradictions is a man! Surety, humour is the saving grace of us, for without it we should die of vexation. 在我看来，没有什么比睡眠更能说明事物间的矛盾。 With me, nothing illustrates the contrariness of things better than the matter of sleep. 比如，我打算写一篇文章，面前放好了笔、墨和几张白纸，准保没写几个字我就会困得要命，无论当时是几点都会那样。 If, for example, my intention is to write an essay, and 1 have before me ink and pens and several sheets of virgin paper, you may depend upon it that before I have gone very far I feel an overpowering desire for sleep, no matter what time of the day it is. 我瞪着那似乎在谴责我的白纸，直到眼前一片模糊，声音也难以辨清，只有靠意志力才能勉强坚持。 I stare at the reproachfully blank paper until sights and sounds become dim and confused, and it is only by an effort of will that I can continue at all. 即使这时，我也会迷迷糊糊地像在做梦一样继续坚持工作。 Even then, I proceed half-heartedly, in a kind of dream. 但是当深夜躺在床上，我什么事都能干，只有睡觉无法做到。 But let me be between the sheets at a late hour, and I can do any-thing but sleep. 随着时钟一遍一遍的报时，我可以完成大量的文章。 Between chime and chime of the clock I can write essays by the score. 极有吸引力的主题和崇高的思想纷纷出现在脑海，随之而来的还有恰如其分的意象和措辞。Fascinating subjects and noble ideas come pell-mell, each with its appropriate imagery and expression. 除了笔、墨和纸，什么也不能阻止我写出半打不朽的杰作。 Nothing stands between me and half-a-dozen imperishable masterpieces but pens, ink, and paper. 如果，我们的思想和主观意象对于来世的人来说真的就像我们的书本和图片一样是有形的、摸得着的，那么我在来世会比在今生获得更高的声誉。 If it be true that our thoughts and mental images are perfectly tangible things, like our books and pictures, to the inhabitants of the next world, then I am making for myself a better reputation there than I am in this place. 只要我躺在床上有一两个小时睡不着觉，我就能令自己满意地解决人类一切的疑虑。 Give me a restless hour or two in bed and I can solve, to my own satisfaction, all the doubts of humanity. 如果我有兴致的话，我可以谱写出宏伟的交响乐，描绘出壮丽的画卷。 When I am in the humour I can compose grand symphonies, and paint magnificent pictures. 我就是莎士比亚、贝多芬和米开朗基罗。但这一切仍无法令我满意，因为我还是无法入睡。
Text B Little Sister of the Poor 1.Mother Teresa (1910~1997) Mother Teresa, a Roman Catholic nun, was born to Albanian parents in Yugoslavia. She is known as “the Saint of the Gutters” for bringing comfort and dignity to the destitute贫穷的. She founded an order (Missionaries of Charity) which is noted for its work among the poor and the dying in Calcutta, India, and throughout the world. Mother Teresa was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979. 2. Roman Catholic Church The Roman Catholic Church, also called the Catholic Church or the Church of Rome, is the Christian Church with administrative headquarters in the Vatican, of which the pope, or the Bishop of Rome is the supreme head. 3.John Paul II (1920~) John Paul II is the first non-Italian Polish Pope in the history of the Roman Catholic church. He was elected pope on Oct. 16, 1978. John Paul II is a conservative pope who firmly holds traditional Catholic views. 4. Chernobyl The world’s worst nuclear-reactor accident occurred at the Chernobyl (Ukraine) nuclear power plant on Apr. 26, 1986. The accident caused the immediate death of 31 people, while many others suffered radioactive contamination污染. 6. the Nobel Prize Any of the prizes (five in number until 1969, when a sixth was added) that are awarded annually by four institutions (three Swedish and one Norwegian) from a fund established under the will of Alfred Bernhard Nobel. Distribution was begun on Dec. 10, 1901, the fifth anniversary of the death of the founder, whose will specified that the awards should annually be made “to those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind.” The five prizes established by his will are: the Nobel Prize for Physics; the Nobel Prize for Chemistry; the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine; the Nobel Prize for Literature; and the Nobel Prize for Peace. An additional award, the Prize for Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, was set up in 1968 by the Bank of Sweden, and the first award was given in 1969. Text Analysis: Part I (Para 1-3) death of the Mother Teresa and the public response 1.(para.1) Mother Teresa served the dying and desperate all over the world. 2.(para.2) Mother Teresa died of illness and many people felt personal grief over her death. 3.(para.3) Mother Teresa was regarded as a living saint and what she did transcended the boundaries of religion and nationality. Part II(para.4~8) The development of Mother Teresa’s cause and countless acts of mercy Part III(para.9~11) Mother Teresa gained fame and honor as well as criticism. Her act will be remembered by people. Words & Expressions: 1. Hospitalize vt. (usu. pass.) put (a person) into hospital [常被动] 送…进医院治疗 He hospitalizes patients for minor ailments. 他把只有小病的患者也送进医院。 Mrs Smith seriously ill already hospitalize. 史密斯夫人病重已住院。 You must hospitalize right now. 你必须立即住院。
中东的集市 1．中东的集市仿佛把你带回到了几百年、甚至几千年前的时代。此时此刻显现在我脑海中的这个中东集市，入口处是一座哥特式拱门，门上的砖石年代久远。穿过耀眼、灼热的大型露天广场进入集市，仿佛走入了一个凉爽、幽暗的洞穴。集市蜿蜒伸展，一眼望不到尽头，最后消失在远处的阴影里。赶集的人们络绎不绝地进出市场，挂着铃铛的小毛驴穿行于熙熙攘攘的人群中，边走边发出和谐悦耳的叮当声。集市的路面约有十二英尺宽，但每隔几码远就会因为设在路边的小货摊的挤占而变窄；那儿出售的货物各种各样，应有尽有。你一走进市场，就可以听到摊贩们的叫卖声，赶毛驴的小伙计和脚夫们大着嗓门叫人让道的吆喝声，还有那些想买东西的人们与摊主讨价还价的争吵声。各种各样的噪声此伏彼起，不绝于耳，简直叫人头晕。 2.随后，当你走人集市的深处，人口处的喧闹声渐渐消失，眼前便是清静的布市了。这里的泥土地面，被无数双脚板踩踏得硬邦邦的，人走在上面几乎听不到脚步声了，而拱形的泥砖屋顶和墙壁也难得产生什么回音效果。布店的店主们一个个都是轻声细语、慢条斯理的样子；买布的顾客们在这种沉闷压抑的气氛感染下，自然而然地也学着店主们的样子，低声细语地说话。 3.中东集市的特点之一是经销同类商品的店家，不是分散在集市各处以避免相互间的竞争，而是都集中在一块儿，这样既便于让买主知道上哪儿找他们，同时他们自己也可以紧密地联合起来，结成同盟，以便共同反对迫害和不公正待遇。例如，在布市上，所有卖衣料、窗帘布、椅套布等的商贩都把货摊一个接一个地排设在马路两边，每一个店铺门面前都摆有一张陈列商品的搁板桌和一些存放货物的货架。讨价还价是人们习以为常的事。头戴面纱的妇女们迈着悠闲的步子从一个店铺逛到另一个店铺，一边挑选一边问价；在她们缩小选择范围并开始正儿八经杀价之前，往往总要先同店主谈论几句，探探价底。 4. 对于顾客来说，不到最后一刻绝不能让店主猜到她心里究竟中意哪样东西、想买哪样东西，因为这是个关乎面子的事情。假如店主猜中了她所要买的商品的话，他便会漫天要价，而且在还价过程中不肯做出让步。而在卖主那一方来说，他必须竭尽全力地声称，他开出的价钱根本无利可图，而他之所以愿意这样做完全是出于他本人对顾客的敬重。顾客有时来了又去，去了又来，因此，像这样讨价还价的情形有可能持续一整天，甚至好几天。 5.集市上最引人注目、给人印象最深刻的地方之一是铜器市场。你一走近这里，耳朵里便只听得见金属器皿互相碰击时所发出的一阵阵砰砰啪啪、丁丁当当的响声；走得越近，响声便越来越大，越
五年级上册文本及词汇朗读资料 Unit 1 What’s he like Main scene主情景图 1. Miss White: This is Amy. She’s quiet这是艾米,她很安静。 She’s very hard-working. 她学习非常努力。 That is Wu Yifan. He’s very clever.那是吴一凡，他很聪明。 He’s polite, too.他也很有礼貌。 ; Oliver: Hello. My name is Oliver. 大家好我的名字叫Oliver. Amy: Hi. 嗨。 Wu Yifan: Hello. 你好。 Zip: We have a new PE teacher. 我们有位体育老师。 He’s a good football player.他是个很棒的足球运动员。 Chen Jie:Ms Wang will be our new Chinese teacher. 我们新的语文老师会是王老师。; John: What’s she like她怎么样 Chen Jie: She’s very kind.她非常和蔼亲切。 John: Is she strict 她严格吗 Chen Jie: Yes, sometimes. 是的，有时候。 2. A Let’s talk Wu Yifan: Do you know Mr Yong 你认识杨老师吗 Oliver: No, I don’t. Who is he不，我不认识。他是谁 — Wu Yifan: He’s our music teacher.他是我们的音乐老师。 Oliver: Is he young 他年轻吗 Wu Yifan: No, he isn’t. He’s old.不，他不年轻，他很老。 Oliver: Is he funny 他幽默吗 Wu Yifan: Yes, he is. 是的。 Oliver: Great! I like funny teachers. 太棒了，我喜欢幽默的老师。 3. B Let’s talk | Chen Jie: Hey, Ms Wang will be our new 嘿,王老师会是我们新的 Chinese teacher. 语文老师。 John: Really What’s she like真的吗她怎么样 Chen Jie: She’s kind.她很和蔼。 John: Is she strict 她很严格吗 Chen Jie: Yes, sometimes. 是的，有时候。 John: Do you know her 你认识她吗
Unit4 牛津 There are certain things in the world that are so praiseworthy that it seems a needless, indeed an almost laughable thing to praise them; such things are love and friendship, food and sleep, spring and summer; such things, too, are the wisest books, the greatest pictures, the noblest cities. But for all that I mean to try and make a little hymn in prose in honour of Oxford, a city I have seen but seldom, and which yet appears to me one of the most beautiful things in the world. 此世间确有诸多凡物，它们本身便是值得人们去品味和赞誉的，譬如说爱情和友谊、美食和睡梦、春色和夏日，还有如那些注满了智慧的书卷、注满了心血的画作和注满了圣意的城邦。也许对于这些凡物而言，再多的赞誉已无非是陈词滥调，荒唐可笑的，但我之所以还是想要对上述这些事物品味、赞誉一番，都是为了向牛津城表示我的敬意。牛津城对我来说，就是这世间极其罕见，又最为美丽的地方之一。 I do not wish to single out particular buildings, but to praise the whole effect of the place, such as it seemed to me on a day of bright sun and cool air, when I wandered hour after hour among the streets, bewildered and almost intoxicated with beauty, feeling as a poor man might who has pinched all his life, and made the most of single coins, and who is brought into the presence of a heap of piled-up gold, and told that it is all his own. 我并不想单独从牛津城里遴选出一些建筑来赞誉；我想要赞誉的是这块土地上所映射出的一种整体效果。这种效果在我看来，就好比是在一个阳光明媚、天气清爽的日子里，一连花上几个小时，徜徉在牛津城的街道上，痴迷、甚至是沉醉于这番美景之中。这感觉就犹如是把一位穷得一辈子衣衫褴褛、靠一角一分过日子的人带到一堆金矿旁，然后告诉他，这些财富都已归他所有。 I have seen it said in foolish books that it is a misfortune to Oxford that so many of the buildings have been built out of so perishable a vein of stone. It is indeed a misfortune in one respect, that it tempts men of dull and precise minds to restore and replace buildings of incomparable grace, because their outline is so exquisitely blurred by time and decay. I remember myself, as a child, visiting Oxford, and thinking that some of the buildings were almost shamefully ruinous of aspect; now that I am wiser I know that we have in these battered and fretted palace-fronts a kind of beauty that fills the mind with almost despairing sense of loveliness, till the heart aches with gratitude, and thrills with the desire to proclaim the glory of the sight aloud. 我曾在一些荒谬、无理的书里读到说，牛津城里如此之多的建筑都用易被腐蚀、布满裂纹的砖石砌成，这简直就是一场灾难。从某种角度来说，这倒确实是一场灾难，因为随着时间的流逝，用这种砖石砌成的建筑会渐渐破败，建筑的轮廓会很明显地变得七零八落，这便会惹得那些脑袋不灵活的笨家伙们想着整修或重建这些与牛津城魅力格格不入的“破玩意儿”。记得在我儿时游访牛津城时，我也曾这么想——这些建筑如此破旧不堪，几乎都是见不得人了；可现在，随着我年数和阅历的增益，我才知道在那些破旧不堪、磨坏受损的殿堂式房子里，蕴藏着一种别样的魅力。这种魅力乍看上去真是令人几近绝望，直到人们对这壮观之景开始心生感激时，才会猛地萌发出一种要高声赞誉这股魅力的念头。 These black-fronted blistered facades, so threatening, so sombre, yet screening so bright and clear a current of life; with the tender green of budding spring trees, chestnuts full of silvery spires, glossy-leaved creepers clinging, with tiny hands, to cornice and parapet, give surely the sharpest and most delicate sense that it is possible to conceive of the contrast on which the essence of so much beauty depends. To pass through one of these dark and smoke-stained courts,