SENTENCE STRUCTURE AND WORDS CHARACTERISTICS OF CONTRACT
English contract sentences and words characteristics
1.句式结构特点（Sentence Structure）句式结构特点（句式结构特点）
A. 句子冗长，结构严谨，语序复杂）句子冗长，结构严谨，英文合同为了准确、严密、清楚地表达，多以庞杂的从句和/或短语并列，语序复杂多变的长句面目出现，很少以简单句为主。A．主句的状语的位置，一般放在助动词后，．主句的状语的位置，行为动词前，与基础英语频度副词如；often，sometimes，always，never，seldom的位置相同
The Company shall, at all time during the term of the Joint Venture, effect and maintain full and adequate insurance against loss or damage by fire and such risks as are customarily issued in connection with the operation of the Company.
合资公司应在合资期间的任何时候，就火灾以及此类与公司经营相关的其他风险所造成的损失或损害进行投保，并保持充分和适当的保险。
B．从句复杂，从句的状语，往往放在连词之后，从句的句子之前。例如：之后，从句的句子之前If, at any time during the execution of the Contract, either of the Parties to the contract is prevented from executing the Contract in case of Force Majeure such as war, serious fires, flood, typhoon and earthquake, etc., the time for execution of the Contract shall be extended for a period equal to the affect of those causes.
在合同履行期间的任何时候，合同任一方，由于受到战争、严重火灾、洪水、台风和地震等不可抗力事件的影响而不能履行合同时，合同履行期应予延长，延长期限相当于事件影响的时间。
C．主从复合句，从句经常用简略形式。．主从复合句，从句经常用简略形式。
A party dissatisfied with the judgment may, within 15 day upon receipt of the judgment, file an appeal to the next upper People’s Court.
如不服本判决，该方可于接到判决之日起十五日内向上一级法院提起上诉。
The Contractor shall, unless otherwise provided in the Contract, make his own arrangement for the engagement of all staff and labour, local or other, and for their payment, housing, feeding and transport.
除合同另有规定外，承包人应自行安排从当地或其他地方雇用的所有职员和劳务人员，以及他们的报酬、住房、膳食和交通。
2 否定前置与倒装(Negative Fronting and Anastrophe)
A.否定前置：(Fronting)
Nothing in Article 12.3 shall prevent Party A or any of its affiliation from continuing to carry on any of their present businesses.
合同第十二条第三款规定不得妨碍甲方或其分支机构持续经营现有业务。
Neither party, without prior consent of the other, may assign or transfer to any third party any equity interests held by its side.
未经对方同意，任一方不得向任何第三人转让其持有的股权。
B .否定倒装：(Anastrophe)
In no event shall the Seller be liable for lost profit s, delay, injury to goodwill or any special or cons equential damages howsoever any of the same are caused.
对于利润损失、延误、商誉损害或任何特别或间接的损害赔偿，不论任何原因引起的，卖方概不承担责任。
In this case, Party B shall refund to Party A the amount which Party A has paid to Party B plus the related interest at the rate of 10% per year immediately, but in no case shall such refunding by Party B exceeds 30 days from receipt from Party A of the notice to terminate the contract.
在此种情况下，乙方应立即返还甲方已支付给乙方的款项并按年利率10%加算利息，但不论怎样乙方该返还不得超过收到甲方终止合同通知后30日。
3 被动语态Passive Voice
Failure to notify Party A shall be deemed to be a material breach of this Agreement.
未能按上述要求通知甲方的，则视为构成实质违约。（作谓语）
Seller agrees to sell and the Buyer agrees to buy the undermentioned goods subject to terms and conditions set forth hereinafter as follows: 按如下列明的条款，卖方同意出售，买方同意购买下述商品：（作后置定语）
The payment of all the expenses under this contract shall be made through Bank of China, Shenzhen Branch and the bank designated by Party B.
所有合同项下的费用均应通过中国银行深圳分行和乙方指定银行进行支付。（作谓语和后置定语）
Upon termination or dissolution of the Partnership，the partnership will be promptly liquidated, with all debts being paid first, prior to any distribution of the remaining funds.
合伙企业一经终止或解散，合伙企业立即清算，在分割剩余财产前，首先偿还所有债务。（作谓语和状语）
4 . 用词特点赘语Doublets and Triplets
Able and willing=willing
Full and complete= complete
Null and void= void
Legal and valid= valid
Dispute, controversy or claim=d ispute
Cancel, annul and set aside=cancel
Party A agrees to purchase from Party B the following commodity under the terms and conditions set out below:
甲方同意按照下列条款向乙方购买如下商品：
Party A shall be unauthorized to accept any order sort to collect any account on and after September 20.
自9月2O日起，甲方已无权接受任何定单或收据。
Any partner or his/her agent, may review any and all accounting or other records at anytime.
任何合伙人或其代理人，可随时审查任一或全部会计账目或其他记录。
The decision by such arbitration shall be accepted as final and binding upon both parties。
该仲裁裁决为终局裁决，双方均受其约束。Final和binding属相关词连用。
The Company hereby releases and discharges Party A from further performance of, and any duties, obligations or liabilities under, the amended Agreement.
本公司特此解除甲方已修正协议的进一步履行及其修正协议下的义务和责任。Release和discharge相关词连用，duty，obligation和liability属近同义词连用。
If the Contractor shall duly perform and observe all the terms, provisions, conditions and stipulations of the said Contract, this obligation shall be null or void but otherwise shall be and remain in full force and effect.
如果承包人切实履行并遵守上述合同的所有条款、条件及规定，此义务即告终止，有条款、条件及规定，此义务即告终止，否则将保持完全有效。否则将保持完全有效。
5 Here/there/where+介词构成的古体词介词构成的古体词
基本规则：Here代表this，there代表that，where 代表which或what即here/there/where+介词=介词+this/that/which or what
The parties hereto=the parties to this contract
The parties hereby declare=as a result of; by this means
Thereafter, The products shall be stored in a warehouse=after that time
Whereat =at which Whereupon=immediately after which
Hereby: by means of; by reason of this.特此，由此，兹等意。
例句：The Buyer hereby orders from the Seller the undermentioned goods subject to the following conditions:
买方向卖方订购下列商品，条件如下：Herein：in this。此中，于此。
例句：The minimum royalty herein specified shall be paid by Party B to Party A.
在此规定的最低特许权使用费应由乙方付给甲方。
Hereof：of this。关于此点，在本文件中。Hereunder：under this. 本文件规定。例句：Both parties agree to attempt to resolve all disputes between the parties with respect to the application or interpretation of any term hereof of transaction hereunder, through amicable negotiation.
合同双方就本合同规定交易任一条款的适用和解释所产生的所有争议同意力求通过友好协商予以解决。
Hereto：to this.本文件的。Thereof：of that.它的，其。Thereto：to that 与之，向那里。例句：“Licensed Products”means the devices and products described in Schedule 1 annexed hereto together with all improvement and modification thereof or development with respect thereto.
“特许产品”系指在本协议附件1中所述的装置和产品，及其全部改进和修改的产品和与之相关的产品。
Herewith：with this.与此，附此。Thereby：by that means.因此，由此，从而
例句：If any one or more of the provisions contained in this Contract or any document executed in connection herewith shall be invalid of unenforceable in any respect under any applicable law, the validity and enforceability of the remaining provisions contained herein shall not in any way be affected thereby.
如果根据现行法律，本合同及与此有关的已经履行的文件中有一项或多项条款被视为无效或不能履行，本合同其余条款的效力和履行将不因此受影响。
Thereafter: after that，afterwards.此后。例句：The Contract for the contractual joint venture shall continue from a period of two years thereafter. 本合作经营企业合同，此后应持续有效两年。Therein: in that; in that particular context; in that respect.在那里；在那点上；在那方面。
例句：The Leased Premises are deemed to be fit for occupation when the building therein is substantially completed.
当在那里的建筑物实质完成时，该租赁房屋才认为适合占有居住。
Therewith：with that.以此；此外。例句：The Employer shall indemnify and save harmless the Contractor against and from all claims, proceedings, damages, costs, charges and expenses whatsoever arising there out or in connection therewith.
业主应赔偿所有索赔、诉讼、损害赔偿、支出、花费、费用，不论因本合同产生或与其相关，并保证承包人免于承担上述责任。
Translation Practice
1. The investors do hereby form a joint venture pursuant to the laws of the State of New York in order for the Venture to carry on the purposes for which provisions are made herein.
2. 投资方特此依照纽约州法律设立合资公司，以实现本合同规定的合资公司的经营目的。Translation Practice
No party shall have the right to withdraw his capital contributions or demand or receive the return of his capital contributions or any part thereof , except as otherwise provided in this Agreement.
除非本协议另有规定，合资方无权撤回全部或部分出资，也无权要求或收取全部或部分出资。
英文合同中常见的用词及句型（英文合同中常见的用词及句型（Usual Wordings and Sentence Patterns））
英文合同中常见的用词和句型有其相对固定的含义和用法，不仅可以帮助准确理解掌握合同条款的含义，而且这些成熟的表达方式可以为提高、完善草拟和翻译合同所借鉴，达到事半功倍的效果。
一、英文合同常用虚词（Usual Function 英文合同常用虚词（Words））1．Notwithstanding: in spite of, ．despite. 即使，尽管。即使，尽管。
例1：Notwithstanding any other provisions to the contrary herein, insurance coverage and limits shall be subject to approval of all the parties.
即使有与本合同相悖的规定，保险范围和责任限制应以合同各方同意为准。
例2：Notwithstanding Article 2.2, the parties may agree to extend the Expiration date to such date as is reasonable in the circumstances if any of the conditions precedent referred to in Article 2.1 is not satisfied or waived on or before the Expiration Date, any such agreement or waiver to be in writing.
尽管有本合同第二条第二款规定，如上述第二条第一款规定的先决条件在合同期满日之前既未实现又未放弃，合同各方亦可根据具体情况，约定合理延长合同的期满日。
2．As ．
合同英语中as出现的频率极高，而且用法灵活多变。在某种意义上讲，as使用的熟练程度可以衡量合同英语的造诣。具体用法和含义见以下实例：As 放在代表规定的provide，stipulate，set forth，prescribe等词的过去分词前，含义为“依照某某规定”。
例1：For purpose of this, Capital Account shall be adjusted hypothetically as provided for in Section 4.6 herein.
基于此，应依照本合同第四条第六款调整资金账户。
例2：based on their respective Venture interests as set forth in Section 5.2 hereof.
基于本合同第五条第二款规定的各方在合资公司中的权益。ts. To indicate that one has a discretion to do that thing: The parties to this contract may assign the benefits under this contract To indicate a wish: The parties intend that the signature of this contract may signal the beginning of mutually beneficial cooperation between them.
Translation Practice
1.The investors do hereby form a joint venture pursuant to the laws of the State of New York in order for the Venture to carry on the purposes for which provisions are made herein.
投资方特此依照纽约州法律设立合资公司，以实现本合同规定的合资公司的经营目的。
Translation Practice
No party shall have the right to withdraw his capital contributions or demand or receive the return of his capital contributions or any part thereof , except as otherwise provided in this Agreement.
除非本协议另有规定，合资方无权撤回全部或部分出资，也无权要求或收取全部或部分出资。
英文合同中常见的用词及句型（英文合同中常见的用词及句型（Usual Wordings and Sentence Patterns））
英文合同中常见的用词和句型有其相对固定的含义和用法，不仅可以帮助准确理解掌握合同条款的含义，而且这些成熟的表达方式可以为提高、完善草拟和翻译合同所借鉴，达到事半功倍的效果。
一、英文合同常用虚词（Usual Function Words））
1．Notwithstanding: in spite of, ．despite. 即使，尽管。即使，尽管。
例1：Notwithstanding any other provisions to the contrary herein, insurance coverage and limits shall be subject to approval of all the parties.
即使有与本合同相悖的规定，保险范围和责任限制应以合同各方同意为准。
例2：Notwithstanding Article 2.2, the parties may agree to extend the Expiration date to such date as is reasonable in the circumstances if any of the conditions precedent referred to in Article 2.1 is not satisfied or waived on or before the Expiration Date, any such agreement or waiver to be in writing.
尽管有本合同第二条第二款规定，如上述第二条第一款规定的先决条件在合同期满日之前既未实现又未放弃，合同各方亦可根据具体情况，约定合理延长合同的期满日。
2．As
合同英语中as出现的频率极高，而且用法灵活多变。在某种意义上讲，as使用的熟练程度可以衡量合同英语的造诣。具体用法和含义见以下实例：As 放在代表规定的provide，stipulate，set forth，prescribe等词的过去分词前，含义为“依照某某规定”。
例1：For purpose of this, Capital Account shall be adjusted hypothetically as provided for in Section 4.6 herein.
基于此，应依照本合同第四条第六款调整资金账户。
例2：based on their respective Venture interests as set forth in Section 5.2 hereof.
基于本合同第五条第二款规定的各方在合资公司中的权益。
ntract Price or any other terms of the Contract changes after the issuance of the Letter of Credit (or Letter of Guarantee) the Owner shall arrange for such Letter to be amended accordingly as soon as possible after any such changes.
如果在信用证（或保函）开出后，如果在信用证（或保函）开出后，合同总价或合同其他条款发生变化，价或合同其他条款发生变化，业主应尽快安排对信用证（或保函）进行相应的修改。安排对信用证（或保函）进行相应的修改。
如：Either party may at anytime replace the chairman, deputy chairman or director(s) it has appointed, provided that it gives written notice to the Joint Venture Company and the other party. 任何一方可随时更换自己委派的董事长、副董事长或董事，但必须书面通知合资公司和合资的另一方。需要注意的是，provided that通常语气上有转折的含义，不宜翻译为“假如，如果”，译为“但是”，则译文过渡自然，符合汉语表达的规范。
Should the seller make delivery on time as stipulated in the Contract with the exception of Force Majeure specified in Clause18 to this contract, the Buyer shall agree to postpone the delivery on condition that the Seller agree to pay a penalty which shall be deducted by the paying bank from the payment under negotiation.
如果卖方并非因本合同第18条规定的不可抗力事件而未按合同规定的期限交货，那么，只要卖方同意支付罚金，并由付款行从议付款中扣除，买方便同意卖方延期交货。句中出现两处条件从句，should引导的从句属于非真实条件句，即虚拟语气，表示该条件发生的可能性很小，也就是说是当事人不希望出现的不利情况。
Notwithstanding the completion of the sale and purchase of the __ ordinary shares in the Company, the terms and conditions of this agreement shall remain in full force and effect as between the parties hereto in so far as the same are not fulfilled.
即使买卖公司股普通股已经结束，只要该行为尚未履行完毕，本协议条款对双方仍然完全有效。
In all cases where Licensee desires artwork involving articles which are the subject of this license to be executed, the cost of such artwork and the time for the production thereof shall be borne by Licensee.
如果被许可方需要的工艺品涉及本许可将履行的标的，则该工艺品的费用和生产该工艺品的时耗应由被许可方承担。
如：15% of the above contract price, e.g. US $ 21, 000. 00 shall be paid by Party A to Party B by M/T within 30 days after Party A has received from Party B the following technical documentations and documents and providing that they are in conformity with the contract.
甲方从乙方处收到以下技术资料和文件后30天内应信汇乙方上述合同总价的百分之十五，也就是两万一千美元，但该合同句子及用词特征
技术资料和文件应符合本合同要求。
如：In case part of or all know-how of the above-mentioned technical contents have been published by Party B or Third Parties A obtains evidence of such publication, then Party A shall no longer be responsible for keeping secret and confidential the part already published.
如上述专有技术的一部分或全部已由第三方公布，而甲方也掌握了已公布的证据，则甲方不再承担保密义务。
5. foregoing, aforesaid, the said, aforementioned, above-mentioned, in question
Foregoing, aforesaid, the said, aforementioned, above-mentioned一族，一般放在名词前作限定，意为“前述的”一般放在名词前作限定，意为“前述的”上述的”或“上述的”，为避免重复已经提到的姓名或名称。
例1：The Bank shall give prompt written or telex notice to the Borrower of the Interest Rate in effect from time to time in accordance with the foregoing sentence.
本银行将根据前述的句子以书面或电传形式随时及时通知借款方生效的利率。
例2：The contract shall be written in Chinese and in _____. Both language versions are equally authentic. In the event of any discrepancy between the two aforementioned versions, the Chinese version shall prevail.
本合同应以中文和_文书就，具同等法律效力。前述两种文本如有歧异，以中文文本为准。
6. In question: under consideration; being talk about.通常表示“在考虑或讨论中的”某件事或某个问题，可译为“讨论中的”某件事或某个问题，可译为“这”问题。或“该”问题。
例句：All prices to be paid by the Buyer under its obligations of the buyback/counter-purchase Contract shall be the world market prices taking into account the other delivery terms for the goods in question.
买方根据返销或回购货物合同的义务所支付的价格应为世界市场价格，结合考虑该货物的其他交货条件。
7.according to, under, subject to, in accordance with, as per, as provided in, pursuant to, in compliance with 这一族都表示“依照，根据”这一族都表示“依照，根据”合同的约定或者法律的规定。其中尤以“最不正式，律的规定。其中尤以“according to”最不正式，最不正式自然用的最少了，自然用的最少了，而“in accordance with”最为常见。
例如：In case no settlement can be reached, the case may then be submitted for arbitration to China International Economic And Trade Arbitration Commission in accordance with the provisional Rules of Procedures promulgated by the said Arbitration Commission.
如未能达成和解，该案件可提交中国国际贸易仲裁委员会根据该仲裁委员会颁布的仲裁程序暂行规定进行仲裁。
又如：A Photostat copy of the Acceptance Certificate of the Contract
Plant signed by the representatives of both parties as per Chapter 9 of the present Contract. 该合同设备的验收证书的影印副本由双方代表按照该合同第九章签收。再如：Both Parties shall each contribute their paid in capital in compliance with the items specified in the appendix to the Contract. 合同双方应按照本合同附件中载明的项目进行出资。
8. Including but not limited to与including, 与without limitation以及以及including by way of 以及illustration but not limitation 英文合同表达“包括但不限于”英文合同表达“包括但不限于”时，就会用到这几个短语。几个短语。例如：The time for the performance of the Seller's obligations set forth in this Contract shall be automatically extended for a period equal to the duration of any nonperformance arising directly or indirectly from Force Majeure events including but not limited to fire, flood, earthquake, typhoon, natural catastrophe, and all other contingencies and circumstances whatsoever beyond the Seller's reasonable control preventing, hindering or interfering with the performance thereof.
9. 时间、期间的表示中虚词的使用时间、
1.表示确定的某日期时，使用“on”A shall deliver the goods to B on July 30,2008.
2. 2.表示终了时间时1）表示到“何月何日”时，一般用by ，before。但使用before时，期间的终止日期在表示日期的前一天；而使用by时，期间的终止日期包括表示日期。
时间、期间的表示
但实际上为了时间、但实际上为了时间、期间表示的更加明确避免歧义，避免歧义，一般会用多个词的叠加使用以求精确。求精确。常见以下几种表达形式：常见以下几种表达形式：
“till and including” A may have an option right to buy the goods till and including July 30,2008.
此时，如只使用存在着是否包括July 此时，如只使用till ，存在着是否包括30,在内的问题，所以，为明确起见，使用在内的问题，在内的问题所以，为明确起见，including表示包括在内，若表示不包括，表示包括在内，表示包括在内若表示不包括，则使用not including加以否定。加以否定。则使用加以否定
2. “ on and after” ; “on or before”, “no later than”
On and after表示“从某日起”。表示“表示从某日起”例如：Party A shall be unauthorized to accept any order sort to collect any account on and after September 20.
自9月2O日起，甲方已无权接受任何定单或收据。
on or before, no(not) later than,表示“不表示“表示迟于”迟于”，例如：Our terms are cash within three months, i.e. on or before May 1. 我公司的条件是，3个月内，即不得晚于5 月1日，支付现金。例如：Party B shall ship the goods within one month of the date of signing this Contract, i.e. not later than December. 本合同签字之日一个月内，即不迟于12月15日，你方须将货物装船。
3. 表示期间的始终为避免歧义，不只用表示期间的始终为避免歧义，不只用from –to，而用，如: from January 1 to January 6,both days included或in the period commencing with January 1 and ending with January 6.
4.此外，为限定时间更为明确，还常用此外，为限定时间更为明确，此外inclusive、including 和included，来限定、和，含当日在内的时间。含当日在内的时间。例如：This credit expires till January1 (inclusive) for negotiation in Beijing. (or:This credit expires till and including January1 for negotiation in Beijing.) 本证在北京议付，有效期至1月1日。如果不包括1月1日在内，则为till and not including January 1。
10-15 days prior to the date of shipment, the Buyer shall inform the Seller by cable or telex of the contract number, name of vessel, ETA of vessel, quantity to be loaded and the name of shipping agent, so as to enable the Seller to contact the shipping agent direct and arrange the shipment of the goods.
装运前10天到15天，买方应以电报或电传方式通知卖方合同编号、装运船名，预计到达时间，装载数量和承运代理商名称，以便能使卖方直接联系承运代理商安排货物装运。
10.Without prejudice to
Without prejudice to,常用于英文合同中，表示在“不损害某规定/情况下”。例如：The Buyer shall nevertheless have the right to cancel in part or in whole of the contract without prejudice to the Buyer's right to claim compensations. 不妨害买方索赔权，买方仍有权取消合同的部分或全部。
11.Attributable to, due to, owing to, by virtue of, i n view of, because of, on account of，considering, in ，consideration of 这一组短语出现在英文合同中都表示“因为”，其中due to，owing to，because of 较不正式，很少使用。
二、英文合同常见实词(Content Words)
1.Represent, warrant, undertake, guarantee
在英文合同中这几个词都表示“保证”的含义。Represent 往往和warrant连用，出现在合同的声明保证部分：例如：Both the Seller and the Purchaser warrant and represent that no broker was involved in negotiating this purchase and sale, and both the Seller and the Purchaser agree to indemnify and hold each other harmless against any and all claims for brokerage.
买卖双方保证并声明没有中介介入交易磋商，且保证赔偿对方因中介引起的索赔并使其免受损害。
例如：Under FOB terms, the Seller shall undertake to load the contracted goods on board the vessel nominated by the Buyer on any date notified by the Buyer, within the time of shipment as stipulated in Clause 8 of this Contract.
根据离岸价格术语，卖方应保证根据在本合同第八条规定的时限内，按买方通知的日期，装运货物至买方指定船只。例如：Party B guarantees that the machines and
equipment are unused, sophisticated and of best quality, and that the machines and equipment are capable of manufacturing the steel wire rope.
乙方保证机器设备未经使用，性能良好、品质卓越而且该设备能生产出钢丝绳。
2. have the right to do, be entitled to, may do, reserve the right to do, be (duly) authorized to do, have the authority to do, do sth at one’s option or/and discretion, be liberty to do 这一组短语是都表示“有权做”这一组短语是都表示“有权做”。
Be entitled to表示to give sb. the right to sth体现该权利法律上的强制性。Reserve the right to do 表示to have a specified power of right in law体现法律上规定的权利。而be authorized to do, have the authority to do指经授权而有的权利，至于do sth. at one’s option or/and discretion则指行为人自主决定的权利。
例如：The Buyer shall nevertheless have the right to cancel in part or in whole of the contract without prejudice to the Buyer's right to claim compensations.
尽管如此，买方有权撤消合同的全部或部分，概不妨碍买方索赔权之行使。
例如：Party C or New Company shall, at its sole option and discretion, be entitled to transfer to Party B all or part of Party C or New Company's proprietary rights and ownership of the infrastructure project, under construction or after Completion Date, as liq uidated damages, in lieu of computing and compensating the actual damages provided that such transfer shall be conducted of Party C's own free will or rendered in the arbitration award as stipulated in clause 23.
在上述第十四条第一款规定的情形下，丙方或新公司自行选择决断有权向乙方转让丙方或新公司的所有权及在建或竣工后基础设施的所有权的全部或部分作为约定的固定数额的违约金来替代计算赔偿实际损害，但该转让应为丙方自己自愿实施的行为或根据二十三条的规定基于仲裁裁决的处分
The supervision personnel appointed by Party A and its representative shall have the authority to supervise the progress of work and give instruction.
甲方任命的监管人员及其代表应有权监督工程进度并发出指令。
The Buyer shall establish the covering letter of credit before the date specified in Clause Three of this Sales Confirmation, failing which the Seller reserves the right to rescind without further notice, or to accept whole or any part of this Sales Confirmation not fulfilled by the Buyer, or to lodge a claim for losses sustained, if any.
买方须于销售确认书第三条所规定的日期之前开出本批交易的信用证。否则，售方有权不经通知取消本确认书，或接受买方对本销售确认书未履行的全部或一部分，或对因此遭受的损失提出索赔。
have the legal obligation to do, be obliged/obligated to, shall do, be under the obligation to do, be liable/responsible to do, be liable/responsible for, 在英文合同中这一组短语都表达“有责任、有义务”。
例1：The Company has no legal obligation, absolute or contingent, to any other Person to sell any material portion of the assets of the Company, to sell any material portion of the capital stock or other ownership interests of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, or to effect any merger, consolidation or other reorganization of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries or to enter into any agreement with respect thereto.
本公司没有完全或随附的任何法律义务向任何他人出售公司资产的任何重要部分，出售股本的任何重要部分或本公司或其任一子公司的其他所有权权益，或实现本公司或任一子公司的并购、合并或其他的重组或签订有关以上事项的协议。
例2：RCII is not under any legal obligation, whether written or oral, to do any of the foregoing.
RCII公司没有任何书面或口头上的法律义务来做以上的任何一项。
例3：In the case of dangerous and/or poisonous cargo (es), the Seller is obliged/obligated to take care to ensure that the nature and the generally adopted symbol shall be marked conspicuously on each package. 在危险或有毒货物的情况下，卖方有义务照管确保其属性安全且应在每一包装上标注通常采用的标识。
合同句子及用词特征
Within the time as notified by the Buyer, after its arrival at the port of shipment the Seller shall be fully liable to the Buyer and responsible for all losses and expenses such as dead freight, demurrage. 在买方通知的时限内，抵达装运港后，卖方应对买方承担全部责任并对诸如空仓费、延滞费等所有损失和费用负责。
The Seller shall not be held liable for failure or delay in delivery of the entire lot or a portion of the goods under this Sales Contract in consequence of any Force Majeure incidents.
卖方对因任何不可抗力事件导致本买卖合同项下整批或部分货物未能交付或延误概不承担责任。
4.effect 在基础英语中，effect一般作名词，指效果、影响，英文合同中如：come into effect表示生效，sth. in effect表示生效的法律文件。除了这些基本用法外，effect还常用作动词表示“实现”、“完成”的意思。
This contract shall come into effect on the date when it is signed by both parties. 本合同从双方签字之日起生效。The Buyer shall accept the bill of exchange immediately upon the first presentation of the bill of exchange and the required documents and shall effect the payment on the maturity date of the bill of exchange.
汇票一经承兑交单，买方应在汇票到期时完成支付。
5.Counterpart, copy, duplicate, original
在英文合同中，Counterpart, copy, duplicate, original 都用作表示合同一式几份。Counterpart, copy和duplicate指副本，而original指的是正本，而且duplicate就有双重双份的意思，也常见in duplicate的用法，与此类似的还有in triplicate（一式三份）, in quadruplicate（一式四份），in quintuplicate（一式五份），in sextuplicate （一式六份），in septuplicate（一式七份），in octuplicate （一式八份），in nonuplicate （一式九份），in decuplicate （一式十份）等等。
例如：This Agreement may be executed simultaneously in two or more counterparts. Each counterpart shall be deemed an original, and all of the counterparts together shall constitute but one and the same instrument.
本协议文本可同时签署两份或多份副本。每一副本应视为一份原件，所有副本一起应构成唯一同一文件。
英文合同合同常用词 第一节合同常用词(Usual Wording)(1) 当大量接触英文合同，就会发现英文合同中有些词或短语出现的频率非常高，往往影响或决定了对 合同的准确理解，下面就分门别类从常见实词和常见虚词两个方面进行具体介绍： 一、英文合同常用虚词（Usual Function Words） 1．Here/there/where+介词构成的古体词 基本规则：Here 代表this，there 代表that，where 代表which 或what 即here/there/where+介词=介词 +this/that/which or what Hereby: by means of; by reason of this.特此，由此，兹等意。 例句：The Buyer hereby orders from the Seller the undermentioned goods
subject to the following conditions:买方向卖方订购下列商品，条件如下： Herein：in this。此中，于此。 例句：The minimum royalty herein specified shall be paid by Party B to Party A. 在此规定的最低特许权 使用费应由乙方付给甲方。 Hereinafter: later in the same Contract. 以下，在下文。通常与to be referred to as, referred as, called 连 用。 例句：This Agreement is made and concluded on ______, (date)____(year), by and between _____(hereinafter called Party A) on the one hand and _____(hereinafter called Party B) on the other hand. 本协议书于____年___月___日由_____（以下简称甲方）为一方，与_____(以下简称乙方)为另一方 签订。
英语写作常用词语和句子 一、常用的过渡词 1．用以解释的过渡词 now, in addition, for, in this case, furthermore, in fact… 2．表示强调的过渡词 certainly, indeed, above all, surely, most important… 3．表示限制的过渡词 but, however, although, though, yet, except for… 4．用以举例的过渡词 for example, for instance, thus, such, next… 5．表示递进或补充的过渡词 in addition, furthermore, also, moreover, yet… 6．表达顺序的过渡词 first, second, third, afterward, meanwhile, thereafter, last, finally, eventually… 7．用以表示比较的过渡词 like, in the same way, similarly, equally important, too… 8．用以表示对比的过渡词 unlike, in contrast, whereas, on the other hand, instead… 9．表示让步的过渡词 although, nevertheless, of course, after all, clearly, still, yet… 10．用以表达结果的过渡词 therefore, as a result, consequently, then, thereby, therefore, thus, hence, accordingly, so, otherwise… 11．用以表示总结的过渡词 to sum up, finally, in conclusion, at last, in short, in a word, in the long run, in summary… 二、常用句子 1．比较 (1)The advantages far outweigh the disadvantages. (2)The advantages of A are much greater than those of B. (3)A may be preferable to B, but A suffers from the disadvantages that… (4)It is reasonable to maintain that…, but it would be foolish to claim that… (5)For all the disadvantages, it has its compensating advantages. (6)Like anything else, it has its faults. (7)Evidently, it has both negative and positive effects. (8)People used to think…, but things are different now. (9)the same is true of B. (10)Wondering as A is, it has its drawbacks. 2．原因 (1)A number of factors are accountable for this situation. (2)The answer to this problem involves many factors. (3)The phenomenon mainly stems from the fact that… (4)The factors that contribute to this situation include…
中英文合同中常用词词义的选择 英文合同中的词语是构成合同文本最基本的单位。对合同文本中的一些单词词义的正确选择，是翻译合同文书的前提和基础。如果选择的词义不确切，整篇译文就难以理解。在翻译合同文件时，会涉及到经济、法律、贸易、金融、技术等领域的专业词汇，这些词汇在不同的合同条款和上下文中的表达和词义有很大区别。即使在同一专业中的词义都有很大区别，因此我们必须仔细推敲，选择最确切的词义。例如：cover一词，作为动词讲一般都理解为“包括”，例如：The prices quoted in the brochure cover packing and are subject to 35％trade discount，可译为：“小册子所报的价格包括包装费在内，可有35％的商业折扣。”但以下的含有cover的句子，就不能将cover译成“包括”： (1) No doubt there must have been some reason for the delay in shipment. To cover this contingency we cabled you On Mar．29 that we were extending the letter of credit for two weeks．句中的cover应理解为“应付”，全句可译成： 无疑，一定有某种致使装船延误的原因。为应付这一意外事件，我方已于3月29日电告你方，将信用证延期两周。 (2) If Party A insists on ifs original quotation. Party B will have to cover its requirements elsewhere 句中的cover指“购进货物”，全句可译成： 如果甲方坚持原报价，则乙方只能从其他方面购进其需要的货物。 (3) In order to cover our order, we have arranged with the Bank of China, Dalian Branch, a credit for USD 55，000． 句中的cover在这里表示“偿付”，全句可译成： 为支付我方订货，我方已联系中国银行大连分行开立55，000美元的信用证。 (4) Party B shall cover the goods with particular average． 句中的cover在这里的含义为：to insure sth against loss，全句可译成： 乙方将对该货物投保水渍险。 英译汉是如此，汉译英时也应该注意同类的问题。请看下面的句子： 如在解释上有分歧，应以英文本为准。 该句中的“解释”在汉英词典上可以有多种选择，如：explanation，construe，exposition，interpretation，但该句中的“解释”是对依法成立的合同条款的正式性解释，应选择interpretation，全句可译成： In case Of any divergence Of interpretations, the English text shall prevail。 以上例子仅是选择词义的一个方面。本章将就合同翻译时经常碰到的词义处理问题，归纳为三个方面：同义词的选择，一词多义的问题，容易混淆的词的处理。现分述如下： 1. Choice of Synonyms同义词的选择 同义词在英语中为数不少，在合同英语中也时常出现，翻译时必须作出正确选择。否则，如
英文合同常用词、短语和句型 1.订立、变更合同 动词 Make a contract / Enter into / form / create / conclude / execute /covenant 名词 the making of / the conclusion of a contract / the entry into contract / the formation of / the creation of / the conclusion of / the execution of a contract / covenant This agreement/contract is made and entered into 8th of August, 2008 by and between Party A and Party B. 2.合同的终止、解除、撤销 terminate a contract 通常指合同在约定期满前终止履行，可双方同意而作出，也指一方因另一方违约而行使的一种救济权。美国“终止”指合同各方未违反合同约定而依法终止合同。 cancel a contact 因另一方违约而解除合同，其效力基本等同于terminate，不同是撤销方仍有权对整个合同或中未履行部分主张救济。 discharge a contract 合同当事人的合同关系已终止。 rescind a contract 免除当事人之间的合同义务，将当事人各自地位恢复到合同订立之前状态。 revoke a contract 即以取消或撤回的方式废止或宣布无效。出于行为人的意愿，即主动发出的行为。
常用词： 重要的： key, crucial, imperative critical, important, significant, vital, substantial, indispensable 急剧地： dramatically，drastically，sharply，hugely，enormously，steeply，substantially，considerably，significantly，surprisingly，strikingly，radically，remarkably，vastly，noticeably 认为： think, believe, insist, maintain, assert, conclude, deem, hold, argue,, harbor the idea that, take the attitude that, hold the view that, it is widely shared that, it is universally acknowledged that, be firmly convinced, be fully co nvinced … 优势： advantage, merit, virtue, benefit, upside, strength 句子： 倒装： So expensive is food because of inflation that I could only afford food in students’ canteen. Not only must we be confident of our own future, we mus t also be ready to cope with any sort of setbacks. Only in this way/under successful control of/under special circumstances/after careful considerations can we……. （常用于解决问题型的作文） Only under successful control can we minimize the negative impacts and maximize positive impacts. 段落： 1. 引言段常采用的典型句式: It is commonly accepted/ thought that … There is a general debate/ discussion/ tendency (these days) that… There is no consensus of opinions among people as to .... Recently, there has aroused a controversial/heated debate/contention as to/ove r… It is well known to us that modern science plays an increasingly important role in our life. As is known to us, the problem of human population has long been a subject of discussion among the peoples of various countries of the world. We shouldn't ignore the fact that many cities are confronted with the problem of heavy traffic. No one can have failed to notice the fact that… 2．常见主体句子 1）观点类 1. Some people prefer living in the countryside, while others feel inclined to a life in big cities. 2.Some people believe the reason lies in industry，while others maintain it is good luck that gives rise to the success. Still others claim both the industry and good luck play an essential part. 3. When asked about/When it comes to/Faced with …most people claim that…, but others regard/consider differently. They argue that…. I am inclined to take the … side. 2).表示原因 1. Many factors lead/contribute to the trend of increasing in examination.
英文合同常用词汇和句型 1、开场白（合同的当事人背景介绍） 2、过渡条款 Now therefore, in consideration of the premises and covenants described herein-after, Party A and Party B agree as follows: 参考译文：因此，双方基于各自提供之对价订立本合同，并做如下约定： 注释和说明:”in consideration of premises and covenants”表示“在当事人提供的对价基础上”而非仅指“考虑到…”。读者应重点理解“premise”这个词。在一般场合下它是指与房屋相关的基础不动产或处所，但是在英文合同里边它却变成了“前提条件”。 3、结尾条款： IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be executed by duly authorized representatives of both parties on the date and year first written above. 参考译文：本合同由被正当授权之人，于本协议于上述记载之日期代表双方当事人订立，特此证明。 注释和说明： （1）“in witness whereof”的含义类似于中文合同中常见的“口说无凭，立此为证”。 （2）“execute”在英文合同中常解为“签署”，而非“执行”。 4、favor, “in favor of somebody”= ”in one’s favor”的意思主要有两种： 以某人为受益人、有利于某人 5、subject to sth. 1) 遵从、遵守： This letter of Credit is subject to the Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits (1983 Revision), international Chamber of commerce, Publication No.400. 2) 根据（法律、法规、合同） 3) 作动词用，意思是“服从于…”，“率属于…”，“使经受…” 4) 办理、存在。 5、Without prejudice to “在不损坏……”。 6、Any person who does... shall …表示任何做某人之人应。 7、For the purpose of “就……而言”。 8、Provided that 但是 9、Notwithstanding “即使，表示一种让步”。 10、in question “表示该” 11、including but not limited to “包括但不限于” 12、常理解为“有权利做某事” 1）have the right to do 2）be entitled to do 3）do sth. at one’s option or/ and discretion 4）have the authority to do 13、合同英语中“因为”的表达方法 1）owing to 2）attributable to 3）due to 4）in view of 5）by virtue of 14、notify sb. Of sth. in writing: 书面通知某人某事 15、in lieu of: 替代 16、关联企业： 1）affiliate: 广义上的具有法人人格的子公司，只要有参股关系即可，常翻译为“关联公司”
英语写作中常用的词语和句型 常用谚语（在议论文中）： 1. As a popular saying goes, “Every coin has two sides”. 2. As a proverb says, “Everything has two sides”. On the one hand, physical exercise is good for your health. On the other hand, if you don’t deal with it properly, it wil l do harm to your health. So we should look at the matter from two sides. 3. As a proverb says, “Where there is a will there is a way.” (有志者事竟成。) 4. As a popular saying goes, “A man is known by the company he keeps.”(观其交友，知其为人。) 5. As is known to all, “No pains, no gains”. (没有苦，就没有甜。) 6. It’s no use crying over the spilt milk. (覆水难收。) 7. More haste, less speed. (欲速则不达。) 8. Look before you leap. (三思而后行。) 9. He who laughs last laughs best. (谁最后笑，谁笑得最好。) ---关于因果关系的句型：
合同中常用词语解释 (2) (Explanations to Commonly-used words and Expressions in Contracts) (2) 1. “here+介词” (2) 2. “there+介词” (2) 3. “where+介词” (3) 4. Shall (3) 5. should (3) 6. notwithstanding (4) 7. subject to (4) 8. without prejudice to (4) 9. unless otherwise (5) 10. except otherwise (5) 11. in witness whereof (5) 12. Know all men by these presents that... . (5) 13. including but not limited to (6) 14. provide that (6) 15. undersigned (6) 16. at one’s sole discretion (6) 17. accordingly (7) 18. as the case may be (7) 19. to the extent that (7) 20. save (7) 21. less (7) 22. for the purpose of (7) 23. the same (8)
合同中常用词语解释 (Explanations to Commonly-used words and Expressions in Contracts) 不少人在阅读FIDIC合同条款时感到很吃力，其中一个重要原因是词语障碍。为了帮助读者解决这一困难，我们特意从红皮书中选择了一些这类的词汇和短语，对他们进行较为详细的讲解，以供参考。 1.“here+介词”所构成的合成词，如：hereafter（此后），hereby（特此，兹）， herein（此中，于此），hereinafter（在下文中），hereof（关于这一点，在本文中），hereto （于此，至此），heretofore（在此之前，前此），hereupon（就在此刻），herewith（于此一道，随函附上）等。在这类合成词中，here相当于this，因此，hereafter = after this，hereto = to this，herewith = with this，余类推。请看下面例句： a)Example forms for the letter of Invitation and Instructions to Tenderers are reproduced hereafter, for use with any of the three Books. 下文复制了邀请函和投标人须知范例格式，供三本合同条件中的任何一本使 用。 b)Whereas Party B and Party A have entered into this Contract for the installation of Party A’s air-conditioning equipment, the Parties here to do hereby agree as follows. 鉴于乙 方与甲方订立合同，为甲方安装空调设备，双方达成如下协议。the Parties here to = the Parties to this contract:合同双方。 c)We enclose herewith a soft copy of this document. 随信附上本文件的软拷贝。Herewith = with this letter:随本信 2.“there+介词”所构成的合成词，如：thereafter（此后，其后，据此），thereby （因此，从而，由此；借此；在那附近），therefor（为此，因此，因之），therefrom（从哪里，从哪一点，从其中，从此），therein（在其中；在那件事情上，在哪一点上），thereinafter（在下文中，一下），thereof（其，其中；它的），thereon（在其上，就此），thereto（加于[协议]等之上，随附），thereunder（在其下；依照），thereupon（因此，关于此事；随即，随后），therewith（以此，与此；立刻，随即；同时，又）等。在这类合成词中，there相当于that，因此，thereafter = after that，thereto = to that，therewith = with that，余类推。请看下面例句： a)The Drawings shall remain in the sole custody of Engineer, but two copies there of shall be provided to the Contractor free of charge. 图纸应由工程师单独保管，但应免费为承包商提供两套图纸的复印件。Two copies thereof = two copies of the Drawings. b)The several documents forming the Contractor are to be taken as mutually explanatory of one another, but in case of ambiguities or discrepancies the same shall be explained and adjusted by the Engineer who shall thereupon issue to the Contractor
常见英文合同翻译与详解
引子:鉴于现在对外交流事例逐渐增多,英文合同特别是经济合同的翻译愈显重要,若译文不准确或不严谨,势必会引起不必要的经济纠纷.故今以一英文(经济)合同写作书籍为蓝本,录入一些有益文字,希望大家共同提高英文(经济)合同的翻译和写作。 合同文件是合同双方签订并必须遵守的法律文件,因此合同中的语言应体现其权威性.英文合同用语的特点之一就表现在用词上,即选择那些法律用词,以及正式用词,使合同表达的意思准确无误,达到双方对合同中使用的词无可争议的程度。 一.hereby 英文释义:by means of , by reason of this 中文译词:特此,因此,兹 用法:常用于法律文件、合同、协议书等正式文件的开头语；在条款中需要强调时也可用。 语法：一般置于主语后,紧邻主语. 例1： The Employer hereby covenants to pay the Contractor in consideration of the execution and co mpletion of the Works and the remedying of defects therein the Contract Price or such other s um as may become payable under the provisions of the Contract at the time and in the manne r prescribed by the Contract. 参考译文: 业主特此立约保证在合同规定的期限内,按合同规定的方式向承包人支付合同价,或合同规定的其它应支付的款项,以作为本工程施工、竣工及修补工程中缺陷的报酬。 注释: (1)hereby: by reason of this 特此 (2)covenant: v. make a formal agreement 立约,签订合同、条约; n. legal agreement具有法律约束的正式合同 (3)completion of the Works: 工程的竣工 (4)therein: in the Works在本工程中 (5)the Contract Price: 合同总价,指工程的总造价 (6)such...as: 关系代词,相当于that, which (7)under: in accordance with 根据,按照 (8)the provisions of the Contract: terms and conditions of the Contract合同条款 例2： We hereby certify to the best of our knowledge that the foregoing statement is true and correc t and all available information and data have been supplied herein, and that we agree to provi de documentary proof upon your request. 注释： （1）hereby：特此 （2）to the best of our knowledge：as far as we know据我们所知 （3）foregoing statement：above-mentioned statement上述声明 （4）herein：in this, in the statement在声明中 （5）documentary proof：证明文件 参考译文： 特此证明，据我们所知，上述声明内容真实，正确无误，并提供了全部现有的资料和数据，我们同意，
英语写作用词的准确表达 一个词的意思有两方面：denotation和connotation。Denototion是词的字面意思，正如字典上所定义的一样；Connotation是由词引申联想到的意思和情感。例如country，nation，state和land，它们的字面意思多少有相似之处，都可以译成“国家”,但它们的涵义却相差甚远。Country主要指国土及国民；Nation 强调民族，种族；state多指国家的政府及政府机构；而land指国家虽不够精确，但更富有文学的色彩，比country一词带有更多的感情。初学写作的人有时会选错词，但更多的时候是选词不全错，而是不够准确、地道，导致词不达意，甚至导致冒犯和误解。固此在英语写作中要学会选择准确的词来表达自己的思想。 一般来说，要把握选词的准确性, 可以从下面三方面入手。 一、要有广泛的阅读积累，才能了解词与社会、历史、文化及政治因素的关系，选词时才能符合语言习惯并与社会文化诸多背景一致。例如，英美人对landlord和peasant两词的理解与中国人截然不同。英美人对前者的理解首先是“房东”，然后才是“地主”；而peasant一词对他们来说意味着“粗俗”与“无知”，此词多少带有贬义色彩。再如propaganda一词在中国并不带有西方人所理解的贬意；而First lady （第一夫人）绝不能理解为汉语的原配夫人，因此在写作中应特别注意这类词，否则会导致冒犯和误解。由于东西方社会历史文化的差异，许多词所引申或代表的内容也大相径庭，Phoenix在西方象征“复活”、“再生”，而汉语的这一词却表示“祥瑞”。Peach在汉语中象征“长寿”而在英语中却用以指代“特别讨人喜爱的人或物”。又比如在表示色彩的词中green是青春的颜色，常表示希望、活力，但在英语中green 又与“妒忌” （to be green with envy，green-eyed）和“没有经验的”（a greeh horn）联系起来。如果没有广泛的阅读积累，养成经常查字典的良好习惯，单凭想当然地选词，势必会词不达意。即使同一事物，在美国和英国也可能有不同的表达。例如：corn一词在美国指“玉米”而在英国泛扮“谷物”；“地铁”在英国用tube或under-groud美国则用subway。此类的例子还有pave-ment/sidewalk, Chemists' shop/drug store等。 二、在英语写作中特别要注意区分同义词，选词时要考虑主题、对象及情景（subject, audi-enc, situation）。由于历史的原因，现代英语除本族语外，还包括大量的法语和拉丁来源的饲，这就使英语的同义词相当丰富。总的来讲，英语本族语大多是短词，小词，听起来朴素）亲切，大量用于口头表达：法语来源的词庄重文雅，多与行政、宗教、军事、服饰等有关；拉丁来源的词，书卷味浓, 如ask，question，inter－rogate这三个不同来源的同义词在不同的主题、对象、情景下用法就不一样。 同义词除了来源的不同会影响措词的选择外，它们在程度、感情色彩上也有不同。比如“瘦”可以用slender，slim，lean, thin，underweight，gaunt, lanky，skinny等来表达，而sleder表示“苗条”是褒义的，skinny却是贬义的，underweight则是中性的词。 即使同是褒义词，表达的感情色彩也不同。比如little和petite两个同义词当用来描绘女子时，都意为“个子小”的，但petite同时还有“匀称”的意义，而little更强调“可爱的”或“可怜的”，根据不同的上下文，它还有“纤小”、“娇小”或“弱小”等不同意义。因此在选词表达思想时，一定要分清主题，对象及情景。 另外让中国学生头痛的是一些同义词的习惯搭配。比如large和big都指“大”，但large通常用来修饰诸如number，amount及quantity（a large nunlber of students，a large almount of money，a large quantity of wine，etc）。但象“勇气”，“信心”，”能力”、“智慧”等表示个人素质的名词，人们通常用呷碰而不用big或large来修饰。由此可见，在英语写作实践中，区分同义词的用法是相当重要的。 三、选择措词应把握好英语和汉语词汇无法对应的部分 不是所有的英语词汇都有相应的汉语表达，一些不同的英语词汇也有可能用同样的汉语来表达，这就使我们在用英语来表达思想对面临更多选择上的困难。比如family和home两词都可译成汉语的“家”，但它
英语作文常用高级词汇 ★形容词： 1. 贫穷的：poor = needy = impoverished = poverty-stricken 2. 富裕的：rich = wealthy = affluent = well-to-do = well-off 3. 优秀的：excellent = eminent = top = outstanding 4. 积极的，好的：good = conducive = beneficial=advantageous 5. 消极的，不良的：bad = detrimental= baneful =undesirable 6. 明显的：obvious = apparent = evident =manifest 7. 健康的: healthy = robust = sound = wholesome 8. 惊人的：surprising = amazing = extraordinary = miraculous 9. 美丽的：beautiful = attractive = gorgeous = eye-catching 10. 有活力的：energetic = dynamic = vigorous =animated 11. 流行的： popular = prevailing = prevalent= pervasive ★动词： 1. 提高，加强：improve = enhance= promote = strengthen = optimize 2. 引起：cause = trigger = endanger 3. 解决：solve =resolve =address = tackle =cope with = deal with 4. 拆除：destroy = tear down = knock down = eradicate 5. 培养: develop = cultivate = foster = nurture 6. 激发，鼓励：encourage = motivate = stimulate = spur 7. 认为： think = assert= hold = claim = argue 8. 完成：complete = fulfill = accomplish= achieve 9. 保留：keep = preserve = retain = hold 10. 有害于：destroy = impair = undermine = jeopardize 11. 减轻: ease = alleviate = relieve = lighten ★名词： 1. 影响：influence= impact 2. 危险：danger = perils =hazard 3. 污染：pollution = contamination 4. 人类：human beings= mankind = human race 5. 老人： old people= the old = the elderly = the aged = senior citizens 6. 幸福：happiness = cheerfulness = well-being 7. 老师：teachers = instructors = educators = lecturers 8. 教育：education = schooling = family parenting = upbringing 9. 青少年：young people = youngsters = youths = adolescents
商务英语口语900句：合同专用词汇及短语详解 一．理解法律文件中的专门用语 英语中某些副词如“here”及“where”在法律文件中往往当作前缀，与另一个词构成法律词汇中的专门用语。在法律文件中用这些词，能够避免重复，避免误解，避免歧义，使行文准确、简洁。以这种方 法构成的词主要有： hereafter, hereby, herein, hereof, hereto hereunder, hereupon, herewith, hereinbefore, hereinafter; thereafter, thereby, therein, thereinafter, thereinbefore, thereon, thereof, thereunder, thereupon, therewith; whereas, whereby, wherein, whereof, whereon, etc。 这些词各有各的含义，作者只能捡其中几个细说： 比如： 1. Hereby： by means of; by reason of this 之意，即特此， 所以，兹等意。常用于法律文件、合同协议的正式文件的开头语，在 条款中需要强调时也可用。 举原文说明，如： The Employer hereby covenants to pay the Contractor in consideration of the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of defects therein the Contract Price or such other sum as may become payable under the provisions of the Contract at the time and in the manner prescribed by the Contract. 文中：
1、开场白（合同的当事人背景介绍） 2、过渡条款 Now therefore, in consideration of the premises and covenants described herein-after, Party A and Party B agree as follows: 参考译文：因此，双方基于各自提供之对价订立本合同，并做如下约定： 注释和说明:”in consideration of premises and covenants”表示“在当事人提供的对价基础上”而非仅指“考虑到…”。读者应重点理解“premise”这个词。在一般场合下它是指与房屋相关的基础不动产或处所，但是在英文合同里边它却变成了“前提条件”。 3、结尾条款： IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be executed by duly authorized representatives of both parties on the date and year first written above. 参考译文：本合同由被正当授权之人，于本协议于上述记载之日期代表双方当事人订立，特此证明。 注释和说明： （1）“in witness whereof”的含义类似于中文合同中常见的“口说无凭，立此为证”。 （2）“execute”在英文合同中常解为“签署”，而非“执行”。 4、 favor, “ in favor of somebody”= ”in one’s favor”的意思主要有两种： 以某人为受益人、有利于某人 5、subject to sth. 1) 遵从、遵守： This letter of Credit is subject to the Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits (1983 Revision), international Chamber of commerce, Publication . 2) 根据（法律、法规、合同） 3) 作动词用，意思是“服从于…”，“率属于…”，“使经受…” 4) 办理、存在。 5、 Without prejudice to “在不损坏……”。 6、 Any person who does... shall …表示任何做某人之人应。 7、 For the purpose of “就……而言”。 8、 Provided that 但是