文献出处: Lane N D, Miluzzo. RESEARCH OF SMART PHONE APP INTERFACE DESIGN BASED ON USER EXPERIENCE [J]. Communications Magazine, IEEE, 2015, 8(9): 140-150.
原文
RESEARCH OF SMART PHONE APP INTERFACE DESIGN BASED ON
USER EXPERIENCE
Lane N D, Miluzzo
ABSTRACT
In today's information age, as a kind of new media, mobile devices play an important role in people's life. Smart phone lead the future development direction of mobile phone, smart phone APP become an important industry in the mobile Internet, people pay more and more attention to the user experience of a smart phone APP interface design. Because smart phone APP an intense market competition, the user experience to become the decided to smart phone APP development the important lifeblood of the height, strength and speed, is an important indicator of success for the APP product. However, smart phone APP as a newly emerging things produce time is shorter, the designer can't make the change of the agile, according to market feedback in the process of its design and development of the lack of a complete set of design process and theoretical support, to provide users with a good interface design become the key of the user experience. How will the user experience design process into the smart phone APP interface design research and development of every link will be this article to solve the problem. In this context, on the one hand, on the user experience from the level, structure, process, measurement and design point of view to explore the structure of the user experience, on the other hand, the smart phone APP interface design of the user experience to analyze, to build smart phone APP interface design user experience level model.
Keywords: User experience, Smart phone, APP, Interface design
1Introduction
The rapid development of mobile Internet has become an indispensable part of people's life; it changes in the world of the Internet also changed people's way of life.
The company to make a forecast that by 2025 the mobile Internet can create the wealth of $1.08 billion - $3.7 (Manyikaetal, 2013), which fully shows that the mobile Internet has larger market size and commercial value in the future. The rapid development of mobile Internet, greatly overturned people's living condition, attracts a large number of users to use and rely on mobile networking products, its features such as social, mobile, and makes our life more convenient, more interesting. The rapid development of mobile Internet, and so did the smart phone APP (Applications APP) design and development. With the popularization of information technology and communications equipment, smart phones become necessities of people's communication, people spend a lot of time on the smart phone APP, the APP classification and trend of installation quantity is increasing.
Due to the popularity of smart phones 3 g / 4 g network, mobile convenience has occupied a huge market demand in consumer electronics, people can be in different time and place of using smart phone APP for mobile shopping, booking tickets, mobile payment, order a meal, entertainment, group purchase, travel, learning, etc involved in all aspects of life. On the bus, subway, leisure entertainment, etc. People can enjoy mobile phones bring infinite pleasure, such as browsing news and information, send web, playing mobile phone games, watch movies, fry, chat, listen to music, reading books, etc.Data through the analysis of the development trend of Chinese mobile phone market and the Internet consumer research center data show that the smart phone will be the future of mobile phone industry leader. At the same time, the operating system developers have launched their own corresponding application software, on July 11, 2008, apple launched based on ISO APP Store operating system; The corresponding Google company launched in October 2008 Android app store; On October 11, 2010 Microsoft Windows Phone officially released the smart phone operating system.
Thus, use a smart phone APP is indispensable to public life, residents has infiltrated every aspect of life. Based on the smart phone screen, multi-touch and ease and fluency of the operating system, users can download and install their own demand of application software, the user's requirements is not only to stay on the content to
the basic functional requirements, for each mobile phone interface design in the form of a service with its content is put forward higher requirements, namely the user experience for better service level and accurate transfer the information to the target users, allows users to quickly and efficiently to complete the operation.
2 The user experience
Norman puts forward "User Experience, User Experience, or UE, UX)" concept, he thought the User Experience is "people-centered", rather than on product function as the starting point, the design concept of people-centered requirement stylist to users as a benchmark for design and development, rather than allow the User to adapt to the designer's ideas, good User Experience need to be meet the basic needs of users, and even exceed expectations and trigger emotional valence of users. Which requires the development of product of each process and steps are given in the user, which requires the designers not only can predict the user will not use this product, and want to use the practice to prove their predictions. Scholars gradually perfect the concept of Sheriff to use cognitive structure of the user experience, user experience to the user and a product, system or service at the physical level and cognitive level of interaction between feelings.
User experience is mainly composed of the product, the user and the environment of these three factors. Popular said, user experience is to users in the use of a product or enjoy a service based on the original experience of all physical, sensory and mental experience, including emotions, beliefs, preferences, cognitive impression, physiological and psychological reaction, many aspects, such as behavior and achievement ". It is a theory of development in the middle of the twentieth century, the theory is that the product is whether success lies in the user experience of product are satisfied, and the experience is very comprehensive, because there is uncertainty of user experience, you need to constantly study the behavior of users use the product produced, logic, such as reaction, make the product can meet the user's emotional wider, expectations, psychological needs, so as to improve the loyalty of users of products. The user experience is derived from the field of interaction design created by the user perception theory system, and user experience in real life has subjectivity
and individual are differences again, different users of the product experience is different, this determines the user's experience can't reproduce through scene reconstruction, but for some Shared characteristics between people, we can through the good design experiments to meet their commonness, so as to make the product meet the needs of the users. In short, the goal of the user experience is useful and easy to use, good, love with four stages.
To sum up, this study thinks that the user experience is the user, product, situation of interaction between psychological perception, including sensory perception, emotional and cognitive appraisal on the experience.
3 Mobile phone APP UI design experience
PC user experience based on the structure determination of subjectivity, richness and process dynamics, a smart phone APP interface design in circumstances on the user experience and has great difference, so the research on existing user experience from the level, structure, process, measurement and design to make a study of the structure of the user experience for smart phone APP interface study provide theoretical basis for the experience of the design level.
Based on the existing user experience level, structure and process model of the structure of the exploration, can draw a smart phone APP interface user experience in the design of structural model can be divided into sensory perception (visual aesthetic, interface fluency and humanization, etc.), emotional experience, user experience degree of satisfaction, pleasure and user value, etc.), cognitive evaluation (availability, learn ability, creative and reflection, etc.) the three dimensions, in view of the user experience level model in this paper the concrete in the fourth chapter studies. However the operation of the user behavior, the smart phone brand, using the environment and efficiency become the user experience on the influencing factors in the process of interface design. In the smart phone APP user experience in the design of interface is facing new challenges, it is necessary for these new challenges to design more perfect APP interface structure model of the user experience.
4 Smart phone APP user experience level model was constructed
4.1 smart phone APP interface design analysis of the user experience
(1) Instinct layer
Instinct layer is to point to stimulate people's sensory system, so as to give the user more direct experience. Sensory experiences in all experience the lowest level, and the instinct layer is the foundation of all experience, it to the stimulation of sensory system time is shorter, and generally do not last too long. If it cannot be converted into deeper experience, then it will disappear quickly. Auditory experience, visual experience, touch, taste and smell experience experience are sensory aspects of user experience. These experiences, auditory experience occupies the important status in the human experience, receive information from the outside world is one of the most visual experience, the experience is very real and delicate, taste and smell experience on food is relatively common.
(2) Behavior layer
Behavior layer refers to the user through the various parts of the body to use or operation of the products produced by the experience is the behavior layer user experience. By using the part of the body, the behavior level of user experience mainly can be divided into: first, the experience of operating the product with the hand, for example, the mouse, keyboard, MP3, cell phone, car steering wheel and so on are all need to use hand to operate; Second, the experience of operating the product with the feet, such as snowboarding, skateboarding, dancing machine, as well as the automobile clutch pedal, the brake pedal and the accelerator pedal of driving is to operate with their feet; Three operating experience, with the rest of the body, if use earphone on the ears, by the voice of the mouth, to voice control products, etching terms of behavior, we can from the following three directions for innovation: user experience design mode, using the new product operation, and bring new user experience to the user; Second, the operation on products is conducted by using new parts of the body, bring new user experience to the user; Three, let users to actively participate in the design of the product, to obtain a new user experience.
(3) Reflection layer
Reflection layer is refers to the user to have an emotional reaction when using the product. The importance of emotion in the design of interaction has not been
widely recognized that the interaction design involves the emotional experience may be is more important than experience sensory experience and behavior. Reflection layer typically depends on the user experience of the overall impression of a kind of interface.
4.2 Smart phone APP interface design research experience level
In view of the different types of APP interface design, user will produce different effects, namely the utility class APP pay more attention to the interface of sensory perception experience level, life service class APP pay more attention to the emotional experience of a interface level, game entertainment APP more pay attention to the cognitive evaluation of interface experience level, different types of APP will be a different user experience goals and product character requirements.
5 Smart phone APP interface design plan
5.1 list of requirements for user
User-centered Design (User - Centered Design, UCD) is a kind of Design product, system or service ideas, he will use the product User in development center. Japanese designer branded zap said, "is the original design view to create the world needs a rational and make the world balance”. In fact, in the process of product development, user-centered design can be crowned by the potential user groups actively participate in, feel safe, comfortable, efficient, more desire to buy. In the design process, to consider the user demand, the strength of the user requirements can increase the viscosity of the product, but also to invite users to join the process of design. User demands not only at the beginning of the design process, and the interface test can play important roles in the process of positive feedback, provide experience basis for the final evaluation. Because this article focuses on the smart phone APP interface interaction design in the interface of information architecture, interaction, psychological cognitive habits, behavior related factors, for the user's physiological characteristics, emotional feelings and ergonomics to study the no.
5.2 User demand research framework
User requirements of the research from the perspective of consumer behavior, not only meets the need of users also implements the practical value of products, this
article mainly to study the demand for availability requirements and user experience. Through this study the related factors influencing the user requirements and user-centered design method on the basis of the research product respectively to framework and that the relationship between user requirements framework. According to the summary of user requirements, develop life service class APP interface design features list.
5.3 Architectural design of the interface
Architecture design is for more product information, including user interface design and navigation information configuration design, the goal is to make users can take fewer cognitive price to find the information they want, show the characteristics of high efficiency and low cost of cognitive, users can be clear at a glance know the main functions of the product and the organization relationship between each function module. Because the mobile Internet applications is mobile screen, user use constraints, such as its functional architecture generally on the basis of the hierarchy. Mobile Internet application of information architecture can be divided into four basic types: shallow and wide, narrow and shallow and wide, deep and narrow and deep way of information architecture.
译文
基于用户体验的智能手机APP 界面设计研究
Lane N D, Miluzzo
摘要
现如今，移动互联网作为一种新的媒介引领着智能手机未来的发展方向，智能手机APP 成为移动互联网中的一项重要产业，人们越来越关注智能手机APP 界面设计的用户体验感。由于智能手机APP 市场竞争的激烈性，使得用户体验成为了决定智能手机APP 发展的高度、强度和速度的重要命脉，是衡量APP 产品成功与否的一项重要指标。然而，智能手机APP 作为新兴事物产生的时间较短，在其设计与研发的过程中缺乏一套完整的设计流程及理论的支持，如何为用户提供出具有良好的用户体验的界面设计成为关键。如何将用户体验的设计流程
融入到智能手机APP 界面设计研发的每一个环节将是本文所要解决的问题。在此背景下，一方面对用户体验从层次、结构、过程、测量和设计等角度进行了用户体验结构探索，另一方面对智能手机APP界面设计的用户体验进行分析，构建智能手机APP 界面设计的用户体验层面模型。
关键词：用户体验，智能手机，APP，界面设计
1 引言
移动互联网的迅速发展已成为人们生活中不可或缺的一部分，它在改变互联网世界的同时也改变了人们的生活方式。该公司做出预测，截止到2025 年移动互联网可以创造3.7—10.8 亿万美元的财富（Manyikaetal,2013），这充分说明移动互联网在未来具有较大的市场规模和商业价值。移动互联网的飞速发展，大大颠覆了人们的生活状态，吸引大量用户使用并依赖于互移动联网产品，其社交化、移动化等特性使得我们的生活变得更加便捷，更具趣味性。移动互联网的蓬勃发展带动了智能手机APP（Applications 简称APP）的设计和研发。随着信息技术与通讯设备的普及，智能手机成为人们沟通交流的必需品，人们把大量的时间花费在智能手机APP 上，其APP 的分类以及安装数量的趋势呈日益增长状态。
由于智能手机3G/4G 网络的普及，手机的便捷性已经在电子消费品中占据了巨大的市场需求，人们可以在不同的时间、地点使用智能手机APP 进行移动购物、订票、手机支付、订餐、娱乐、团购、旅游、学习等所涉及到生活的各个方面。在公交车上、地铁站、休闲娱乐场所等人们可以享受手机带来的无限乐趣，如浏览新闻资讯、发送微博、玩手机游戏、观看电影、炒股、聊天、听音乐、阅读电子书等。通过中国手机市场发展趋势分析数据以及互联网消费调研中心预测数据显示，智能手机将是未来手机行业的引领者。与此同时，各操作系统开发者都相应推出自己的应用软件，于2008 年7 月11 日苹果公司推出基于ISO 操作系统的APP Store；相应的谷歌公司于2008 年10 月推出Android 操作系统的应用程序商店；2010 年10 月11 日微软公司正式发布了智能手机操作系统Windows Phone。
由此可见，智能手机APP 使用是大众生活不可或缺的组成，已经渗透到了居民生活的方方面面。基于智能手机的大屏幕、多点触摸及其轻松流畅的操作系统，用户可以随时下载并安装自己所需求的应用软件，用户的要求不仅只停留在
满足于基本的功能需求，对于各手机界面设计的形式与其服务的内容提出更高的要求，即在用户体验方面要求更佳的服务层次，将信息准确无误的传递给目标用户，使得用户能够快速、有效的完成操作。
2用户体验
Norman 提出“用户体验（User Experience，简称UE、UX）”的概念，他认为用户体验是“以人为中心”，而不是以产品功能为出发点，以人为中心的设计理念要求设计师以用户为基准来进行设计和开发，而不是让用户来适应设计师的创意，优秀的用户体验需要具备满足用户的基本需求，甚至超越期望值并触发用户的情感愉悦度。这就要求开发产品的每一个过程和步骤中都要考虑到用户，这就要求设计师不仅能够预判用户会不会使用这一产品，而且要用实践证明自己的预判。学者们日趋完善这一概念，Shedroff 将认知用于用户体验结构中，提出用户体验旨在用户与某一产品、系统或服务之间在物理层面与认知层面产生的交互感受。
用户体验主要由产品、用户与环境这三个因素构成。通俗的说，用户体验就是用户在使用一种产品或者享受一种服务时结合原来自己的经历所产生的生理上、感官及心理上的全部体验感受，包括情感、信仰、喜好、认知印象、生理和心理反应、行为和成就等各个方面”。它是二十世纪中期发展的理论，该理论认为，产品是是否成功在于用户对产品的体验是否满意，而这一体验是非常全面的，由于用户的体验存在着不确定性，就需要不断研究用户使用产品时所产生的行为、逻辑等反应，使产品能够更大范围满足用户的情感、期望、心理需求，从而提高用户对产品的忠诚度。用户体验来源于交互设计领域中所创造的用户感知的理论体系，而用户体验在现实生活中具有主观性且个体又都是存在差异的，不同的用户对产品的体验是不同的，这就决定了用户的体验无法通过场景的再造来完全重现，可是对于具有一些共性的群体，我们可以通过良好的设计实验来认识他们的共性，从而使产品满足这一用户群的需求。简而言之，用户体验的目标就是不断达到有用、易用、好用、爱用四个阶段。
综上所述，本研究认为用户体验是用户、产品、情境之间相互作用产生的心理感知，包括感官感知、情感和认知评价上的体验。智能手机APP 界面的用户体验即用户在移动终端进行操作活动时，所产生的对产品（传达的信息、视觉设
计）的感官、情感和认知反馈。
3 手机APP 界面设计的体验层面
基于PC 端用户体验在结构上的判定具有主观性、丰富性以及过程上的动态性，智能手机APP 界面设计在用户体验情境上与其具有较大的差异性，因此对已有的用户体验研究从层次、结构、过程、测量、设计等角度对用户体验的结构进行探索，从而为智能手机APP 界面设计的体验层面研究提供理论依据。
通过对已有的用户体验层次、结构和过程等模型进行结构的探索，可以得出智能手机APP 界面设计中用户体验结构层面模型可以划分为感官感知（视觉审美、界面操作流畅性和人性化等）、情感体验（用户体验的满意度、愉悦度和用户价值等）、认知评价（可用性、可学习性、创造性和反思等）三个维度，针对用户体验层面模型在本文第四章中进行具体的论述研究。然而用户的操作行为习惯、智能手机的品牌、使用环境和效率等内容成为用户体验在界面设计过程中的影响因素。在智能手机APP 界面设计中用户体验面临着新的挑战，有必要针对这些新的挑战设计出更加完善的手机APP 界面的用户体验结构模型。
4 构建智能手机APP 用户体验层面模型
4.1 智能手机APP 界面设计的用户体验分析
(1)本能层
本能层是指产品刺激人的感官系统，从而给用户留下较为直接的体验。感官体验在所有体验中是层次最低的，本能层是所有体验的基础，它对人的感官系统的刺激时间较短，并且一般不会持续太长时间。如果它不能转换成更深层次的体验，那么它就会很快的消失掉。听觉体验、视觉体验、触觉体验、味觉体验和嗅觉体验等都属于感官层面的用户体验。这些体验中，听觉体验在人的体验中占有重要地位，从外界接受信息最多的是视觉体验，触觉体验则表现的非常真实和细腻，味觉体验和嗅觉体验在食物上体现的比较普遍。
(2)行为层
行为层是指用户通过身体的各个部位使用或者操作产品时所产生的体验是行为层的用户体验。用使用身体的部位来进行划分，行为层面的用户体验主要可以分为：一、用手操作产品的体验，比如，鼠标、键盘、MP3、手机、汽车方向盘等都是需要用手来进行操作；(完整译文请到百度文库)
微软Visual Studio 1微软Visual Studio Visual Studio 是微软公司推出的开发环境，Visual Studio可以用来创建Windows平台下的Windows应用程序和网络应用程序，也可以用来创建网络服务、智能设备应用程序和Office 插件。Visual Studio是一个来自微软的集成开发环境IDE，它可以用来开发由微软视窗，视窗手机，Windows CE、.NET框架、.NET精简框架和微软的Silverlight支持的控制台和图形用户界面的应用程序以及Windows窗体应用程序，网站，Web应用程序和网络服务中的本地代码连同托管代码。 Visual Studio包含一个由智能感知和代码重构支持的代码编辑器。集成的调试工作既作为一个源代码级调试器又可以作为一台机器级调试器。其他内置工具包括一个窗体设计的GUI应用程序，网页设计师，类设计师，数据库架构设计师。它有几乎各个层面的插件增强功能，包括增加对支持源代码控制系统（如Subversion和Visual SourceSafe）并添加新的工具集设计和可视化编辑器，如特定于域的语言或用于其他方面的软件开发生命周期的工具（例如Team Foundation Server的客户端：团队资源管理器）。 Visual Studio支持不同的编程语言的服务方式的语言，它允许代码编辑器和调试器（在不同程度上）支持几乎所有的编程语言，提供了一个语言特定服务的存在。内置的语言中包括C/C + +中（通过Visual C++）,https://www.doczj.com/doc/4c16007526.html,（通过Visual https://www.doczj.com/doc/4c16007526.html,），C＃中（通过Visual C＃）和F＃（作为Visual Studio 2010），为支持其他语言，如M,Python,和Ruby等，可通过安装单独的语言服务。它也支持的 XML/XSLT,HTML/XHTML ,JavaScript和CSS.为特定用户提供服务的Visual Studio也是存在的：微软Visual Basic，Visual J＃、Visual C＃和Visual C++。 微软提供了“直通车”的Visual Studio 2010组件的Visual Basic和Visual C＃和Visual C + +，和Visual Web Developer版本，不需任何费用。Visual Studio 2010、2008年和2005专业版，以及Visual Studio 2005的特定语言版本（Visual Basic、C++、C＃、J＃），通过微软的下载DreamSpark计划，对学生免费。 2架构 Visual Studio不支持任何编程语言，解决方案或工具本质。相反，它允许插入各种功能。特定的功能是作为一个VS压缩包的代码。安装时，这个功能可以从服务器得到。IDE提供三项服务：SVsSolution，它提供了能够列举的项目和解决方案; SVsUIShell，它提供了窗口和用户界面功能（包括标签，工具栏和工具窗口）和SVsShell，它处理VS压缩包的注册。此外，IDE还可以负责协调和服务之间实现通信。所有的编辑器，设计器，项目类型和其他工具都是VS压缩包存在。Visual Studio 使用COM访问VSPackage。在Visual Studio SDK中还包括了管理软件包框架(MPF)，这是一套管理的允许在写的CLI兼容的语言的任何围绕COM的接口。然而，MPF并不提供所有的Visual Studio COM 功能。
E---MARKETING (From:E--Marketing by Judy Strauss,Adel El--Ansary,Raymond Frost---3rd ed.1999 by Pearson Education pp .G4-G25.) As the growth of Googel. shows, some marketing principles never change.Markets always welcome an innovative new product, even in a crowded field of competitors ,as long as it provides customer value.Also,Google`s success shows that customers trust good brands and that well-crafted marketing mix strategies can be effective in helping newcomers enter crowded markets. Nevertheless, organizations are scrambling to determine how they can use information technology profitably and to understand what technology means for their business strategies. Marketers want to know which of their time-ested concepts will be enhanced by the Internet, databases,wireless mobile devices, and other technologies. The rapid growth of the Internet and subsequent bursting of the dot- bubble has marketers wondering,"What next?" This article attempts to answer these questions through careful and systematic examination of successful e-mar-keting strategies in light of proven traditional marketing practices. （Sales Promotion;E--Marketing；Internet；Strategic Planning ） 1.What is E--Marketing E--Marketing is the application of a broad range of information technologies for: Transforming marketing strategies to create more customer value through more effective segmentation ,and positioning strategies；More efficiently planning and executing the conception, distribution promotion,and pricing of goods,services,and ideas;andCreating exchanges that satisfy individual consumer and organizational customers` objectives. This definition sounds a lot like the definition of traditional marketing. Another way to view it is that e-marketing is the result of information technology applied to traditional marketing. E-marketing affects traditional marketing in two ways. First,it increases efficiency in traditional marketing strategies.The transformation results in new business models that add customer value and/or increase company profitability.
I. City and The Landscape (1) Overview of Landscape Design Landscape design, first, is a people's thinking activity, performed as an art activity.Diversified thoughts formed complex diverse landscape art style. Contemporary landscape design apparently see is the diversity of the landscape forms,in fact its essence is to keep the closing up to the natural order system, reflected the more respect for human beings, more in-depth perspective of the nature of human's reality and need, not to try to conquer the nature.it is not even imitating natural, but produce a sense of belonging. Landscape is not only a phenomenon but the human visual scene. So the earliest landscape implications is actually city scene. Landscape design and creation is actually to build the city. (2) The Relationship Between Landscape and Urban City is a product of human social, economic and cultural development, and the most complex type. It is vulnerable to the artificial and natural environmental conditions of interference. In recent decades, with worldwide the acceleration of urbanization, the urban population intensive, heavy traffic, resource shortage,
数据库外文参考文献及翻译 数据库外文参考文献及翻译数据库管理系统——实施数据完整性一个数据库，只有用户对它特别有信心的时候。这就是为什么服务器必须实施数据完整性规则和商业政策的原因。执行SQL Server的数据完整性的数据库本身，保证了复杂的业务政策得以遵循，以及强制性数据元素之间的关系得到遵守。因为SQL Server的客户机/服务器体系结构允许你使用各种不同的前端应用程序去操纵和从服务器上呈现同样的数据，这把一切必要的完整性约束，安全权限，业务规则编码成每个应用，是非常繁琐的。如果企业的所有政策都在前端应用程序中被编码，那么各种应用程序都将随着每一次业务的政策的改变而改变。即使您试图把业务规则编码为每个客户端应用程序，其应用程序失常的危险性也将依然存在。大多数应用程序都是不能完全信任的，只有当服务器可以作为最后仲裁者，并且服务器不能为一个很差的书面或恶意程序去破坏其完整性而提供一个后门。SQL Server使用了先进的数据完整性功能，如存储过程，声明引用完整性（DRI），数据类型，限制，规则，默认和触发器来执行数据的完整性。所有这些功能在数据库里都有各自的用途;通过这些完整性功能的结合，可以实现您的数据库的灵活性和易于管理，而且还安全。声明数据完整性声明数据完整原文请找腾讯3249114六,维-论'文.网 https://www.doczj.com/doc/4c16007526.html, 定义一个表时指定构成的主键的列。这就是所谓的主键约束。SQL Server使用主键约束以保证所有值的唯一性在指定的列从未侵犯。通过确保这个表有一个主键来实现这个表的实体完整性。有时，在一个表中一个以上的列（或列的组合）可以唯一标志一行，例如，雇员表可能有员工编号（ emp_id ）列和社会安全号码（ soc_sec_num ）列，两者的值都被认为是唯一的。这种列经常被称为替代键或候选键。这些项也必须是唯一的。虽然一个表只能有一个主键，但是它可以有多个候选键。 SQL Server的支持多个候选键概念进入唯一性约束。当一列或列的组合被声明是唯一的， SQL Server 会阻止任何行因为违反这个唯一性而进行的添加或更新操作。在没有故指的或者合适的键存在时，指定一个任意的唯一的数字作为主键，往往是最有效的。例如，企业普遍使用的客户号码或账户号码作为唯一识别码或主键。通过允许一个表中的一个列拥有身份属性，SQL Server可以更容易有效地产生唯一数字。您使用的身份属性可以确保每个列中的值是唯一的，并且值将从你指定的起点开始，以你指定的数量进行递增（或递减）。（拥有特定属性的列通常也有一个主键或唯一约束，但这不是必需的。）第二种类型的数据完整性是参照完整性。 SQL Server实现了表和外键约束之间的逻辑关系。外键是一个表中的列或列的组合，连接着另一个表的主键（或着也可能是替代键）。这两个表之间的逻辑关系是关系模型的基础;参照完整性意味着这种关系是从来没有被违反的。例如，一个包括出版商表和标题表的简单的select例子。在标题表中，列title_id （标题编号）是主键。在出版商表，列pub_id （出版者ID ）是主键。 titles表还包括一个pub_id列，这不是主键，因为出版商可以发布多个标题。相反， pub_id是一个外键，它对应着出版商表的主键。如果你在定义表的时候声明了这个关系， SQL Server由双方执行它。首先，它确保标题不能进入titles表，或在titles表中现有的pub_id无法被修改，除非有效的出版商ID作为新pub_id出现在出版商表中。其次，它确保在不考虑titles表中对应值的情况下，出版商表中的pub_id的值不做任何改变。以下两种方法可
互联网网络营销外文文献翻译 (含：英文原文及中文译文) 文献出处：Peter Kenzelmann. Technical Consultancy in Internationalization[J]. International Marketing Review, 2006, 4(3):20-29. 英文原文 The technical basis of network marketing Peter Kenzelmann Network marketing is based on the technology infrastructure of computer network technology, as represented by information technology. Computer networks of modern communications technology and computer technology to the product of combining it in different geographic regions and specialized computer equipment for external interconnection lines of communication into a large, powerful networks, thus enabling a large number of computers can easily transmit information to each other, share hardware, software, data and other resources. And network marketing is closely related to the computer network there are three types: the Internet, Extranet and Intranet. The theoretical basis for the network marketing Theoretical foundation of network marketing is direct marketing network theory, network theory of relationship marketing, marketing theory and network software to integrate marketing theory. (A) Direct Response Network Marketing Theory
Cover封面 Content目录 Design Explanation设计说明 Master Plan总平面 Space Sequence Analysis景观空间分析 Function Analysis功能分析 Landscape Theme Analysis景观景点主题分析图 Traffic Analysis交通分析 Vertical Plan竖向平面布置图 Lighting Furniture Layout灯光平面布置示意图 Marker/Background Music/Garbage Bin标识牌/背景音乐/垃圾桶布置图Plan平面图 Hand Drawing手绘效果图 Section剖面图 Detail详图 Central Axis中心公共主轴 Reference Picture参考图片 Planting Reference Picture植物选样 材料类： aluminum铝 asphalt沥青 alpine rock轻质岗石 boasted ashlars粗凿 ceramic陶瓷、陶瓷制品 cobble小圆石、小鹅卵石 clay粘土 crushed gravel碎砾石 crushed stone concrete碎石混凝土 crushed stone碎石 cement石灰 enamel陶瓷、瓷釉 frosted glass磨砂玻璃 grit stone/sand stone砂岩 glazed colored glass/colored glazed glass彩釉玻璃 granite花岗石、花岗岩 gravel卵石 galleting碎石片 ground pavement material墙面地砖材料 light-gauge steel section/hollow steel section薄壁型钢 light slates轻质板岩 lime earth灰土 masonry砝石结构
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Forests, Trees and Livelihoods, 2010, V ol. 19, pp. 319–340 ? 2010 A B Academic Publishers—Printed in Great Britain Which role for the non farm-sector in a forested landscape? lessons from Krui, indonesia Koen Kusters* University of Amsterdam and Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) abstract this article explores two interrelated premises. the first is that the non-farm sector is of increasing importance to rural household. the second is that non-farm growth reduces the pressure on natural resources. the article reports on an analysis of income trends in three villages in the Krui area, sumatra, Indonesia, by comparing household survey data from 1995 and 2004. Between these two years, neither the farm sector nor the non-farm sector showed sustained growth.Although the contribution of remittances to local incomes remained marginal, migration of unemployed and unmarried youngsters to urban areas has a positive effect on per capita incomes in the Krui area by decreasing the household size. With regard to the second premise the analysis shows that increased engagement in local non-farm activities does not automatically result in smaller landholdings. Increased engagement in ex-situ non-farm activities, however, helps to reduce pressure on local forest resources. introduction the mainstream debate on conservation and development is based on the assumptions that agriculture is both the main threat to conservation and the main engine for rural development. Consequently, a large body of literature exists on the possibilities to reform agriculture in such a way that it better fits conservation goals. two main approaches are promoted. the first is to support environmentally friendly agricultural systems such as agroforests, in addition to protected areas (scherr and Mcneely, 2003; Ashley et al., 2006). the second approach is to encourage agricultural intensification and to decrease pressure on protected areas by increasing the returns on existing agricultural land (Mellor, 2002; Green et al., 2005). Both approaches have practical problems. Agricultural systems with high biodiversity tend to be less productive than intensive agricultural systems (Van noordwijk et al., 1997) and may not be competitive when the opportunity cost of land and labour increases (Belcher et al., 2005). on the other hand, increasing the income per hectare of land through intensification can act as an incentive for agricultural expansion (Angelsen and Kaimowitz, 2001) and may create other environmental damage as well, for example through the overuse of *e-mail address: K.Kusters@uva.nl
NET-BASED TASK MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Hector Garcia-Molina, Jeffrey D. Ullman, Jennifer Wisdom ABSTRACT In net-based collaborative design environment, design resources become more and more varied and complex. Besides common information management systems, design resources can be organized in connection with design activities. A set of activities and resources linked by logic relations can form a task. A task has at least one objective and can be broken down into smaller ones. So a design project can be separated into many subtasks forming a hierarchical structure. Task Management System (TMS) is designed to break down these tasks and assign certain resources to its task nodes．As a result of decomposition.al1 design resources and activities could be managed via this system. KEY WORDS：Collaborative Design, Task Management System (TMS), Task Decomposition, Information Management System 1 Introduction Along with the rapid upgrade of request for advanced design methods, more and more design tool appeared to support new design methods and forms. Design in a web environment with multi-partners being involved requires a more powerful and efficient management system .Design partners can be located everywhere over the net with their own organizations. They could be mutually independent experts or teams of tens of employees. This article discusses a task management system (TMS) which manages design activities and resources by breaking down design objectives and re-organizing design resources in connection with the activities. Comparing with common information management systems (IMS) like product data management system and document management system, TMS can manage the whole design process. It has two tiers which make it much more f1exible in structure. The 1ower tier consists of traditional common IMSS and the upper one fulfills
网络营销策略分析外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)
Network marketing strategy analysis of VANCL Abstract:21 century is the information century, the development of science technology, economic and social is to meet the coming of age. The network marketing is also the Internet for media, to implement marketing campaigns in the new ways, method and idea, more effective individual and organization the realization of the trading activities. Enterprise how to develop the network marketing in such a huge market potential, occupation in emerging markets, to the enterprise both opportunities and challenges. The network marketing is also produced in the change of the values of consumers: meet the needs of the consumers, is the enterprise manages the core of the eternal. Using network of this high- technology to provide consumers with various types of service, is a important way of future competition advantage. V ANCL makes a huge success by the network marketing, and becomes a Chinese clothing network marketing market leader in the short term. Based on the network marketing way as the foundation, reading V ANCL marketing strategy. Key words:Network marketing Marketing strategy V ANCL The network marketing as a new marketing concept and marketing mode in a digital economy times, even if the enterprise opened up more broad market, and can lead and reforming the traditional marketing. The network marketing compared with the traditional marketing has the personality, interactive, economy, efficiency and obvious advantages, if V ANCL want to market in big foothold, it must learn to use the new marketing method, the most suitable for enterprise of the integration of traditional and modern marketing method. 1、The marketing situation of V ANCL With the development of the Internet, e-commerce enterprises emerging batches. The e-commerce market in other properties, once created "clothing direct sales model" the myth of a brief period of prosperity in PPG after into decline. And take the
城市景观设计中的生态规划 Ecological planning in the urban landscape design 城市景观设计中的生态规划 Ecological planning in the urban landscape design Abstract: This article discusses the urban landscape from the relation of the following three concepts: the landscape, the city and the ecology. This paper mainly discusses how the landscape influences the city's living environment.The landscape is a stigma in the land, which is of the relationship between human and human, between man and nature. There exists some subtle relationship among landscape, city and humanized design. key word：Urban landscape、Living environment、Humanization I. City and The Landscape (1) Overview of Landscape Design Landscape design, first, is a people's thinking activity, performed as an art activity.Diversified thoughts formed complex diverse landscape art style. Contemporary landscape design apparently see is the diversity of the landscape forms,in fact its essence is to keep the closing up to the natural order system, reflected the more respect for human beings, more in-depth perspective of the nature of human's reality and need, not to try to conquer the nature.it is not even imitating natural, but produce a sense of belonging. Landscape is not only a phenomenon but the human visual scene. So the earliest landscape implications is actually city scene. Landscape design and creation is actually to build the city. (2) The Relationship Between Landscape and Urban City is a product of human social, economic and cultural development, and the most complex type. It is vulnerable to the artificial and natural environmental conditions of interference. In recent decades, with worldwide the acceleration of urbanization, the urban population intensive, heavy traffic, resource shortage, environment pollution and ecology deterioration has become the focus of attention of the human society. In the current environment condition in our country, the problem is very serious. and in some urban areas, the pollution has quite serious, and greatly influenced and restricts the sustainable development of the city. Landscape is the relationship between man and man, man and nature. This is, in fact, a kind of human living process. Living process is actually with the powers of nature and the interaction process, in order to obtain harmonious process. The landscape is
广东工业大学华立学院 本科毕业设计（论文） 外文参考文献译文及原文 系部城建学部 专业土木工程 年级 2011级 班级名称 11土木工程9班 学号 23031109000 学生姓名刘林 指导教师卢集富 2015 年5 月
目录 一、项目成本管理与控制 (1) 二、Project Budget Monitor and Control (2) 三、施工阶段承包商在控制施工成本方面所扮演的作用 (3) 四、The Contractor's Role in Building Cost Reduction After Design (5)
一、外文文献译文（1） 项目成本管理与控制 随着市场竞争的激烈性越来越大，在每一个项目中，进行成本控制越发重要。本文论述了在施工阶段，项目经理如何成功地控制项目预算成本。本文讨论了很多方法。它表明，要取得成功，项目经理必须关注这些成功的方法。 1.简介 调查显示，大多数项目会碰到超出预算的问……功控制预算成本。 2.项目控制和监测的概念和目的 Erel and Raz (2000)指出项目控制周期包括测量成……原因以及决定纠偏措施并采取行动。监控的目的就是纠偏措施的...标范围内。 3.建立一个有效的控制体系 为了实现预算成本的目标，项目管理者需要建立一……被监测和控制是非常有帮助的。项目成功与良好的沟通密...决( Diallo and Thuillier, 2005)。 4.成本费用的检测和控制 4.1对检测的优先顺序进行排序 在施工阶段，很多施工活动是基于原来的计……用完了。第四，项目管理者应该检测高风险活动，高风险活动最有...重要(Cotterell and Hughes, 1995)。 4.2成本控制的方法 一个项目的主要费用包括员工成本、材料成本以及工期延误的成本。为了控制这些成本费用，项目管理者首先应该建立一个成本控制系统： a)为财务数据的管理和分析工作落实责任人员 b)确保按照项目的结构来合理分配所有的……它的变化 --在成本控制线上准确地记录所有恰...围、变更、进度、质量）相结合由于一个工程项目......虑时间价值影响后的结果。 4.3变化的检测和控制 Voropajev (1998)指出，施工环境的动态….更控制体系。可以从以下几个方面考虑： a) 为确保良好的结果，应检测...要因素，应该保证变更必须由合适的人员检查b）一旦被批准，变更应该发生....文件资料中(Voropajev, 1998,pl8) 5.结论 本文介绍了控制预算的最佳方法。首先，必………目的成功。