朗文词典注释所用2000核心词汇集
The Longman Defining Vocabulary
Words used in the definitions in this dictionary
All the definitions in this dictionary have been written using the words in this list. If a definition includes a word that is not in the list, that word is shown in small capital letters.
The Defining Vocabulary has been carefully chosen after a thorough study of all the well-known frequency lists of English words. Furthermore, only the most common and ‘entral’ meanings of the words in the list have actually been used in definitions. We have also used a special computer program that checks every entry to ensure that words from outside the Defining Vocabulary do not appear in definitions.
Word class restrictions
For some words in the list, a word class label such as n or adj is shown. This means that this particular word is used in definitions only in the word class shown. So anger, for example, is used only as a noun and not as a verb. But if no word class is shown for a word, it can be used in any of its usual word classes: answer, for example, is used in definitions both as a noun and as a verb.
Compound words
Definitions occasionally include compound words formed from words in the Defining Vocabulary, but this is only done if the meaning is completely clear. For example, the word businessman (formed from business and man) is used in some definitions.
Prefixes and suffixes
The main list is followed by a list of common prefixes and suffixes. These can be added to words in the main list to form derived words, provided the meaning is completely clear. For example, the word nervousness (formed by adding -ness to nervous) is used in some definitions.
Phrasal verbs
Phrasal verbs formed by combining words in the Defining Vocabulary (for example, put up with) are not used in definitions in the dictionary, except in a very small number of cases where the phrasal verb is extremely common and there is no common equivalent. So, for example, give up (as in give up smoking) and take off (as in the plane took off) are occasionally used.
Proper names
The Defining Vocabulary does not include the names of actual places, nationalities, religions, and so on, which are occasionally mentioned in definitions.
Pearson Education Limited 1999
A total of 2043 words,by Qxlee A
a abbreviation ability
able
about
above adv, prep abroad absence absent adj accept acceptable accident accidental according (to) account n achieve achievement acid
across
act
action
active
activity actor, actress actual actually
add
addition additional address adjective admiration admire
admit
adult advanced advantage
adventure n
adverb
advertise
advertisement
advice
advise
affair
affect
afford
afraid
after adv, conj, prep
afternoon
afterwards
again
against
age n
ago
agree
agreement
ahead
aim
air n
aircraft
airport
alcohol
alive
all adv, pron,
determiner,
predeterminer
allow
almost
alone
along
alphabet
already
also
although
always
among
amount n
amuse
amusement
amusing
an
ancient adj
and
anger n
angle n
angry
animal
announce
annoy
annoying
another
answer
anxiety
anxious
any
anyone
anything
anywhere
apart
apartment
appear
appearance
apple
approval
approve
area
argue
argument
arm n
army
around
arrange
arrangement
arrival
arrive
art
article
artificial
as
as opposed to
ashamed
ask
asleep
association
at
atom
attack
attempt
attend
attention
attitude
attract
attractive
authority
autumn
available
average adj, n
avoid
awake adj
away adv
awkward
baby
back adj, adv, n background backward(s) adv bad
bag n
bake v balance
ball n
band n
bank n
bar n
base n, v
basic
basket
bath n
battle n
be
beach n
beak
beam n
bean
bear
beat
beautiful
beauty
because
become
bed
beer
before
begin beginning behave behaviour behind adv, prep belief
believe
bell
belong
below
belt n
bend
beneath beside(s)
best
better adj, adv between beyond adj, adv bicycle n
big adj bill
bird
birth
bit
bite
bitter adj
black adj, n
blade
blame
blind adj
block
blood
blow
blue
board n
boat
body
boil
bomb
bone n
book n
boot n
border n
bored
boring
born
borrow
both
bottle n
bottom n
bowl n
box n
boy
brain n
branch n
brave adj
bread
break v
breakfast n
breast
breath
breathe
breed
brick
bridge n
bright
bring
broad adj
broadcast v
brother
brown adj, n
brush
build v
building
bullet
burn
burst v
bury
bus
bush
business
busy
but conj
butter n
button n
buy v
by prep
C
cake n calculate call v calm adj camera camp n, v can
cap capital n car
card
care
careful
careless
carriage
carry
case n
castle
cat
catch v
cattle
cause
ceiling
celebrate
cell
central
centre n
century
ceremony
certain adj,
determiner
chain n
chair n
chance n
change
character
charge chase v cheap cheat v check cheek n cheerful cheese chemical chemistry cheque chest chicken chief
child children chin chocolate choice n choose church n cigarette cinema circle n circular adj citizen
city
claim v class n clay
clean adj, v clear adj, v clever
cliff
climb v clock n close adj, adv, v
cloth
clothes
clothing
cloud n
club n
coal
coast n
coat n
coffee
coin n
cold adj, n
collar n
collect v
college
colour
comb
combination
combine v
come
comfort
comfortable
command
committee
common adj
communicate
communication
company
compare v
comparison
compete
competition
competitor
complain
complaint
complete
completely
complicated
compound n
computer
concern v
concerning
concert
condition n
confidence
confident
confuse
confusing
connect
connection
conscious
consider
consist
contain
container
continue
continuous
contract n
control
conversation
cook n, v
copy
corn
corner n
correct adj, v
cost
cotton
cough
could
council n
count v
country n
countryside
courage
course n
court n
cover
cow n
crack n, v
crash n, v
crazy
cream n
creature
crime
criminal
criticism
criticize
crop n
cross n, v
crowd
cruel
crush v
cry
cup n
cupboard
cure
curl
current n
curtain n
curve
custom n
customer
cut
cycle v
D
daily adj, adv damage dance danger dangerous dark date n
daughter
day
dead adj
deal n
deal with
death
debt
decay
deceive
decide
decision
decorate
decoration
decrease
deep adj
defeat
defence
defend definite definitely degree delay deliberate adj deliberately delicate deliver demand department depend dependent depth describe description desert n deserve design desirable desire
desk
destroy
destruction
detail n
determination
determined
develop
dictionary
die v
difference
different
difficult
difficulty
dig v
dinner
direct
direction
dirt
dirty adj
disappoint
disappointing
discover
discovery
discuss
discussion
disease n
dish n
dismiss
distance
distant
divide
do v
doctor n
document n
dog n
dollar
door
double adj, v,
predeterminer
doubt
down adv, prep
draw v
drawer
dream
dress n, v
drink
drive n, v
drop
drug n
drum n
drunk pastpart, adj
dry
duck n
dull adj
during
dust n
duty
E
each eager ear early earn earth n east eastern easy adj eat economic edge n educate educated education effect n effective effort egg eight either elbow elect v
election
electric
electricity
electronic
else
embarrass
embarrassing
emotion
emphasize
employ v
employer
employment
empty adj, v
enclose
encourage
end
enemy
energy
engine
engineer n
enjoy
enjoyable
enjoyment
enough
enter
entertain
entertainment
entrance n
envelope
environment
equal adj, n
equipment
escape
especially
establish
even adj, adv
evening
event
ever
every
everyone
everything
everywhere
evil
exact adj
exactly
examination
examine
example
excellent
except conj, prep
exchange
excite
exciting
excuse
exercise
exist
existence
expect
expensive
experience
explain
explanation
explode
explosion
explosive express v expression
extreme adj
extremely
eye
F
face
fact factory
fail v failure
fair adj fairly
faith faithful adj fall
false familiar family famous
far
farm farmer fashion n fashionable fast adj, adv fasten
fat
father n fault n favourable favourite adj fear n feather n feature n feed v
feel v
feeling(s)
female
fence n
fever
few
field n
fifth
fight
figure n
fill v
film
final adj
finally
financial
find v
find out
fine adj
finger n
finish v
fire
firm adj
first adj, determiner
fish
fit adj, v
five
fix v
flag n
flame n
flash n, v
flat adj
flesh
flight
float v
flood
floor n
flour n
flow
flower n
fly n, v
fold
follow
fond
food
foot n
football
for prep
force
foreign
foreigner
forest n
forget
forgive
fork n
form
formal
former
fortunate
forward(s) adv
four(th)
frame n
free
freedom
freeze v
frequent adj
fresh
friend
friendly
frighten
frightening
from
front adj, n
fruit n
full adj
fun
funeral
funny
fur n
furniture
further adj, adv
future
G
gain v game n garage n garden gas n gate gather v general adj generally generous gentle
gentleman
get
gift
girl
give v
glad
glass adj, n
glue
go v
goat
god
gold
good
goodbye
goods
govern
government
graceful
gradual
grain
gram
grammar
grand adj
grandfather
grandmother
grandparent
grass n
grateful
grave n
great adj green greet greeting grey adj, n ground n
group n
grow
growth
guard v
guess v
guest n
guide
guilty
gun n
H
habit hair
half
hall hammer n hand n handle hang v happen v happy hard hardly harm harmful hat
hate v hatred have
he head n
health
healthy
hear
heart
heat
heaven
heavy adj
heel n
height
hello
help
helpful
her(s)
here
herself
hide v
high adj, adv
hill
him
himself
his
historical
history
hit
hold v
hole
holiday n
hollow adj
holy
home adv, n
honest
honour n
hook n
hope
hopeful
horn
horse n
hospital
hot adj
hotel
hour
house n
how adv
human
humorous
humour
hundred(th)
hungry
hunt v
hurry
hurt v
husband n
I
ice n
idea
if
ignore
ill adj illegal illness image imaginary imagination imagine immediately importance important impressive improve improvement
in adv, prep
include
including
income
increase
independent
indoor(s)
industrial
industry
infect
infection
infectious
influence v
inform
information
injure
injury
ink n
inner
insect
inside
instead
institution
instruction
instrument
insult v
insulting
insurance
insure
intelligence
intelligent
intend
intention
interest
interesting
international adj
interrupt
into
introduce
introduction
invent
invitation
invite v
involve
inwards
iron adj, n
island
it pron its itself
J
jaw jewel jewellery job join
joint
joke
journey n
judge
judgement
juice
jump
just adv
justice
K
keen keep v key n kick kill v kilo kilogram
kilometre
kind
king
kiss
kitchen
knee n
kneel
knife n
knock v
knot
know v
knowledge
L
lack
lady
lake
lamb
lamp
land
language
large
last adv, determiner late
lately
laugh
laughter
law
lawyer
lay v
layer n
lazy
lead v
leaf n
lean v learn
least
leather
leave v
left
leg n
legal
lend
length adv, pron,
determiner
less
lesson
let v
let go of
letter
level adv, adj, n
library
lid
lie
lie down
life
lift
light
like prep, v
likely
limit
line n
lion
lip
liquid
list n
listen v
literature
litre
little
live v
load
local adj
lock
lonely
long adj, adv
look n, v
look after
look for
look sth up
loose adj
lord n
lose
loss
lot
loud
love
low adj
lower
loyal
loyalty
luck n
lucky
lung
M
machine n machinery magazine magic mail main adj make v make into make up v male man n manage manager manner many map n march v mark market n marriage married marry mass n match material n mathematics
matter
may v
me
meal
mean v
meaning n
means
measure
measurement
meat
medical adj
medicine
meet v
meeting
melt
member
memory
mental
mention v
message
metal n
method
metre
middle
might v
mile
miliary adj
milk n
million(th)
mind
mine n, pron
mineral
minister n
minute n
mirror n
miss v
mist n
mistake n
mix v
mixture
model n
modern adj
moment
money
monkey n
month
moon n
moral adj
more
morning
most
mother n
motor adj, n
mountain
mouse
mouth n
move v
movement
much
mud
multiply
murder
muscle n
music
musician
must v
my
mysterious
mystery
N
nail
name
narrow adj
nasty
nation
national adj natural adj nature
navy
near adj, adv, prep nearly
neat
necessary
neck need
needle n
negative adj
neither
nerve n
nervous
net n
network n
never
new
news
newspaper
next adj, adv
nice
night
nine
ninth
no adv, determiner
noise n
none pron
nonsense
no one
nor
normal
north
northern
nose n
not
note n
nothing
notice
noticeable
noun
now
nowhere
number n
nurse
nut
O
obey object n obtain occasion n ocean
o'clock of
off adv, prep offence offend offensive adj offer
office officer official often
oil n
old
old-fashioned
on adv, prep
once adv
one
onion
only
only just
onto
open adj, v
operate
operation
opinion
opponent
opportunity
oppose
as opposed to
opposite
opposition
or
orange
order
ordinary
organ
organize
organization
origin
original
other
ought
our(s)
out adj, adv
outdoor(s)
outer
outside
over adv, prep
owe
own
owner
oxygen
P
pack v package page n
pain n painful
paint painting
pair n
pale adj
pan n paper n parallel adj, n parent
park parliament part n participle particular adj partly partner n party n pass v passage passenger past
path patient adj pattern n pause
pay
payment
peace
peaceful
pen n
pence
pencil n
people n
pepper n
per cent
perfect adj
perform
performance
perhaps
period n
permanent
permission
person
personal
persuade
pet n
petrol
photograph
phrase n
physical adj
piano n
pick v
pick up
picture n
piece n
pig n
pile n
pilot n
pin
pink adj, n
pipe n
pity
place
plain adj, n
plan
plane n
plant
plastic
plate n
play
pleasant
please
pleased
pleasure n
plenty pron
plural
pocket n
poem
poet
poetry
point
pointed
poison
poisonous
pole n
police n
polish v
polite
political
politician
politics
pool n
poor
popular
population
port n
position n
positive
possess
possession
possible adj
possibly
possibility
post
pot n
potato
pound n
pour
powder n power n powerful practical practice practise praise
pray
prayer prefer preparation prepare present adj, n preserve v president press v pressure n pretend
pretty adj
prevent
previous
price n
priest
prince
principle
prison
prisoner
private adj
prize n
probably adj
problem
process n
produce v
product
production
profession
profit n
programme
progress n
promise
pronounce
pronunciation
proof n
proper
property
proposal
protect
protection
protective
protest
proud
prove
provide
public
pull
pump
punish
punishment
pupil
pure
purple
purpose n
push
put
Q
quality quantity quarrel quarter n
queen n
question
quick adj
quiet adj, n
quite
R
rabbit n race radio n railway rain raise v range n rank n rapid adj rare
rat n rate n rather raw reach v react reaction read v ready adj real realize
really
reason
reasonable
receive
recent
recently
recognize
record n, v
red
reduce
reduction
refusal
refuse v
regard v
regular adj
related
relative
relation
relationship
relax
relaxing
religion
religious
remain
remark n
remember
remind
remove v
rent
repair
repeat v
replace
reply
report
represent
representative n
request n
respect
responsible
rest
restaurant
restrict
result
return n, v
reward
rice
rich
rid
ride
right adj, adv, n
ring n
rise
risk
river
road
rob
rock n
roll v
romantic adj
roof n room n root n rope n rose rough adj
round adj, adv, prep
row
royal adj
rub v
rubber
rude
ruin v
rule
ruler
run
rush v
S
sad
safe adj safety
sail
sale
salt n
same
sand n satisfaction satisfactory satisfy
save v
say v
scale n scatter v scene school n science scientific scientist scissors screen n screw
sea
search season n seat
second adv, n, determiner secret secretary
see v
seed n
seem
sell v
send
sense n sensible
sensitive
sentence n
separate adv, v
series
serious
servant
serve
service n
set n, v
settle v
seven(th)
several
severe
sex n
sexual
shade
shadow n
shake
shall
shame n
shape
share
sharp adj
she
sheep
sheet
shelf
shell n
shelter
shine v
shiny
ship n
shirt
shock n, v
shocking
shoe n
shoot v
shop
shore n
short adj
shot n
should
shoulder n
shout
show n, v
shut
shy
sick adj
side n
sideways
sight n
sign
signal
silence n
silent
silk
silly
silver
similar
simple
since
sincere n
sing
single adj
singular
sink v
sister
sit
situation
six(th)
size n
skilful
skill
skin n
skirt n
sky n
sleep
slide v
slight adj
slippery
slope
slow
small
smell
smile
smoke
smooth adj
snake n
snow
so
soap n
social adj
society
sock n
soft
soil n
soldier n
solid
solution
solve
some pron,
determiner
somehow
someone
something
sometimes
somewhere
son
song
soon
sore adj sorry
sort n
soul
sound n, v soup
sour adj south southern space n speak special adj specific speech speed n spell v spend
spin v
spirit n
in spite of split v
spoil v spoon n sport n
spot n spread v spring square adj, n stage n
stair
stamp
stand v
standard
star n
start
state
statement
station n
stay
steady adj
steal v
steam n
steel n
steep adj
stem n
step
stick
sticky
stiff adj
still adj, adv
sting
stitch
stomach n
stone n
stop
store
storm n
story
straight adj, adv
strange
stream n
street
strength
stretch v
strict
strike v
string n
strong
structure n
struggle
student
study
stupid
style n
subject n
substance
succeed
success
successful
such
suck v
sudden
suffer
sugar n
suggest
suit
suitable
sum n
summer
sun n
supply n, v
support n, v
suppose
sure adj
surface n
surprise
surprising
surround v
swallow v
swear
sweep v
sweet
swell v
swim
swing
sword
sympathetic
sympathy
system
T
table n tail n take v talk
tall
taste
tax
taxi n tea teach team n tear technical telephone television
tell
temper n
temperature
temporary
ten
tend
tendency
tennis
tense n
tent
terrible
test
than
thank
that conj, pron,
determiner
the
theatre
their(s)
them
then adv
there
therefore
these
they
thick adj
thief
thin adj
thing
think v
third
this pron, determiner
thorough
those
though
thought
thousand(th)
thread n
threat
threaten
threatening
three
throat
through adv, prep throw
thumb n
ticket n
tidy adj, v
tie
tight adj
time n
tired
tiring
title
to
tobacco
today
toe n together
toilet
tomorrow
tongue
tonight
too
tool n
tooth
top adj, n
total adj, n
touch
tourist
towards
tower n
town
toy n
track n
trade n
traditional
traffic n
train
training
translate
transparent
trap
travel
treat v
treatment
tree
tribe
trick n, v
trip n
tropical
trouble
trousers
true adj
trust
truth
try v
tube
tune n
turn
twice
twist
two
type n
typical
tyre
U
ugly under prep understand underwear undo unexpected uniform n union
unit
unite
universe
university
unless
until
unusual
up adj, adv, prep
upper
upright adj, adv
upset v, adj
upside down
upstairs adj, adv
urgent
us
use
useful
useless
usual
V
valley valuable adj value n variety various vegetable
vehicle
verb
very adv
victory
view n
village
violence
violent
visit
voice n
vote
vowel
W
wages waist
wait v wake v walk
wall n
war n warm adj, v warmth
warn
warning
wash
waste
watch
water
wave
way
we
weak
wealth
weapon
wear v
weather n
weave v
wedding
week
weekly adj, adv
weigh
weight n
welcome
well adj, adv, n
west
western adj
wet adj
what predeterminer, determiner, pron whatever
wheat
wheel n
when adv, conj whenever
where
whether
which
while conj
whip
whistle white
who
whole
whose
why adv, conj
wide adj, adv
width
wife
wild adj, adv
will
willing
win v
wind
window
wine n
wing n
winter
wire n
wise adj
wish
with
within
without
woman
wood
wooden
wool
word n
work
world
worry
worse
worst
worth
would
wound
wrap v
wrist
write
wrong adj, adv, n
Y
year yellow yes yet
you
young adj
your(s)
Z zero
**最常用2000英语单词** One 1 the [e?, ei:] art.这，那 ad.[用于比较级；最高级前] 2 be [bi:,bi] aux. v.(am,is,are之原型) vi.是;在 3 of [?v, ?, ?v] prep.…的；由…制成的；关于；由于 4 and [?nd, ?nd] conj.和；那么;然后;而且 5 a [ei, ?, ?n, ?n] art.一(个)；任何一(个)；每一(个) 6 to [tu:, tu, t?] prep.向；对；趋于；直到…为止；比；到 7 in [in] prep.在…里；以；穿着；由于 ad.进；到达 8 he [hi:, hi] pron.他；(不论性别的)一个人 9 have [h?v,h?v] aux. v.已经 vt.有；进行；经受；吃；取得 10 it [it] pron.它；这；那 11 that [e?t] a./ pron.那，那个； ad.那样，那么 12 for [f?, f?:] prep.为；对，供，适合于；向 conj.因为故 13 they [eei] pron.他(或她、它)们 14 I [ai] pron.我 15 with [wie, wiθ] prep.和，跟，同；具有；用；关于；随着 16 as [?z, ?z] ad.同样地 prep.当作 conj.随着;因为 17 not [n?t] ad.不，没，不是 18 on [?n] prep.在…上；向；处于；在 ad.上；向前 19 she [?i:, ?i] pron.她 20 at [?t, ?t] prep.在;向;以;处于;因为;从事 21 by [bai] prep.被；凭借；经由；由于 ad.在近旁；经过 22 this [eis] a.这，这个；今，本 pron.这，这个 23 we [wi:, wi] pron.我们 24 you [ju, ju:] pron.你，你们 25 do [du, du:] aux. v.[代替动词] v.做，干，行动 26 but [b?t,b?t] conj.但是；而(是) prep.除…以外 ad.只 27 from [fr?m,fr?m] prep.出自；离；去除；从；因为；由；与 28 or [?:, ?] conj.或，或者；或者说；否则，要不然 29 which [wit?] pron./ a.哪一个(些)；[关系代词]那个(些) 30 one [w?n] num.一 pron.一个(人) a.一个的；一体的 31 would [wud] aux. v.[will的过去式]；总会；也许；请 32 all [?:l] a.全部的；尽量的 ad.很 pron.全部 33 will [wil] aux. v.将；愿意 n.意志；遗嘱 vt.用意志驱使
A ability able about above abroad absence absent accept acceptable accident accidental according (to) account achieve achievemen t acid across act action active activity actor actress actual actually add addition additional address adjective admiration admire admit adult advanced advantage adventure adverb advertise advertisem ent advice advise affair affect afford afraid after afternoon afterwards again against age ago agree agreement ahead aim air aircraft airport alcohol alive all allow almost alone along alphabet already also although always among amount amuse amusement amusing an ancient and anger angle angry animal announce annoy annoying another answer anxiety anxious any anyone anything anywhere apart apartment appear appearance apple approval approve area argue argument arm army around
a ability about above abroad absence absent accept acceptable accident accordance according according to account ache acid across act action active activity actor actress actual add addition address adjective admiration admire admit admittance adult advance advantage adventure adverb advertise advertisement advice advise affair afford Longman 2200 afraid after afternoon afterwards again against age ago agree agreement ahead aim air aircraft airforce airport alcohol alike alive all allow almost alone along aloud alphabet already also although altogether always among amount amuse amusement amusing an ancient and anger angle angry animal ankle annoy annoyance another answer ant anxiety anxious any anyhow anyone anything anywhere apart apparatus appear appearance apple appoint approval approve arch area argue argument arm armor arms army around arrange arrangement arrival arrive art article artificial as ash ashamed aside ask asleep
下载文档到电脑，查找使用更方便 5下载券 412人已下载 下载 还剩5页未读，继续阅读 List of Words Used in Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English 4 hair half n,adj,adv hall hammer n,v hand n,v handkerchief handle n,v hang happen happening happiness happy harbour n hard adj,adv hardly harm n,v haste n hasten hastily hasty hat
n,v hatred have he head n,adj health n healthy heap n,v hear heart heat n,v heaven heavy heel height help n,v hen her(s) pron,adj here hide v high adj,adv hill him Hindu(ism) hire v
his historical history hit n,v hold n,v hold n holiday hollow adj holy home n,adj,adv honest honesty honour n honourable -hood hook n,v hope n,v horizon horn n horse n hospital host hot
hour house n how human adj humble adj humour , humorous hunger hungry hunt v hurry v hurt v husband n hut I I -ible -ic -ical ice n icy idea if ill adj
任何语言都是由词汇构成的, 词汇是最小的语言单位。在英汉翻译活动中, 词汇也起了不可估量的作用。成功的译作必须以正确的选词为基础。由于英汉两种语言的文化背景、所属语系、构词方法和表达方式的差异以及一词多义现象的存在, 导致了两种语言在表达同一思想时选词的差异。因此, 为了确切地表达原文, 必须在目标语中选择适当的词。选词必须遵循一定的标准要求, 鉴于此, 本文拟对有关的标准要求作进一步的探讨。 关于选词的标准, 历来各家各派众说纷纭, 但准确( f idelity )、简洁( conciseness )、生动(gracefu lness) 三点则是公认的。当然某词语用得是否符合标准要求, 不可孤立地从词语本身的含义上着眼, 还要看其具体使用场合以及同其它词语的搭配等。 准确就是要根据使用场合选用确切的词语来如实地反映客观实际。单个的词语一般都能如实地反映客观实际, 除非这个词反映了那些客观上不存在的事物, 如“神仙”“妖怪”“永动机”等。在翻译过程中, 一些译者往往受母语的影响, 选择了不能如实反映客观实际的词语, 此时, 就要加以必要的修改, 选择最准确的表达方式。 在我国, 自古以来就有无数文人墨客恪守此训, 唐代大诗人杜甫“为人性僻耽佳句, 语不惊人死不休”和贾岛因“推敲”二字的斟酌而被传为佳话。翻译家们也务求词语选择的精练和准确, 朱生豪“每译一段, 必先自拟为读者, 察阅译文中有无暧昧不明之处。又必自拟为舞台上之演员, 审辨语调之否顺口, 音节之否调和。一字一句之未惬, 往往苦思累日。”傅雷则说:“《老实人》的译文前后改过八道。”[ 1 ] 例1: 贾母一语未了, 只听得后院中有人笑声说??
朗文词典2000基础词汇 A ability about above abroad absence absent accept acceptable accident accordance according account ache acid across act action active activity actor actress actual add addition address adjective admiration admire admit admittance adult advance advantage adventure adverb advertise advertisement advice advise affair afford afraid after afternoon afterwards again against age ago agree agreement ahead aim air aircraft airforce airport alcohol alike alive all allow almost alone along aloud alphabet already also although altogether always among amount amuse amusement amusing an ancient and anger angle angry animal ankle annoy annoyance another answer ant anxiety anxious any anyhow anyone anything anywhere apart apparatus appear appearance apple appoint approval approve arch area argue argument arm armor arms army around arrange arrangement arrival arrive art article artificial as ash ashamed aside ask asleep association at atom attack attempt attend attendance attention attract attractive aunt autumn average avoid awake away awkward B baby back background backward backwards bacteria bad bag bake balance ball banana band bank bar bare
1 the 2 be 3 of 4 and 5 a 6 to 7 in 8 he 9 have 10 it 11 that 12 for 13 they 14 I 15 with 16 as 17 not 18 on 19 she 20 at 21 by 22 this 23 we 24 you 25 do 26 but 27 from 28 or 29 which 30 one 31 would 32 all 33 will 34 there 35 say 36 who 37 make 38 when 39 can 40 more 41 if 42 no 43 man 44 out 45 other 46 so 47 what 48 time 49 up 50 go 51 about 52 than 53 into 54 could 55 state 56 only 57 new 58 year 59 some 60 take 61 come 62 these 63 know 64 see 65 use 66 get 67 like 68 then 69 first 70 any 71 work 72 now 73 may 74 such 75 give 76 over 77 think 78 most 79 even 80 find 81 day 82 also 83 after 84 way 85 many 86 must 87 look 88 before
89 great 90 7 back 91 through 92 long 93 where 94 much 95 should 96 well 97 people 98 down 99 own 100 just 101 because 102 good 103 each 104 those 105 feel 106 seem 107 how 108 high 109 too 110 place 111 little 112 world 113 very 114 still 115 nation 116 hand 117 old 118 life 119 tell 120 write 121 become 122 here 123 show 124 house 125 both 126 between 127 need 128 mean 129 call 130 develop 131 under 132 last 133 right 134 move 135 thing 136 general 137 school 138 never 139 same 140 another 141 begin 142 while 143 number 144 part 145 turn 146 real 147 leave 148 might 149 want 150 point 151 form 152 off 153 child 154 few 155 small 156 since 157 against 158 ask 159 late 160 home 161 interest 162 large 163 person 164 end 165 open 166 public 167 follow 168 during 169 present 170 without 171 again 172 hold 173 govern 174 around 175 possible 176 head
朗文词典2000基础词汇 a ability about above abroad absence absent accept acceptable accident accordance according account ache acid across act action active activity actor actress actual add addition address adjective admiration admire admit admittance adult advance advantage adventure adverb advertise advertisement advice advise affair afford afraid after afternoon afterwards again against age ago agree agreement ahead aim air aircraft airforce airport alcohol alike alive all allow almost alone along aloud alphabet already also although altogether always among amount amuse amusement amusing an ancient and anger angle angry animal ankle annoy annoyance another answer ant anxiety anxious any anyhow anyone anything anywhere apart apparatus appear appearance apple appoint approval approve arch area argue argument arm armor arms army around arrange arrangement arrival arrive art article artificial as ash ashamed aside ask asleep association at atom attack attempt attend attendance attention attract attractive aunt autumn average avoid awake away awkward b baby back background backward backwards bacteria bad bag bake balance ball banana band bank bar bare barrel base basket
想象一下，我们说汉语这么多年，才会多少个汉字？我打开汉语字典，以上都不认识？但是，这不耽误我交流？所以，英美国家用于交流地词汇也太多？另外，英语中除了人名和地名外，以上地词汇是外来语，这些外来语来自于拉丁语系地词汇，也有来自于德语，背过词汇地人感觉自己很厉害了，地出题范围是美国人认可地主流单词（以韦氏字典为准）总数，若去除词性转变和不可能考地单词地话，还有习语、俚语、行话、等大约有万个，可是英语到底有多少单词？说出来吓你一大跳？万千百个，这是一个叫做组织发布地.但这些单词里地单词是永远也用不到地，就算你把地单词都背地滚瓜烂熟，也没有什么用，因为那些单词也就是考试中能用到，在日常生活中是用不到，所以，当你长时间不用那些单词地话，随着年龄地增长也就慢慢遗忘了. 中国单词量最大地学者，应该是新东方集团地董事长俞敏洪老师，词汇书就是他编写地，我听过他地访谈节目，他词汇量最大地时候，达万多，一本朗文字典和一本牛津字典全部背完，但是，他声称由于许多单词在日常生活中都用不到，慢慢地就剩一两万了，这个例子就说明，花了年地时间，花大量努力所背地单词，除了日常地单词以外，其他不经常用地将全部忘掉，我们背，托福，雅思这么难地单词就是为了考试，而不是为了和外国人交流.文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习 如果你用那些词汇跟外国人交流地话，老外可能都听不懂，英美人士也就用千个词汇来交流，他们不会花时间背那么多地单词来考试，大家想一下，谁花过时间来背汉语地新华字典，为了在语文考试中取得高分呢？所以，我地观点是，除非你背大量地单词就是为了参加出国留学地考试，要不然一点用都没有，否则，如果你能灵活地掌握个词汇都够用于和外国人流利地日常交流啦！其实，英语中最核心地词汇就万多个，如果你能掌握这一万多个词汇，你地英语水平走到哪里都够用了！文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习 由亿多词地世界上最大地英语语料库产生地，个常用词为英语地核心词汇，参照著名地英语教学语料库（），选定这，个单词为英语中最核心重要地词汇，这些单词主要收录于世界上最权威地英语字典，在词典中出现频率最高地单词地后面会由五个菱形地符号来表示，菱形越少，表示单词使用地频率越低，，总共有个五个菱形地词汇，个四个菱形地词汇，个三个菱形地词汇，个二个菱形地词汇，个一个菱形地词汇，单词后面没有菱形地词汇，就是一些地名，学名，专业术语或根本不重要，没有必要掌握地词汇，所以根据这本字典便可以知道哪些词汇必须掌握，哪些不用掌握，五个菱形地词汇就是必须灵活掌握地，他们在英语中地使用频率达到，一个菱形地词汇就是可会可不会地词汇.文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习 所以，我地理论焦点就是，只要掌握这个单词，英语能力就可以说一辈子都够用了，走到世界任何地方都可以得到施展了，但是掌握这些单词并不是一件容易事，可能一提到单词，大家就联想背，因为传统教育地唯一方法就是背，即使我把这个核心词汇全列举出来，够你背几年地,等你背完最后一个单词地时候，前面背地都忘记了，因为英语能力地提高绝对不是靠背地.文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习 我们违背大脑记忆地规律，一味地背下去，只会使大脑越来越疲惫，对英语地怠慢性越来越严重，所以，很多英语学习者在尝试很多方法后，如果还没成功地话，将会彻底放弃对英语地继续学习，因为我们学习地机制就是离不开死记硬背，如果你能从今天就不再死记硬背地话，你就成功一半了，英语不是攻读地对象,而是熟悉地对象,在我学习<<千万别学英语>>地时候,我才真正了解这个理论,作者说,英语是,也就是说英语不是靠硬学硬背地,而是靠不断地熟悉和接触，从而触类旁通或潜移默化掌握地，绝对不是背地，我认为《千万别学英语》是我学过最好地学习法，但连第一阶段都没通过，所以，我不能评论这个方法，但是，我在《千万别学英语》地理论基础上进行创新，并且融合了位英语界权威人士地理论，才创造出我自己地理论，我这本书很大层次上可以说是《千万别学英语》地升级版本，不管怎么样，
说明： 1.分别单列出“口语”中最常使用的前1000,2000,3000的单词，每部分进一步按书面语的词频排序。 2.对于在口语词汇中未出现的，书面语中的前1000,2000,3000的剩余单词，也随后列出。 往往越基本的词汇词义越多，使用也更灵活，当然也最重要，让我们把最多的时间花在最重要的单词上。百度yuxiangdui 注： S = Spoken English W = Written English 1,2,3分别表示词频前1000,2000,3000，S4表示不在口语前3000中，W4表示不在书面语前3000中 排序方式： S1W1 S1W2 S1W3 S1W4 S2W1 S2W2 S2W3 S2W4 S3W1 S3W2 S3W3 S3W4 W1S4 W2S4 W3S4 【S1W1】 a indefinite article,determiner S1, W1 able adj S1, W1 about prep S1, W1 about adv S1, W1 accept v S1, W1 account n S1, W1 across adv, prep S1, W1 act n S1, W1 action n S1, W1 actually adv S1, W1 add v S1, W1 after prep, conj, adv S1, W1 again adv S1, W1 against prep S1, W1 age n S1, W1 ago adv S1, W1 agree v S1, W1 air n S1, W1 all determiner, predeterminer, pron S1, W1 all adv S1, W1 allow v S1, W1 almost adv S1, W1 along adv S1, W1 along prep S1, W1 already adv S1, W1 also adv S1, W1
词汇学习是英语学习的基本功，英语解构学习法认为词汇是英语学习的第一阶梯，没有这一级的坚实基础，读写听说都无从谈起。词汇对考研的准备来说尤为重要，每年的考研试题都有一定量的超纲词汇，所以可以说词汇准备的好坏直接决定考研的成败。那么，如何有效的进行词汇学习呢？ 首先，对词汇学习的态度决定词汇学习的质量。词汇乃是英语学习的第一大敌，无论从战略上还是战术上都要给予足够的重视。其中包括； 1)对大纲规定词汇的研究(注意我说的是研究，不是拿来就背)，要将其中的动词以及其他不熟悉释义的词汇结合权威词典(如朗文英汉1995 版、新英汉词典、牛津中阶英汉词典2000 版等)的释义进行熟记； 2)要研究历年考试题中超纲词汇的特点，借助词源学和构词法对其进行猜测练习，了解超纲词汇的范围； 3)要做历年的真题，积累其中的生词(每个人的词汇盲点是不同的，只有靠自己筛选挖掘)。 其次，背单词每天要达到一定的量，可根据自己的基础和时间分配情况来定，但最低不要少于每天30 个词。因为词汇的总量是有限的，量越大重复的比例才会越高，记住的可能性才越大。对头一天背过的词复习时每个词汇的目光停留时间应在三秒，即100个单词5分钟复习完毕，想不起来的词作上标记，然后再用同样的时间间隔第二遍复习作了标记的词，凡辨认出的词即擦去标记，未辨认出的词参考释义，再行记忆。 其三，要讲究方法。多年的词汇教学表明，词汇的复现很大程度上取决于记忆的方法。由于记忆的方法必须是结合单词来讲的，限于篇幅的关系我在此不一一赘述，但有几个记忆误区必须指出： 1)读字母顺序记忆单词(似乎很多老师都是这样引领学生背单词的)是不科学的，其中的原理我不便在此展开论述，我想提醒的是字母组合与单词的汉语释义之间毫无联系； 2)按词汇表的序来记忆单词，这造成的惯性混淆和背不完则几乎全军覆灭的悲惨结果是显而易见的； 3)抱着一本词汇表背，这样做的结果是词汇换个地方就眼熟不认识； 4)每个单词只复习最熟悉的释义，结果是词义记忆单一，又缺乏上下文的理解能力，使单词变成死词； 5)急起来一阵狂背，放下去好久不看； 6)没有把背单词当成时时刻刻的思念，把学英文看成是书本上、课堂上的东西，没有发现任何事物与学英文的联系。
朗文2000解释用词 The Longman Defining Vocabulary 2000 说明：本词汇表根据《朗文当代英语辞典》（Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English）（外语教学与研究出版社，1997年版）第B16~B22页的词汇表编辑而成。编辑本表的目的是为了让成年人在最短的时间内掌握能够阅读和使用该词典所必须的有效词汇量。使用用简明文字进行解释的全英字典对成年人来说最大的好处就是帮助自己实现用英语进行思维，用英语学习英语，在学习中提高，最后掌握地道英语的目标，从而彻底改变“中国式英语”的尴尬局面。本词汇表的最后还有作者编录的“英语单词常见字母组合表”、“英语常见词缀”、“英语趣味词串”三个附录，目的是为了让学员掌握科学有效的单词记忆法和养成良好的记忆习惯，迅速扩大有用词汇量。请学员一并学习掌握。关于其它有效记忆方法，请学员注意在课堂上听讲和介绍。 a 一个，某个（语）abbreviation 缩写 ability 能力 able 有能力的，能干的about 关于；大约；到处 （语） above 在上方（语）above a. 上面的，前述的abroad 在国外 absence 缺席 accept 接受 acceptable 可接受的，尚可的accident 事故 accidental 偶然的according to 依照 account 考虑；帐户achieve 达成，实现achievement 成就 acid 酸 across 越过；对面（语）across adv.（语） act 行为，表现；法规act v. 行动 action 行动，动作active 活跃的 activity 活动 actor 演员 actress 女演员 actual 真实的 actually 实际上 add 增加；补充说addition 附加，加法additional 附加的 address 地址 adjective 目标，目的admiration 羡慕，爱慕，崇拜admire 崇拜，爱慕admit 承认 adult 成人 adult adj. 成人的advanced 先进的，高级的adventure 冒险（事业）；投 机 adverb 副词 advertise （做）广告advertisement 广告 advice 忠告 advise 劝告 affair 事件，桃色新闻affect 影响 afford 负担；买得起afraid 害怕 after 在…之后（语）afternoon 下午 afterwards 然后，以后again 再一次 against 对着，反对（语）age 年龄 ago 以前 agree 同意 agreement 协议 ahead 向前，前方
[设计]朗文词典注释所用2000核心词汇集The Longman Defining Vocabulary Words used in the definitions in this dictionary All the definitions in this dictionary have been written using the words in this list. If a definition includes a word that is not in the list, that word is shown in small capital letters. The Defining Vocabulary has been carefully chosen after a thorough study of all the well-known frequency lists of English words. Furthermore, only the most common and ‘entral’ meanings of the words in the list have actually been used in definitions. We have also used a special computer program that checks every entry to ensure that words from outside the Defining Vocabulary do not appear in definitions. Word class restrictions For some words in the list, a word class label such as n or adj is shown. This means that this particular word is used in definitions only in the word class shown. So anger, for example, is used only as a noun and not as a verb. But if no word class is shown for a word, it can be used in any of its usual word classes: answer, for example, is used in definitions both as a noun and as a verb. Compound words Definitions occasionally include compound words formed from words in the Defining Vocabulary, but this is only done if the meaning is
1 LONGMAN COMMUNICATION 3000 Longman Communication 3000 The Longman Communication 3000 is a list of the 3000 most frequent words in both spoken and written English, based on statistical analysis of the 390 million words contained in the Longman Corpus Network – a group of corpuses or databases of authentic English language. The Longman Communication 3000 represents the core of the English language and shows students of English which words are the most important for them to learn and study in order to communicate effectively in both speech and writing. Analysis of the Longman Corpus Network shows that these 3000 most frequent words in spoken and written English account for 86% of the language. This means that by knowing this list of words, a learner of English is in a position to understand 86% or more of what he or she reads. Of course, “knowing” a word involves more than simply being able to recognise it and know a main meaning of it. Many of the most frequent words have a range of different meanings, a variety of different grammatical patterns, and numerous significant collocations. Nonetheless, a basic understanding of the Longman Communication 3000 is a very powerful tool and will help students develop good comprehension and communication skills in English. ‘This [frequency] information is gold dust for the language learner. LDOCE shows in graphic and immediate form which words are really worth learning and knowing how to use.’ Jeremy Harmer, EL T author T o ensure that users have access to the appropriate information, the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English marks all the words that are in the Longman Communication 3000 in red accompanied by special symbols: W1, W2, and W3 for words that are in the top 1000, 2000 and 3000 most frequent words in written English, and S1, S2 and S3 for the top 1000, 2000 and 3000 most frequent words in spoken English. Nowadays, many learner’s dictionaries include information about the most frequent words in English, but Longman dictionaries are the only ones to highlight the differences between spoken and written frequency.These frequency markers added to the headwords in the dictionary give users access to a wealth of information that can help the selection of the appropriate word or phrase in a variety of situations. Not only are the words and meanings given descriptive labels, for example formal or informal, AmE (American English) or BrE (British English), humorous, old-fashioned, but now they have the added information about relative frequency in spoken and written language. T ake for example the verb book (in the meaning of book a table at a restaurant). It is marked as S2 – one of the top 2000 words of spoken English. Note that is has no marker for written English because according to corpus analysis, it is not part of the top 3000 most frequent words in written English. However, the entry also indicates that a synonym for book is reserve which is in the top 3000 most frequent words in written English. The conclusion to be drawn from this is that in speaking (for instance when phoning a hotel or restaurant), book is the most appropriate verb to use when asking for a room or table to be kept for you. In writing, however, it would be more appropriate to use reserve. ‘There are two distinct modes of English: thoughtful, accurate and more formal, reflected mostly by written English; and spontaneous, real-time, less formal language, typified by spontaneous speech and some informal writing.’ Professor Geoffrey Leech, Emeritus Professor of English Language and Linguistics – University of Lancaster Learning a language can be exciting, but also sometimes difficult and frustrating because there are so many things to learn and it is difficult to know what to focus on. The frequency markers that identify the Longman Communication 3000 help students see clearly which words are frequent in written and spoken English, and enable them to focus more attention on mastering the meanings, grammatical patterns and collocations of these words.