下载文档原格式
第二章词汇（重点难点）第一节词和词汇一、确定词的问题1.词的定义词是语言中有意义的最小的能独立运用的语言单位。
能对词的定义展开阐述。
2.确定词的一般方法：扩展法、剩余法。
词的确定有一定难度，教材介绍了几种确定词的方法，可供实践运用。
二、词汇中的固定语1.什么是固定语固定语是指在语言中作用相当于词、可以把词作为构成成分的独立运用单位。
固定语根据其特点可分专门用语和熟语两个大类。
2.专门用语专门用语是指各个学科、各个部门的术语、行业语，是以词作为构成成分的短语，不包括以词的形式出现的术语和行业语。
专门用语的特点是固定使用，作用上相当于一个词的功能。
专门用语包括专名词语、术语、行业语三类。
3.熟语熟语指成语、谚语、歇后语、惯用语这样一些结构固定、意义独特的固定语。
成语根据构成成分的特点，可分名词性成语、动词性成语、形容词性成语四类，主谓关系和动宾关系的成语根据谓语和动词中心确定词性。
谚语可分不同的类别，有下列一些共同特点：一是材料的选择与我国历史上的故事传说、典章文化、动植山川有关；二是反映了民族特有的心理状态；三是反映了特有的经济生活、地理环境；四是形式上音节搭配整齐，多对偶排比，多韵语。
谚语和成语的区别是：第一，成语书面语性强，谚语口语性强；第二，成语比谚语更加定型化；第三，成语在语言运用中作用一般相当于词，谚语多数可以独立成句。
歇后语可以分为前后两个部分，前后之间有一种引注关系，结构上很有特点。
惯用语的特点：第一，大部分由三个音节构成；第二，意义和结构上有定型特点，以动宾关系为主；第三，有一定的灵活性。
三、现代汉语词汇规范问题认识词汇规范的意义，把握规范的几个具体问题，其中重点注意异形词的规范。
第二节构词研究一、构词法1.构词法分析的基础构词法分析的基础是分析合成词的构成成分的意义、作用及其间的关系。
根据构词语素的特点，一般把合成词分为组合式、附加式、综合式三大类，其中组合式可细分为并列式、限定式、补充式、支配式、陈述式五类，附加式可分前附式、后附式两类。
Introduction 部分：Lexicology 这门课算哪一种学科的分支: Lexicology is a branch of linguistics.Lexicology和那些重要的学科建立了联系: 1)Morphology 2) Semantics 3) Stylistics 4) Etymology 5) Lexicography研究lexicology 的两大方法:1) Diachronic approach : 历时语言学2) Synchronic approach : 共时语言学e.g. wife纵观历时语言学的方法论，woman 词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式？Woman 的词义的变化算Narrowing or specialization第一章：What is word ?词具有哪些特点？词的特点也就是对词的名词解释。
1) A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function.2) A sound unity or a given sound ;3) a unit of meaning;4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类（classification of a word）词根据发音可以分为哪两种词？或者说词根据拼写可以分为哪两类词？1) simple words 2) complex words单音节词例子：e.g. Man and fine are simple多音节词例子：e.g. Management, misfortune, blackmail management 可以次划分为manage 和 -ment misfortune 可以次划分为mis- 和 fortune blackmail 次划分为black 和 mailWhat is the relationship between sound and meaning?1)There is …no logical relationship between the sound and actual thing.e.g. dog. cat2)The relationship between them is conventional.3) In different languages the same concept can be represented bydifferent sounds.What is relationship between sound and form?1)The written form of a natural language is the written record ofthe oral form. Naturally the written form should agree with the oralform, such as English language.2)This is fairly true of English in its earliest stage i.e. Old English3)With the development of the language, more and more differencesoccur between the two.What are the great changes that causes illogical relationship orirregularity between sound and form?1) The internal reason for this is that the English alphabet wasadopted from the Romans, which does not have a separate letter torepresent each sound in the language so that some letters must dodouble duty or work together in combination.2) Another reason is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidlythan spelling over the years, and in some cases the two have drawn farapart.3) A third reason is that some of the differences were created by theearly scribes.4) Finally comes the borrowing, which is an important channel ofenriching the English vocabulary.要记住以上四句话中的关键词：1) influenced by Romans2) Pronunciation changed3) early scribes4) borrowing你能不能举出外来语对英语发音、拼写造成不一致的例子有哪些？e.g. stimulus (L) ,fiesta (Sp) ,eureka (Gr), kimono (Jap)外来语对英语造成的最大的影响就是…sound and form ‟不一致。
第二章词的构造现代汉语音义结合的最小单位是语素，语素组成了词，一般认为，由一个语素组成的是单纯词，有两个以上语素组成的是合成词。
单纯词可以从构成它的音节特征划分类型，合成词可以从分析构成它的语素之间的关系划分类型。
后者一般称作词的结构分析。
思路：梳理现代汉语和语言学纲要知识，详解其中要点，提出疑难问题，并按教材思路，给出一种解决办法。
一、构词法（一）构词语素1.构词语素分为两种：（1）词根：a意义实在b在合成词内位置不固定的不成词语素和成词语素（2）词缀：a意义不实在b在合成词内位置固定在前或在后的不成词语素2.补充：区分词缀和词尾除词根、词缀之外还有一种语素叫词尾。
它加在词的末尾，只能改变一个词的形式，而不能构成新词。
如英语的book 加上s 以后成为books, walk 加上-s –ing –ed之后成为walks walking walked这些都是一个词的不同形式，而不是不同的词。
一个词除去词尾，就是它的词干。
汉语中的语素大部分都是词根，词缀不多，没有词尾，这是汉语的一个特点。
不过在汉语的语法著作里，也常常把前缀，后缀叫做“词头”、“词尾”。
词缀不同于词尾。
①从位置上看，词缀在词中既可以在前，如汉语老乡中的“老”，英语unlike中的un；也可以在词的后面，如汉语“棍子”“作者”中的后一个语素。
也可以在词的前后都加上词缀，如英语unhappiness中的un 和ness词尾只能附加在词的末尾，不能出现在其他位置上。
②从功能上看词缀可以构成新词，是词的构成成分，固定在词的结构之中，是构词语素；词尾不能构成新词，不是词的构成成分，只是改变词的形式，所以是变词语素。
单纯的一个词，没有语境，没有与具体的语法意义相联系，也就没有相应的语法形式和手段，词尾也就无所依附了。
（二）单纯词由一个语素构成的词，叫做单纯词。
1.单纯词的音节特征：可以从不同的角度说明单纯词的音节特征。
（1）从数量上可以分为单音节的（山），双音节的（伶俐），和多音节的（巧克力，歇斯底里）。
现代英语词汇学概论复习资料1~7现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料Chapter 2 Morphological Structure of English Words英语词汇的形态结构⏹ 2.1 Morphemes词素/语素/ 形位⏹ 2.2 Classification of Morphemes词素分类2.1.1 The Definition of “Morphemes” 词素的概念Morpheme: The smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language，not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms.smallest: not divisible into smaller formsmeaningful: carry meaning (lexical and grammatical)e.g. denationalizationdenationalization= de + nation + al + iz + ationA morpheme is a two-facet language unit: sound and meaningA morpheme is not identical with a syllable，either，since the latter has nothing to do withmeaning.Allomorphs语素变体、词素变体:various shapes or forms of a morphemedo not differ in meaning or functionconditioned by position or adjoining soundsEg. -sbook→books /-s/pig→pigs /-z/horse → horses /-iz/Eg. im-，in-，i- perfect, responsible, logical, flexible perfect → imperfectresponsible→ irresponsiblelogical → illogicalflexible → inflexibleEg. –tion，-sioninvent →inventiondescribe →descriptionjustify →justificationmodernize→modernizationexpand →expansiondecide →decisionomit →omission2.2 Classification of Morphemes词素分类●Free Morphemes and Bound Morphemes自由词素与粘着词素Free morpheme:one that can be uttered alone with meaningA free morpheme is a word.E.g. green, red, write, faithBound morpheme:cannot stand by itself as a complete utteranceappear with at least one other morpheme, free or boundE.g. receive re-ceiveQ：自由词素与粘着词素如何组词？E.g. green, greenhouse, greenness, disagreeable, receive, encyclopediagreen (free)green-house (free + free)green-ness (free + bound)re-ceive (bound + bound)en-cyclo-pedia (bound + bound + bound)* A free morpheme is a word.●Roots and Affixes词根与词缀Root 词根: The basic unchangeable part of a word, and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word.1. Free root (自由词根):A word consist of one free root (or one morpheme)is a simpleword.Free roots provide the English language with a basis for the formation of new words.2. Bound root（粘着词根）:roots derived from foreign sources ,esp. from Greek and Latin,belong to the class of bound morphemes, such as tian and cieveEg.1)work, workable, worker, worked, working (free)2) contain, detain, retaintain= tenere (L) = to hold (bound)3) conceive, deceive, receiveceive= capere (L) = to take (bound)4) revive, vitamin, vital, vivacious, vividvit, viv = life / to live (bound)Vital:necessary in order to stay alive-al: pertaining to = have a connection withvital = having a connection with life Vivacious:adj. apprec. full of life and high spirits; lively-ous: full ofvivacous = full of life (energy)Vivid:producing sharp clear pictures in the mind; lifelike-id: having a certain qualityvivid = having a certain quality of lifeAffixes缀: a collective term for the type of formative that can be used when added to another morpheme.1. Inflectional affixes(屈折词缀): serves to express such meanings as plurality, tense, and thecomparative or superlative degree.特点：1.not to form a new word with new lexical meaning2. having only particular grammatical meaning3. only to be affixed to words of the same word-class (not to change the word-class)E.g. Plural marker: pens, oxen, feetGenitive case: Jame’sVerbal endings: works, working, worked, bought, saidComparative and superlative degree: slower, slowest2. Derivational affixes（派生词缀）:to be added to another morpheme to derive a new word特点：1. to derive a new word2. having a specific lexical meaning (some also affective meaning)3. some to be attached to words of different word classesEg. Having pejorative or derogatory meaning-ism means“doctrine or point of view ”==socialismPro-means“on the side of ”==pro-com-munist⏹Mini-carmean-nessModern-izeSocial-ism Pro-communist De-codeDe-valueWash-able⏹mis-mal-absorptionpseudo-democratic hire-ling weak-ling child-ish派生词缀分类（derivational morphemes）: Prefixes and suffixes1) By linguistic origin:Native affixesForeign affixes2) By productivity:Productive/living affixesUnproductive/dead affixesSummary2.Morphological Structure of EnglishWords英语词汇的形态2.1 Morphemes词素1.The Definition of “Morphemes”词素的概念2. Allomorphs 词素变体2.2 Classification of Morphemes 词素分类1. Free Morphemes and BoundMorphemes自由词素与粘着词素2. Roots and Affixes 词根与词缀free root and bound root自由词根与粘着词根inflectional affixes and derivational affixes屈折词缀与派生词缀。
