摘要翻译范文
（一）医药冷链物流
摘要：随着我国医药流通规模的不断增大，医药冷链物流迅速崛起。然而在发展的同时，药品冷链运输质量面临着前所未有的挑战。近来连续发生的疫苗不合格等事件为人们敲响了警钟，药品的运输过程质量控制问题也越来越被人们重视，而大部分的药品在运输过程中都要求冷藏，因此药品的冷链物流也成了人们关注的焦点。我国医药冷链运输的发展相对于发达国家来说是相当落后的，不管是在运输条件方面还是质量控制方面都有很大的欠缺，该领域的研究较少，且相关的国家标准也不完善，这导致整个医药冷链物流过程中存在着很多的缺点和不足，制约着我国医药冷链物流的发展。
关键字：医药物流；冷链物流；医药冷链
Abstract: With the increasing scale of medicine circulation in our country, the cold chain logistics of pharmaceutical products is developing rapidly. However, at the same time, the transport quality of pharmaceutical cold-chain is facing unprecedented challenges. In resent years, the continuous vaccines unqualified events wake up call for the people. People pay more and more attention to the quality control in the process of drug transport. Most of the drugs in the process of transportation require refrigeration, thus pharmaceutical cold-chain logistics has become the focus of attention. Most of the drugs in the process of transportation require refrigeration, thus pharmaceutical cold-chain logistics has become the focus of attention. Compared with the developed countries, the development of medicine cold chain transportation is very backward in China. Both in terms of transportation and quality control have a very big shortage. At present, the research is less, and relevant national standards are not perfect. These factors cause many shortcomings and the insufficiency in the entire pharmaceutical cold-chain logistics process which restricts the development of medical cold chain logistics in our country.
Key words: Medical logistics; Cold chain logistics. Pharmaceutical cold chain
（二）供应链外包
摘要：现如今,全球企业和公司越来越多的面临着选择:对于生产和供应过程所需要资源的投入,是继续由企业内部的员工和部门完成还是通过外包方式转包给外包商?做企业自己做的最好的,把其余外包出去成为了这个时代的命题,上个世纪80年代兴起的外包浪潮,已经成为全球供应链的新趋势,外包使得企业的劳动分工以新的方式展现,并深刻地改变着现代企业的生产方式。本文试图从供应链的角度解析当代外包的背景条件,以及外包对社会的影响在供应链的背景条件下,介绍了国内外的研究现状和未来趋势。正文通过对具体某制造企业基于供应链的上零部件的自制与外包问题进行各方面的分析，运用相关模型方法对该企业零部件的自制与外包进行优化选择。最后简要的回顾全篇,并对我国企业发展外包方面提出一些建议。
关键词：供应链；自制；外包; 模型优化
Abstract：Nowadays, more and more global enterprise and company faces a choice: whether the resources investment in the production and supply process is undertaken by the internal staff and departments or subcontracted by outsourcing contractors? For the companies, do what they are good at is the most important thing. Then outsourcing the rest business units to the Professional providers is the main proposition of this era. In the 1980s, outsourcing began to spring up and has become a new trend of the global supply chain. The outsourcing provides a new way for the enterprise division of labor, and profoundly changing the way of modern enterprise production. This paper tries to analysis the background of contemporary outsourcing from the perspective of supply chain, and the influence of outsourcing to society under the background of the supply chain. This paper also introduces the present research situation of domestic and foreign and the future trend. The main body of this text analysis the homemade and outsourcing problems of complements based on the supply chain of specific manufacturing enterprise. Then make a optimized choose of the homemade or outsourcing of complements by using the related model approach. Finally, giving a brief review of the full text and puts forward some proposals to the
development of enterprise outsourcing in our country.
Key words: Supply chain; homemade; Outsourcing; Model optimization
（三）服装设计
摘要：本文通过对钉珠的深入地研究,以拓展钉珠设计的多重创新思维,来挖掘有关的创造潜能,以便为丰富和掌握现代服装设计的最新表现形式及手段。本文论述的主要内容：针对钉珠的背景的概述与钉珠的工艺手法的表现进行分析,总结了钉珠在服装设计中的实践应用形式。使钉珠设计成为设计师的创新手段,以提升服装设计的内涵。总结有关论文选题的研究目的和意义；并通过文章理论部分的探究和大量相关知识的积累,从实际操作的角度,举以实例进行设计创作。
关键词：服装设计；钉珠；运用
Abstract：Through the deeply study of the nail bead, this article expanded the multiple innovative thinking of nail bead design and excavate the creative potential. The purpose is to enrich and master the latest forms and methods of modern costume design. The main content of this paper: analysis the background and craft technique's performance of the nail bead, then summarize the practical application form of nail bead in the clothing design. Make the nail bead design an innovative means of designer to enhance the connotation of costume design. Finally, this article summarized purpose and meaning of selected topic in this research. At the same time, this paper put forward some examples for the design creation by the theory exploration and the accumulation of a large number of relevant knowledge.
Key words: Costume design；Nail bead；Applications
文献摘要翻译： 文摘1： Particle Formation during Anatase Precipitation of Seeded Titanyl Sulfate Solution Sekhar Sathyamoorthy,? Geoff D. Moggridge,*,? and Michael J. Hounslow? Department of Chemical Engineering, Cambridge University, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3RA, U.K,., and Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, U.K. Received July 14, 2000 ABSTRACT: The formation of anatase particles in the Sulfate Process is an important step in the production of white pigment. This paper investigates the mechanisms behind particle formation during anatase precipitation from seeded concentrated titanyl sulfate solution. The process of particle formation was found to be highly dependent on the volume of seeds inoculated. Secondary nucleation played an important role in the production of anatase crystals and, ultimately, overall yield of the precipitation step. Anatase crystals were found to be between 4 and 8 nm from powder diffraction line broadening calculations. Nucleation also influences the structure and size of primary agglomerates consisting of a number of crystals. The final anatase particles recovered from the precipitation are in the form of 1-2μm aggregates, comprised of polycrystalline primary agglomerates. 摘自Crystal Growth & Design,2001,1(2):123~129 文摘2： Controlling Particle Size During Anatase Precipitation Sekhar Sathyamoorthy and Geoff D. Moggridge Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Cambridge University, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3RA, U.K. Michael J. Hounslow Dept. of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, U.K. 摘自：AIChE Journal ，2001 Vol. 47, No. 9 Titanium dioxide particles in the form of anatase are precipitated from concentrated titanyl sulfate solution in the sulfate process, which are then recovered by a filtration process downstream of the precipitation stage. A pre vious study by Sathyamoorthy et al. showed that the final anatase particles are aggregates(1-2 μm)consisting of numerous crystals(7 ~ 8 nm)arranged in primary agglomerates(60 ~ 100 nm). Pigment quality is determined by crystal and primary agglomerate size. One way of improving filtration rate is by the formation of larger aggregates, while maintaining the crystal and primary agglomerate size at optimum values. In a new seeding procedure proposed, the controlled inoculation of seeds used in industry is combined with a new type of seed (Large Seeds). The new seeding procedure has the
The pseudobulbs and subterranean organs (roots and rhizomes) of Eulophia epidendraea, and Malaxis acuminata in subfamily Epidendroideae (Orchidaceae) were investigated to determine morphology, anatomy and mycorrhizal occurrence. （研究兰科树兰亚科的Eulophia epidendraea（黄花美冠兰）和Malaxis acuminata（沼兰属浅裂沼兰）的假鳞茎和地下器官（根和根茎）以确定其形态，结构和真菌菌根的发生） The examined sections showed the following common anatomi-cal characteristics. （被研究的切片显示以下几个相同的结构特点） The pseudobulbs had a uniseriate epidermis. The assimilatory cells were scattered in the form of mucilage/water storage cells in the ground tissue. （假鳞茎有单层表皮，同化细胞以粘液或蓄水细胞的形式分散在基本组织中）The vascular bundles were collateral and embedded in the ground tissue. Raphides occurred as idioblasts. 维管束并行嵌入到基本组织中。针晶体发生在异细胞中。 Rhizomes had an uniseriate epidermis, parenchymatous ground tissue differentiated into outer and inner zones with polygonal intercellular spaces. Vascular bundles scattered, collateral and discontinuous form in both the taxa. Aeration cells were present in roots and rhizomes of M. Acuminata. 根状茎有单层表皮，薄壁基本组织分为含多边形细胞间隙的内区和外区。维管束以分散、并行和不连续形式存在于两个类群中。通气细胞存在于M. Acuminata （沼兰属浅裂沼兰）.的根和根状茎。 The transverse section of E. epidendraea roots had multi-layered velamen with spiral thickening followed by uniseriate exodermis with that had webbed tilosomes. The parenchymatous cortex contained raphides and water storage cells. Vascular bundles were 11–15 arched. Roots of M. acuminata had an uniseriate velamen, exodermis, parenchyma-tous cortex, endodermis and pericycle. The vascular bundles were radially arranged, and 11–12 arched. The xylem and phloem were embedded in sclerenchymatous tissue. E.epidendraea（黄花美冠兰）根的横切面有多层螺旋加厚的根被，其次是有webbed tilosomes.单层的外皮。薄壁皮质包含针晶体和储水细胞。维管束为11-15个拱形排列。M. Acuminata（沼兰属浅裂沼兰）的根有单层膜，外皮层、薄壁皮层、内皮层和中柱鞘。维管束11-12个拱形呈放射状排列。木质部和韧皮部嵌入到厚壁组织。 The entry of the mycorrhizal fungi was chiefly through root hairs in roots and epidermis in rhizomes of M. acuminata, and in E. epidendraea. Fungi formed pelotons in both the taxa and microsclerotia and monilioid cells in the root cortex of E. epidendraea. Additionally, Glomus- type vesicles were
中英文翻译
Fuzzy Logic Based Autonomous Skid Steering Vehicle Navigation L.Doitsidis,K.P.Valavanis,N.C.Tsourveloudis Technical University of Crete Department of Production Engineering and Management Chania,Crete,Greece GR-73100 {Idoitsidis ,kimonv,nikost}@dpem.tuc.gr Abstract-A two-layer fuzzy logic controller has been designed for 2-D autonomous Navigation of a skid steering vehicle in an obstacle filled environment. The first layer of the Fuzzy controller provides a model for multiple sonar sensor input fusion and it is composed of four individual controllers, each calculating a collision possibility in front, back, left and right directions of movement. The second layer consists of the main controller that performs real-time collision avoidance while calculating the updated course to be applicability and implementation is demonstrated through experimental results and case studies performed o a real mobile robot. Keywords - Skid steering, mobile robots, fuzzy navigation. Ⅰ .INTRODUCTION The exist several proposed solutions to the problem of autonomous mobile robot navigation in 2-D uncertain environments that are based on fuzzy logic[1],[2],evolutionary algorithms [3],as well as methods combining fuzzy logic with genetic algorithms[4] and fuzzy logic with electrostatic potential fields[5]. The paper is the outgrowth of recently published results [9],[10],but it studies 2-D environments navigation and collision avoidance of a skid steering vehicle. Skid steering vehicles are compact, light, require few parts to assemble and exhibit agility from point turning to line driving using only the motions, components, and swept volume needed for straight line driving. Skid steering vehicle motion differs from explicit steering vehicle motion in the way the skid steering vehicle turns. The wheels rotation is limited around one axis and the back of steering wheel results in navigation determined by the speed change in either side of the skid steering vehicle. Same speed in either side results in a straight-line motion. Explicit steering vehicles turn differently since the wheels are moving around two axes. The geometric configuration of a skid steering vehicle in the X-Y plane is shown in Fig1，while a t is the heading angle, W is the robot width, θ the sense of rotation and S1, S2 are the speeds in the either side of the robot. The derived and implemented planner a two-layer fuzzy logic based controller that provides purely” reactive behavior” of the vehicle moving in a 2-D obstacle filled
摘要（三号宋体，加粗，居中） 语言和文化的关系近年来已成为研究热点。二十世纪八、九十年代，文化教学研究在西方世界已获得大力发展。受此影响，国内的外语文化研究也取得一些进展, 研究人员日益关注如何把对文化的理解和掌握贯穿于第二语言和外语的教与学中。语言学家伊利欣克尔教授(Eli Hinkel)主编的《第二语言教与学的文化因素》一书讲述了关于第二语言文化的研究。该书重点讲述文化因素在语言研究方面的应用及其研究成果在语言教学中的应用，并阐明了第二语言的学习以及人们的世界观是如何在第二语言和第二文化的背景中影响其学习、理解及交流的。 在该书引言部分，原作者简要介绍了文化研究与文化教学的重要概念和理论基础，并对每个章节加以评述，从而揭示了文化因素是如何影响第二语言学习的各个方面的。第一章主要介绍了如何理解文化和语言的关系，并通过对香港大学学生课堂行为的研究, 追溯到东西方课堂文化差异的渊源。另外，对苏格拉底与孔子有关教育和生活、教育目标、教育的作用、课堂活动的框架等内容进行了讨论。本论文作者在对以上部分进行翻译与思考之后，得出这样一个观点和结论：学生的课堂行为与教师的期望存在差距，是源自不同的教学思想和哲学根源。这就给外语教学提出了一个亟待重视和解决的问题，即要把对文化的理解和掌握始终贯穿在外语教学中。 （中文摘要内容不少于500汉字，为小四号宋体） 关键词（小四号宋体、加粗）：（冒号）翻译；第二语言；教与学；文化因素；讨论（小四号宋体，关键词之间用分号分隔）
（此处另起一页，方法：点出“插入”---分隔符---分页符---确定即可） Abstract（三号，Times New Roman，居中）In recent years, the relationship between language and culture has become hot in research, and culture in teaching research has achieved great development. Researchers have become increasingly aware of how to promote cultural understanding and mastery in foreign language teaching and learning. The language professor Eli Hinkel has published a book named Culture in Second Language Teaching and Learning which gives advice about the research of foreign language culture. This book focuses on culture as it is applied to language research and the applications of its findings in language pedagogy. In addition, it focuses on second language learning and the ways in which people’s worldviews affect their learning, understanding and communication. Then, the author continues to introduce the main content of the two chapters translated. The introduction part mainly talks about some important conceptions and fundamental theories about culture and language in teaching research, and the original author’s comment. It points out how culture factors have influenced many different aspects of second language learning and using. Then Chapter One touches briefly on just a few of the studies that have contributed to an understanding of the relationship between culture and language, Through researches on students’ classroom behavior in Hong Kong University, the origin of the cultural differences has been explored. Besides, Chapter One also details the viewpoints of Confucius and Socrates in education and life, the role of education, teacher’s role, and arrangement of classroom activities. The conclusion can be made by the author of the thesis that t he reason why students’ classroom behaviors and teachers’ expectations disparate is that they have different teaching ideological and philosophical roots. This has caused a serious problem with the foreign language teaching --- culture has to run through foreign language teaching and learning practice all along. （英文摘要内容应与中文摘要内容相对应，小四号Times New Roman） Key words（小四号Times New Roman，加粗）:（冒号）translating; second language; teaching and learning; culture; discourse （与中文关键词对应，小四号Times New
BPMN 2.0 Introduction to the Standard for Business Process Modeling By Thomas Allweyer 2.1 A First BPMN Model As a starting point, a simple BPMN process model is considered. The model of posting a job in figure 1 can be directly understood by most people who previously have been concerned with any kind of process modeling. The way of modeling is similar to well known flow charts and activity diagrams. Figure 1: A simple BPMN model A business department and the human resources department are involved in the process “Post a Job”. The process starts when an employee is required. The business department reports this job opening. Then the human resources department writes a job posting. The business department reviews this job posting. At this point, there are two possibilities: Either the job posting is okay, or it is not okay. If it is not okay, it is reworked by the human resources department. This is once more followed by the business department reviewing the job posting. Again, the result can be okay or not okay. Thus, it can happen that the job posting needs to be reviewed multiple times. If it is okay, it is published by the human resources department, and the end of the process is reached. In reality, the process for creating and publishing a job posting can be much more complex and extensive. The presented example is –like all examples in this book –a simplification in order to have small and easily understandable models which can be used for explaining the different BPMN elements. 2.2 BPMN Constructs Used Below each element from the model in figure 1 is explained more closely. The entire process is contained in a pool. This is a general kind of container for a complete process. In the example above, the pool is labeled with the name of the contained process. Every process is situated within a pool. If the pool is not important for understanding the process, it is not required to draw it in the diagram. In a process diagram which does not show a pool, the entire process is contained in an invisible, implicit pool. Pools are especially interesting when several pools are used in order to model a collaboration, i.e. the interplay of several partners’processes. Each partner’s process is then shown in a separate pool. This will be described in chapter 5. The pool from figure 1 is partitioned into two lanes. A lane can be used for various purposes,
房地产企业安全氛围对安全行为的影响研究 摘要：为了探讨房地产企业安全氛围对员工安全行为的影响及其作用机制。研究采用问卷调查研究的方法，调查对象为某房地产企业的200名员工。结果表明，安全氛围对安全行为有显著的正向影响。其中，安全氛围中的“工作环境”和“安全意识”维度对员工安全行为有着直接的显著正向影响；“管理层承诺”维度对员工安全行为没有直接的显著的影响，但是管理层承诺通过工作环境和安全意识的完全中介作用于员工安全行为。 关键词：管理层承诺；安全意识；安全行为；结构方程模型 The Effect of Safety Climate on Safety Behavior in Real Esate Enterprise Abstract：In order todiscuss the influence and mechanism between the safety atmosphere and the staff’s safety behavior of the real estate enterprise.The study uses questionnaire survey research method,the objects of the investigation are 200 employees in one real estate enterprise.The results indicate that safety climate is positively related to safety behavior.The “work environment” dimension and “safety consciousness” dimension have direct and positive influence on safety behavior. The “management commitment ” dimention has no direct influence on safety behavior,but“management commitment”affects safety behavior positively through work environment and safety consciousness. Key words:management commitment; safety consciousness; safety behavior; structural equation model
建筑结构在冲击负载作用下连续倒塌分析方法 摘要：建筑物在冲击负载作用下的连续倒塌已经引起了全世界的极大关注。对于一个经济的，安全的，能够抵抗冲击负载作用下连续倒塌的建筑结构设计，连续倒塌分析是必不可少的。因为连续倒塌的灾难性特点，和为了抵抗它而潜在的建造和改造建筑物的高额费用，所以连续倒塌分析方法是绝对必要且可信的。对于工程师们而言，他们估算连续倒塌的方法不仅仅要求精确和简要，而且容易上手，立竿见影。因而，最近许多研究者都在发展可靠有效和直接的连续倒塌分析方法上花费了很多的精力。在最近的干物上，当前在文献资料中找得到的关于连续倒塌的分析方法被重新审阅。人们广泛讨论它们的适宜性、适用性和可靠性。我们也提出了最近刚刚完成的关于钢筋混凝土框架在爆破荷载下的连续倒塌新分析方法。 关键词：连续倒塌分析；建筑结构；爆炸荷载；冲击荷载 连续倒塌被定义为“由于一个基本的局部构件失效在构件之间扩散最终造成整个结构或者是不成比例的一大部分倒塌”。其含义为一个或者一组关键承重构件的失效造成周围构件的失效和部分或者是整个结构的倒塌。建筑结构的连续倒塌可能由一系列的意外和人为的因素造成，比如：错误的建造顺序，偶然过载造成的局部失效，爆炸和地震造成的关键组件的损坏。这篇论文仅仅研究了特殊荷载（如：爆炸和冲击），造成的建筑结构连续倒塌的分析。 随着最近Alfred P．Murrah联邦大楼和世界贸易中心（WTC）的倒塌，许多的研究更多的关注如何建造抵抗由于爆炸和冲击荷载造成连续倒塌的建筑。对于一个经济的，安全的，能够抵抗冲击负载作用下连续倒塌的建筑结构设计，连续倒塌分析是必不可少的。因为连续倒塌的灾难性特点，和为了抵抗它而潜在的建造和改造建筑物的高额费用，所以连续倒塌分析方法是绝对必要且可信的。对于工程师们而言，他们估算连续倒塌的方法不仅仅要求精确和简要，而且容易上手，立竿见影。因而，最近许多研究者都在发展可靠有效和直接的连续倒塌分析方法上花费了很多的精力。
Disscusion about Gram stain principle This paper discusses the Gram stain principle in terms of the specific molecular structure and the different ionization state in different PH solutions of the triphenylmethane dye, which will ionize an ion with a positive electric when in the solution with PH higher than 3.2; the substance composition variance of the bacteria cell walls, the distinction of the molecular composition and the structure of peptidoglycan which is the specific composition of bacteria cell walls, the distinction of acid dissociation and iso-electric point of different bacteria; and the interaction between the stain and bacteria led by the above. This examination will perfect the principle and render it more guiding significance in the corresponding operations. Keywords Gram stain; crystal violet; peptidoglycan; alcohol; cell wall; lip polysaccharide; 革兰氏染色原理 从染色剂三苯甲烷特有的分子结构、三苯甲烷染色剂在不同pH溶液中有不同的电离状态,当pH>3．2溶液时它将电离为带一个正电荷的离子的特质;以及不同细菌细胞壁的物质组成差异,构成细胞壁特征性物质——肽聚糖分子组成和空间结
实验室安全员论文翻译（节选） 在高校实验室全面开放的大背景下，加强对实验室安全管理体系的建设显得尤为重要。对此，高校可以采取的措施有：招募学生安全员，将其纳入实验室安全管理体系，并制定相关规章制度规范其管理行为。在该系统的引导下，学生管理员能够充分利用课外时间，积极主动地参与到实验室安全管理当中。他们能够将一些细小的实验室安全隐患消灭在萌芽状态，是实验室管理人员的有益补充。 Against the background that the colleges all over the country have opened laboratories to their students thoroughly, it is of vital importance that the colleges should take measures to enhance the establishment of the Laboratory Security Management System. For example, the colleges can recruit their students as the laboratory guards and bring them into the system, and lay down a series of rules relative to the laboratory security to regulate their management behavior. Under the guidance of the System, students can actively make the most of their spare time to take part in the management of the laboratories on their own. In this respect, these student guards, who can make contribution to nodding the hidden some tiny security trouble of the laboratories in the bud, are favourable supplement laboratory management backup personnel.
研究论文英文摘要翻译 【摘要】本文作者在多年从事学报论文摘要的撰写与翻译、审核与校对的工作中，发现我院科研论文作者提交的英文摘要撰写和翻译错误，有不少值得改善的地方。同时也提醒即将发表论文的作者，在撰写或翻译论文摘要时注意的一些理由。本文对我院英文论文的发表、摘要的撰写和英语翻译具有积极的指导。 【关键词】摘要翻译 【注】本论文受《具有军事特色的网络文化大学英语课程体系研究》科研项目支持。 （） 目前，科技论文与信息的国际交流日益频繁。但许多期刊数据库只免费提供摘要的阅读，许多国外读者只能阅读摘要来判断是否阅读全文。因此摘要的英文翻译对于论文的国际引用次数、检索率具有十分的。除非是在英语国家生活工作很长时间英语功底非常扎实，我院一般论文作者撰写摘要很大程度上是把已经写好的中文摘要翻译成英文，在撰写或翻译时有不少方面注意。 .摘要的英文翻译原则 英文摘要标题实词首字母要大写 汉语文章的标题不存在大小写之分，但有字体大小的不同。英语除了字体不同之外，还有大小写字母之分。，英文摘要的标题的实词要大写，非句首介词等虚词不大写。例如一篇论文标题为“基于静态舒适性分析的装甲车辆驾驶舱人机匹配研究”的文章英语译名为
“ ？鄄？蒺”（摘自年学报第期“基于静态舒适性分析的装甲车辆驾驶舱人机匹配研究”，作者：谢成林刘维平）。在此标题中除了两个介词“”之外，其它实词首字母大写。其次，复合词只需第一个单词首字母大写。仍以上述标题为例，复合形容词“？鄄”中只需将“”首字母“”大写，连字符后面的“”则不大写。再者，标题中较长（个字母以上）的虚词也要大写。如标题“ （非拆解发动机探伤）”中介词“”大写。此外，位于首位或末尾的虚词也大写。如：（装备采购原则研究）。 摘要标题翻译的名词化 摘要一般不是完整的句子，不含谓语动词。我院学报上见到的中文论文标题几乎较长的名词性结构或介词结构短语，很少看到完整的句子。因此在译成英文时，也大多以名词短语的形式出现，一般不包含谓语成分。比如，有篇论文标题为“履带车辆转向性能指标修正与实验研究”，就是一个以“研究”为核心词的偏正词组。其译文也是如此，只是英文中核心词的位置放到前面，如“ ”（摘自学报年“履带车辆转向性能指标修正与实验研究”，作者：宋海军高连华）。 .作者姓名的翻译要规范化 作者姓名的汉语拼音要规范 在科研论文的撰写、编辑中，经常见到姓名汉语拼音书写不够规范甚至错误的现象。根据国家颁布的《中国人名汉字拼音字母拼写法》（）的规定，姓名拼音可归纳为以下点。. 汉语姓名的拼音法以普通
论文摘要翻译 为了更加全面更加透彻地解析楼主的问题，我要从来龙与去脉为楼主作答，这样才能表现出我的诚意，也才能为我的结论提供更加详实的证据。接下来我要从这几个方面来讲一下论文翻译这个主题：1.论文摘要定义2. 翻译论文摘要的目的3. 摘要翻译注意事项 4. 软件翻译是否可以达到上述目的，如果不能，如何解决？ 什么是论文摘要？ “摘要”这个词从字面意思我们都能了解到，就是找到核心点。那么“论文摘要”说简单点就是将一篇几千字的论文用最简短的语句，凝练出文章的核心内容。可以毫不客气的说，论文摘要就是一篇论文的灵魂。我们的阅卷导师也是通过阅读我们的论文摘要去判断我们的研究内容以及文章的研究层次。因此在写好我们论文的基础上，如何写好论文摘要就是我们的首要任务。由于科研项目所涉及的领域比较广泛，所以在写论文摘要时，也会根据不同的学科特性使用不同的表达方式，大致又分为三大类：报道性摘要、指示性摘要、报道指示性摘要。 报道性摘要 也常称作信息性摘要或资料性摘要，其特点是全面、简要地概括论文的目的、方法、主要数据和结论。报道性摘要一般用有限的字数向读者提供尽可能多的定性或定量的信息，充分反映该研究的创新之处。学术性期刊或文集一般多选用报道性摘要，篇幅一般在300 字左右。 指示性摘要 也常称为说明性摘要、描述性摘要(descriptive abstract)或论点摘要(topic abstract)，一般只用二三句话概括论文的主题，而不涉及论据和结论，一般适用于学术性期刊的简报、技术性期刊、问题讨论等只概括介绍论文的论题。字数一般在100字左右。 报道-指示性摘要 以报道性摘要的形式表述论文中信息价值较高的部分，以指示性摘要的形式表述其余部分。字数一般100-200字左右。 为什么要翻译论文摘要？ 一般我们写论文摘要是为了让读者不用使用太多的时间的前提下，了解论文通过何种方式实现了什么样的目前最终得到了怎样的结论。每一篇论文代表着我们科研工作者对一个科研项目多年的研究成果，是具有文献性质的内容。在科学研究领域讲究“借鉴前人经验”，目的是最大程度的避免重复性的劳动，从而更快的推动学术进展。 尤其是在互联网高度普及的二十一世纪，各国的学术研究者秉承“科学无国界”这一基本原则，每年将最新的研究成果发表在《自然》（Nature）、《科学》（Science）和《细胞》（Cell）等国际上最顶尖的学术期刊上，这些论文也基本代表了该领域最前沿的研究成果，可以毫不夸张的说，在这些最顶级学术期刊发表文章的数量直接决定了整个研究团队或者机构在全球该领域领域内的实力和影响力。这些最顶级的学术期刊无一例外都是以英文为载体影响着世界。