In vitro and in vivo activity of melaleuca alternifolia mixed with tissue conditioner on Candida albicans
Alfonso Catalán,DDS,MSC,a Juan G.Pacheco,DDS,b Alejandra Martínez,DDS,c and
Maria A.Mondaca,MSC,d Concepción,Chile
UNIVERSITY OF CONCEPCIóN
Objective.The aim of this study was to identify in vitro and in vivo activity of Melaleuca alternifolia oil mixed with different tissue conditioners on the Candida albicans strain.
Study design.Microbiological tests were used to isolate Candida albicans from patients with denture stomatitis.The in vitro antifungal activity of Melaleuca alternifolia against Candida albicans was determined when it was applied directly and when it was mixed with tissue conditioners(Fitt,Lynal,Coe-Comfort).The responses of27denture stomatitis patients treated with Melaleuca alternifolia mixed with Coe-Comfort(n?9),Nystatin mixed with
Coe-Comfort(n?9),and Coe-Comfort(Control Group,n?9),were evaluated over a period of12days. Results.In the in vitro study,Coe-Comfort or Fitt conditioners mixed with1mL,20%(vol/vol)of Melaleuca alternifolia oil exhibited a total inhibition of Candida albicans.Patients treated with M.alternifolia mixed with
Coe-Comfort showed a signi?cant decrease in palatal in?ammation compared with those treated with Coe Comfort (P?.001).In addition,a signi?cant inhibition of C.albicans growth was observed with M.alternifolia mixed with Coe-Comfort compared with only Coe-Comfort(P?.000004).
Conclusion.M.alternifolia oil mixed with Coe-Comfort tissue conditioner is effective in treating denture stomatitis.(Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod2008;105:327-32)
Denture stomatitis(DS)is an in?ammatory reaction of the palatal and alveolar mucosa underlying removable dental prostheses.1-8DS is more commonly seen in the maxillary mucosa than in the mandibular mucosa.1The prevalence of DS has been shown to vary from15% to65%1and,in complete denture wearers in Chile, from15.6%to22.3%.9,10Newton5described3types of DS based on clinical appearance:DS type I,or pinpoint hyperemic foci in the palate;DS type II,or diffuse in?ammation with generalized hyperemia of the denture-supporting tissue;and DS type III,or papillary hyperplasia generally covered by hyper-emic mucosa.DS is also frequently associated with angular cheilitis.
Denture stomatitis has been strongly associated with poor hygiene and continuous denture wearing, which facilitates denture plaque formation in which Candida albicans can be regularly isolated,suggest-ing a pathogenic association between bacteria and fungi.7-13Many different methods of treatment for DS have been suggested.Such treatments include antifungal agents,14relining with tissue condition-ers,15,16tissue conditioners mixed with antifungal agents,9,17,18chemical substances such as chlorhexi-dine and sodium hypochlorite,and physical means such as microwaves.19-21
The essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia,or tea tree oil,has been shown to contain a number of therapeutic properties,including anti-in?ammatory activities.22,23 It has also been used as a natural topical antiseptic agent with antifungical activity.24Due to its lipophylic nature,which facilitates skin penetration,it is used for healing sores,pustules,warts,acne,athlete’s foot,seborrheic dermatitis,cheilitis,and oropharyn-geal candidiasis in AIDS patients who are refractory to?uconazole.24-33In vitro studies have shown that a concentration of0.25%M.alternifolia inhibits the for-mation of the germ tubes by C.albicans,altering mem-brane properties and compromising membrane-associ-ated functions.32,34The aim of this study was to identify the in vitro and in vivo activity of tea tree oil
Study supported by grant DIUC203.102.006-1-0,Universidad de
Concepción,Concepción,Chile.The authors thank Dr.Urcesino
González,Professor in the Statistics Department of the Physics and
Mathematical Sciences Faculty,Universidad de Concepción,for his
statistical assistance.
a Professor,Removable Prosthetics,Department of Restorative Den-
tistry,Faculty of Dentistry,University of Concepción.
b Graduate Student,Oral Rehabilitation,Department of Restorative
Dentistry,Faculty of Dentistry,University of Concepción.
c Professor,Oral Pathology,Department of Oral Pathology,Faculty of
Dentistry,University of Concepción.
d Associat
e Professor,Department o
f Microbiology,Faculty of Mi-
crobiological Science,University of Concepción.
Received for publication Apr17,2007;returned for revision Aug21,
2007;accepted for publication Aug24,2007.
1079-2104/$-see front matter
?2008Mosby,Inc.All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.tripleo.2007.08.025
327
(M.alternifolia)mixed with different tissue condition-ers on C.albicans growth.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The strain used in this study was C.albicans,isolated
from samples taken from the palatal mucosa of a patient
with DS type II,examined at the School of Dentistry of
the Universidad de Concepción(Chile),using sterile
paper points(DMS Dental Mirror Company,Ltd.,
Sligo,Ireland).The sample was transferred to vials
containing0.5mL of reduced transport?uid(RTF)35
and sent to the Microbiology Department of the Bio-
logical Science Faculty of the Universidad de Con-
cepción.The paper points were transferred to tripticase
broth(Difco Laboratories,Detroit,Michigan)(5mL)
and incubated at37°C for24hours.Candida strains
were isolated on Sabouraud agar(Difco Laboratories).
C.albicans were identi?ed by a germ tube test36and its
ability to grow on cornmeal Tween80agar(terminal
chlamydospores singly).36The isolated strain of C.
albicans was maintained in a50%-glycerol liquid at ?70°C.The content of these tubes was planted onto Sabouraud agar and incubated at37°C for24hours.
Each colony was inoculated in tripticase broth,which
was then incubated overnight at37°C.Overnight cul-
tures were diluted to provide a?nal inoculum of ap-
proximately105CFU/mL.Viable counts were per-
formed to con?rm the inoculum size.The number of
colonies that appeared after incubation was expressed
as CFUs(colony-forming units)and were counted with
a Leselupe magnifying glass(TCMD-2290,Hamburg,
Germany).
In vitro activity of pure M.alternifolia on
C.albicans
Doses of0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4,and0.5mL of pure M.
alternifolia(The Australian Tea Tree Oil Research Institute Ltd.,Lismore,NSW,Australia)have been mixed with4mL of Sabouraud agar and poured onto sterile Petri plates(Anumbra,Germany).Once the medium solidi?ed,20?L of the appropiate inoculum dilution(105CFUs/mL)was placed on it.The plates were incubated at37°C for24hours,after which time the number of colonies was counted.In vitro activity of M.alternifolia in combination with tissue conditioners on C.albicans
The3tissue conditioners listed in Table I were selected for their higher tolerance by patients being treated in the School of Dentistry of the Universidad de Concepción.Each tissue conditioner was mixed ac-cording to the proportions indicated by the manufac-turers.Doses of M.alternifolia added to the conditioner liquid are shown in Table II.The M.alternifolia/con-ditioner liquid mixture was homogenized in a sterile glass beaker for30seconds.Immediately afterwards, the conditioning powder was added and mixed for40 seconds and then poured onto a Petri plate.Once the mixture solidi?ed,the surface was covered with4mL of Sabouraud agar,and after30minutes,inoculated with20?L of an appropriate dilution of Candida.The plates were incubated at37°C for24hours and then the CFUs were counted.The experiment was per-formed in triplicate.For the conditioners Fitt,Lynal, and Coe-Comfort,the controls were unmodi?ed con-ditioners.
In vitro activity of Nystatin in combination with tissue conditioners on C.albicans
Nystatin concentration(1mL)(100,000UI,Mico-statin,Bristol-Myers Squibb,Mexico DF,Mexico)was mixed with Fitt liquid(4mL).Later,Fitt powder(6g) was added.After thorough spatulation,the tissue con-ditioner was spread evenly on the bottom of a sterile plastic Petri dish.Once the mixture solidi?ed,the sur-face was covered with4mL of Sabouraud agar,and after30minutes,inoculated with20?L of an appro-priate dilution of C.albicans.The plates were incu-bated at37°C for24hours,and then the CFUs were counted.The experiment was performed in triplicate.A similar procedure was used for both Lynal(3mL/6g) and Coe-Comfort(4mL/6g).For the conditioners Fitt, Lynal,and Coe-Comfort,the controls were unmodi?ed conditioners.
In vivo study
Based on the results of the in vitro activity,a1-mL dose of M.alternifolia oil was mixed with a portion of
Table I.Tissue conditioner tested in study
Materials Manufacturer
Fitt Kerr Corporation,Romulus,MI
Lynal The L.D.Caulk Division,Dentsply International
Inc.,Milford,DE
Coe-Comfort GC America Inc.Alsip,IL Table II.Melaleuca alternifolia concentration in com-bination with Fitt,Lynal,and Coe-Comfort(expressed as%vol/vol)
Melaleuca alternifolia,
volume,mL
Melaleuca alternifolia concentration,
%vol/vol
Fitt Lynal Coe-Comfort
0.510.012.510.0
1.020.025.020.0
1.530.037.530.0
2.040.050.040.0
OOOOE
328Catalán et al March2008
Coe-Comfort tissue conditioner for the treatment of DS type II patients.
One hundred eighty patients who wore complete dentures were examined in the Prosthodontic Depart-ment of the School of Dentistry of the Universidad de Concepción.A total of27nonsmoking,nondiabetic, nonhypertense patients who were not on antibiotic treatment and who exhibited clinical evidence of den-ture stomatitis type II(26women and1man whose ages ranged from50to77,with a mean of63.5?7.44 years)were selected.After informed consent was ob-tained from all subjects,notations were made on a prepared record sheet.They included symptoms,the history of denture wearing,including whether they were worn at night and how they were cleaned,relevant illnesses,and current medications.This study was ap-proved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidad de Concepción.
Patients were then randomly divided into three 9-person groups,each of which received a speci?c treatment:group CCom/Melal(M.alternifolia with Coe-Comfort);group CCom/Nyst(Nystatin with Coe-Comfort);and group CCom,a control group(pure conditioner Coe-Comfort).
Because of its lowest content of alcohol,better initial ?ow,and greater viscosity,37,38the tissue conditioner Coe-Comfort was used to treat DS.For each5mL of conditioner liquid recommended by the manufacturer,1 mL was removed and replaced with1mL of M.alter-nifolia.Homogenization was reached by mixing both liquids in a sterile glass beaker for20seconds.Then,a conditioning powder was added according to the man-ufacturer’s indication,mixed with the liquid’s mixture for40seconds,and applied as a reline to the patient’s maxillary prosthesis.
Nystatin was used in a2-mL dose that was mixed with3mL of conditioning liquid until homogenization. Subsequently,the conditioning power was incorpo-rated,applied to the inner surface of the prosthesis,and placed in the mouth.
In the group CCom,the control group,conditioner was applied in the proportions indicated by the manu-facturer,and the re-lining was placed in the patient’s prostheses.
Clinical sessions
In the?rst session,a microbiological sample was collected from denture-bearing palatal mucosa by pass-ing sterile paper points several times across the mucosa surface.(DMS Dental Mirror Co.Ltd.).Immediately after sampling,each swab was replaced in a sterile containment tube with0.5mL of reduced transport ?uid(RTF).35The containment tube was transported within2hours of sampling from the place of collection to the laboratory.The point paper of each swab was vigorously mixed for30seconds with a vortex mixer.A 0.15-mL sample of the swab wash was spread onto a Sabouraud agar plate(Difco Laboratories).The plate was incubated at37°C for48hours,and the CFU were counted.
One millimeter of the intaglio surface of the denture was removed with a sterile bur to obtain an adequate thickness for the tissue conditioner.Depending on the group,the pure tissue conditioner,the tissue condi-tioner mixed with M.alternifolia,or the tissue condi-tioner mixed with Nystatin,as described above,was placed on the maxillary prosthesis,which was placed intraorally,and functional movements were performed to improve the adaptation of the material.The patients were advised to sleep with the conditioned prosthesis and to rinse the denture only with cold water to clean it. The second and third sessions were held4and8days after the previous session.At each visit,swabs were taken from palate mucosa for microbiological study. The conditioner placed in the previous session was removed and a new liner?tting a group’s characteris-tics was placed.At the last examination on day12, swab samples were obtained for a microbiological study of the3groups.
The intensity of in?ammation(erythema)of the pal-ate mucosa,evaluated at each examination by one clinician,was rated according to the following scale:●No?0
●Slight?1
●Moderate?2
●Severe?3
Statistical procedures
Microbiologic data were tabulated and statistical tests were performed with SPSS12.0(Chicago,IL). Viable counts were transformed to log10CFU;the results,presented as the mean of log10CFU,were compared by analysis of variance(ANOVA)analysis of repeated measures with a Tamhane test for multiple comparisons when variances are nonhomogeneous. The clinical data differences among the groups were examined using Friedman’s test for a random-ized block experiment(nonparametric test).Differ-ences were considered statistically signi?cant when P was less than.05.
RESULTS
In vitro study
In vitro activity of pure M.alternifolia on C. albicans demonstrated that a0.2-mL dose of pure M. alternifolia was effective in inhibiting C.albicans growth(Table III).
OOOOE
Volume105,Number3Catalán et al329
The in vitro activity of M.alternifolia in combination
with tissue conditioner on C.albicans revealed total growth inhibition of C.albicans when the Fitt condi-tioner was used with with1mL of M.alternifolia per portion of tissue conditioner or with Nystatin.How-ever,the pure Fitt conditioner was not effective in inhibiting fungi growth in the3replicate experiments (Table IV).For both the pure form and that mixed with M.alternifolia,the results demonstrated that the Lynal conditioner was inef?cient at inhibiting C.albicans growth.Nevertheless,when Lynal was combined with 1mL of Nystatin,an inhibition of C.albicans growth was observed in the3replicate experiments(Table IV). Pure Coe Comfort was ineffective in inhibiting C. albicans growth.However,when it was combined with a1-mL dose of M.alternifolia,the combination was inhibitory to yeast growth(Table IV).
In vivo study
According to the notations,the length of time that the patients previously had been wearing dentures ranged from3to40years.All the patients exhibited poor denture hygiene,24out of27patients indicated that they slept with their dentures,and2out of27patients complained of mucosal bleeding.However,no patient reported pain,metallic taste,or pruritus,and none pre-sented angular cheilitis.The examination of palatal mucosa on day12revealed similar clinical healing patterns in both experimental groups(8out of9patients in group CCom/Melal and8out of9in group CCom/ Nyst had normal palatal mucosa).When groups CCom/ Melal and CCom/Nyst were compared,they revealed no signi?cant statistical difference(P?.403,using Friedman’s test).However,when groups CCom/Melal and CCom/Nyst were compared with group CCom, palatal in?ammation showed a signi?cant statistical difference(P?.001,using Friedman’s test). Results of the mycological cultures for each treat-ment group at each visit are presented in Fig.1.A high signi?cant inhibition in C.albicans growth was found in group CCom/Melal compared to group CCom(P?.000004,using the Tamhane test),and group CCom/ Nyst compared to group CCom(P?.0008,using the Tamhane test).
However,no signi?cant differences were observed in the inhibition of C.albicans growth in the?nal session when group CCom/Melal was compared to group CCom/Nyst(P?.77,using the Tamhane test). Fig.1also shows a greater inhibition of fungus colo-nies,beginning with the third treatment session,in group CCom/Melal than in group CCom/Nystatin. DISCUSSION
Although M.alternifolia oil,or tea tree oil,is known for its ability to eliminate a large number of microor-
Table III.Activity of different doses of pure Melaleuca alternifolia on Candida albicans Melaleuca alternifolia,mL No.colony-forming units
0.12?103
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50 Sabouraud Agar(Control)9.4?103 Table IV.Activity of Fitt,Lynal,and Coe-Comfort mixed with Melaleuca alternifolia or Nystatin on Can-dida albicans expressed as number of colony-forming units(CFUs)
Antifungal Volume,
mL
CFU
FITT Lynal Coe-Comfort
Melaleuca alternifolia 09.4?1037.0?103 1.3?103
0.5 2.2?103 4.1?1030.5?103
1.00
2.6?1030
1.50 3.9?1030
2.00
3.9?1030
Nystatin 1.000
Fig.1.Mean of Candida albicans CFU with respect to4in
vivo sessions.Results are expressed as mean LG10of CFUs.
Tamhane test for the group CCom/Melal compared with
CCom(control group)P?.000004.Tamhane test for the
group CCom/Nyst compared with CCom(control group)P?
.0008.
OOOOE
330Catalán et al March2008
ganisms,including fungi,25,27,30,32,34no use of tea tree oil mixed with tissue conditioners speci?cally for the treatment of DS has been reported.The results of the present in vitro study revealed that the tissue condition-ers,Fitt,Lynal,and Coe-Comfort alone did not dem-onstrate inhibition of C.albicans growth.This is con-sistent with Kulak and Kazazoglu,16who reported that conditioners per se tend to favor the adherence,growth, and hyphae formation of C.albicans.
The tissue conditioner Fitt and Coe-Comfort mixed with M.alternifolia were inhibitory to yeast growth.M. alternifolia combined with Lynal had no inhibiting effect on the in vitro growth of C.albicans.This surprising,inexplicable lack of inhibition can only be attributed to some interaction between the2substances. This interesting observation is in agreement with Tru-hlar et al.,18who observed that the combination of Visco-gel and Nystatin had greater ef?cacy in DS treat-ment than the that of Lynal and Nystatin.
Since they are made of acrylic resin,dentures act as a reservoir,with porosity that allows microbial adher-ence,accumulation,and penetration.7,9,39C.albicans will adhere only in cases of poor denture hygiene and continuous wearing.2The results obtained in this study are in concordance with those of other authors whose data included patients all of whom had poor hygiene and most of whom slept with their dentures on.1-5,8 When the group treated with conditioner and Nysta-tin was compared with the group treated with the con-ditioner and M.alternifolia,the mean numbers of CFU did not differ signi?cantly by the fourth session.How-ever,an analysis of the activities of the Coe-Comfort conditioner mixed with M.alternifolia or Nystatin and pure conditioner did reveal differences that agree with those reported in the literature.9,17,18
It seems that both M.alternifolia and Nystatin mixed with Coe-Comfort were effective in producing a clini-cal remission of DS,but the results of the observed time of remission of the in?ammatory signs differed signif-icantly.Beginning in the third session,C.albicans growth gradually began to decrease,and in the fourth session,a total inhibition of fungi occurred in8of9 patients in both the CCom/Melal and CCom/Nyst groups.In the third session,both of the groups that received M.alternifolia and Nystatin showed dimin-ished growth.However,the statistical data suggest that the decrease in C.albicans is faster with M.alternifolia than with Nystatin.
It has been reported that systemic diseases can pro-mote failure in candidiasis therapy.3In this study,2 patients with xerostomy due to drug intake had no remission of denture stomatitis with the treatment given.One patient was from the CCom/Nyst group on pharmacological treatment for Parkinson’s disease,and 1patient from the CCom/Melal group took sleeping pills.
In summary,the anti-mycotic activity of tea tree oil M.alternifolia mixed with the Coe Comfort tissue conditioner could be used as an alternative therapy for denture stomatitis resistant to traditional therapies.Fu-ture research should be performed to determine changes that can occur in the physical properties of tissue con-ditioners and to investigate the half-life of M.alterni-folia after it is mixed with conditioners. CONCLUSIONS
This study has shown that in vitro M.alternifolia oil mixed with either Coe-Comfort or Fitt tissue condition-ers has both inhibitory and fungicidal activity on C. albicans.In vivo study M.alternifolia mixed with Coe-Comfort is effective in treating denture stomatitis. REFERENCES
1.Budtz-Jorgensen E.Oral mucosal lesions associated with the
wearing of removable dentures.J Oral Pathol1981;10:65-80.
2.Budtz-J?rgensen E.Etiology,pathogenesis,therapy,and prophy-
laxis of oral yeast infections.Acta Odontol Scand1990;48:61-9.
3.Wilson J.The aetiology,diagnosis and management of denture
stomatitis.Br Dent J1998;185:380-4.
4.Bergendal T,Isaacson G.A combined,clinical,mycological and
histological study of the denture stomatitis.Acta Odontol Scand 1983;41:33-44.
5.Newton AV.Denture sore mouth:a possible aetiology.Br Dent
J1962;112:357-60.
6.Darwazeh AM,Al-Refai S,Al-Mojaiwel S.Isolation of Candida
species from the oral cavity and?ngertips of complete denture wearers.J Prosthet Dent2001;86:420-3.
7.Frank RM,Steuer P.Transmission electron microscopy of
plaque accumulations in denture stomatitis.J Prosthet Dent 1985;53:115-24.
8.Catalán A,Herrera R,Martínez A.Denture plaque and palatal
mucosa in denture stomatitis:scanning electron microscopic and microbiologic study.J Prosthet Dent1987;57:581-6.
9.Catalán A.Stomatitis associated with wearing removable den-
tures:etiology and treatment.Cah Prothese1984;12:59-78. 10.Espinoza I,Rojas R,Aranda W,Gamonal J.Prevalence of oral
mucosal lesions in elderly people in Santiago,Chile.J Oral Pathol Med2003;32:571-5.
11.Kulak Y,Arikan A,Kazazoglu E.Existence of Candida albicans
and microorganisms in denture stomatitis patients.J Oral Rehabil 1997;24:788-90.
12.Monsenego P.Presence of microorganisms on the?tting denture
complete surface:study in vivo.J Oral Rehabil2000;27:708-13.
13.Barbeu J,Seguin J,Goulet JP,Koninck L,Avon SL,Lalonde B,
et al.Reassessing the presence of Candida albicans in denture-related stomatitis.Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod2003;95:51-9.
14.Bisell V,Felix DH,Wray https://www.doczj.com/doc/4912183718.html,parative trial of?uconazole
and amphotericin in the treatment of denture stomatitis.Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol1993;76:35-9.
15.Davenport JC,Basker M,Heath JR,Ralph JP,Glantz PO,Ham-
mond P.Initial prosthetic treatment.Br Dent J2001;190:235-44.
16.Kulak Y,Kazazoglu E.In vivo and in vitro study of fungal
presence and growth on three tissue conditioning materials on implant supported complete denture wearers.J Oral Rehabil 1998;25:135-8.
OOOOE
Volume105,Number3Catalán et al331
17. Thomas CJ, Nutt GM. The in vitro fungicidal properties of
Visco-gel, alone and combined with nystatin and amphotericin
B. J Oral Rehabil 1978;5:167-72.
18. Truhlar MR, Shay K, Sohnle P. Use of a new technique for
quanti?cation of antifungal activity of nystatin incorporated in denture liners. J Prosthet Dent 1994;71:517-24.
19. Quin DM. The effectiveness in vitro of Miconazole and Keto-
conazole combined with tissue conditioners in inhibiting the growth of Candida albicans. J Oral Rehabil 1985;12:177-82.
20. Barnabé W, De Mendonca Neto T, Pimenta FC, Pegoraro LF,
Scolaro JM. Ef?cacy of sodium hypochlorite and coconut soap used as disinfecting agents in the reduction of denture stomatitis, Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans. J Oral Rehabil 2004;31:453-9.
21. Dixon DL, Breeding LC, Faler TA. Microwave disinfection of
denture base materials colonized with Candida albicans. J Pros-thet Dent 1999;81:207-14.
22. Brand C, Grimbaldeston MA, Gamble JR, Drew J, Finlay-Jones
JJ, Hart PH. Tea tree oil reduces the swelling associated with the efferent phase of contact hypersensitivity response. In?amm Res 2002;5:236-44.
23. Koh KJ, Pearce AL, Marshman G, Finlay-Jones JJ, Hart PH. Tea
tree oil reduces histamine–induced skin in?ammation. Br J Der-matol 2002;147(6):1212-7.
24. Jandourek A, Vaishampayan JK, Vasquez JA. Ef?cacy of
Melaleuca oral solution for the treatment of ?uconazole refrac-tory oral candidiasis in AIDS patients. AIDS 1998;12:1033-7.
25. D=Auria FD, Laino S, Strippoli V, Tecca M, Salvatore G, Bati-
nelli L, et al. In vitro activity of tea tree oil against Candida albicans mycelial conversion and other pathogenic fungi. J Che-mother 2001;13:377-83.
26. Hammer KA, Carson CF, Riley TV. In vitro activity of essential
oils, in particular Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil and tea tree oil products, against Candida spp. J Antimicrob Chemother 1998;42:591-5.
27. Carson CF, Cookson BD, Farrelly HD, Riley TV. Susceptibility of
methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus to the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia. J Antimicrob Chemother 1995;35:421-4.
28. Hammer KA, Carson CF, Riley TV. In vitro activity of
Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil against dermatophytes and other ?lamentous fungi. J Antimicrob Chemother 2002;50:195-9.
29. Hammer KA, Carson CF, Riley TV. In vitro activities of Keto-
conazole, Econazole, Miconazole, and Melaleuca alternifolia
(tea tree) oil against Malassezia species. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000;44:467-9.
30. Carson CF, Riley TV. Antimicrobial activity of the major com-
ponents of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia. J Appl Bacteriol 1995;78:264-9.
31. Cox SD, Mann CM, Markham JL, Bell HC, Gustafson JE,
Warmington R, et al. The mode of antimicrobial action of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil). J Appl Microbiol 2000;88:170-5.
32. Hammer KA, Carson CF, Riley TV. Melaleuca alternifolia (tea
tree) oil inhibits germ tube formation by Candida albicans. Med Mycol 2000;38:170-5.
33. Vasquez JA, Zawawi AA. Ef?cacy of alcohol-based and alcohol-
free melaleuca oral solution for the treatment ?uconazole-refrac-tory oropharyngeal candidiasis in patients with AIDS. HIV Clin Trials 2002;3:379-85.
34. Hammer KA, Carson CF, Riley TV. Antifungal effects of
Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil and its components on Can-dida albicans, Candida glabrata and Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
J Antimicrob Chemother 2004;53:1081-5.
35. Syed SA, Loesche WJ. Survival of human dental plaque ?ora in
various transport media. Appl Microbiol 1972;24:638-44. 36. Honing Larone D. Medically important fungi. A guide to iden-
ti?cation. 4th ed. Washington, DC: ASM Press; 2002. p. 307, 335.
37. Graham BS, Jones DW, Sutow EJ. Clinical implications of
resilient lining material research.Part II:gelation and?ow prop-erties of tissue conditioners.J Prosthet Dent1991;65:413-8. 38.Kawano F,Tada N,Nagao K,Matsumoto N.The in?uence of
soft living material on pressure distribution.J Prosthet Dent 1991;65:567-75.
39.Waters M,Williams DW,Jagger RG,Lewis MAO.Adherence of
Candida albicans to experimental denture soft lining materials.
J Prosthet Dent1997;77:306-12.
Reprint requests:
Alfonso Catalán,DDS,MSC
School of Dentistry
University of Concepción
Casilla2236
Concepción,Chile
acatalan@udec.cl
OOOOE
332Catalán et al March2008
The way 的用法 Ⅰ常见用法： 1)the way+ that 2)the way + in which（最为正式的用法） 3)the way + 省略（最为自然的用法） 举例：I like the way in which he talks. I like the way that he talks. I like the way he talks. Ⅱ习惯用法： 在当代美国英语中，the way用作为副词的对格，“the way+ 从句”实际上相当于一个状语从句来修饰整个句子。 1)The way =as I am talking to you just the way I’d talk to my own child. He did not do it the way his friends did. Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are—all we have to do is to clean and peel them. 2）The way= according to the way/ judging from the way The way you answer the question, you are an excellent student. The way most people look at you, you’d think trash man is a monster. 3）The way =how/ how much No one can imagine the way he missed her. 4）The way =because
The way的用法及其含义（二） 二、the way在句中的语法作用 the way在句中可以作主语、宾语或表语： 1.作主语 The way you are doing it is completely crazy.你这个干法简直发疯。 The way she puts on that accent really irritates me. 她故意操那种口音的样子实在令我恼火。The way she behaved towards him was utterly ruthless. 她对待他真是无情至极。 Words are important, but the way a person stands, folds his or her arms or moves his or her hands can also give us information about his or her feelings. 言语固然重要,但人的站姿,抱臂的方式和手势也回告诉我们他(她)的情感。 2.作宾语 I hate the way she stared at me.我讨厌她盯我看的样子。 We like the way that her hair hangs down.我们喜欢她的头发笔直地垂下来。 You could tell she was foreign by the way she was dressed. 从她的穿著就可以看出她是外国人。 She could not hide her amusement at the way he was dancing. 她见他跳舞的姿势，忍俊不禁。 3.作表语 This is the way the accident happened.这就是事故如何发生的。 Believe it or not, that's the way it is. 信不信由你, 反正事情就是这样。 That's the way I look at it, too. 我也是这么想。 That was the way minority nationalities were treated in old China. 那就是少数民族在旧中
定冠词the的用法： 定冠词the与指示代词this ,that同源,有“那(这)个”的意思,但较弱,可以和一个名词连用,来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西. (1)特指双方都明白的人或物 Take the medicine.把药吃了. (2)上文提到过的人或事 He bought a house.他买了幢房子. I've been to the house.我去过那幢房子. (3)指世界上独一无二的事物 the sun ,the sky ,the moon, the earth (4)单数名词连用表示一类事物 the dollar 美元 the fox 狐狸 或与形容词或分词连用,表示一类人 the rich 富人 the living 生者 (5)用在序数词和形容词最高级,及形容词等前面 Where do you live?你住在哪? I live on the second floor.我住在二楼. That's the very thing I've been looking for.那正是我要找的东西. (6)与复数名词连用,指整个群体 They are the teachers of this school.(指全体教师) They are teachers of this school.(指部分教师) (7)表示所有,相当于物主代词,用在表示身体部位的名词前 She caught me by the arm.她抓住了我的手臂. (8)用在某些有普通名词构成的国家名称,机关团体,阶级等专有名词前 the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国 the United States 美国 (9)用在表示乐器的名词前 She plays the piano.她会弹钢琴. (10)用在姓氏的复数名词之前,表示一家人 the Greens 格林一家人(或格林夫妇) (11)用在惯用语中 in the day, in the morning... the day before yesterday, the next morning... in the sky... in the dark... in the end... on the whole, by the way...
“tｈｅwａｙ+从句”结构的意义及用法 首先让我们来看下面这个句子: Ｒead the foｌloｗｉnｇpassagｅａnd talkａbout ｉt wi ｔh your classmaｔes．Try tｏｔeｌl whaｔyｏu thiｎk ｏf Tom aｎd ｏｆｔhe ｗay the chiｌｄrenｔrｅated ｈim. 在这个句子中，ｔhe waｙ是先行词,后面是省略了关系副词that或in whｉch的定语从句。 下面我们将叙述“the ｗaｙ+从句”结构的用法。 1.tｈe wａy之后，引导定语从句的关系词是tｈat而不是hoｗ,因此，<<现代英语惯用法词典＞＞中所给出的下面两个句子是错误的：Ｔhｉs is ｔｈeｗayｈowｉtｈａppened. This is the way how he ａlwａｙs treats me. 2．在正式语体中,thaｔ可被in which所代替;在非正式语体中，ｔhat则往往省略。由此我们得到theｗay后接定语从句时的三种模式：1) tｈe ｗaｙ＋ｔhａt-从句２）the way +ｉn whiｃh－从句3) the ｗay +从句 例如：Ｔｈe way(in whiｃh ，thａt) ｔhｅｓｅｃomｒade ｓloｏｋａｔｐrobｌems is wrong．这些同志看问题的方法
不对。 Ｔｈｅｗａy(that ,ｉn ｗhiｃh)yoｕ’ｒe doinｇit is comple ｔeｌy crａzy.你这么个干法,简直发疯。 Wｅａdmiｒｅd him for thｅｗay ｉｎｗhｉch he fａｃeｓdiｆficultieｓ． Waｌlａｃe ａｎd Ｄarwiｎｇreed ｏn the way ｉｎwhi ｃh ｄｉfｆｅrｅnt forms ｏf life had ｂegｕn.华莱士和达尔文对不同类型的生物是如何起源的持相同的观点。 Thｉs is ｔｈe ｗaｙ（tｈａｔ) hｅdｉd it. I lｉkeｄｔhe waｙ(ｔhat) ｓｈeｏｒganized ｔhe ｍeetｉng． 3.theｗay(tｈat)有时可以与hｏw(作“如何”解）通用。例如： That’s tｈe ｗaｙ(tｈaｔ) shｅspoke. = Tｈat’s how shｅspoke.
表示“方式”、“方法”，注意以下用法： 1.表示用某种方法或按某种方式，通常用介词in(此介词有时可省略)。如： Do it (in) your own way. 按你自己的方法做吧。 Please do not talk (in) that way. 请不要那样说。 2.表示做某事的方式或方法，其后可接不定式或of doing sth。 如： It’s the best way of studying [to study] English. 这是学习英语的最好方法。 There are different ways to do [of doing] it. 做这事有不同的办法。 3.其后通常可直接跟一个定语从句(不用任何引导词)，也可跟由that 或in which 引导的定语从句，但是其后的从句不能由how 来引导。如： 我不喜欢他说话的态度。 正：I don’t like the way he spoke. 正：I don’t like the way that he spoke. 正：I don’t like the way in which he spoke. 误：I don’t like the way how he spoke. 4.注意以下各句the way 的用法： That’s the way (=how) he spoke. 那就是他说话的方式。 Nobody else loves you the way(=as) I do. 没有人像我这样爱你。 The way (=According as) you are studying now, you won’tmake much progress. 根据你现在学习情况来看，你不会有多大的进步。 2007年陕西省高考英语中有这样一道单项填空题： ——I think he is taking an active part insocial work. ——I agree with you_____. A、in a way B、on the way C、by the way D、in the way 此题答案选A。要想弄清为什么选A，而不选其他几项，则要弄清选项中含way的四个短语的不同意义和用法，下面我们就对此作一归纳和小结。 一、in a way的用法 表示：在一定程度上，从某方面说。如： In a way he was right.在某种程度上他是对的。注：in a way也可说成in one way。 二、on the way的用法 1、表示：即将来(去)，就要来(去)。如： Spring is on the way.春天快到了。 I'd better be on my way soon.我最好还是快点儿走。 Radio forecasts said a sixth-grade wind was on the way.无线电预报说将有六级大风。 2、表示：在路上，在行进中。如： He stopped for breakfast on the way.他中途停下吃早点。 We had some good laughs on the way.我们在路上好好笑了一阵子。 3、表示：(婴儿)尚未出生。如： She has two children with another one on the way.她有两个孩子，现在还怀着一个。 She's got five children，and another one is on the way.她已经有5个孩子了，另一个又快生了。 三、by the way的用法
The way的用法及其含义（一） 有这样一个句子：In 1770 the room was completed the way she wanted. 1770年，这间琥珀屋按照她的要求完成了。 the way在句中的语法作用是什么？其意义如何？在阅读时，学生经常会碰到一些含有the way 的句子，如：No one knows the way he invented the machine. He did not do the experiment the way his teacher told him.等等。他们对the way 的用法和含义比较模糊。在这几个句子中，the way之后的部分都是定语从句。第一句的意思是，“没人知道他是怎样发明这台机器的。”the way的意思相当于how；第二句的意思是，“他没有按照老师说的那样做实验。”the way 的意思相当于as。在In 1770 the room was completed the way she wanted.这句话中，the way也是as的含义。随着现代英语的发展，the way的用法已越来越普遍了。下面，我们从the way的语法作用和意义等方面做一考查和分析： 一、the way作先行词，后接定语从句 以下3种表达都是正确的。例如：“我喜欢她笑的样子。” 1. the way+ in which +从句 I like the way in which she smiles. 2. the way+ that +从句 I like the way that she smiles. 3. the way + 从句(省略了in which或that) I like the way she smiles. 又如：“火灾如何发生的，有好几种说法。” 1. There were several theories about the way in which the fire started. 2. There were several theories about the way that the fire started.
way 的用法 【语境展示】 1. Now I’ll show you how to do the experiment in a different way. 下面我来演示如何用一种不同的方法做这个实验。 2. The teacher had a strange way to make his classes lively and interesting. 这位老师有种奇怪的办法让他的课生动有趣。 3. Can you tell me the best way of working out this problem? 你能告诉我算出这道题的最好方法吗？ 4. I don’t know the way (that / in which) he helped her out. 我不知道他用什么方法帮助她摆脱困境的。 5. The way (that / which) he talked about to solve the problem was difficult to understand. 他所谈到的解决这个问题的方法难以理解。 6. I don’t like the way that / which is being widely used for saving water. 我不喜欢这种正在被广泛使用的节水方法。 7. They did not do it the way we do now. 他们以前的做法和我们现在不一样。 【归纳总结】 ●way作“方法，方式”讲时，如表示“以……方式”，前面常加介词in。如例1； ●way作“方法，方式”讲时，其后可接不定式to do sth.，也可接of doing sth. 作定语，表示做某事的方法。如例2，例3；
t h e-w a y-的用法
The way 的用法 "the way+从句"结构在英语教科书中出现的频率较高, the way 是先行词, 其后是定语从句.它有三种表达形式:1) the way+that 2)the way+ in which 3)the way + 从句(省略了that或in which),在通常情况下, 用in which 引导的定语从句最为正式,用that的次之,而省略了关系代词that 或 in which 的, 反而显得更自然,最为常用.如下面三句话所示,其意义相同. I like the way in which he talks. I like the way that he talks. I like the way he talks. 一.在当代美国英语中,the way用作为副词的对格,"the way+从句"实际上相当于一个状语从句来修饰全句. the way=as 1)I'm talking to you just the way I'd talk to a boy of my own. 我和你说话就象和自己孩子说话一样. 2)He did not do it the way his friend did. 他没有象他朋友那样去做此事. 3)Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are ----all we have to do is clean or peel them . 大部分水果天然甜润,可以直接食用,我们只需要把他们清洗一下或去皮.
way的用法总结大全 way的用法你知道多少，今天给大家带来way的用法，希望能够帮助到大家，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。 way的用法总结大全 way的意思 n. 道路,方法,方向,某方面 adv. 远远地，大大地 way用法 way可以用作名词 way的基本意思是“路,道,街,径”,一般用来指具体的“路,道路”,也可指通向某地的“方向”“路线”或做某事所采用的手段,即“方式,方法”。way还可指“习俗,作风”“距离”“附近,周围”“某方面”等。 way作“方法,方式,手段”解时,前面常加介词in。如果way前有this, that等限定词,介词可省略,但如果放在句首,介词则不可省略。
way作“方式,方法”解时,其后可接of v -ing或to- v 作定语,也可接定语从句,引导从句的关系代词或关系副词常可省略。 way用作名词的用法例句 I am on my way to the grocery store.我正在去杂货店的路上。 We lost the way in the dark.我们在黑夜中迷路了。 He asked me the way to London.他问我去伦敦的路。 way可以用作副词 way用作副词时意思是“远远地,大大地”,通常指在程度或距离上有一定的差距。 way back表示“很久以前”。 way用作副词的用法例句 It seems like Im always way too busy with work.我工作总是太忙了。 His ideas were way ahead of his time.他的思想远远超越了他那个时代。 She finished the race way ahead of the other runners.她第一个跑到终点,远远领先于其他选手。 way用法例句
t h e_w a y的用法大全
The way 在the way+从句中, the way 是先行词, 其后是定语从句.它有三种表达形式:1) the way+that 2)the way+ in which 3)the way + 从句(省略了that或in which),在通常情况下, 用in which 引导的定语从句最为正式,用that的次之,而省略了关系代词that 或 in which 的, 反而显得更自然,最为常用.如下面三句话所示,其意义相同. I like the way in which he talks. I like the way that he talks. I like the way he talks. 如果怕弄混淆，下面的可以不看了 另外，在当代美国英语中,the way用作为副词的对格,"the way+从句"实际上相当于一个状语从句来修饰全句. the way=as 1)I'm talking to you just the way I'd talk to a boy of my own. 我和你说话就象和自己孩子说话一样. 2)He did not do it the way his friend did. 他没有象他朋友那样去做此事. 3)Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are ----all we have to do is clean or peel them . 大部分水果天然甜润,可以直接食用,我们只需要把他们清洗一下或去皮. the way=according to the way/judging from the way 4)The way you answer the qquestions, you must be an excellent student. 从你回答就知道,你是一个优秀的学生. 5)The way most people look at you, you'd think a trashman was a monster. 从大多数人看你的目光中,你就知道垃圾工在他们眼里是怪物. the way=how/how much 6)I know where you are from by the way you pronounce my name. 从你叫我名字的音调中,我知道你哪里人. 7)No one can imaine the way he misses her. 人们很想想象他是多么想念她. the way=because 8) No wonder that girls looks down upon me, the way you encourage her. 难怪那姑娘看不起我, 原来是你怂恿的
The way 的用法 "the way+从句"结构在英语教科书中出现的频率较高, the way 是先行词, 其后是定语从句.它有三种表达形式:1) the way+that 2)the way+ in which 3)the way + 从句(省略了that或in which),在通常情况下, 用in which 引导的定语从句最为正式,用that的次之,而省略了关系代词that 或in which 的, 反而显得更自然,最为常用.如下面三句话所示,其意义相同. I like the way in which he talks. I like the way that he talks. I like the way he talks. 一.在当代美国英语中,the way用作为副词的对格,"the way+从句"实际上相当于一个状语从句来修饰全句. the way=as 1)I'm talking to you just the way I'd talk to a boy of my own. 我和你说话就象和自己孩子说话一样. 2)He did not do it the way his friend did. 他没有象他朋友那样去做此事. 3)Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are ----all we have to do is clean or peel them . 大部分水果天然甜润,可以直接食用,我们只需要把他们清洗一下或去皮.
the way=according to the way/judging from the way 4)The way you answer the qquestions, you must be an excellent student. 从你回答就知道,你是一个优秀的学生. 5)The way most people look at you, you'd think a trashman was a monster. 从大多数人看你的目光中,你就知道垃圾工在他们眼里是怪物. the way=how/how much 6)I know where you are from by the way you pronounce my name. 从你叫我名字的音调中,我知道你哪里人. 7)No one can imaine the way he misses her. 人们很想想象他是多么想念她. the way=because 8) No wonder that girls looks down upon me, the way you encourage her. 难怪那姑娘看不起我, 原来是你怂恿的 the way =while/when(表示对比) 9)From that day on, they walked into the classroom carrying defeat on their shoulders the way other students carried textbooks under their arms. 从那天起,其他同学是夹着书本来上课,而他们却带着"失败"的思想负担来上课.
The way的用法及其含义（三） 三、the way的语义 1. the way=as（像） Please do it the way I’ve told you.请按照我告诉你的那样做。 I'm talking to you just the way I'd talk to a boy of my own.我和你说话就像和自己孩子说话一样。 Plant need water the way they need sun light. 植物需要水就像它们需要阳光一样。 2. the way=how（怎样，多么） No one can imagine the way he misses her.没人能够想象出他是多么想念她！ I want to find out the way a volcano has formed.我想弄清楚火山是怎样形成的。 He was filled with anger at the way he had been treated.他因遭受如此待遇而怒火满腔。That’s the way she speaks.她就是那样讲话的。 3. the way=according as （根据） The way you answer the questions, you must be an excellent student.从你回答问题来看，你一定是名优秀的学生。 The way most people look at you, you'd think a trash man was a monster.从大多数人看你的目光中,你就知道垃圾工在他们眼里是怪物。 The way I look at it, it’s not what you do that matters so much.依我看，重要的并不是你做什么。 I might have been his son the way he talked.根据他说话的样子，好像我是他的儿子一样。One would think these men owned the earth the way they behave.他们这样行动，人家竟会以为他们是地球的主人。
一．Way：“方式”、“方法” 1.表示用某种方法或按某种方式 Do it (in) your own way. Please do not talk (in) that way. 2.表示做某事的方式或方法 It’s the best way of studying [to study] English.。 There are different ways to do [of doing] it. 3.其后通常可直接跟一个定语从句(不用任何引导词)，也可跟由that 或in which 引导的定语从句 正：I don’t like the way he spoke. I don’t like the way that he spoke. I don’t like the way in which he spoke.误：I don’t like the way how he spoke. 4. the way 的从句 That’s the way (=how) he spoke. I know where you are from by the way you pronounce my name. That was the way minority nationalities were treated in old China. Nobody else loves you the way(=as) I do. He did not do it the way his friend did. 二．固定搭配 1. In a/one way：In a way he was right. 2. In the way /get in one’s way I'm afraid your car is in the way， If you are not going to help，at least don't get in the way. You'll have to move－you're in my way. 3. in no way Theory can in no way be separated from practice. 4. On the way (to……) Let’s wait a few moments. He is on the way Spring is on the way. Radio forecasts said a sixth-grade wind was on the way. She has two children with another one on the way. 5. By the way By the way，do you know where Mary lives? 6. By way of Learn English by way of watching US TV series. 8. under way 1. Elbow one’s way He elbowed his way to the front of the queue. 2. shoulder one’s way 3. feel one‘s way 摸索着向前走；We couldn’t see anything in the cave, so we had to feel our way out 4. fight/force one’s way 突破。。。而前进The surrounded soldiers fought their way out. 5.. push/thrust one‘s way（在人群中）挤出一条路He pushed his way through the crowd. 6. wind one’s way 蜿蜒前进 7. lead the way 带路，领路；示范 8. lose one‘s way 迷失方向 9. clear the way 排除障碍，开路迷路 10. make one’s way 前进，行进The team slowly made their way through the jungle.
在the way+从句中, the way 是先行词, 其后是定语从句.它有三种表达形式:1) the way+that 2)the way+ in which 3)the way + 从句(省略了that或in which),在通常情况下, 用in which 引导的定语从句最为正式,用that的次之,而省略了关系代词that 或in which 的, 反而显得更自然,最为常用.如下面三句话所示,其意义相同. I like the way in which he talks. I like the way that he talks. I like the way he talks. 如果怕弄混淆，下面的可以不看了 另外，在当代美国英语中,the way用作为副词的对格,"the way+从句"实际上相当于一个状语从句来修饰全句. the way=as 1)I'm talking to you just the way I'd talk to a boy of my own. 我和你说话就象和自己孩子说话一样. 2)He did not do it the way his friend did. 他没有象他朋友那样去做此事. 3)Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are ----all we have to do is clean or peel them . 大部分水果天然甜润,可以直接食用,我们只需要把他们清洗一下或去皮. the way=according to the way/judging from the way 4)The way you answer the qquestions, you must be an excellent student. 从你回答就知道,你是一个优秀的学生. 5)The way most people look at you, you'd think a trashman was a monster. 从大多数人看你的目光中,你就知道垃圾工在他们眼里是怪物. the way=how/how much 6)I know where you are from by the way you pronounce my name. 从你叫我名字的音调中,我知道你哪里人. 7)No one can imaine the way he misses her. 人们很想想象他是多么想念她. the way=because 8) No wonder that girls looks down upon me, the way you encourage her. 难怪那姑娘看不起我, 原来是你怂恿的 the way =while/when(表示对比) 9)From that day on, they walked into the classroom carrying defeat on their shoulders the way other students carried textbooks under their arms.
“the way+从句”结构的意义及用法 首先让我们来看下面这个句子： Read the following passage and talk about it with your classmates. Try to tell what you think of Tom and of the way the children treated him. 在这个句子中，the way是先行词，后面是省略了关系副词that 或in which的定语从句。 下面我们将叙述“the way+从句”结构的用法。 1．the way之后，引导定语从句的关系词是that而不是how,因此，<<现代英语惯用法词典>>中所给出的下面两个句子是错误的：This is the way how it happened. This is the way how he always treats me. 2. 在正式语体中，that可被in which所代替；在非正式语体中，that则往往省略。由此我们得到the way后接定语从句时的三种模式：1) the way +that-从句2) the way +in which-从句3) the way +从句 例如：The way(in which ,that) these comrades look at problems is wrong.这些同志看问题的方法不对。
The way(that ,in which)you’re doing it is completely crazy.你这么个干法，简直发疯。 We admired him for the way in which he faces difficulties. Wallace and Darwin greed on the way in which different forms of life had begun.华莱士和达尔文对不同类型的生物是如何起源的持相同的观点。 This is the way (that) he did it. I liked the way (that) she organized the meeting. 3.the way(that)有时可以与how(作“如何”解)通用。例如： That’s the way (that) she spoke. = That’s how she spoke. I should like to know the way/how you learned to master the fundamental technique within so short a time. 4．the way的其它用法：以上我们讲的都是用作先行词的the way，下面我们将叙述它的一些用法。
定冠词the的12种用法 定冠词the 的12 种用法，全知道?快来一起学习吧。下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。 定冠词the 的12 种用法，全知道? 定冠词the用在各种名词前面，目的是对这个名词做个记号，表示它的特指属性。所以在词汇表中，定冠词the 的词义是“这个，那个，这些，那些”，可见，the 即可以放在可数名词前，也可以修饰不可数名词，the 后面的名词可以是单数，也可以是复数。 定冠词的基本用法： (1) 表示对某人、某物进行特指，所谓的特指就是“不是别的，就是那个!”如： The girl with a red cap is Susan. 戴了个红帽子的女孩是苏珊。 (2) 一旦用到the，表示谈话的俩人都知道说的谁、说的啥。如：
The dog is sick. 狗狗病了。(双方都知道是哪一只狗) (3) 前面提到过的，后文又提到。如： There is a cat in the tree.Thecat is black. 树上有一只猫，猫是黑色的。 (4) 表示世界上唯一的事物。如： The Great Wall is a wonder.万里长城是个奇迹。(5) 方位名词前。如： thenorth of the Yangtze River 长江以北地区 (6) 在序数词和形容词最高级的前面。如： Who is the first?谁第一个? Sam is the tallest.山姆最高。 但是不能认为，最高级前必须加the，如： My best friend. 我最好的朋友。 (7) 在乐器前。如： play the flute 吹笛子
Way用法 A:I think you should phone Jenny and say sorry to her. B:_______. It was her fault. A. No way B. Not possible C. No chance D. Not at all 说明：正确答案是A. No way，意思是“别想！没门！决不！” 我认为你应该打电话给珍妮并向她道歉。 没门！这是她的错。 再看两个关于no way的例句： （1）Give up our tea break? NO way! 让我们放弃喝茶的休息时间？没门儿！ （2）No way will I go on working for that boss. 我决不再给那个老板干了。 way一词含义丰富，由它构成的短语用法也很灵活。为了便于同学们掌握和用好它，现结合实例将其用法归纳如下： 一、way的含义 1. 路线
He asked me the way to London. 他问我去伦敦的路。 We had to pick our way along the muddy track. 我们不得不在泥泞的小道上择路而行。 2. （沿某）方向 Look this way, please. 请往这边看。 Kindly step this way, ladies and gentlemen. 女士们、先生们，请这边走。 Look both ways before crossing the road. 过马路前向两边看一看。 Make sure that the sign is right way up. 一定要把符号的上下弄对。 3. 道、路、街，常用以构成复合词 a highway（公路），a waterway（水路），a railway（铁路），wayside（路边）
way/time的特殊用法 1、当先行词是way意思为”方式.方法”的时候,引导定语从句的关系词有下列3种形式： Way在从句中做宾语 The way that / which he explained to us is quite simple. Way在从句中做状语 The way t hat /in which he explained the sentence to us is quite simple. 2、当先行词是time时,若time表示次数时,应用关系代词that引导定语从句,that可以省略; 若time表示”一段时间”讲时,应用关系副词when或介词at/during + which引导定语从句 1.Is this factory _______ we visited last year? 2.Is this the factory-------we visited last year? A. where B in which C the one D which 3. This is the last time _________ I shall give you a lesson. A. when B that C which D in which 4.I don’t like the way ________ you laugh at her. A . that B on which C which D as 5.He didn’t understand the wa y ________ I worked out the problem. A which B in which C where D what 6.I could hardly remember how many times----I’ve failed. A that B which C in which D when 7.This is the second time--------the president has visited the country. A which B where C that D in which 8.This was at a time------there were no televisions, no computers or radios. A what B when C which D that