土木工程英语论文
Building drainage of water-saving techniques
With people's quality of life?the quality and quantity of wa ter are
constantly expanding. Implement sustainable water use and prot ection of water resources from destruction. And access to he althy water, recycling of water, has become the government a nd the broad masses of the people the focus of attention. All this gave to the construction of drainage works on the design of the many new requirements, water supply advanced technology of the urgent need to accelerate the pace. This paper will
explore more of the building for drainage of water-saving te chnology; we hope to arouse the awareness of water conservat ion to build water-saving city efforts.
Construction of a water-saving project, in addition to the w ater saving should formulate laws and regulations to strength en the management and day-to-day publicity and education use price leverage to promote water conservation work, but also take effective measures, to ensure that the construction of water-saving work carried out in-depth and
comprehensive. We are aware that the water supply network's coverage, the extension of
transmission mains and the construction of the building becau se arising from the difference in height, will be used to increase the water pressure before the end of ways to prote ct the most disadvantaged water points will be adequate wate r supply, This will be a large number of regional supply o f high pressure water supply is. Therefore accessories before the water hydrostatic head greater than outflow, the flow was greater than the rated flow capacity. Beyond the rated flow capacity of that part of the normal flow did not have the use efficiency is a waste of water. As a result of this water is being wasted is not easy to detect and under stand, it could be called a "stealth" wasting water.
It has been in a different type of floor, the building 67 water
distribution points so the overpressure from the measured flo w analysis, Statistical results are 55% of the iron spiral movements - taps
(hereinafter referred to as "ordinary water") and 61% of the ceramic valve - leading the flow of water-saving more than their rated flow, the
super-flow pressure from the state. Two endings the largest flow out of the rated flow capacity of about three times [ 1]. This shows that in our
existing buildings, water supply system overpressure out-flow phenomenon is widespread and it is a fairly serious. In dis tribution point pressure
As overpressure flow out of the "invisible" water is not wa sted paid enough attention to, So in our existing "building water supply and drainage
design" and "construction water supply and drainage design GB J15-20 00 draft "(hereinafter referred to as" draft "), alth ough the water
accessories and home support the greatest pressure certain re stric
provisions in [2], but this is only to prevent water from the high pressure parts will lead to damage to the point o f consideration, not prevent excess pressure from the out-flo w point of view, the pressure is too lenient
restrictions on the flow overpressure no fundamental role. Th erefore, in accordance with the water supply system overpress ure flow from the actual situation, the pressure on the wat er supply system to make reasonable limit.
1.2 measures taken decompression
Water supply system in a reasonable allocation of decompressi on device is to control pressure within the limits required to reduce excess
pressure from the flow of technical support.
1.2.1 Jangled nerves
Relief valve is a good decompression device, can be divided into
proportional (lower left) of direct action and the type (Pho to) The former is based on the ratio of the area to deter mine the proportion of
decompression, which can be set under pressure prior decompre ssion, When the water-stop water, you can also be controllin g the vacuum tube pressure is not increased, Decompression c an achieve dynamic can achieve static decompression.
1.2.2 Decompression orifice and conserving Cypriots1106
Orifice decompression compared with jangled nerves example, th e system is relatively simple, less investment, easy manageme nt. The practice of some units, water-saving effects are fai rly obvious, If Shanghai Jiao tong University in the school bathroom water pipe installation aperture of 5
mm orifice, water-saving about 43%. But decompression orifice
only by the dynamic pressure, static pressure can be reduc ed and the pressure
downstream with the upstream pressure and the flow is change d, is not stable enough. In addition, the vacuum orifice pl ug easy. In better water quality and water pressure more st able, by using [3]. Cutting expenditure and the role of Cyp riot advantages and decompression orifice basically are the s ame. Suitable for the small diameter and accessories installe
d to us
e [3].
1.3 adopt water-saving leading
A trial showed that the leading Practical water-saving taps and the
general state of the full, flow out of the former than the latter out of
the flow. That is the same pressure, the leading water cons ervation has
good water saving, water-saving volume in 20% ~ 30% between. And the higher the pressure ordinary tap water from the l arger, water-saving is leading the greater the volume of wat er-saving. Therefore, should the building (especially in the standard water pressure in water distribution points) leading installation of water-saving, reduce water wastage. In 1999 the Ministry of Construction, State Economic and Trade Comm ission, State Bureau of Building materials apparatuses jointly issued a document "on the elimination of residential buildi ngs behind the products notified"
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require large and medium-sized cities in new residential proh ibit the use of helical-style cast iron nozzle movements, ac tively adopt "ceramic
cartridge faucets" and "common faucet technical conditions of the ceramic cartridge faucets [4]. Since the main building of our school building earlier in the toilet faucet is st ill an ordinary spiral movement - iron taps. We have often seen leading loosening and tightening the leading difficulty caused by the leakage phenomenon. In fact, there is such a
faucet overpressure caused by the "invisible" huge waste of water. Schools should arouse the concern of the relevant dep artments, from the long-term interests for the use of water-saving new leader, reduce unnecessary losses.
2 vigorously develop the construction of water facilities, "w atercourse." As the name suggests is not delivered on the w aterways clean water is not sullied by sewage contamination. Residents put a wash, bathing, washing clothes and other w ater washing and flushing water together, after CO., filtrati on and disinfection, Sterilization, which imported waterway ne twork, for toilet flushing, washing cars, and pouring green, onto the road and other non-drinking purposes. China theref ore waterway is also
known as miscellaneous water Road. With a watercourse which cubic meters of water, equivalent to the use of one cubic meters of clean water, emit less nearly a cubic meter of s ewage and kill two birds with one stone.
Water-saving achieved nearly 50% [3]. Therefore, the channel has many of the world's water shortage in cities used exten sively.
2.1 full use washing wastewater and other quality miscellaneo us drainage The existing water facilities built in most hote ls, colleges, and the
basic source for the bathroom bathing wastewater. For some s mall units, smaller than bathing wastewater, and discharge ti me is too concentrated, Water facilities are not stable and adequate source of water. And washing with water wastewater , the use of time more evenly, water treatment and the adv antages of relatively good, as a water source, to be fully exploited.
2.2 Develop and implement as soon as possible the return to the new water quality standards
The current construction of water reused implementation of th e existing life miscellaneous water quality standards.? The t otal coli form
standards and the requirements of "sanitary standard for drin king water," the same, compared to the developed countries a nd the Chinese water standards apply to the swim-minus III also strict standards. This has led to two problems: First, many of the existing water works is less than the standar d; 2 are fulfilled with a certain degree of difficulty, imp rove the water project investment and processing cost. So sh ould develop
appropriate indicators of the value of water works to promot e the spread and popularize. Water Saving water is not limi ting, or even prevents the water. But reasonable people to water, efficient use of water and not waste.
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As long as we pay attention to fit the family's bad habits , we will be able to water-saving around 70% [3]. Water an d waste a lot of the habits, such as: flush toilets single wash cigarette butts and broken fine waste; to access a c up of cold water. Many people will not venting water; spend the potatoes, carrots after peeling, washing or after the optional
vegetables; when the water stopped (open access customers, an swer the phone, change TV channels), not turning off the ta p; During the suspension, forget turning off the tap; toilet s, wash, brush, let the water has been flowing; Before slee p, go out, do not check the faucet; equipment leaks, not p romptly repaired. From the following table, we can see in m any parts of life as long as we interested to note that t he conservation of water is very impressive.
3 to promote the use of water-saving devices
In addition to the family of water-saving attention to culti vate good habits of water, using water-saving devices is ver y important and also the most effective. Some people prefer laissez-faire, but also refused to replace water-saving devi ces, in fact, so much water is a long time
down the uneconomical. Thus vigorously promote the use of wa ter-saving devices is the construction of water-saving importa nt ways and means.
3.1Water-saving taps
3.1.1 Water Saving leading Ceramics
Currently most of the water-saving taps used Ceramics taps. Such taps
compared with ordinary taps, water was typically up to 20% ~ 30%; and other types of water-saving compared to the lead ing and cheap [3]. Therefore, in the residential buildings o f architectural vigorously promote the use of such water-savi ng lead. We taught the fifth floor of the dormitory buildin
g and are used by such leading.
3.1.2 Closed since delay taps
Since the delay in the water taps closed after a certain t ime, shut down automatically to avoid Changliushui phenomenon. Water timing to be in a certain range adjustment, both fo r the convenience of Health has complied with the water-savi ng requirements suitable for washing in public places with.
3.1.3 Photoelectric controlled taps
Closed since the delay of water-saving taps but water while fixed time and meet the different requirements of the use of the object.
Photoelectric controlled taps will be able to overcome the a bove drawbacks, such as the latest one of the type of infr ared device control wash, The first installation will be sel f-inspection of the device in front of or below the fixed reflectors (for example, vanity) and based on the
reflectors adjust their distance from work to avoid the past because of automatic water obstacles closer to the front o f regular water, Such intelligent device can wash your hands although below action without washing their hands without w ater. a long time will wash water and do not
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have long-term can also regularly flush Water Seal failure t o avoid a supply shortage ahead of the police [3].
3.2The total water-saving flush
3.2.1 Use of small volume cisterns commode
China is promoting the use of water tanks 6 L fecal water-saving devices, and have flushing water to 4.5 L or even l ess, stood on the stool available. However, we should also pay attention to the drainage system to ensure the normal w ork of the use of small volume cisterns commode, otherwise they will be brought to plug the pipeline, not a net wash, and other issues. Two respectively flushing cisterns in uri ne, flushing water for 4 L (or less); Washing stool, Chong stood at 9 L (or less) [3]. (Map is a two-valve I-Yuan annually to the water tanks, to open the stool below the d rain urine when opened above the drain Pictured left is the two-block cisterns switch several forms) Israel's constructio n regulations require all new
buildings to install two respectively wash cisterns. China sh ould also vigorously promoted two respectively cisterns, becau se one day, the number is far higher than the urine stool frequency. To three homes as an example, per person per d ay for a meeting of feces, urine four times and the use o f existing water tanks L 9, day to 135 L of water; 6 L of water use, 90 L of water a day;
and the use of cisterns two respectively, 75 L of water a day, can be seen using two respectively cisterns 9 L 6 L than using more water-saving cisterns [3]. 6 L Yuan annual
ly to the use of water-saving cisterns better results. The use of tanks in two trances another advantage is not right and the replacement of the total drainage system to carry out reform therefore particularly applicable to existing bui ldings the total replacement of water tanks.
3.2.2-washing Urinal
The United States launched the Urinal-washing, which is not water, the stench from the toilets without using utensils, I n fact, only in one end Urinal add special "trap" devices, but because the economic, health, water effectively, So pop ular station.
3.2.3Photoelectric control Urinal
Urinal photoelectric controls in a number of public buildings installations.
3.2.4 Delayed flushing valve closed
It is the use of guide-work principle, water officials direc tly connected with the water pressure high enough circumstanc es, can protect the
instantaneous flushing commode needs to replace tanks and acc essories, installation is simple and easy to use, health, lo w prices, Water-saving effect of the obvious characteristics [3]. We carpentry center is used for such cleaning.
3.3 in hot water systems installed in various forms of wate r-saving devices
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If installed in public bathrooms limited flow orifice, in th e cold, hot water imported pressure balance between the inst allation of equipment; Installation of low-flow plumbing. Infl atable hot water thermostat and cooling, hot water mixed hyd rants.
3.4 to further develop various forms of water-saving devices 3.
4.1 Development of different water taps out
Some countries, in different places with different water out of taps,
Singapore provides water for washing vegetables pots 6 L / min, shower water 9 L / min; China's Taiwan Province launch ed the spray-wash special taps, the flow was 1 L / min. I n China, various taps most of the rated flow capacity of 0 .2 L / s, that is 12 L / min, excessive [4]. Therefore b e reasonable to develop taps the rated flow, and gradually installed in different places different from water taps.
3.4.2 Vacuum water-saving techniques
To ensure that sanitary ware and sewer cleaning effect of v acuum
technology can be applied to drainage works Most of the air instead of using water, relying on the vacuum of high-spee d gas-water mixture, and rapid disposal of the sewage, dirt-gully clean and save water and drain away the effects of d irty air. A complete vacuum drainage system,
including: vacuum valve and with a magnitude of suction devi ces occupants, the closed aqueduct, vacuum collection containe rs. Vacuum pumps, control equipment and channels and so on. Together with the vacuum generated 40 ~ 5min the negative pressure of sewage pumped to the collection containers, the n will collect sewage pump effluent into the municipal sewer . Different types of construction in the use of vacuum tech nology, the average water-saving exceed 40%.
2.1 Reinforced Concrete Plain concrete is formed from a hardened mixture of cement ,water ,fine aggregate, coarse aggregate (crushed stone or gravel),air, and often other admixtures. The plastic mix is placed and consolidated in the formwork, then cured to facilitate the acceleration of the chemical hydration reaction lf the cement/water mix, resulting in hardened concrete. The finished product has high compressive strength, and low resistance to tension, such that its tensile strength is approximately one tenth lf its compressive strength. Consequently, tensile and shear reinforcement in the tensile regions of sections has to be provided to compensate for the weak tension regions in the reinforced concrete element. It is this deviation in the composition of a reinforces concrete section from the homogeneity of standard wood or steel sections that requires a modified approach to the basic principles of structural design. The two components of the heterogeneous reinforced concrete section are to be so arranged and proportioned that optimal use is made of the materials involved. This is possible because concrete can easily be given any desired shape by placing and compacting the wet mixture of the constituent ingredients are properly proportioned, the finished product becomes strong, durable, and, in combination with the reinforcing bars, adaptable for use as main members of any structural system. The techniques necessary for placing concrete depend on the type of member to be cast: that is, whether it is a column, a bean, a wall, a slab, a foundation. a mass columns, or an extension of previously placed and hardened concrete. For beams, columns, and walls, the forms should be well oiled after cleaning them, and the reinforcement should be cleared of rust and other harmful materials. In foundations, the earth should be compacted and thoroughly moistened to about 6 in. in depth to avoid absorption of the moisture present in the wet concrete. Concrete should always be placed in horizontal layers which are compacted by means of high frequency power-driven vibrators of either the immersion or external type, as the case requires, unless it is placed by pumping. It must be kept in mind, however, that over vibration can be harmful since it could cause segregation of the aggregate and bleeding of the concrete. Hydration of the cement takes place in the presence of moisture at temperatures above 50°F. It is necessary to maintain such a condition in order that the chemical hydration reaction can take place. If drying is too rapid, surface
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Structure of Bulidings A building is closely bound up with people, for it provides people with the necessary space to work and live in. As classified by their use, buildings are mainly of two types: industrial buildings and civil buildings. Industrial buildings are used by various factories or industrial production while civil buildings are those that are used by people for dwelling, employment, education and other social activities. The construction of industrial buildings is the same as that of civil buildings. However, industrial and civil buildings differ in the material used, and in the structure forms or systems they are used. Considering only the engineering essentials, the structure of a building can be difined as the assemblage of those parts which exist for the purpose of maintaining shape and stability. Is primy purpose is to resist any loads applied to the building and to transmit those to the ground. In terms of architecture, the structue of a building is and dose much more than that. It is an inseparable part of the building form to varying degrees is a generator of that form. Used skillfully, the building structure can establish or
第一课 土木工程学土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。 土木工程师建造道路，桥梁，管道，大坝，海港，发电厂，给排水系统，医院，学校，公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。他们也建造私有设施，比如飞机场，铁路，管线，摩天大楼，以及其他设计用作工业，商业和住宅途径的大型结构。此外，土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇，并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。 土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年，英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。自从那时起，土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师，尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。 领域。因为包含范围太广，土木工程学又被细分为大量的技术专业。不同类型的工程需要多种不同土木工程专业技术。一个项目开始的时候，土木工程师要对场地进行测绘，定位有用的布置，如地下水水位，下水道，和电力线。岩土工程专家则进行土力学试验以确定土壤能否承受工程荷载。环境工程专家研究工程对当地的影响，包括对空气和地下水的可能污染，对当地动植物生活的影响，以及如何让工程设计满足政府针对环境保护的需要。交通工程专家确定必需的不同种类设施以减轻由整个工程造成的对当地公路和其他交通网络的负担。同时，结构工程专家利用初步数据对工程作详细规划，设计和说明。从项目开始到结束，对这些土木工程专家的工作进行监督和调配的则是施工管理专家。根据其他专家所提供的信息，施工管理专家计算材料和人工的数量和花费，所有工作的进度表，订购工作所需要的材料和设备，雇佣承包商和分包商，还要做些额外的监督工作以确保工程能按时按质完成。 贯穿任何给定项目，土木工程师都需要大量使用计算机。计算机用于设计工程中使用的多数元件（即计算机辅助设计，或者CAD）并对其进行管理。计算机成为了现代土木工程师的必备品，因为它使得工程师能有效地掌控所需的大量数据从而确定建造一项工程的最佳方法。 结构工程学。在这一专业领域，土木工程师规划设计各种类型的结构，包括桥梁，大坝，发电厂，设备支撑，海面上的特殊结构，美国太空计划，发射塔，庞大的天文和无线电望远镜，以及许多其他种类的项目。结构工程师应用计算机确定一个结构必须承受的力：自重，风荷载和飓风荷载，建筑材料温度变化引起的胀缩，以及地震荷载。他们也需确定不同种材料如钢筋，混凝土，塑料，石头，沥青，砖，铝或其他建筑材料等的复合作用。 水利工程学。土木工程师在这一领域主要处理水的物理控制方面的种种问题。他们的项目用于帮助预防洪水灾害，提供城市用水和灌溉用水，管理控制河流和水流物，维护河滩及其他滨水设施。此外，他们设计和维护海港，运河与水闸，建造大型水利大坝与小型坝，以及各种类型的围堰，帮助设计海上结构并且确定结构的位置对航行影响。 岩土工程学。专业于这个领域的土木工程师对支撑结构并影响结构行为的土壤和岩石的特性进行分析。他们计算建筑和其他结构由于自重压力可能引起的沉降，并采取措施使之减少到最小。他们也需计算并确定如何加强斜坡和填充物的稳定性以及如何保护结构免受地震和地下水的影响。 环境工程学。在这一工程学分支中，土木工程师设计，建造并监视系统以提供安全的饮用水，同时预防和控制地表和地下水资源供给的污染。他们也设计，建造并监视工程以控制甚至消除对土地和空气的污染。他们建造供水和废水处理厂，设计空气净化器和其他设备以最小化甚至消除由工业加工、焚化及其他产烟生产活动引起的空气污染。他们也采用建造特殊倾倒地点或使用有毒有害物中和剂的措施来控制有毒有害废弃物。此外，工程师还对垃圾掩埋进行设计和管理以预防其对周围环境造成污染。
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外文文献翻译 Reinforced Concrete （来自《土木工程英语》） Concrete and reinforced concrete are used as building materials in every country. In many, including the United States and Canada, reinforced concrete is a dominant structural material in engineered construction. The universal nature of reinforced concrete construction stems from the wide availability of reinforcing bars and the constituents of concrete, gravel, sand, and cement, the relatively simple skills required in concrete construction, and the economy of reinforced concrete compared to other forms of construction. Concrete and reinforced concrete are used in bridges, buildings of all sorts underground structures, water tanks, television towers, offshore oil exploration and production structures, dams, and even in ships. Reinforced concrete structures may be cast-in-place concrete, constructed in their final location, or they may be precast concrete produced in a factory and erected at the construction site. Concrete structures may be severe and functional in design, or the shape and layout and be whimsical and artistic. Few other building materials off the architect and engineer such versatility and scope. Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension. As a result, cracks develop whenever loads, or restrained shrinkage of temperature changes, give rise to tensile stresses in excess of the tensile strength of the concrete. In
Building construction concrete crack of prevention and processing Abstract The crack problem of concrete is a widespread existence but again difficult in solve of engineering actual problem, this text carried on a study analysis to a little bit familiar crack problem in the concrete engineering, and aim at concrete the circumstance put forward some prevention, processing measure. Keyword: Concrete crack prevention processing Foreword Concrete's ising 1 kind is anticipate by the freestone bone, cement, water and other mixture but formation of the in addition material of quality brittleness not and all material.Because the concrete construction transform with oneself, control etc. a series problem, harden model of in the concrete existence numerous tiny hole, spirit cave and tiny crack, is exactly because these beginning start blemish of existence just make the concrete present one some not and all the characteristic of quality.The tiny crack is a kind of harmless crack and accept concrete heavy, defend Shen and
第一课土木工程学 土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。 土木工程师建造道路，桥梁，管道，大坝，海港，发电厂，给排水系统，医院，学校，公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。他们也建造私有设施，比如飞机场，铁路，管线，摩天大楼，以及其他设计用作工业，商业和住宅途径的大型结构。此外，土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇，并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。 土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年，英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。自从那时起，土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师，尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。 领域。因为包含范围太广，土木工程学又被细分为大量的技术专业。不同类型的工程需要多种不同土木工程专业技术。一个项目开始的时候，土木工程师要对场地进行测绘，定位有用的布置，如地下水水位，下水道，和电力线。岩土工程专家则进行土力学试验以确定土壤能否承受工程荷载。环境工程专家研究工程对当地的影响，包括对空气和地下水的可能污染，对当地动植物生活的影响，以及如何让工程设计满足政府针对环境保护的需要。交通工程专家确定必需的不同种类设施以减轻由整个工程造成的对当地公路和其他交通网络的负担。同时，结构工程专家利用初步数据对工程作详细规划，设计和说明。从项目开始到结束，对这些土木工程专家的工作进行监督和调配的则是施工管理专家。根据其他专家所提供的信息，施工管理专家计算材料和人工的数量和花费，所有工作的进度表，订购工作所需要的材料和设备，雇佣承包商和分包商，还要做些额外的监督工作以确保工程能按时按质完成。 贯穿任何给定项目，土木工程师都需要大量使用计算机。计算机用于设计工程中使用的多数元件（即计算机辅助设计，或者CAD）并对其进行管理。计算机成为了现代土木工程师的必备品，因为它使得工程师能有效地掌控所需的大量数据从而确定建造一项工程的最佳方法。 结构工程学。在这一专业领域，土木工程师规划设计各种类型的结构，包括桥梁，大坝，发电厂，设备支撑，海面上的特殊结构，美国太空计划，发射塔，庞大的天文和无线电望远镜，以及许多其他种类的项目。结构工程师应用计算机确定一个结构必须承受的力：自重，风荷载和飓风荷载，建筑材料温度变化引起的胀缩，以及地震荷载。他们也需确定不同种材料如钢筋，混凝土，塑料，石头，沥青，砖，铝或其他建筑材料等的复合作用。 水利工程学。土木工程师在这一领域主要处理水的物理控制方面的种种问题。他们的项目用于帮助预防洪水灾害，提供城市用水和灌溉用水，管理控制河流和水流物，维护河滩及其他滨水设施。此外，他们设计和维护海港，运河与水闸，建造大型水利大坝与小型坝，以及各种类型的围堰，帮助设计海上结构并且确定结构的位置对航行影响。 岩土工程学。专业于这个领域的土木工程师对支撑结构并影响结构行为的土壤和岩石的特性进行分析。他们计算建筑和其他结构由于自重压力可能引起的沉降，并采取措施使之减少到最小。他们也需计算并确定如何加强斜坡和填充物的稳定性以及如何保护结构免受地震和地下水的影响。 环境工程学。在这一工程学分支中，土木工程师设计，建造并监视系统以提供安全的饮用水，同时预防和控制地表和地下水资源供给的污染。他们也设计，建造并监视工程以控制甚至消除对土地和空气的污染。
专业资料 学院： 专业：土木工程 姓名： 学号： 外文出处：Structural Systems to resist (用外文写) Lateral loads 附件：1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 抗侧向荷载的结构体系 常用的结构体系 若已测出荷载量达数千万磅重，那么在高层建筑设计中就没有多少可以进行极其复杂的构思余地了。确实，较好的高层建筑普遍具有构思简单、表现明晰的特点。 这并不是说没有进行宏观构思的余地。实际上，正是因为有了这种宏观的构思，新奇的高层建筑体系才得以发展，可能更重要的是：几年以前才出现的一些新概念在今天的技术中已经变得平常了。 如果忽略一些与建筑材料密切相关的概念不谈，高层建筑里最为常用的结构体系便可分为如下几类： 1.抗弯矩框架。 2.支撑框架，包括偏心支撑框架。 3.剪力墙，包括钢板剪力墙。 4.筒中框架。 5.筒中筒结构。 6.核心交互结构。 7. 框格体系或束筒体系。 特别是由于最近趋向于更复杂的建筑形式，同时也需要增加刚度以抵抗几力和地震力，大多数高层建筑都具有由框架、支撑构架、剪力墙和相关体系相结合而构成的体系。而且，就较高的建筑物而言，大多数都是由交互式构件组成三维陈列。 将这些构件结合起来的方法正是高层建筑设计方法的本质。其结合方式需要在考虑环境、功能和费用后再发展，以便提供促使建筑发展达到新高度的有效结构。这并
不是说富于想象力的结构设计就能够创造出伟大建筑。正相反，有许多例优美的建筑仅得到结构工程师适当的支持就被创造出来了，然而，如果没有天赋甚厚的建筑师的创造力的指导，那么，得以发展的就只能是好的结构，并非是伟大的建筑。无论如何，要想创造出高层建筑真正非凡的设计，两者都需要最好的。 虽然在文献中通常可以见到有关这七种体系的全面性讨论，但是在这里还值得进一步讨论。设计方法的本质贯穿于整个讨论。设计方法的本质贯穿于整个讨论中。 抗弯矩框架 抗弯矩框架也许是低，中高度的建筑中常用的体系，它具有线性水平构件和垂直构件在接头处基本刚接之特点。这种框架用作独立的体系，或者和其他体系结合起来使用，以便提供所需要水平荷载抵抗力。对于较高的高层建筑，可能会发现该本系不宜作为独立体系，这是因为在侧向力的作用下难以调动足够的刚度。 我们可以利用STRESS，STRUDL 或者其他大量合适的计算机程序进行结构分析。所谓的门架法分析或悬臂法分析在当今的技术中无一席之地，由于柱梁节点固有柔性，并且由于初步设计应该力求突出体系的弱点，所以在初析中使用框架的中心距尺寸设计是司空惯的。当然，在设计的后期阶段，实际地评价结点的变形很有必要。 支撑框架 支撑框架实际上刚度比抗弯矩框架强，在高层建筑中也得到更广泛的应用。这种体系以其结点处铰接或则接的线性水平构件、垂直构件和斜撑构件而具特色，它通常与其他体系共同用于较高的建筑，并且作为一种独立的体系用在低、中高度的建筑中。
土木工程专业英语课文原 文及对照翻译 Newly compiled on November 23, 2020
Civil Engineering Civil engineering, the oldest of the engineering specialties, is the planning, design, construction, and management of the built environment. This environment includes all structures built according to scientific principles, from irrigation and drainage systems to rocket-launching facilities. 土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。 Civil engineers build roads, bridges, tunnels, dams, harbors, power plants, water and sewage systems, hospitals, schools, mass transit, and other public facilities essential to modern society and large population concentrations. They also build privately owned facilities such as airports, railroads, pipelines, skyscrapers, and other large structures designed for industrial, commercial, or residential use. In addition, civil engineers plan, design, and build complete cities and towns, and more recently have been planning and designing space platforms to house self-contained communities. 土木工程师建造道路，桥梁，管道，大坝，海港，发电厂，给排水系统，医院，学校，公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。他们也建造私有设施，比如飞机场，铁路，管线，摩天大楼，以及其他设计用作工业，商业和住宅途径的大型结构。此外，土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇，并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。 The word civil derives from the Latin for citizen. In 1782, Englishman John Smeaton used the term to differentiate his nonmilitary engineering work from that of the military engineers who predominated at the time. Since then, the term civil engineering has often been used to refer to engineers who build public facilities, although the field is much broader 土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年，英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。自从那时起，土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师，尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。 Scope. Because it is so broad, civil engineering is subdivided into a number of technical specialties. Depending on the type of project, the skills of many kinds of civil engineer specialists may be needed. When a project begins, the site is surveyed and mapped by civil engineers who locate utility placement—water, sewer, and power lines. Geotechnical specialists perform soil experiments to determine if the earth can bear the weight of the project. Environmental specialists study the project’s impact on the local area: the potential for air and
（ 二 〇 一 二 年 六 月 外文文献及翻译 题 目： About Buiding on the Structure Design 学生姓名： 学 院：土木工程学院 系 别：建筑工程系 专 业：土木工程(建筑工程方向) 班 级：土木08-4班 指导教师：
英文原文： Building construction concrete crack of prevention and processing Abstract The crack problem of concrete is a widespread existence but again difficult in solve of engineering actual problem, this text carried on a study analysis to a little bit familiar crack problem in the concrete engineering, and aim at concrete the circumstance put forward some prevention, processing measure. Keyword:Concrete crack prevention processing Foreword Concrete's ising 1 kind is anticipate by the freestone bone, cement, water and other mixture but formation of the in addition material of quality brittleness not and all material.Because the concrete construction transform with oneself, control etc. a series problem, harden model of in the concrete existence numerous tiny hole, spirit cave and tiny crack, is exactly because these beginning start blemish of existence just make the concrete present one some not and all the characteristic of quality.The tiny crack is a kind of harmless crack and accept concrete heavy, defend Shen and a little bit other use function not a creation to endanger.But after the concrete be subjected to lotus carry, difference in temperature etc. function, tiny crack would continuously of expand with connect, end formation we can see without the
2012级土木工程（本）专业《土木工程英语》课程论文 论文题目：高层建筑防火的研究 Research of high-rise building fire prevention 专业班级： 学生姓名： 学号： 论文成绩： 评阅教师： 2015年11 月14 日
（一） 基于性能化防火设计方法的商业综合体典型空间防火优化设计研究 正文：改革开放以来，我国市场经济蓬勃发展，各种类型的商业建筑如雨后春笋般涌现。然而人们在享受高效便捷的购物消费和休闲娱乐的同时，商业综合体及其建筑群的巨大规模、多样功能、众多人数、复杂流线、与城市多层面多点衔接等特点，极大程度地增大了灾害风险，特别是城市和建筑中最易发生的灾种——火灾的风险。传统的建筑防火设计以“条文式”的防火规范为依据，无法满足部分现代商业综合体迅速发展的设计需要，当因结构、功能、造型等方面的特殊要求，出现现行国家消防技术规范中未明确规定的、现行国家消防技术规范规定的条件不适用的、依照国家消防技术规范进行设计确有困难的情况时，将采取针对性更强、更加先进、经济、合理、有效的性能化防火措施进行建筑和规划设计。与此同时，性能化防火设计方法以其在火灾场景和人员疏散模拟等方面的突出优势，也将被更多地运用于优化“条文式”防火设计规范框架内的规划与建筑方案设计。可见研究大型商业综合体的性能化防火设计措施，并利用性能化防火设计的方法调整优化规划与建筑设计以避免和减轻火灾危害是亟待解决的重要课题。本论文共分为十章，分别介绍了课题的研究背景与意义，国内外商业综合体性能化防火的研究现状，要素构成及火灾危险性，建筑的火灾机理与性能化防火设计参数，五大类商业综合体典型空间的防火优化措施，最后提出结论与展望。本文的核心研究内容是结合商业综合体空间要素构成特征的火灾特点以及建筑防火设计中的三个重要指标（防火分区、疏散距离、疏散宽度），提炼五大类商业综合体的典型空间，即密集空间、竖向贯通空间、超大水平开敞空间、狭长通道空间和地下空间，以建筑学和城市规划学的视角，一方面运用计算机技术，对“超规范”的设计方案进行性能化防火设计安全评价，另一方面对条文式规范框架内的设计方法进行优化。性能化防火策略作为消防设计乃至贯穿整个建筑、规划设计全过程的设计思路，已初步为我们展现出应用领域的美好前景，本文旨在进一步完善和发展以数字技术为基础的性能化防火设计方法，为建筑和城市减灾防灾目标的实现提供更有力的保障。
Take the road of sustainable development civil engineering Abstract: Civil Engineering is the oldest in human history "technical science" as a system of industrial activity, the essence of civil engineering production process, is a technical process Civil engineering is the construction of various facilities in science and technology, collectively, both refer to the construction of the object, that is built on the ground, underground, water facilities, a variety of projects, but also refers to the application of materials, equipment and carried out survey and design , construction, maintenance, repair and other technology. As an important basis for discipline, civil engineering has its important attributes: a comprehensive, social, practical, technical and economic and artistic unity. With the progress of human society and development, civil engineering has already evolved into large-scale comprehensive subject, and has many branches, such as: construction, railroad engineering, road engineering, bridge engineering, specialty engineering structures, water supply and drainage projects, port engineering, hydraulic engineering, environmental engineering and other disciplines. There are six professional civil engineering: architecture, urban planning, civil engineering, built environment and equipment engineering, water supply and drainage works and road and bridge projects. Civil engineering is a form of human activity. Human beings pursued it to change the natural environment for their own benefit. Buildings, transportations, facilities, infrastructures are all included in civil engineering. The development of civil engineering has a long history. Our seniors had left a lot of great constructions to us. For example, Zhao Zhou Bridge is the representative of our Chinese civil engineering masterpieces. It has a history of more than 1300 years and is still service at present. Civil engineering has been so rapid development of the period. A lot of new bridges have been constructed, and many greater plans are under discussion. China is a large county. And she is still well developing. However, civil engineers will be facing more complex problems. We should pay attention to the growing population and a lot of deteriorating infrastructures. We should prepare for the possibility of natural disasters. To meet grow needs in the
外文文献翻译 1 中文翻译 1.1钢筋混凝土 素混凝土是由水泥、水、细骨料、粗骨料（碎石或；卵石）、空气，通常还有其他外加剂等经过凝固硬化而成。将可塑的混凝土拌合物注入到模板内，并将其捣实，然后进行养护，以加速水泥与水的水化反应，最后获得硬化的混凝土。其最终制成品具有较高的抗压强度和较低的抗拉强度。其抗拉强度约为抗压强度的十分之一。因此，截面的受拉区必须配置抗拉钢筋和抗剪钢筋以增加钢筋混凝土构件中较弱的受拉区的强度。 由于钢筋混凝土截面在均质性上与标准的木材或钢的截面存在着差异，因此，需要对结构设计的基本原理进行修改。将钢筋混凝土这种非均质截面的两种组成部分按一定比例适当布置，可以最好的利用这两种材料。这一要求是可以达到的。因混凝土由配料搅拌成湿拌合物，经过振捣并凝固硬化，可以做成任何一种需要的形状。如果拌制混凝土的各种材料配合比恰当，则混凝土制成品的强度较高，经久耐用，配置钢筋后，可以作为任何结构体系的主要构件。 浇筑混凝土所需要的技术取决于即将浇筑的构件类型，诸如：柱、梁、墙、板、基础，大体积混凝土水坝或者继续延长已浇筑完毕并且已经凝固的混凝土等。对于梁、柱、墙等构件，当模板清理干净后应该在其上涂油，钢筋表面的锈及其他有害物质也应该被清除干净。浇筑基础前，应将坑底土夯实并用水浸湿6英寸，以免土壤从新浇的混凝土中吸收水分。一般情况下，除使用混凝土泵浇筑外，混凝土都应在水平方向分层浇筑，并使用插入式或表面式高频电动振捣器捣实。必须记住，过分的振捣将导致骨料离析和混凝土泌浆等现象，因而是有害的。 水泥的水化作用发生在有水分存在，而且气温在50°F以上的条件下。为了保证水泥的水化作用得以进行，必须具备上述条件。如果干燥过快则会出现表面裂缝，这将有损与混凝土的强度，同时也会影响到水泥水化作用的充分进行。 设计钢筋混凝土构件时显然需要处理大量的参数，诸如宽度、高度等几何尺寸，配筋的面积，钢筋的应变和混凝土的应变，钢筋的应力等等。因此，在选择混凝土截面时需要进行试算并作调整，根据施工现场条件、混凝土原材料的供应情况、业主提出的特殊要求、对建筑和净空高度的要求、所用的设计规范以及建筑物周围环