Slow不一定表示"慢"
原文：He is a slow student.
译文：他是一个动作很慢的学生。
辨析：slow有“需要很长时间”的意思，由此引申出“困难”等别的含义，如：
He is slow of understanding.他理解力较差。He is so slow that I have to explain everything several times.他太迟钝，所有的事我都得解释好几遍。
所以原句应译为：他学习比较困难（指理解和反应慢）。
注意下列句子的译法：
1. Be slow to promise but quick to practice.
不要轻易许诺，但一旦许诺要尽快实践。2. Business was rather slow last month.
上个月生意不太景气。
3. He is slow at speech with women yet.
跟女人说话，他还有点笨嘴拙舌。
有的词典将Slow and steady wins the race译成“慢而稳者胜”。其实这里slow并非指“慢”，而是强调“不慌张”、“沉着”，所以应译为“沉着稳健者胜”。
翻译时要考虑不同的搭配在汉语中有不同的习惯说法，如：slow season淡季，slow time （与夏季时间相对的）标准时间，a slow starter（拳击中）开始采取守势而后猛攻的选手，The book is rather slow.这本书很乏味（不精彩）。
顺便提一下，go slow中的slow是副词，除了表示"慢慢地走"，还可表示"不慌"、"小心"、"怠工"、"偷懒"等意思，例如：
You'd better go slow in reach-ing a conclusion. 你最好不要急于下结论。
反过来，虽然多数情况下"慢"可译为slow(ly)，但也有例外，如"慢性病"是chron-ic disease，（学校中的）"慢班"是adjustment class，"慢（邮）件"是regular freight.
心
black hearted 黑心
with a heavy heart 心情沉重
break one's heart 伤心
bare one's heart 袒露心迹
set one's heart at ease 放心
with a half heart 半心半意
with all one's heart / heart and soul 全心全意win someone's heart 赢得某人的心
have a heart of gold 有一颗金子般的心from the bottom of one's heart 从心底里
to one's heart's content 心满意足
imprint on one's heart 铭记在心
one's heart being afire 心如火焚
ring in one's heart 萦绕心头
bring one's heart into one's mouth (某人的)心跳到嗓子眼
Hearts which beat in unison are linked. 心有灵犀一点通。
原文：I don't have the heart to leave her alone for long.
原译：我没有长时间将她一个人留下的心。辨误：能调整词序，翻译出这样的句子来也算是下了一番工夫，可是原译的意思仍不太清楚。“没有……的心”到底是什么意思？汉语说“有心”是intend (to do something) 或(do something) intentionally的意思，也就是说“有心（要做某事）”意为下了决心打算做，英语可以说have a mind (to do something)或set one's mind on (doing something)。可以看出汉语的“心”在这里相当于英语的mind。中国古代认为“心乃思之官”，所以常说“心里想”。从现代解剖学的观点来看，这是不对的，所以英语不能说I think in my heart，而要用mind一词，但不需要说think in one's mind。What's in your mind? 就是“你在想什么？”的意思。只有在代表“感情”的时候，heart和“心”的意思才有共同之处。请看下列英语和汉语非常类似的说法：
本文所讨论的have the heart to do something 是一个口语用法，意思是“有勇气”或“忍心”（做某件事），一般用于否定句。最后请大家记住这条英语谚语：Let the mind/head rule the heart.（让理智战胜感情。）
Look before you leap.（看清楚了再跳。) Everything is difficult before they are easy. （万事开头难。）
Take the warning I sent you before it is too late.（赶紧按照我警告你的那样办，否则就来不及了。）
I would rather die before I steal.（我宁死不偷/死也不会偷。）
其实，英语里有许多中性的成语，翻译成褒义还是贬义，一定要看上下文决定，例如：birds of a feather（兴趣爱好相同的人/一丘之貉）；enough to make the cat speak（绝妙的/非常糟糕的———以至于连猫都惊讶得开口说话了）；full of ambition（有雄心壮志/野心勃勃的）；hand in glove with（狼狈为奸/亲密无比）；take example by...（以……为榜样/吸取……的教训）。
Eye-opener当然来自动词短语open one's eye，其意思是“使人睁大眼睛”：When I told him so, he opened his eyes.（这里并不是张开原来闭着的眼睛，而是惊讶得睁大眼睛”。叫人睁大眼睛则要说Open your eyes wider.）而open somebody's eyes to something 的意思是“启发某人认识某件事”，如：That incident opened my eyes to the true character of this young man.（这次事件让我认清了这位年轻人的真正品格。）
做客之道
到国外做客要注意入乡随俗。首先，去之前一定要事先约定好，不能想去就去，英美人不喜欢uninvited guest（不速之客）。尽管英语中有Drop in any time.（随时来串门）的说法，实际上，除了中学生之间，没有人这样做。
第二，初次到某人处（包括对方家或宾馆等）做客，不宜四处张望或到处走动，更不能随意触摸屋里的摆设。英谚说Curiosity kills the cat.（好奇害死猫）是有道理的。当然，你可以欣赏屋里的油画或工艺品，但不要问How much did it cost you?(多少钱买的？）如果在主人家里没有看到ashtray（烟灰缸），绝对不能抽烟，即使有也要事先问一下Could I have a smoke? 或Would you mind if I smoke?（我能吸烟吗？）
初次去做客可以带一些礼物。西方人一般不以礼物的价钱判断来人的诚意。去参加婚礼，更宜送实用的东西，而且事先问对方想要什么也是很正常的。西方人送实用的东西往往连invoice（发票）一起送。倒不是为了表明价钱不菲，而是主人认为东西不适合时可以凭发票去换，甚至退掉。至于临时来华的外国朋友，可以送他们一些有纪念意义的工艺品，但不要送用plastic（塑料）做的东西。
到了主人家里，见到别的客人一定要互相打招呼，有不认识的人要先做自我介绍，然后再问对方是谁。
看到好吃的东西，你可用玩笑的口吻说：How about letting me have one of those!（尝尝可以吧！）肚子饿了，也可以问：OK if I tackle those cookies now? 吃饭的时候，如果你特别喜欢某个菜，可以大方地提出：Could I have another helping?（能给我再来一份吗？）这些在西方人看来都不失礼，主人甚至会因为你喜欢他/她准备的食物而感到高兴。
如果是到对方家里有事，事情完了要及时告别。如果有身份比自己高的客人，要让他们先离开。自己有事要提前离开，要表示I'm sorry I have to leave earlier. 最好说明原因。
They had no reason to use such warm language
原句的意思是：他们没有理由这样骂人。
俚语里表示“粗话、脏话”的说法很多，有些可从字面看出来，如：abusive language（常指“恶言”）, bad language, dirty language（主要指色情的语言）, filthy language, foul language, nasty language, offensive language （得罪人的话，也包括粗话）, rough language, strong language（除了指激烈的言词外也指粗野骂人的话）, scurrilous language, vulgar language（低级下流的话）等；有些从字面上不一定看得出来，如：billingsgate language （意为“粗话”，billingsgate是伦敦的鱼市场，那里的鱼贩子说话很粗鲁，也称fish-market language）, gutter language （市井粗话）, unparliamentary language（粗俗的语言，是一种婉转的说法，相对于parliamentary language而言，因为议会里使用的语言比较规矩有礼貌）等，也可不用language一词，称dirty words, swear words, obscene words 等。
英语里还有许多表示“骂人”的说法，如abuse/curse someone, swear at someone, call someone by names等；“破口大骂”可译为let loose/hurl a stream of abuse或shower someone with abuse，“骂骂咧咧”可译为be foul-mouthed。
He encourages us to act in a low-key manner 低调做人
瑞雪兆丰年。
误译：An auspicious snow foretells a year of bumper harvest.
正译：1) An auspicious snow foretells a big harvest.
2) A seasonable snow predicts a good yield.
3) A timely snow promises a good harvest.
4) A seasonable snow promises to bless the crops in the coming year.
5) A fall of seasonable snow gives promise of
a fruitful year.
6) Snow is the harbinger of an abundant year for harvest.
解释：bumper 的意思是unusually large, producing an unusually large amount，即“特大的”。bumper harvest 指“特大丰收”，是罕
见的。上世纪70年代，我国媒体将“我国连续3年获得丰收”，译为We have had bumper harvest for three successive years in our country。对此，一位英国专家说，一年获得bumper harvest，已属不易。3年连续获得bumper harvest，有些夸张。这句话不妨改为We have had good harvest for three successive years in our country。“丰年”实指“好收成”，译为good harvest就可以了。
"瑞雪”可以译为timely/auspicious/seasonable snow。例如：
今天早晨，北京普降瑞雪。This morning, there was an extensive and timely snowfall in Beijing.
英语有下面几个谚语，与汉语“瑞雪兆丰年”的意境相近：
A snow year, a rich year. 瑞雪年，丰收年。
A good winter brings a good summer. 好冬能带来好夏。
作为动词，“兆”的意思是“预示”，英语可以译为to foretell, to predict, to promise, to give promise of, to be the harbinger of, to forebode, to augur, to portend。
作为名词，“兆”的意思是“预兆”或“兆头”。英语可以译为omen, portent, sign, harbinger, augury。
例如：
风湿痛预示着暴风雨的来临。Rheumatic pain foretells the coming of a storm.
打雷是即将来临的暴风雨的预兆。Thunder is a sign of an impending storm.
原文：Retailers have discovered the cheaper "masked raider" belts aimed at children have been a surprise hit among 30- and 40-year-old men.
原译：零售商们发现，那种更便宜的“戴面具的袭击者”的皮带，瞄准的是30到40岁的中年人，成了一个意外的打击。
辨析：严格地说，hit的意思不是“打击”（“击打”可能更确切）；如果从动词分类的角度说，hit是一个“结果动词”而不是“动作动词”，表示的是“打中”的意思，如：None of the arrows hit the bull's eye.（没有一支箭射中靶心。）与hit类似的shoot也是一个结果动词，有人将“他朝野猪开了一枪，结果野猪跑了”译为He shot the boar but the boar escaped. 这样译逻辑不通，因为shoot是“打中了”或“打死了”的意思，被打中/死了还怎么跑得掉呢？瞄准野猪开枪应该说shoot at the boar 才对。和hit相对的（没有打中）是miss. The results are hit or/and miss.是说“（结果）有的打中了，有的没有打中”，可以转指有的话说对了，有的则不对。原句中的hit的用法也来自这一意思，不过是个名词，意思是“（打中市场的需求等）取得成功”，如：The new album of that super voice girl was another great hit.（那位超女的新专辑也获得巨大成功，也可以形象地译为“再次一炮打响”。）原句中的“masked raider”是日本出产的一种电子游戏中的一个机器人，可以简化译为“假面杀手”；belts不是一般的皮带，而应该是象征拳击手等段位的标志带或荣誉饰带。Aimed at这里译成“瞄准”也不符合上下文内容，应该指产品针对什么消费对象。这样问题就基本解决了，原句的确切意思是：零售商们发现，本来以儿童为对象的“假面杀手”段位饰带意外地受到30到40岁的男性顾客的青睐（而畅销）。所以原句中的hit丝毫没有“打击”的意思。真正表示“打击”的应该是blow，如：That was a heavy blow to the old man.（对这位老人而言，这是个沉重的打击。）
原文：Don't cough more than you can help.
译文：不要比你能够忍住的咳嗽得更多。
辨析：原译是按照字面译，听起来非常别扭。这里有两处需要注意:
第一，这里help是习惯用法，与“帮助”无关，而是常和can或cannot连用，表示“避免、阻止、忍耐”等意思
如：I can't help it. 我没有办法/我一点没辙。（绝不能译成“我不能帮助它”，这里it不特指某样东西，而指“情况、局面、形势”等。）也可以用被动语态：It can't be helped.谁也没办法/无计可施。句型短语cannot help doing something（忍不住/不得不）和cannot help but do something（只能）中的help也是此意，所以I cannot help coughing 是“我忍不住要咳嗽”的意思。
第二，more than在这里并不是真正的比较，而是表示含蓄或婉转的否定，如
It's more than I can tell you. 我(真的)不能告诉你。
（语气要比I cannot tell you婉转得多，含义“不是我本人不想告诉你，而是由于某种客观原因我才不能告诉你”。）其它形容词和副词比较级也有类似用法，如：
He is wiser than saying that (=he is not so foolish as to say that).
他没那么傻，不会那样说/说那种话。
所以，综合起来，原句可译成：除非忍不住，尽量不要咳嗽。反之，在汉译英时也应模仿这种地道的英语说法。
1 inflation 通货膨胀
Inflation is a rise in the general level of prices of goods
and services in an economy over a period of time. When the price level rises, each unit of currency buys fewer
goods and services; consequently, inflation is also an
erosion in the purchasing power of money.
在经济学中，通货膨胀是在商品和服务的价格在在一段时间内持续的上升。当价格水平上升，每单位货币能买到更少的商品和服务，因此，通货膨胀率也是对货币购买力的侵蚀。
例如：
Inflation is going to make a comeback soon, economists say, it's just a matter of when.
通货膨胀一定会到来，只是个时间问题，经济学家指出。
2 Industrial output 工业产值
It is the total volume of final industrial products produced and industrial services provided during a given period. It reflects the total achievements and overall scale of industrial production during a given period.
工业产值是以货币形式表现的，工业企业在一定时期内生产的工业最终产品或提供工业性劳务活动的总价值量。它反映一定时间内工业生产的总规模和总水平。
例如：
China's industrial output in November grew 19.2 percent in year-on-year, according to data from the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) Friday.
根据国家统计局周五发布的数据，中国11月工业产值同比增长19.2%。
3 Fixed-asset investment 固定资产投资
Fixed asset, also known as a non-current asset or as property, plant, and equipment, is a term used in accounting for assets and property which cannot easily be converted into cash. This can be compared with current assets such as cash or bank accounts, which are described as liquid assets. In most cases, only tangible assets are referred to as fixed.
固定资产，也称为非流动资产或为物业，厂房和设备，是在资产和财产不能轻易转换成现金的术语。与此相比，如现金或银行目前的资产帐户，这是流动资产。在大多数情况下，只有有形资产被称为固定资产。
例如：
China's fixed-asset investment in the first 11 months was up 32.1 percent year-on-year, the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) said Friday. 据国家统计局周五发布的消息，中国前11个月固定固定资产投资同比增长31.2%。
4 Trade surplus 贸易顺差
所谓贸易顺差是指在特定年度一国出口贸易总额大于进口贸易总额。
The amount of goods and services that a country exports exceeds the amount of goods and services it imports during a given time frame.
例如：
China's exports face a "hard and tortuous" path to recovery as uncertainties dog the global economy's gradual return to health, with this year'strade surplus set to shrink from last year's record, the Ministry of Commerce (MOFCOM) said Saturday.
由于不确定因素的存在阻碍了全球经济的恢复，中国出口道路曲折，与去年相比，今年的贸易顺差一定会萎缩，商务部周六指出。
5 CCI (Consumer Confidence Index) 消费者信心指数
The CCI is an indicator designed to measure consumer confidence, which is defined as the degree of optimism that consumers feel about the overall state of the economy and their personal financial situation. How confident people feel about stability of their incomes determines their spending activity and therefore serves as one of the key indicators for the overall shape of the economy.
消费者信心指数是反映消费者信心强弱的指标，是综合反映并量化消费者对当前经济形势评价和对经济前景、收入水平、收入预期以及消费心理状态的主观感受。他们的信心值决定大众的消费意愿，因此，它是预测经济走势的一个先行指标。
例如：
Consumer confidence in Japan hit a 23-month high of 40.5 in September, as data continues to show the nation is beginning to gradually climb out of its worst recession in more than a generation, according to data released by the Bank of Japan (BOJ) on Wednesday.
根据日本央行周三发布的数据，日本9月消费者信心指数升至40.5，达到23个月高点，显示日本经济正经济逐步摆脱最深重的衰退。
6 Greenfield investment 绿地投资
指参与一项全新的投资计划，通常需要投入大量资本，涉及在一块空地上兴建厂房、提炼厂或码头等设施。
Investment in a start-up project, usually for a major capital investment such as a production plant, a
refinery or a port. The investment starts with a bare site in a green field.
例如：
In foreign direct investment (FDI), 75 percent to 80 percent of investments are from mergers and acquisitions, while in China, the most common way to attract foreign investment is still greenfield investment, where companies start from scratch, and mergers and acquisitions only account for 3 percent to 5 percent of total foreign investment.
全球FDI中大概有75%到80%的规模是由并购完成的。但是在中国，吸收外资目前还主要以绿地投资为主，并购大约仅占3%到5%的规模。
1 GDP (Gross Domestic Product)
国内生产总值
GDP is the market value of all final goods and services made within the borders of a country in a year. It is a basic measure of a country's overall economic output.
国内生产总值是指在一国或一地区之内生产的所有最终产品和服务的市场价值。国民生产总值是衡量一国经济总产出的一个基本指标。
例句：
China revised its gross domestic product (GDP) for 2008 to 31.4045 trillion yuan from the previous forecast of 30.067 trillion yuan, the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) said Friday.
据国家统计局消息，2008年中国GDP数据由原来的300670亿元修订为314045亿元。
2 GNP (Gross National Product )
国民生产总值
GNP is the market value of all goods and services produced in one year by labour and property supplied by the residents of a country.
国民生产总值是指一个国家或地区的所有常住单位在一定时期内在国内和国外所生产的最终成果和提供的劳务价值。
例句：
Today, GDP and GNP are some of the standard economic measurements widely used all over the world. However, the changing situation has compelled economists and policymakers to think beyond GDP and other well-established quantitative measurements.
现在，国内生产总值和国民生产总值都在世界范围内被广泛的作为国家经济的衡量标准，但是，不断变化的形式迫使那些政策的制定者们去思考国内生产总值这些衡量标准之外的一些东西。
3 CPI (Consumer Price Index)
消费者物价指数
A consumer price index (CPI) is a measure estimating the average price of consumer goods and services purchased by households. A consumer price index measures a price change for a basket of goods and services from one period to the next within the same area (city, region, or nation).
消费者物价指数是衡量居民所购买的消费品和劳务的平均价格的指标。消费者物价指数测量的同一地区一段时间内多种商品和服务价格的变化值。
例句：
China's consumer price index (CPI), a main gauge of inflation, grew 0.6 percent year-on-year in November, according to the figures released by the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) Friday.
据国家统计局周五发布的数据，我国11月份消费者物价指数同比增长0.6个百分点。
4 PPI (Producer Price Index)
生产者物价指数
A Producer Price Index (PPI) measures average changes in prices received by domestic producers for their output. The PPI is an index that measures changes in price from the perspective of the seller.
生产者物价指数是衡量工业企业产品出厂价格变动趋势的指数，该指数是从生产商的角度反应价格的变化。
例句：
China's producer price index (PPI), a major measurement of inflation of wholesale prices, declined 2.1 percent in November year-on-year, according to figures released by the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) Friday.
据国家统计局周五发布的数据，我国11月份生产者物价指数同比下降2.1 个百分点。
5 FDI (Foreign Direct Investment)
外商直接投资
Foreign direct investment (FDI) is a measure of foreign ownership of productive assets, such as factories, mines and land.
外商直接投资是指一个外商公司对另一国家或地区生产
性资产(如工厂、煤矿、土地等)的直接性投资.
例句：
China's foreign direct investment (FDI) in November
grew 31.97 percent year-on-year to $7.02 billion, rising for the fourth consecutive month, said Yao Jian,
spokesman for the Ministry of Commerce on
Wednesday.
商务部发言人姚坚周三表示，我国11月的外商直接投资
同比增长31.97个百分点达到70.2亿美元,11月份的外商直接投资为连续第四个月同比增长。
6 PMI (Purchasing Managers Index)
采购经理人指数
The Purchasing Managers Index (PMI) reflects the
percentage of purchasing managers in a certain
economic sector that reported better business
conditions than in the previous month.
A PMI index over 50 indicates that the economy is
expanding while anything below 50 means that the
economy is contracting.
采购经理人指数是反映产业运营状况的一项指标。制造业PMI指数在50%以上，反映制造业经济总体扩张；低于50%，则通常反映制造业经济总体衰退。
例句：
The purchasing managers index (PMI) in the
manufacturing sector in China stood at 55.2 percent in
November, indicating China's economy continues to
recover from the global recession, according to China
Federation of Logistics and Purchasing (CFLP)
Tuesday.
根据中国物流与采购联合会周二消息，中国制造业11月
采购经理人指数为55.2，显示中国经济正逐渐恢复。
Practical English: 如何
应付英语面试？
?Source: Global Times
?[10:58 December 22 2009]
?Comments
"work experience" is the type of work you've done in the past. If you haven't started working yet you can say
"Right now I'm still a student." or "I'm a recent grad
and Ihaven't started working yet." In the second
sentence, "recent grad" is short for "recent graduate"
and means that you have just finished school. 请告诉我你过去的工作经验，工作经验就是你过去所做的工作。如果尚未开始工作，就可以回答"Right now I'm still a student."（现在我还是个学生。）或者说"I'm a recent grad and I haven't started working yet."（我刚刚毕业，还没有开始工作。）"recent grad"是"recent graduate"的缩写，意思是刚刚毕业。
What's your greatest weakness?
This is a popular question that western employers like
to ask to make candidates nervous! In fact, they ask this
to know how you respond to a difficult question. You shouldn't answer by telling your greatest weakness
since you might not get the job! Instead, you can tell
them something that isn't directly related to the job
position.
你最大的缺点是什么？西方老板特别爱问这个问题，让面试者感到很紧张。事实上，他问这个问题是看你对棘手问题的反应。你没必要如实回答你的弱点，因为那有可能让你得不到这份工作。相反，你可以告诉他们一些与工作不直接相关的事情。
Why do you feel you are qualified for this job?
This question is a good opportunity to brag a little bit. You should talk about some extra skills you have that maybe wasn't included in your resume, or talk about your greatest strength in more detail.
你为什么觉得自己胜任这份工作？这时候你要充分发挥你的“自夸”本领。你可以讲述一些简历资料里面没有包括的技能；或者是再详细强调一下你的特长。
What kind of salary did you have in mind?
Salary is how much money you earn, usually per year. When asked this, it's best to answer with a salary range or approximation and not an exact figure. This shows that you are familiar with the industry if you know what the approximate salary should be.
你期望的薪水是多少？"salary"就是你赚多少钱，通常是年收入。回答这个问题时，最好说出一个大致范围，而不是一个确切的数字。如果你能说出这个工资范围，那就说明你对此行业非常了解。
If hired, when could you start work?
When answering this it's best not to say you can start right away. This might make you seem very desperate for a job. A safe answer would be "I can start at the beginning of next month."
如果雇佣的话，你什么时候开始工作？回答这个问题时。一定要注意！不要说我马上可以工作。那会让对方认为你非常迫切地需要这份工作。一个非常保险的回答可以是"I can start at the beginning of next month."（我下月初可以开始上班。）
面试时还需要注意以下几点：
Be professional.表现职业化。
Looking businesslike is the first step to acting businesslike, and people will take you more seriously if you are well-groomed. This also applies to body language, so always make eye contact and keep good posture, or you may appear to lack confidence.
衣着职业化是体验你是否专业的第一步，如果你注意修饰的话，人们对待你总是更认真一些。这还适用于肢体语言，要经常和别人进行眼神交流并保持好的身体姿势，否则会看起来象没有自信的样子。
Be formal but not stiff.正式而非拘谨。
If you are too formal, people won't be at ease around you. Act too casual and people may not take you seriously. Aim for the middle ground!
如果你表现的太正式了，别人呆在你身边就觉得很不自在。表现的太过随便，人们又可能不认真对待你。表现要适当！
Be clear and concise.清晰而简明。
Get to the heart of the matter quickly and don't waste words. On the other hand, don't assume that the person you're talking to knows who you are and why you are contacting them - they may need a reminder and some background.
直接阐明问题的关键而非转弯抹角。另一方面，别期待和你谈话的人一上来就知道你是??并知道你是为何而来——他们需要一些提示及背景情况的了解。
Keep quiet!保持安静！
Communication is a two way street. Listen to the opinions of others, don't interrupt people when they are speaking, and don't ignore criticism. Also, people will be more willing to listen to you if they see that you're listening to them!
交流是双向的事。耐心听别人的意见，别人说话时不要打岔，而且不要忽略批评意见。并且，如果别人觉得你认真倾听他们的话，他们也会更乐意听你的话！
支票薄cheque book
支票出票人cheque drawer
持票人cheque holder
不记名支票cheque to bearer，bearer cheque
记名支票，认人支票cheque to order
到期支票antedated cheque 未到期支票postdated cheque
保付支票certified cheque
未获兑现支票，退票returned cheque
横线支票crossed cheque
普通横线general crossing
特别横线special crossing
空白支票blank cheque
失效支票，过期支票stale cheque
普通支票open cheque
打10%折扣的10000元支票，（即9000元）a cheque for $10,000, less 10% discount
加10%费用的10000元支票，（即11000元）a cheque for $10,000, plus 10% charges
支票换现金，兑现to cash a cheque
清理票款to clear a cheque
保证兑现to certify a cheque
填写支票数额to fill up a cheque
支票上划线to cross a cheque
开发支票to make out a cheque
签发支票，开立支票to draw a cheque，to issue a cheque 透支支票to overdraw a cheque
清付票款to pay a cheque，to honour a cheque
支票退票to dishonour a cheque
拒付支票to refuse a cheque
支付指定人payable to order
已过期，无效out of date，stale
请给出票人refer to drawer
存款不足not sufficient funds,insufficient funds
文字与数字不一致words and figures differ
支票交换时间已过account closed
更改处应加盖印章alterations require initials
交换时间已过effects not cleared
停止付款payment stopped
支票毁损cheque mutilated
Practical English: 会计账目英文用语
?Source: Global Times
?[15:11 December 29 2009]
?Comments
会计报表statement of account
往来帐目account current
现在往来帐存款额current accout
销货帐account sales
共同计算帐项joint account
未决帐项outstanding account
贷方帐项credit account，creditor account
借方帐项debit account，debtor account
应付帐，应付未付帐account payable
应收帐，应收未收帐account receivable
新交易新帐new account
未决帐老帐old account
现金帐cash account
流水帐running account
暂记帐未定帐suspense account
过期帐延滞帐overdue account||pastdue account 杂项帐sundry account
详细帐单明细表detail account
呆帐bad account
会计项目title of account
会计薄帐薄account-book
营业报告书损益计算表account of budiness，business report
借贷细帐交验帐account rendered
明细帐account stated
与... 银行开立一户头to open an account with 与... 银行建立交易to keep account with
继续记帐to keep account
与... 有交易to have an account with
作成会计帐有往来帐项to make out an account with 清算，清理债务to make up an account
清洁帐目与... 停止交易to close one's account with
结帐to close an account
清理未付款to ask an account，to demand an account 结清差额to balance the account with
清算to settle an account，to liquidate an account，to square an account
审查帐目监查帐目to audit an account
检查帐目to examine an account
转入A的帐户to charge the amount to A's account
以计帐方式付款to pay on account
代理某人为某人on one's account，on account of one 为自己计算独立帐目on one's own account
由某人收益并负风险on one's account and risk，for one's account and risk
由某人负担for one's account，for account of one
按某人指示列入某人帐户by order and for account of one
列入5月份帐目for May account
编入某中帐项下to pass to the account of，to place to the account of
寄出清算书to send in an account，to send in render an account
Practical English: 家居英语
blanket 毛毯
cushion 垫子
quilt 被子
cotton terry blanket 毛巾被
feather quilt 羽绒被
cotton quilt 棉被
bedding 床上用品
mosquito net 蚊帐
pillow 枕头
bolster 长枕
pillow case 枕套
tick 褥子
carpet 地毯（一般指大的整块的，铺房间的那种）
rug 地毯（一般指小块的，放在沙发等边上的那种）bed frame/bed base 床架
headboard 床头板
sofa bed 沙发床
folding guest bed 折叠床
loftbed frame 架在空中的床（下面可放沙发、桌子等）
bunkbed frame 上下铺的床
slatted bed base 板条床
Practical English: 家居
英语
?Source: Global Times
?[11:32 December 28 2009]
?Comments
sprung base 弹簧床
bedspread 床罩
sheet 床单
mat 席子
mattress 床垫（厚的那种）
mattress pad 床垫(薄的那种)
bed canopy 支在床上的篷子（一般用于儿童床上的装饰）bedside table 床头柜
wardrobe 衣柜
cloth rail 挂衣服的栏杆
hook 钩子
wall shelf 装在墙上放东西的架子
bracket 墙上突出之托架
magazine file 装杂志等的架子
shoe cabinet/storage 鞋柜
wall cabinet 壁橱
hook rack 挂钩架
TV bench 电视柜
bookcase 书架
braked castor 装在家具脚上方便推行的轮子（如：storage unit on castors）
10-drawer chest 十个抽屉的储存柜
tea table 茶几
coffee table 咖啡台
smoking set 烟具
ashtray 烟灰缸
thermos bottle/vacuum bottle 热水瓶
door knob 门把手
safety door hook 安全门钩
corridor 走廊
elevator 升降电梯
escalator 滚梯
rocking chair 摇椅
hanging seat 吊椅
swivel armchair 旋转扶椅
footstool 凳子
chaise longue 躺椅
folding chair 折叠椅
1.rude awakening
如梦初醒
A：I heard that Daniel, not Donald has been promoted. B：Yes, Donald had thought that he was the boss's favorite employee.
This time he had a rude awakening.
A：Poor Donald!
A：我听说丹尼尔升职了，而不是唐纳德。B：是这样。唐纳德总以为自己是老板最得意的雇员。这次他才如梦初醒。
A：可怜的唐纳德。
2.twist one's arm
采取强制手段
A：It's not easy to be a dean of a department.
B：I agree.
A：The new dean in our department is twisting the arms of some of the faculty members in order to get his way.
A：做系主任可真不容易。
B：可不是嘛。
A：我们系新上任的主任正在对一些教师采取强制手段，以到达他自己的目的。
3.the shot in the arm
激励；鼓舞
A：Good news!
B：What is it?
A：The state of economy is starting to go up in our country.
B：That's just the shot in the arm we need.
A：好消息！
B：什么消息？
A：我们国家的经济状况开始好转了。
B：那正是我们所需要的鼓
4.Be above oneself 趾高气扬
A：Maggie seems to be quite above herself these days. What happened?
B：Well, she got promoted.
A：麦琪这几天得意忘形，怎么啦？
B：噢，她升职了。
5.have an itching palm
贪财
A：Don't trust Ben.
B：Why?
A：He has an itching palm and is sure to cheat you out of your share of the profits.
B：Then I must be careful about him.
A：别信任本。
B：为什么？
A：他很贪财，肯定会从你身上骗得好处。
B：那我必须小心了。
6.have a sweet tooth
喜爱甜食
A：Alana is getting fatter and fatter. Why doesn't she try to lose some weight?
B：She has a sweet tooth and loves meat more than anything else.
A：No wonder she's getting weight so fast.
B：But now she's come to realize the consequences and decided to cut down on candies and desserts.
A：阿兰娜越来越胖了，她为什么不试着减肥呢？
B：她偏好甜食而且最喜欢吃肉。
A：怪不得她胖的这么快。
B：但现在她已渐渐意识到后果严重了，并决心少吃糖果和甜点。
7.have a big nose
爱打听
A：Frank said I have a big nose. I wonder what the means. B：You're interested in other people's business, aren't you?
A：Does he mean I'm inquisitive or I'm nosy?
B：That's right.
A：弗兰克说我是“包打听”。我想知道这是什么意思？B：你对别人的事情很感兴趣，不是吗？
A：他的意思是我很好奇或是我爱打听别人的事情吗？B：是的。
8.cool one's heels
久候
A：You finally come. I had to cool my heels for you. B：Sorry. Something unexpected tied me up.
A：Hurry up, or we'll miss the last performance.
B：OK. Let's go in.
A：你终于来了，我等了你好久了。
B：对不起，以外事情把我给缠住了。
A：快点，否则我们将错过最后一场表演。
B：好吧，我们进去吧。
9.in one's heart of hearts
在心里
A：Are you really dating with Tom?
B：Yeah. But in my heart of hearts, I find he's not very to my liking.
A：Then why not keep away from him?
B：The problem is that I just have no one to turn right now.
A：That's stupid.
A：你真的在和汤姆约会吗？
B：是的，可是，我并不是从心眼里喜欢他。
A：那你干吗不离开他呢？
B：问题是我还没有找到更好的人。
A：这样做真愚蠢。
10.have head like a sieve
健忘
A：What's that man's name?
B：I thought you'd been introduced to him twice.
A：Yeah. But I still cannot remember his name. I've got a head like a sieve。
A：那位先生叫什么来着？
B：我想已经给你介绍了两次了。
A：不错。但我还是没有记住他的名字，我很健忘。9.in one's heart of hearts
在心里
A：Are you really dating with Tom?
B：Yeah. But in my heart of hearts, I find he's not very to my liking.
A：Then why not keep away from him?
B：The problem is that I just have no one to turn right now.
A：That's stupid.
A：你真的在和汤姆约会吗？
B：是的，可是，我并不是从心眼里喜欢他。
A：那你干吗不离开他呢？
B：问题是我还没有找到更好的人。
A：这样做真愚蠢。
10.have head like a sieve 健忘
A：What's that man's name?
B：I thought you'd been introduced to him twice.
A：Yeah. But I still cannot remember his name. I've got a head like a sieve。
A：那位先生叫什么来着？
B：我想已经给你介绍了两次了。
A：不错。但我还是没有记住他的名字，我很健忘。4.search me (非正式)不知道
A：Where's Annie?
B：In the house.
A：In the house? Where is she?
B：Search me, I don't know where she is now.
A：安妮呢？
B：在屋里。
A：在屋里？在哪儿呢？
B：不知道，我也搞不清。
5.Take the turning 拐弯
A：Could you tell me how to get to the bank?
B：Let me think. Well, take the second turning on the right and it's opposite the supermarket.
A：I see. Is it far?
B：No, not really, only a few minutes.
A：Oh, good, thank your very much.
A：请告诉去银行怎么走，好吗？
B：让我想想，恩，在第二个路口向右拐，就在超市的对面。
A：我明白了，很远吗？
B：不太远，只有几分钟的路程。
A：非常感谢。
6.think twice about 仔细考虑
A：You're a native of the city and you have lived here for many years. How do you like it?
B：Well, I'd have to think twice about that.
A：It's familiar to you, isn't it?
B：Well, I think it's beautiful. I especially like the weather here.
A：你是本市人，在这儿呆了很多年，你觉得这座城市怎么样？
B：恩，我得好好想一想。
A：你不陌生吧？
B：恩，我想，这儿很美，我特别喜欢这儿的天气。
7.take someone's mind off something 使某人忘记某事
A：I need a week's vacation so that I can take my mind off my troubles.
B：Yeah, maybe things will changes for the better.
A：I am hoping so.
A：我需要一周的假期，这样我可以忘记我的烦恼。
B：是啊，也许事情会有转机。
A：我正希望如此。
8.rat race 激烈的竞争
A：America is a rich country. Many people are dreaming of going there but you came back.
B：To tell you the truth, I'm very happy with my modest job here and the peaceful life.
A：New York is exciting, isn't it?
B：Yes, but I have no desire to take part in the rat race there.
A：美国是个富裕的国读。很多人都梦想去那儿，但你却回来了。
B：坦白地说，我很满意自己在这里的普通工作和平静生活。
A：纽约很令人兴奋，不是吗？
B：是的。但我却无心卷入那种你死我活的竞争。
9.the matter 麻烦
A：Is the anything matter?
B：I've been watching the game on TV. One of our
athletes is seriously injured.
A：My goodness! Has she been sent to hospital?
B：Yes, poor girl. She’s only your age.
A：出什么事了吗？
B：我一直在看电视上的比赛，我们的一个队员严重受伤了。
A：天哪！她被送往医院了吗？
B：送了。可怜孩子，她只有你这么大。
10.something the matter with 出问题
A：Hey, Richard! What're you doing right here?
B：My recorder has something the matter with its speaker; I want to have it fixed.
A：It broke down again? You really need a new one.
A：嘿，里查德！你在这儿干什么呢？
B：我录音机的喇叭坏了。我想找人把它修好。
A：又坏了？你真该买个新的了。Practical English: 精彩
习语汇总（17）
?Source: Global Times
?[15:00 January 06 2010]
Comments
1.school of hard knocks 艰苦的磨练
A：My boss is such a shrewd businessman everyone
admires him.
B：Which university did he graduate from?
A：He never went to high school. He was educated in
the school of hard knocks.
B：That's incredible.
A：我的老板是个非常精明的生意人，每个人都很欣赏他。
B：他是从哪所大学毕业的？
A：连高中都没上过。他是受了艰苦的磨练而成长起来的。
B：真是难以置信。
2.right up one's alley 正合某人的心意或技能
A：David is good at tennis.
B：Speaking of tennis, Daniel is the best.
A：That's for sure. All sports are right up his alley.
Actually,
nobody can get a better hand over him yet.
B：He'll make a successful sportsman, I think.
A：大卫很擅长网球。
B：谈到网球，丹尼尔是最棒的了。
A：那是肯定的。所有运动他都擅长。事实上，还没人能
胜过他。B：我想他会成为一个成功的运动员的。
3.the benefit of the doubt (在证据不足情况下)假定某人无辜
A：Who did it?
B：Don't be so angry, Henry?
A：It must be Robert.
B：Maybe Robert did it, maybe he didn't. If I were you,
I would give him the benefit of the doubt. It's not so important anyway.
A：这是谁干的？
B：亨利，别发那么大的火好不好？
A：准是罗伯特干的。
B：也许是罗伯特干的，也许不是。如果我是你，我就先假定不是他干的。
不管怎么说这件事也没什么大不了的。
4.make a clean breast of….忏悔
A：You're restless. Are you in trouble?
B：I've done something I shouldn't
A：Then make a clean breast of it, you will feel released.
B：I've not decided yet.
A：你老是不安？有麻烦吗？
B：我做了件不该做的事。
A：那就彻底忏悔一下吧。你会感觉轻松一些的。
B：我还没决定呢。
5.the long and short of it 概括地说
A：Do you know why John left our company?
B：It's a complicated story but the long and short of it is that
he transferred a large sum of money wrongly.
A：Who should be responsible exactly?
B：A crook took advantage of him. Our boss would never forgive such a stupid act.
A：你知道为什么约翰离开我们公司了吗？
B：这事很复杂，但概括地说，他错转了一大笔资金。
A：确切说谁应负责呢？
B：一个骗子骗了他。我们的老板永远也不会原谅这样愚蠢的行为。
6.big shot 要人
A：Do you know Mr. Smith?
B：No, but I know of him. He's a big shot in the local politics.
A：I'm told he's only a yes-man.
B：Yes, I hate that. At present, what we want is a strong, independent leader, not a bunch of yes-man.
A：你认识史密斯先生吗？B：不认识，但我知道这人，他在本地政界是个举足轻重的人物。
A：我听说他是个和事佬。
B：没错儿，我就恨这个。现在，我们要的是强有力的、有主见的领导人，可不是和事佬儿。
.be in one's shoes
如果...在...的立场上的话
A: Why are you so upset?
B: I flunked math. If you were in my shoes, you'd be upset,
A：你为何如此沮丧？
B：我的数学没及格。如果你是我，你也会一样沮丧的。
8.Go Bananas
情绪失控
例如：My little sister spends all her time listening to loud music, talking on the phone, or looking at herself in the mirror instead of studying, my parents are going bananas at her.
我妹妹整天不是把音乐开很大声，就是打电话，要不就是照镜子，反正就是不学习。我爸妈都要被她气疯了。
9.make waves惹是生非
Nobody likes him, for he makes waves wherever he goes.
没有人喜欢他,因为他去到哪里都是兴风作浪的。
10.catch some Zs 小睡一下
A: Excuse me. I have to catch some Zs.
B: I thought you just woke up. Sleepy head.
A: 抱歉! 我想小睡一下。
B: 我以为你才刚睡醒。爱睡虫。
1.Do you have a family? 你有孩子吗?
2.It's a good father that knows his son.就算是最好的父亲，也未必了解自己的儿子。
3.I have no opinion of that sort of man.我对这类人很反感。
4.She put 5 dollars into my hand,"you have been a great man today."她把5美圆塞到我手上说：“你今天表现得很好.”
5.I was the youngest son, and the youngest but two.我是最小的儿子,但我还有两个妹妹.
6.The picture flattered her.她比较上照。
7.The country not agreeing with her, she returned to England.她在那个国家水土不服,所以回到了英国.
8.He is a walking skeleton.他很瘦。
9.The machine is in good repair.机器已经修好了。
10.He allowed the father to be overruled by the judge, and declared his own son guilty.他让法官的职责战胜了父子的亲情，最终宣布儿子有罪。
11.You don't know what you are talking about.你在胡说八道。
12.You don't begin to understand what they mean.你根本不知道他们在干嘛。（not begin to：毫不）
13.They didn't praise him slightly.他们大大地表扬了他。14.That's all I want to hear.我已经听够了。
15.I wish I could bring you to see my point.你要我怎么说你才能明白呢。
16.You really flatter me.你让我受宠若惊。
17.He made a great difference.有他没他结果完全不一样。
18.You cannot give him too much money.你给他再多的钱也不算多。
19.The long exhausting trip proved too much.这次旅行旷日持久,我们都累倒了。
20.You look darker after the holiday.你看上去更健康了。
21.As luck would have it, he was caught by the teacher again.不幸的是,他又一次被老师逮个正着。
22.She held the little boy by the right hand.她抓着小男孩的右手。(这里"by"与"with"动作主语完全相反)
23.Are you there?等于句型:Do you follow me?
24.If you think he is a good man, think again.如果你认为他是好人，那你就大错特错了。
25.She has blue eyes.她长着双蓝眼睛。
26.That took his breath away.他大惊失色。
27.Two is company but three is none.两人成伴，三人不欢。
28.The elevator girl reads between passengers.开电梯的姑娘在没有乘客时看书。
"between"="without":相同用法:She modeled between roles.译成:她不演戏时去客串下模特。
29.Students are still arriving.学生还没有到齐。
30.I must not stay here and do nothing.我不能什么都不做待在这儿。
31.They went away as wise as they came.他们一无所获。
32.I won't do it to save my life.我死也不会做。
33.Nonsense, I don't think his painting is any better than yours.胡说，我认为他的画比你好不到哪去。
34.Traditionally, Italian presidents have been seen and not heard.从传统上看，意大利总统有名无权。
35.Better late than the late.晚了总比完了好/迟到总比丧命好。
36.You don't want to do that.你不应该去做。
37.My grandfather is nearly 90 and in his second childhood.我祖父快90岁了，什么事都需要别人来做。
38.Work once and work twice.一次得手，再次不愁。
39.Rubber easily gives way to pressure.橡胶很容易变形。
40.If my mother had known of it she'd have died a second time.要是我妈妈知道了，她会从棺材里爬起来。
高考英语翻译技巧与能力训练 高考英语中的翻译（中译英）题要求考生能应用所学过的语法和词汇来准确地表达思想，是一种要求相当高的考查形式。要求考生把中文的句子译成通顺的、语法结构正确的、符合英语表达习惯的英语句子，并能准确地传达中文句子中的每一个信息。该题型全面地考查学生英语词汇、语法等知识的综合运用能力，它对学生的动词时态、语态、名词的单复数、冠词、形容词、副词、介词等应用能力，还对学生的词组、句型、句子结构等进行了全面考查。翻译不仅在高考英语主观题中占不小的比例，而且翻译能力还直接影响考生在作文中的表现。 高考评分标准: 1．每题中单词拼写、标点符号、大小写错误每两处扣一分；2．语法错误（包括时态错误）每处扣一分；3．译文没用所给的单词扣一分。 如何才能提高中译英水准，在高考中获得理想的分数呢？考生除了必须具备比较扎实的语言基础外，关键还在于学会总结规律，找准中译英的切入点。 一、分析句子结构、寻找合适的句型 中文必须仔细读，一定要看的就是题目给我们的关键字或关键的词组，也就是我们常说的key words。尤其是最后两句翻译句子，它们大都在句子结构上提高了难度。读什么？读出句子结构：对于简单句，辨别出主谓宾，分清定语、同位语和状语；对于并列句，记住两个语法意义上独立的分句，须由连词连接起来；对于复合句，须区分定语从句，名词性从句以及状语从句。一般来说，中译英的句型可分为三大类：1.简单句；2.并列句；3.复合句；同时我们也要注意非谓语动词及其他一些特殊结构。回顾近几年的高考试题时，也不难发现试题中考了一些特殊句式。如：It句型(近几年考得较为频繁)、倒装句、with结构。 例1: 昨天我的电脑坏了。(wrong) 解析：本题考查：1)简单句There be结构；2)wrong的用法；3)中英文表达的差异。 译句：There was something wrong with my computer yesterday. 例2: 遇到困难的时候，我们需要的不是彼此埋怨，而是互相帮助。(not…but) 解析：本题考查：1)复合句：when引导的状语从句；what引导的主语从句；2)not…but结构；3)“彼此埋怨”的英文翻译。 译句：When(we are)in difficulty/When we meet with difficulties/When we have difficulties ,what we need is not to blame each other but to help each other. 例3：我们能做什么来阻止这种疾病蔓延呢？（prevent） 分析：如果有学生没有读全中文原句的话，就很有可能看成是以前所做的“我们要做些什么来阻止这种疾病的蔓延”，而译为We should do something to prevent the spread of this disease.因为这个原因而造成扣分，就太不应该了。 译句：What can we do to prevent the spread of this disease? 例4：他很有可能通过自己的努力得到驾驶执照。（likely） 译句：He is likely to get the driving license with his own efforts. 分析：有些学生一看到有可能，就会想到自己比较熟悉的possible，想当然地翻译成It is possible that…的结构。其实，学生对likely这个key word的使用也是会的，完全能够使用be likely to do或It’s likely th at…的结构。 例5：上海近几年经历了许多变化，如今已成为世界闻名的经济中心。（go through） 分析：乍一看，学生很容易轻易下笔，Shanghai has gone through…,it has become…，这已成为很多学生的一个习惯，句子和句子中随便用逗号隔开，英语不像中文，必须要考虑到句子的结构，逗号也不能随意使用。而此句中，就要想到用并列句中的连接词and来连接两个成分。
各种农作物翻译 cereals, grain 谷物coarse grain 谷粒 rye 黑麦 barley 大麦 oats 燕麦 millet 粟, 黍 sorghum 高粱 bran 麸; 糠 flour, meal 粗磨谷粉wheat 小麦 spring wheat 春小麦 maize 玉米 (美作:corn) maize cob 玉米棒子(美作:corn cob) rice 稻 buckwheat 荞麦 tea 茶 coffee 咖啡 cocoa 可可树 coca 古柯 tobacco 烟草 hop 蛇麻; 啤酒花 tuber crops 块茎作物sugar cane 甘蔗 sugar beet 糖用甜菜potato 马铃薯 sweet potato 甘薯vegetables 蔬菜 carrot 胡萝卜 cassava, manioc 木薯turnip 芜菁 yam 山药; 薯蓣 pulses, leguminous plants 豆类植物 bean 菜豆 pea 豌豆 chick-pea 鹰嘴豆 lentil 小扁豆 soya bean 大豆(美作:soybean) forage plants 饲料作物fodder grain 饲用谷物clover 三叶草 lucre, lucerne 苜蓿 (美作:alfalfa) textile plants 纤维植物cotton 棉; 草棉 flax 亚麻 hemp 大麻American agave 龙舌兰 sisal 剑麻; 西沙尔麻 kapok tree 木棉树 jute 黄麻 Manila hemp 马尼拉麻 raffia 酒椰 yucca 丝兰 oil plants 油料植物 sunflower 向日葵 groundnut, peanut 落花生 olive 油橄榄 olive tree 油橄榄树 sesame 芝麻 castor oil plant 蓖麻 rape seed 油菜籽 rubber tree 橡胶树 resin plant 树脂植物 mangrove 红树 fruits 水果 fruit tree 果树 grapevine 葡萄藤 grape 葡萄 农业专业词汇一 a horizon a 层 a humid acid a 型胡敏酸 a line 不育系 a priori 先天的 a priori probability 先验 概率 abandoned land 荒地 abattoir by product 屠宰 场副产物 abaxial 远轴的 abaxile 远轴的 abdomen 腹 abdominal 腹部的 abdominal aorta 腹织脉 abdominal apoplexy 腹率 中 abdominal appendage 腹肢 abdominal cavity 腹腔 abdominal fin 腹 abdominal foot 腹足 abdominal gland 腹腺 abdominal leg 腹足 abdominal reflex 腹壁反 射 abdominal respiration 腹 呼吸 abdominal segment 腹节 abdominal wall 腹壁 abducens nerve 外展神经 abducent nerve 外展神经 abduction 外展 abductor 展肌 abductor muscle 展肌 aberration 畸变 abies 冷杉属 abietic acid 松脂酸 abiogenesis 自然发生 abiosis 死亡 abiotic 非生物的 abiotic factor 非生物因 素 ablactation 断乳 ablation 切断术 ablepharia 无睑 ablepharon 无睑 ablephary 无睑 ablution 清洗 abnormal behaviour 变态 习性 abnormal climate 异常气 候 abnormal division 错分裂 abnormal egg 异常卵 abnormal estrus 异常发情 abnormal high temperature 异常高温 abnormal ovum 异常卵子 abnormal spermium 异常精 子 abnormal value 异常值 abomasitis 皱胃炎 abomasum 第四胃 aboral 反口的 aboral pole 反口极 abortin 龙毒素 abortion 龙 abortive 龙的 abortive grain 秕粒 abortive infection 顿挫 性感染 abortive pollen 败育花粉 abortive transduction 败 育转导 aboveground part 地上部 分 abscess 脓肿 abscisin 脱落素 abscission 切掉 abscission layer 离层 absinthe 亚洲蒿 absolute age 绝对年龄 absolute alcohol 绝对酒 精 absolute dried soil 绝对 干土 absolute error 绝对误差 absolute extreme 绝对极 值 absolute frequency 绝对 频率 absolute humidity 绝对湿 度 absolute lethal 绝对致死 absolute milk production 绝对产奶量 absolute period of livestock use 家畜绝对利 用年限 absolute quantity 绝对量 absolute temperature 绝 对温度 absolute value 绝对值 absorbability 吸收能力 absorbent 吸收剂;吸收的 absorbing capacity 吸收 能力 absorbing complex 吸附复 合体 absorbing function 吸收 机能 absorbing velocity of fertilizer 肥料吸收速度 absorption 吸收 absorption capacity 吸收 容量 absorption coefficient 吸收系数 absorption obstacle 吸收 障碍 absorption ratio 吸收率 absorptive 吸收的 absorptive amount 吸收量 absorptive cell 吸收细胞 absorptive hair 吸收毛 absorptive tissue 吸收组 织 absorptivity 吸收力
论文：浅析英语翻译能力提升的障碍和策略摘要：翻译能力是英语综合能力的重要组成部分，也是英语专业学生必需具备的基本能力。要全面提升英语翻译能力，需要了解英汉两种文化的差异性，具备深厚的语言功底，掌握熟练的翻译技巧。 关键字：英语翻译能力；提升；障碍；策略 中西文化差异是影响英语翻译能力提升的重要因素，除了文化因素外，英语翻译能力的提升还受到其他因素的影响，本文将进一步的展开叙述影响英语翻译能力提升的障碍及其相应的策略。 一、影响英语翻译能力提升的障碍 1．中西文化的差异性容易造成英语翻译误会 英语翻译就是汉语和英语相互转换的过程，这个过程不仅仅是一种语言现象，也体现了跨文化现象。具体来说，中西方的文化差异体现在文化传统、生活习惯、价值观念和思维方式等方面，而这些层面的差异性往往会造成人们对同一事物有着不同的理解和解释，因此不同文化的差异性容易造成英语翻译的误会。比如，生活中最常见的信封的写法，在中国，习惯的书写顺序是国名，省、市、县、街道，最后才是收信人姓名。而在西方国家信封的书写顺序恰好相反。因此在学习英语知识的同时，需要更加注意对英语文化知识的了解和掌握。
2．语言基础知识掌握不扎实，影响了翻译的准确性 英语翻译就是英汉两种语言之间的相互转换，在转换的过程中主要涉及两个方面，首先翻译者要正确地领悟原文的意思，其次要通过译文将原文确切的表达出来，达到“信达雅”的标准。因此翻译者需要牢固地掌握英汉两种语言。但是由于多方面的因素，翻译者的语言基础知识掌握不扎实，很多翻译者的词汇量太少，经常背了忘，而又不重视巩固复习，或者死记硬背不会灵活运用，此外，语法掌握也不扎实，对一些基本的句型模棱两可，不能正确理解更不会运用。 二、提升英语翻译能力的具体策略 1．通过词汇、语法和阅读，了解中西文化之间的差异性 在英语的学习中，提高英语翻译能力，不仅要加强英语语言知识的学习，还要注重对英语文化知识的了解。具体来说，可以通过词汇、语法以及阅读等的学习获取英语文化知识。 首先，通过词汇的学习了解中西文化知识。词汇是英语语言的基本元素，掌握词汇的过程中，仅仅注重词汇正确的拼写和准确的发音是远远不够的，更主要的是学会如何恰当的运用词汇和组织词汇。因此，在背诵英语词汇意思的基础之上还需要进一步了解词汇产生的文化背景知识，尤其是了解习语、谚语和成语这一类词语的文化内涵、感情色彩以及
一．句子翻译练习；英译汉 1. It is forbidden to dismantle it without permission so as to avoid any damage to its parts. 严禁乱拆,以免损坏该设备的零件。 2. All living things must, by reason of physiological limitations, die. 由于生理上的局限, 一切生物总是要死亡的。 3. The removal of minerals from water is called softening. 去除水中的矿物质叫做软化。 4. Gene piracy is not new. 窃取基因不是新鲜事。 5. All plants and animals need carbon for growth. 所有的动植物均需要碳才能生长。 6. Failure to fix these symbols in mind keeps students from mastering the mathematical subjects they take up. 由于未能记住这些符号,使得许多学生无法掌握他们选修的教学课程。 7. This higher cost is not entirely due to the shape of the part, or the use of a more expensive metal. 成本教高不完全是由于部件的形状,也不是由于使用的金属比较昂贵。 8. A chicken is a suitable specimen for the study of the general external features of a bird. 鸡是研究禽类外部特征的合适范例。 9. The flow of electrons is from the negative zinc plate to the positive copper plate. 电子从负的锌极流向正的铜极。 10. As a ship is loaded, it sinks deeper into the water, displacing an additional amount of water equal to the weight of the added load. 船装了货吃水更深,其排开的附加水量等于所装货的重量。 11. Non-mobile robots, capable of learning to perform an industrial task and then of being left to perform it tirelessly, are even now in use in industrial plants all over the world. 不能行走的机器人能学会做工,并能孜孜不倦地工作,今天在世界各地的工厂里得到了使用。 12. The result of the invention of the steam engine was that human power was replaced by mechanical power. 蒸汽机发明的结果是, 机械力代替了人力。 13. Agricultural technique spreading centers have been set up everywhere in that province, helping farmers to do their work in a more scientific way. 该省已普遍成立了农技推广中心,帮助农民以更加科学的方法种田。 14. When two bodies oscillate at the same frequency, they are said to be in resonance. 当两个物体以相同的频率震动时, 我们说它们处于共振状态。 15. Temperature is changed quickly from room temperature to 125 ℃and is held there for at least 15 minutes. 使温度很快从室温升到125℃, 并至少保持15 分钟。 16. After sealing the header is cleaned and then the leads are clipped to the desired length. 封焊后把管座清洗干净,然后把引线剪到所需长度。 17. The damage caused by acid rain can be alleviated by adding lime to lakes, rivers and streams and/or their catchments' areas. 往湖泊、河流和溪流及(或)它们的集水区中撒石灰,可以减轻酸雨所造成的损害。
现代农林英语课后翻译 Unit 1 Urban Agriculture Urban forestry involves (refers to / is concerned with) forestry activities introduced from wildness and countryside to populous cities where economy, culture, industry and business (commerce) are aggregated (clustered). Most metropolitan cities are currently prosperous but noisy (clamorous) with deteriorating ecological environment. People living in such a crowded and narrow space suffer from a worsening physical quality. To develop urban forestry can beautify living places, purify air, reduce noise and adjust local climate (microclimate), so that the living quality of urban people can be improved. Generally, urban forestry has provided a new approach to the urban environmental problems. 城市林业是把林业由野外、农村引进人口稠密的经济文化与工商业集中的城市的林业活动。目前大多数城市繁华、喧闹、生态环境恶化，生活在拥挤狭小的城市空间里的人们身体素质下降。发展城市林业可以美化环境、净化空气、减少噪音和调节小气候，改善城市人的生活质量。城市林业为解决城市的环境问题提供了一种新的途径。 Unit 2 Forestry Management With the development of both economy and civilization in human society, people have greatly improved their knowledge and understanding about forests. They therefore have also dramatically changed their social demands for forestry. As a result, more world attention has been widely paid to the function that forests play to maintain and improve environment. In 1992, UN Conference on Environment and Development bestowed priority on forestry and it became a political promise of the highest rank. In addition, it was particularly emphasized in the meeting that nothing has been more important than forestry among the problems that the world summit conferences will deal with. It is a distinct milestone in world civilization history to place forestry issues at such a high position. 随着人类社会的经济发展与文明进步，人们对森林的认识有了重大转变，社会对林业的需求也发生了很大的变化，森林维护与改善生态环境的功能在世界范围内得到了广泛的的重视和关注。1992年联合国召开的环境与发展大会以“赋予林业以首要地位”为最好级别的政治承诺，并特别强调“在世界最高级会议要解决的问题中，没有任何问题比林业更重要了”，将林业问题提高到前所未有的高度，这是世界文明发展史上一个重要的里程碑。 Unit 3 Biodiversity China is one of the countries boasting the richest biodiversity and also one of the earliest adopting the Convention on Biological Diversity. The Chinese Government has highly valued the work of biodiversity conservation by formulating and enforcing a series of related laws and regulations, so that a legal system on the conservation and biodiversity has fundamentally formed. In addition, it has established and consolidated the coordination mechanism on the implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity as well as the scheme of Inter-ministerial Joint Meeting on biological species resources, laid down and issued the National Action Plan on the
浅议英语翻译能力的培养 高等学校很注重培养英语专业学生的翻译能力。要具备一定的翻译能力，学生必须具有深厚的语言功底?p广博的文化知识?p熟练的翻译技巧?p正确的翻译观念和严谨的翻译态度。因此，要培养和提高英语专业学生的翻译能力，教师应该从以下几个方面入手。 一?p掌握好汉语和英语的基础知识 翻译是一个语言转换的过程。从根本上讲，这个过程要解决两个问题：一是如何深刻地理解原文；二是如何用译文确切地表达原文的意思。因此，译者要较好地掌握英语和汉语两种语言，具备较强的语言理解能力和表达能力，这是做好翻译的前提条件。 从语言学角度讲，英语和汉语之间最大的区别莫过于形合和意合的区别。英语是重形合的语言，即英语中词语或句子间的连接主要依靠连接词来完成。汉语是重意合的语言，即汉语中词语或句子间的连接主要依靠语义或句子之间的逻辑关系来完成。例如“他今天没来，母亲住院了”（Hedidnotcometodaybecausehis mother was hospitalized），在这个例子中，汉语原文在表达因果关系时，没有使用任何表示因果关系的词汇，但是读者一看就能理解。然而，在翻译成英语的时候，必须加上连接词because，否则就会出现语法错误。二?p积累广博的文化知识 翻译材料涉及面极广，学生要具备渊博的知识。具体来说，文学性的翻译需要学生具备广博的文化知识，科技翻译需要学生具备相关的专业知识。另外，学生还要掌握大量的习语和俚语，这样在翻译时才不会被句子的字面意义所迷惑。如“I decidedto sit at his feet”这句话的字面意思是“我决定坐在他的脚上”，但实际上，“sit at his feet”是一个习语，表示“拜他为师”。 三?p培养严谨的翻译态度 英语和汉语的句子结构复杂，词汇意义也复杂多变，在翻译中出现错误是难以避免的，但是教师应该让学生尽量避免错误，避免粗枝大叶，望文生义。此外，学生在翻译时还应多关注细节，如单词的拼写?p标点符号?p小词等。例如，“中国政府”应该翻译成Chinese government还是the Chinese government这
话题14：科技类：农业技术 现代农业技术带来什么积极的变化？： 1. 经济：促进经济发展解释：例如，化学肥料的应用和高产作物的发展，加快了粮食作物的生长，从而提高 了产量。同时，化学物质可以用来延缓水果的成熟并延长新鲜农产品的保质期，因此农民生产的食物更有可能被送到食客手中，而不是腐坏或腐烂。最后，转基因食品的发明，如抗虫害和干旱的食品，可以增加丰收的机会。粮食生产和销售得越多，个人和企业会挣钱越多。 同学，想查看词伙吗? boost the economy,application of chemical fertilisers, the development of high-yield crops,speed up the growth of food plants, increase crop yields,delay ripening of fruit ,extend the shelf life,be delivered to , be resistant to pests and droughts, increase the chance of good harvests 同学，想查看翻译吗? Technological advances in farming and food production can boost the economy. The application of chemical fertilisers and the development of high-yield crops, for example, speed up the growth of food plants, thereby increasing yields. Meanwhile, chemicals can be used to delay ripening of fruit and extend the shelf life of fresh produce, so the food produced by farmers is more likely to be delivered to eaters, rather than being spoiled or rotten. Finally, the invention of GM food, such as those resistant to pests and droughts, can increase the chance of good harvests. If more food is produced and sold, individuals and businesses can certainly make more money. 2. 生活质量：解决粮食短缺问题，增加选择性，提高生活水平解释：现代饲养方法，如在有限空间圈养动物，可以防止能量损失，保证所有农场产肉率增加。这种措施可以稳定食品供应量并解决世界性的饥荒。另外，新品种食物，如无籽瓜和人造肉等，增加了饮食的多样性。此外，食品运输和制冷服务及设施可以远距离、跨区域向消费者提供食品。这些在满足胃口的同时，也帮助我们建立了均衡的饮食。 同学，想查看词伙吗? address the food shortage,give people more choices, contemporary farming methods,keep animals in small enclosures, prevent energy loss, deal with food security issues,fight hunger worldwide, add more choices to our diet,food transportation,refrigeration services and facilities ,travel long distances to,satisfy our appetite for food,have a balanced diet 同学，想查看翻译吗? The increase in food production can also address the food shortage and give people more choices, thereby improving the standard of living. Contemporary farming methods, such as keeping animals in small enclosures to prevent energy loss, can ensure that more meat is produced by every farm. It can deal with food
GM Crops:Food of Future? 转基因作物：未来的粮食？ Genetically-modified crops have made a big splash in the news lately. 转基因作物最近在新闻中引起很大轰动。 During the Oxford Farming Conference, held in London early this month, the British government’s chief scientist, Professor John Beddington, warned that Britain must embrace genetically-modified(GM) crops and cutting-edge developments to avoid catastrophic food shortages and future climate change (The Guardian, 7January 2010). 本月初，在伦敦举行的牛津农业会议上，英国政府首席科学家John Beddington教授警告说，为了避免灾难性的食物短缺和未来气候变化英国必须接受转基因作物和发展前沿（卫报，7january 2010）。 This announcement came under fire from farmers, academics and environmental groups. 这一通告受到农民、学术界和环保组织的强烈批评（攻击）。 They fear that GM seeds will erode traditional farmers’ rights and practices, contaminate seed supplies, and increase farmers’ dependence on private monopolized agricultural resources. 他们担心转基因种子会侵蚀传统农民的权利和做法，污染种子供应，增加农民对私人垄断农业资源的依赖。 In recent years, hundreds of millions of acres around the world (the US tops the list followed by Canada) have been planted with GM seeds. 近年来，世界各地有数亿英亩土地(美国位居首位，其次是加拿大)已经种植了转基因种子。These seeds derived from organisms whose DNA has been modified through genetic engineering.这些种子来源于通过基因工程改造DNA的生物体。 They are altered using lab techniques that make a particular crop drought-tolerant,resistant to pests, or richer in a particular nutrient. 它们通过实验室技术改变作物，使作物具有耐旱性、抗虫性，或者在特定营养物质中更丰富。There are many concerns about GM foods, including issues relating to health, the environment and contamination. 人们对转基因食品有许多担忧，包括与健康、环境和污染有关的问题。Environmentalists and farmers fear that genetically-engineered insect-resistant crops could harm beneficial insects and upset-ecosystem balances. 环保人士和农民害怕转基因抗虫作物会伤害有益的昆虫，破坏生态平衡。 Some scientists share their concern that genes inserted into plant or animal foods may inadvertently create new allergens (substances that cause allergies in some individuals) or toxins. 一些科学家也担心植入动物或植物中的基因可能无意中产生新的过敏原（引起某些人过敏的物质）或者毒素。 There are also concerns about the overall threat to the seed diversity and the healthy diversity of our food supply. 也有人担心对种子多样性的全面威胁以及事物供应的健康多样性 Climate change and its current and potential impacts on food supplies have an increasing profile globally. 气候变化及其现状和食物的潜在影响在全球有越来越多的情况(侧面信息) Increasing global population and urbanization combined with the need to combat climate change,
考研英语：怎样提高翻译能力？ 在英语翻译备考中，许多人总想一步登天，跨考教育英语教研室的孟老师在此着重强调，须知任何能力(包括英语翻译在内)的提升必定要经过反复练习的过程。当然，练习是有方法可循的，比如系统学习翻译的方法、原理、固定句式和译法、多学习比较优秀的译文等等。 要做好翻译其实并不是机械地在大量的词库句库中搜求配对，片面追求字面的精准，而是对信息的传达。这就要求译者不仅对源语言有准确的理解，并且对于目标语言也要有优秀的表达能力。很多时候你能明白一整段的意思，却觉得不能自如组织成书面汉语，是因为其实你的汉语表达能力也不够。 提高汉语表达能力，建议可以从经典作品的译本和各大电影字幕组的翻译作品中学习。前者的翻译作品比较严谨传神;后者则生动俏皮，富有时代气息。在学习这些资料时，并不是说某句英文只有资料里的一种翻译方法，以后碰到这句话就直接照搬照抄译文，资料只是辅助，要学习的是其中的思路和方法。 另外，不要太拘泥于所谓的翻译理论。语法和理论都是随着时代的更迭不断更新的，比如当下不断涌现出的各种新词汇，必须与时俱进。 翻译最重要的一点，就是对文章的理解，要彻底读懂文章想表达的思想，甚至尝试去体会原作者的想法，才能翻译出更贴切、更符合原文的译文。 所以，总结起来，你需要经历三个阶段： 首先，语法学好，能正确理解句子; 第二，接受系统的翻译训练，学会翻译方法; 第三，就在提高汉语能力形成地道的表达 你可以一边学习方法和原理、多加练习，一边做语言功底上的积累，才谓标本兼治的“有效”;至于“快速”，其实是你有多勤奋的问题——假设可以使你熟能生巧、从量变达到质变的那个量是一定的。 现在的你达到那个阶段了呢??? 综上就是小编给大家提供的高分技巧，技巧就是牢固的知识点和强悍的答题思路，预祝所有
农业科技英语的论文 /h1 一、农业科技英语的翻译难点 农业科技英语的这些特点给它的翻译带来了很多困难,导致译文含糊不清,甚至错误的现象很普遍。以前对其翻译的研究多停留在句子和术语的翻译上,认为只要把术语看懂了就能翻译准确,而没有去挖掘深层次的原因,从而使很多人认为农业科技英语的翻译是一件很头疼的工作。主要原因有以下几方面: (一)译者的知识结构 在农业科技英语翻译过程中,最难的部分是科技术语,虽然术语在整个文献当中所占的比例通常只占5%—10%左右,但这些术语的翻译往往影响到整篇译文的质量。因此,对原文文献的理解可以帮助译者节省时间,避免语言含糊不清而导致误解。这就要求译者最好是既有良好的语言功底又有全面的专业知识,而这样的译者目前仍然比较短缺。因此在翻译时可能会出现下面的问题。例如,Environmental-friendlyagriculture被译成“对环境友好的农业”,而实际意义是“生态农业”。 (二)词汇多重含义
英语词汇的一个典型特征是多义词,从一个环境到另一个或上下文特定的术语,其含义各不相同。而很多词汇在农业科技英语的技术文本中的意义往往和普通词义有所不同。例如,“container”这个词通常使用的含义是“盒子,瓶子等,其中一些被保留,等等”,可译为“容器”,它在运输货物时则被翻译为“集装箱”,这就为翻译造成了困难。 (三)词汇空缺 词汇是语言的基本要素,语言反映了文化。如今,随着社会的不断发展,出现了很多新鲜的词汇。很多具有很强的中国特色的词汇应用到农业生产中。一些表达独特的民族特色的中国词汇在其他语言无法找到其对应的单词。例如,农业、农民和农村问题的“三农问题”。这些特征词都很难找到适宜英文单词。因此,在翻译过程中,这是很容易出现的词汇间隙,增加了农业科技英语翻译的难度。 二、农业科技英语的翻译技巧 农业科技英语主要关注的是描述一个过程或现象、澄清的原理,或传递信息。此外,非语言表达,如图形、符号和公式,往往用以弥补语言表达的不足。(张迎梅,2011)因此,根据农业科技英语的这些特点,提出以下翻译技巧。 (一)使用大量的被动句使用 被动语态是农业科技英语的写作传统。被动句通常比主动句更短,更简洁。因为科学家
UNIT1 当前形式和问题 联合国粮食及农业组织警告说12个拥有千万人口的超大城市将要在养活自己上遭遇越来越多的困难据估计，伦敦的生态足迹已经延伸到城市面积的125倍，其中粮食占据40%的面积。伦敦的居民、参观者和工人每年消耗240万吨食物，产生88300吨有机垃圾。食品产业这对伦敦的国内生产总值（GDP）做出了巨大的贡献：约11%的工作可以在食品部门找到。 东伦敦的Lea Valley地区代表着衰退的产业化园艺。自战争以来，由于劳动力相对稀缺和来自日益全球化的粮食经济的进口的竞争，这种曾经蓬勃发展的粮食生产地区己经减少。该行业目前占地120公顷的温室。它具有非常高的生产力：200多个规模从小于一英亩到20英亩、几乎持续的自动化生产和水培生产、通常使用泥炭培养基和人造肥料的园艺企业。有一些杀虫剂的使用，但现在已经减少，因为采用了病虫害综合防治（IPM）方法，同时通过技术改进减少了能源使用。该企业销售给全国的批发商和大型超市。 这种城市农业（UA）的残余可以为重建、修改和多元化行业使其成为一个更加可持续的系统提供机会进一步改进技术和病虫害综合防治，转变为有机，开发可持续的社会企业以及为当地伦敦市场（如农民市场，商店，餐馆和合作社等）的生产可以利用现有基础设施并改变模式的生产和食品系统。 东伦敦的城市农业不再是应对危机或“应对策略”的反应，就如它曾经在第一次和第二次世界大战和在过去的几个世纪中那样。商业活动主要是由利润驱动，虽然一些生产者，特别是有机生产者，由于他们富有哲理的生活使他们看到它不仅仅是一种赚钱的方式。企业的持续亏损导致资本流失，债务增加和最终破产。社会和环境的主体以及初步政策（地方采购，价格歧视/滑动认购规模，王人的权利和条件，动物福利等）需要与金融利润和经济可持续共存，如果他们要生存和繁荣的话。 休闲食物的生长是由于除了利润之外的因素的促进，如治疗和享受。城市农业活动为低收入群体提供了一种获取新鲜水果和蔬菜以及许多其他利益的方法，有助于家庭食品安全和营养。这对东伦敦正在经历可负担得起的新鲜食物或“粮食贫困”的获得和获得方面的问题的社区尤其重要。 UNIT2什么是生物多样性 我们所知道的生物只是地球生物多样性的一部分，即生命的多样性，生态多样性的概念可以划分为以下几个等级：岩石圈、生态系统、物种、基因。 理解其中的内在联系是很重要的，众所周知，一些种类只生活在特定的地区或生态系统中，例如我们不能在沙漠中找到热带雨林，有些种类只在特定的温度范围内生存，或只需要少量的降水就可以生存。其他的种类可能生都生活在陆地上，除非到了交配时间，例如青蛙和蟾蜍（toad），所产的卵只能在水中发育。物种可能会因为其他种而被限制于某种环境，可能因为竞争关系使得强者可以占领某片区域，也可能因为复杂的（intricate）关系以致一种或多种物种依赖于其他种来生存。因此发现自然环境中物种生存的地点及每个栖息地都是由许多物种形成的网络的原因很重要，这些物种普遍进化为互相依赖的状态，并依赖于环境中的特殊条件来生存。 如果一个区域被破环或干扰，这里的物种找到适宜距离内可生存的避难所的可能性很小。另一个重要的方面是生物多样性中包括我们不喜欢的物种，如胡蜂（wasp）、毒蛇（venomous snakes）、鲨鱼、毒藤（poI son iwy）、扁虱（ticks）。一些人或许会说：“对于这些生物我不会保护，但我认为需要保护熊和海豚。”其实，自然界的规律没那么简单，基本上每种生物都在发挥作用。 为什么我们应该努力保存栖息地和物种？为什么应该关心这些？最确切的答案可能是：“把它们当作我们自己这一物种来保护。”保证人类继续生存下去的唯一方法是珍惜和保护地