虚拟语气
虚拟语气是一种动词形式，表示说话人的一种愿望，假设，怀疑，猜测，建议等含义，虚拟语气所表示的含义不是客观存在的事实。
If I were you, I'd take them away. 如果我是你的话，我就会带走他们。
If I had met Li Hua, I could had told him. 如果我碰见了李华，我就告诉他了。
If I had time, I could come to help you. 如果我有时间，我会来帮助你的。
He suggested that our class should be divided into five groups. 他建议说我们的班应该分成五个小组。
He speaks to us as if he had been there. 他给我们讲的好象他去过那儿。
虚拟(条件)语气中，主句与从句中谓语动词的形式可分为下面四类
虚拟语气的用法
1) 虚拟语气用在简单句中，表示祝愿，命令。
May you be happy. 祝你幸福。
May you have a good time. 祝愿你玩的痛快。
May the friendship between us last long. 祝愿我们的友情天长地久。
Have a good journey! 祝愿你旅途愉快！
You go out！你出去！
2) 虚拟语气用在宾语从句中。
动词wish, suggest, order, insist, propose, advice,maintain, suggest (建议), recommend (推荐), advise (劝告), propose (建议)insist (坚持), consent (允诺) decide (决定), order (命令)request (要求), demand (要求), desire (期望), ask (要求)maintain (主张), urge (催促) “should+动词原形”
等词后面的宾语从句表示的是一种虚拟语气，宾语从句中的动词动作表示的只是一种
愿望、要求。
I wish she would be on my side. 我希望她能站在我一边。
I wish I could help him. 我希望我能帮助他。
He insisted that all of us should be there on time by any means. 他坚持要我们大家想尽办法按时去那儿。
动词demand, suggest, order, insist, propose 后面的从句中，"should" 可以省略。
The teacher suggested that we (should) clean the blackboard after class. 老师建议我们课后把黑板擦了。He ordered that the students wash the clothes every week by themse lves. 他要求学生每周都要自己洗衣服。
3) 虚拟语气用在主语从句中。
在句型"It is important (necessary, strange, natural) that .... " 中，that 后面的从句中的谓语动词用：should + 动词原形It's necessary that we should have a walk now. 我们有必要出去散散步。It's natural that she should do so. 她这样做是很自然的。It's important that we should take good care of
the patient. 重要的是我们要照顾好病人。
4) 虚拟语气用在状语从句中。虚拟语气最多地用在表示条件的状语从句和表示结果的从句中。在表示与事实相反的虚拟语气时，动词有三种时态形式，即现在、过去和将来。
A．与现在事实相反的：If I (we, you, he, they)+ 动词过去式.. if I (he, she) were... I (we) should + 动词原形。He (you, they) would + 动词原形。
B．与过去事实相反的：If I(we, you ,he, they)+ had + 过去分词I(we)should + have+ 过去分词。
He (you, they) would + have + 过去分词。
If I were you, I should buy it. 如果我是你，我就买了它。
If I had time, I would study French. 如果我有时间，我会学习法语的。
If she knew English, she would not ask me for help. 如果她懂英语的话，她不会找我帮忙的。
If you had got up earlier, you could have caught the train. 如果你早一点起床，就会赶上火车的。
If it were fine tomorrow, I would go shopping. 如果明天天气好，我就去买东西。
注意: 有关虚拟语气的几个问题***
1) 有时if引导的状语从句可以省略if，而把从句中的动词were, had 或should 移到主语前面。
Were she younger, she would do it . 如果她年青点，她就会干的。
Had he known her address, he would had gone to visit her. 如果他知道她的地址，他会去看她的。
2) 有时表示虚拟语气的条件从句或者主句都可以省略，而只剩下一个主句或者一个条件从句。
I could help you. 我本来可以帮助你。
If I had time. 我要有时间该多好啊！
She should have come to the party. 她应该来参加聚会。
If he had much more money. 如果他有更多的钱就能...。
3) 虚拟语气中，条件从句的动词动作可以和主句的动词动作时态不一致。
If they had studied hard, they could do it easily now. 如果他们以前努力学习的话，现在干的就会容易些。If he had not taken my advice, he wouldn't do it much better like this. 如果他不听取我的建议，他就不会干得这样好。
1.I suggest that we (should 可省略,下同) start the meeting at once.
(suggest, should + start) (表示建议立即开会)
2.The doctor suggested that he (should ) try to lose his weight.
(suggested, should + try) (表示建议你应该减肥喔)
3. He insisted that all of us (should) be there on time by any mains.
(insisted, should + be) (表示坚持,无论如何都要准时到那儿。你再讲也没用哩！)
4. He insisted that we (should) tell him the news.(insisted, should + tell) (表示非要你告诉他不可)
5. He ordered that the students (should) wash the clothes every week by
themselves. (ordered, should + wash) (表示命令学生们每周自己洗衣服)
注意注意注意！！！虚拟语气在其他句型中的使用：
1. 用在与without, but for, but, otherwise短语连用的句型中：
例句：
The ship would have sunk with all on board but for efforts of the captain.
The rescue arrived in time, otherwise They would have been frozen to death.
2. 用在It’s time 句型中：It’s time that 主语+动词过去式……
It’s time that I went to school and picked up my daughter.
3. 在句型…as if /though+主语+动词过去式/were/had done……
例句：
He looked at me as if I were mad .
“I wish people would find out the facts,” she says, “ and not act as if I were a bad or dangerous person.”
It looks as if it’s going to rain.
4. 用在If only 句型中：表示：要是……该多好啊！
（1）If only you hadn’t told Jackie what I said, everything would have been all right.
（2）If only you would listen to reason.
一般现在时
1)经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。时间状语：every…, sometimes,at…, on Sunday。例如：
I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家。
2)客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。例如：
The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。
Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。
3)表示格言或警句。例如：Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。
注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例：Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。
4)现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如：
I don't want so much. 我不要那么多。https://www.doczj.com/doc/4311404080.html,
Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错，讲的可不行。
二、一般过去时
1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如：时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago,
the other day, in 1982等。例如：
Where did you go just now? 刚才你上哪儿去了?
2)表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。例如：
When I was a child, I often played football in the street.
Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.
那时，布朗一家无论什么时候去，都受到热烈欢迎。
3)句型：It is time for sb. to do sth"到……时间了""该……了"
例如：It is time for you to go to bed.你该睡觉了。
It is time that sb. did sth. "时间已迟了""早该……了"
例如It is time you went to bed.你早该睡觉了。
would (had) rather sb. did sth.表示'宁愿某人做某事'。
例如：I'd rather you came tomorrow.还是明天来吧。
三、一般将来时
1)shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在征求意见时常用于第二人称。例如：
Which paragraph shall I read first? 我先读哪一段呢?
Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七点回家好吗?
2)be going to +不定式，表示将来。
a. 主语的意图，即将做某事。例如：What are you going to do tomorrow?
b. 计划，安排要发生的事。https://www.doczj.com/doc/4311404080.html,
例如：The play is going to be produced next month。这出戏下月开播。
c. 有迹象要发生的事。
例如：Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.
看那乌云，快要下雨了。
3)be +to表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。例如：
We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。
4)be about to +动词原形，意为马上做某事。例如：
He is about to leave for Beijing. 他马上要去北京注意
1、一般现在时表示将来
1)下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin,
return的一般现在时可以表示将来，主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。例如：
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。
When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽车什么时候开?十分钟后。
2)在时间或条件句中。例如：
When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me. 比尔来后，让他等我。
I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里，就写信给你。
2、用现在进行时表示将来
下列动词come, go, arrive, leave等现在进行时可以表示将来：
I'm leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。
四、现在进行时
a. 表示现在(指说话人说话时)正在发生的事情。例如：
We are waiting for you. 我们正在等你。
b. 习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。例如：
Mr. Green is writing another novel.
他在写另一部小说。(说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。)
c. 表示渐变，这样的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。例如：
The leaves are turning red. 叶子在变红。
It's getting warmer and warmer. 天越来越热了。
d. 与always, constantly, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。例如：
You are always changing your mind. 你老是改变主意。
五、过去进行时
过去进行时表示过去某一时间正在进行的动作，常和表过去的时间状语连用，如：
I was doing my homework at this time yesterday.昨天的这个时候我正在做作业。
They were expecting you yesterday.他们昨天一直在等待。
难点释疑：
when作并列连词，表示“(这时)突然”之意时，第一个并列分句用过去进行时，when引导的并列分句用一般过去时。如：.
I was taking a walk when I met him.我正在散步，突然遇见了他。
We were playing outside when it began to rain.我们正在外边玩，这时下起雨来了。
六、将来进行时
1)表示将来某时进行的状态或动作，或按预测将来会发生的事情。例如：
She'll be coming soon. 她会很快来的。
I'll be meeting him sometime in the future. 将来我一定去见他。
2)常用的时间状语有soon, tomorrow, this evening，on Sunday, by this
time，tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening等。例如：By this time tomorrow, I'll be lying on the beach. 明天此时，我正躺在海滩上呢。
注意：“主将从现原则”，主句用将来时，从句用一般现在时(代替一般将来时)
When, as soon as, if,等引导的时间状语从句，条件句中，用一般现在时代替将来时。例如：
He is going to visit her aunt t when he arrives in Beijing.
他一到北京，就去看他姨妈。
七、现在完成时
a. 现在完成时可表示过去发生的动作对现在所产生的影响，后面通常不用时间状语，但句中常出现already, just,yet等副词。如：
Someone has broken the window.有人把窗户打破了。
I’ve just finished reading the novel.我刚刚读完这本小说。
Have you seen the doctor yet?你看过医生了吗?
注：already和yet用法上的区别
already常用于肯定句，置于句中。yet常用于否定句和疑问句，常用于句末。但already 有时也可用语疑问句中暗示惊讶的心情。如：
b. 现在完成时也可表示从过去某时开始的动作，状态一直持续到现在，常和for, since 引导的时间状语连用。
如：I have learned English for 5 years. He has lived in Beijing since he was born.
注：
(1) for和since引导的时间状语的区别: for + 一段时间, since + 一点时间从句(从句中常用一般过去时)。
(2)表示继续的现在完成时也可和lately, recently, so far, up to now, till now, in the past(last) few year s……, this week (month, year……), all day, all this week等时间状语连用。
如：Tom has had a toothache all day.I haven’t heard from him recently.
(3)现在完成时也可表示从过去到现在曾经经历过或做过的事情，常和often, ever, never, before, once,…times等时间状语连用。如：.
I’ve never been to Beijing.我从没去过北京。He has read this book before.
难点释疑：
1.点动词与延续性动词的区别.
所谓点动词是指含有终止或短暂意义的动词。如：begin, end, die, buy, borrow, come, arrive,
join, marry等动词。它们通常不与表示一段时间的状语连用。如：
I have bought a book.我买了一本书。.
I’ve had this book for three weeks.这本书我已经买了三星期了。
2. have got的含义 .
have got形式上是现在完成时，却和have是同一个意思
She has got a slight temperature. She has a slight
temperature.她有点发烧。
3、用于现在完成时的句型
It is the first / second time.... that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。例如：
It is the first time that I have visited the city. 这是我第一次访问这城市。
This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing.这是我第一次听他唱歌。
八、过去完成时
(1)表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作，即“过去的过去”。可以用by,
before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示，也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示，还可能通过上下文来表示。如：
By nine o’clock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.
到昨晚9点钟，我们已经收到200张飞船发来的图片。
(2)表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和for, since 构成的时间状语连用。例如：
I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.
当车来的时候，我在车站已等了20分钟。
He said he had worked in that factory since 1949.
他说自从1949年以来他就在那家工厂工作。
(3)叙述过去发生的事情，在已叙述了过去发生的事情后，反过来追述或补述以前发生的动作时，常使用过去完成时。例如：
Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine.
史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好友。
I didn’t know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson.
我对动词一无所知，因为我没有好好学习功课。
(4)在含有定语从句的主从复合句中，如果叙述的是过去的事，先发生的动作常用过去完成时。例如：
I returned the book that I had borrowed.我已归还了我借的书。
She found the key that she had lost.她丢失的钥匙找到了。
(5)过去完成时常常用在宾语从句(或间接引语)中，这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。例如：.
He said that he had known her well.他说他很熟悉她。
I thought I had sent the letter a week before. 我认为我一星期前就把信寄出去了。
(6)在包含有when, until等连词的复合句中，例如：
When I woke up, it had already stopped raining.我醒来时雨已停了。
She didn’t go to bed until she had finished he work.她直到把工作做完之后才睡觉。
(7)动词think, want, hope, mean, plan,
intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法，希望，打算或意图等。例如：
They had wanted to help but could not get there in time.
他们本来打算去帮忙，但没有及时赶到那里。
We had hoped to be able to come and see you .我们本来希望能来看看你。
(8)过去完成时还可用在hardly…when…, no sooner…than…, It was the first (second,
etc) tim e (that)…等固定句型中。例如：.
Hardly had he began to speak when the audience interrupted him.他刚开始演讲，听众就打断了他。
No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.他刚到就又走了。
九、将来完成时
a. 状态完成：表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。例如：
They will have been married for 20 years by then. 到那时他们结婚将有二十年了。
b. 动作完成：表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前，已经完成的动作或获得的经验。例如：You will have reached
Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 明天此时，你已经到达上海了
一语法重点串讲
语法是三级英语统考的一个重点，它将体现在所有五个题型中，但重点将集中在以下几个方
面。
1、时态：常用的10—11种
2、语态：被动语态
3、情态动词
4、虚拟语气
5、动词的非谓语形式三种
6、各种从句（主、宾、表、定、状、同位语从句）
7、主谓一致
8、倒装句9、强调句10、附加疑问句
第一章语法重点串讲第一节动词的时态
考试重点：一般现在时（if 从句和as soon as 从句）；进行时表将来；现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别；完成时瞬间动词以及have （has）been, have（has）gone的区别；过去完成时的时间状语；将来完成时。
一、一般现在式：
1、表示经常发生的动作或存在的状态：常和always, usually, often ,sometimes, every day, every week的等时间状语连用。
例：He goes to work every day. 他每天去上班。
2、表示普遍的真理。由于是众所周知的客观事实，所以一般不用时间状语。
例：The earth is round. 地球是圆的。
3、有些表示心理状态或感情的动词往往用一般现在时。
例：I don’t think you are right.我以为你错了。
4、在时间、条件状语从句中表示将来的动作：常用的连词有as soon as，when，till，if。
（1）They will go home for winter vocation as soon as they ________their exams.
A. have finished
B. finish
C. finished
D. was finishing（答案：B）（1996年22题）
（2）When the mixture ______, it will give off a powerful force.
A. will heat
B. will be heated
C. is heated
D. has heated
（答案：C）（1992年59题）
二、一般过去时：
1、表示过去的动作或状态：常和过去时间状语连用。just now, last year, when I was 8years old等。
例：You've already missed too many classes this term .You _____ two classes just last week.
A. missed
B. would miss
C. had missed
D. have missed
（答案：A。有具体的时间状语要用过去时。）（1995年59题）
2、used to do sth：过去常常做…
例：I used to take a walk in the morning.
我过去是在早晨散步。（意味着现在不在早晨散步了。）
3、it is high time（that）…句型中，谓语动词用过去时。
例：Don’t you think it is time you _____ smoking?
A. give up
B. gave up
C. would give up
D. should give up
（答案：B）（1999年31题）
三、一般将来时
1、will（shall）+原形动词：表示将来的动作或状态。
例：He will come and help you. 他会来帮助你的。
2、be going to +动词原形：表示马上就要发生的事情或打算好要做的事。
例：Are you going to attend the lecture? 你打算去听这个演讲吗？
3、be to +动词原形：表示安排或计划好了的动作。
例：The Third-Ring Road is to be open to traffic before National Day.三环路将在国庆节前通车。
4、be about to +动词原形：表示即将发生的动作。
5、例：The lecture is about to begin.讲座即将开始。
6、某些表示开始、终结、往来行动的动词如：go ,come, start, arrive，leave 等的现在进行时可表示将来。
（1）We are leaving for Beijing tomorrow. 我们明天动身去北京。
（2）The foreign guests are arriving in Jinan tonight. 外宾今晚到达济南。
四、过去将来时
表示在过去预计将要发生的动作，常用于宾语从句。
例：He wanted to know when the conference would start.他想知道会议何时开始。
五、现在进行时
1、表示此时此刻（说话时）正在进行的动作。
例：The teacher is talking with his students. 这位老师正在同他的学生交谈。
2、表示现阶段正在进行的动作，但此刻并不一定在进行。
例：I am attending a conference in Beijing. 我正在北京参加一个会议。
六、过去进行时
1、表示在过去某一段时间正在进行的动作。常需用表示过去的时间状语或通过上下文来判断时间。
例：He was doing his homework from seven to nine last night.昨天晚上七点到九点他正在做作业。
2、when 和while 的用法
（1）I fell and hurt myself while I _____tennis.
A. was playing
B. am playing
C. play
D. played
（答案：A。连接词when 表示时间上的点，其所引导的句子用过去时，while 表示持续的一段时间，其所引导的句子用过去进行时。）（1998年43题）
（2）When you _____ this over with her, you should not see her any more.
A. talk
B. talked
C. will talk
D. talking（答案为B）（1999年35题）
（3）One of the guards _____ when the general came in, which made him very angry.
A. has slept
B. were sleeping C, slept D. was sleeping（答案为D）（1996年23题）
3、过去进行时表示过去将来的动作。现在进行时可以表示将来的动作，同样，过去进行时也可以表示从过去某时间看将来要发生的动作。
例：He went to see Xiao Li. He was leaving early the next morning.他去看小李。他第二天一早就要离开此地了。
七、现在完成时
1、表示动作刚刚结束（常和just, now, already, yet等词连用）；或表示动作的结果（一般不用时间状语）。
（1）Li Ming has just turned off the light. 李明刚刚把灯关上。（说明现在灯已经关上了）（2）I have lost my pen. 我把笔丢了。（说明过去某时丢的，现在我还没有找到这支笔。）
2、表示过去某时开始的动作一直延续到现在，并且可能会继续延续下去（常用since 引导的短语或从句，或由for 引导的短语连用）。
（1）He has lived here for 30 years. 他住在这儿已经三十年了。（现在还住在这儿）
（2）They’ve known each other since childhood. 他们从小彼此相识。（现在还继续来往）
3、非延续性动词的完成时和it is +时间+since…..（过去时）
英语中有些动词不能延续，因此不能和表示延续的时间状语连用。
（1）He has _____ the army for ten years and is now an officer.
A. gone into
B. joined in
C. been in
D. come into
（答案：C。用现在完成时表示“继续”的概念时，只能用含有持续意义的动词，不可用瞬间性动词。）（1995年49题）
（2）It is 3 years since I left Shanghai .我离开上海已经三年了。
（如果是非延续动词，这时常用it is +时间+since 的句型代替，从句用过去时态。）
4、have（has）been to 和have （has）gone to 的区别
have（has ）been to：去过某地（表示某人的一种经历），可以和once，twice，often，never，ever 连用。
have（has）gone to：去某地了（表示某人已经离开此地，在去某地的路途上或已在某地，所以一般来说此句型只用于第三人称），此句型不能与上述时间状语连用。
（1）He has gone to America.（意思为他已经去了美国，现在不在此地）
（2）He has been to America twice. 他去过美国两次。
八、过去完成时
1、表示在过去的某一时间或动作之前已经完成了的动作（即过去的过去）。这个过去的某一时间可用by, before等介词或连词引导的短语或一个从句来表示。
例：About the sixth century A.D. when few Europeans could read, the Chinese _____ paper.
A. invented
B. had invented
C. have invented
D. had been invented（答案：B）（1997年35题）
2、表示从过去某一时间开始，一直持续到另一个过去的时间的动作。
例：The chemistry class _____ for five minutes when we hurried there.
A. had been on
B. was on
C. has been on
D. would be on（答案：A）（1995年24题）
3、在含有before, after, as soon as 等连词引导的状语从句的复合句中，由于连词本身可以明确表示动作发生的先后顺序，因此，主句和从句都可以用一般过去时表示，而不用过去完成时。
例：I called him as soon as I arrived.我刚一到就给他打电话。
4、过去完成时常用在no sooner …than…, hardly/scarcely/barely…when…，一…就…。句型之中，句子到装。
（1）No sooner had we sat down _____ we found it was time to go.
A. than
B. when
C. as
D. while（答案为A）（1997年50题）
（2）Scarcely had he opened the door when a gust of wind blew the candle out.他刚打开门，蜡烛就被一阵风吹灭了。
九、将来完成时：表示在将来某一时间以前完成的动作。
1、By the time John gets home, his aunt _____.
A. will have
B. leaves
C. will have left
D. is leaving（答案：C）（1995年25题）
2、I _____ writing the article by the time you get back.
A. shall finish
B. must have finished
C. have finished
D. shall have finished （答案：D）（2000年24题）
十、现在完成进行时：表示从过去某时一直延续到现在的一个动作，这个动作一般会继续延续下去，或是到说话时结束，但是强调到说话时为止一直在做的动作。
例：I _____ on the door for ten minutes now without an answer.
A. was knocking
B. am knocking
C. knocking
D. have been knocking（答案：D）（1998年49题）
第二节被动语态
考试重点：感官动词和使役动词的被动语态；动词短语的被动语态；情态动词的被动语态；用主动表示被动的含义。
一、感官动词及使役动词（如：see，feel，hear，watch，make，bid）在主动语态中用无to不定式做宾补，改为被动语态时要加to。
1、The middle-aged man was seen _____ out of the house on the afternoon of the murder.
A. came
B. come
C. to come
D. have come（答案为C）（2000年58题）
2、We were made to study harder. 我们被要求努力学习。
二、有些动词后面接一个介词或副词，构成短语。变被动语态时，短语动词做及物动词用。
1、The children are well looked after. 这些孩子得到了很好的照顾。
2、The doctor has been sent for. 已经派人去请大夫了。
三、情态动词的被动语态
构成：情态动词+be+过去分词。
1、The work must be finished before lunch. 这项工作必须在午饭前干完。
2、Nothing can be seen from here. 从这儿什么也看不见。
四、用主动表示被动的含义
常用：need/require +doing sth（=to be done）（此句型主语大多为物）
例：My room is a mess. It needs _____.
（2000
A to be tidying up B. tidying up C. to tidy up D. tidied up（答案为B）
年47题）
第三节情态动词考试重点：情态动词+完成时
情态动词用来表示能力、允许、许诺、可能、劝告、意愿等概念或态度。情态动词无人称变化，在句子中和动词原形一起构成谓语。根据这几年的考试看，着重测验情态动词接完成时的用法。
一、must +现在完成时
表示对已发生的事情的一种肯定的猜测。
1、Mr. Green _____ my letter, otherwise he would have replied before now.
A. must have received
B. must have failed to receive
C. must receive
D. must fail to receive
（答案：B）（1998年44题）
2、I believe he _____ an accident, otherwise he would have arrived on time.
A. would have had
B. could have had
C. should have had
D. must have had
（答案为D）（2001年58题）
二、should （ought to ）+完成时
表示应该做的事情而没有做，否定式表示不该做的事情做了。含有对过去的动作的责备、批评。
1、They have done things they ought _____.
A. not to do
B. not to be done
C. not to have done
D. not having done（答案为C）（1999年59题）
2、I’m sorry I couldn’t get in touch with him before he left, I _____ him earlier.
A. had a telephone
B. have phoned
C. should have phoned
D. should be phoned
（答案为C）（2000年26题）
三、could +完成时
表示能做的事情而没有做。表示对过去能做而未做的事情感到惋惜，遗憾。
1、He could have joined us, but he didn’t get our invitation in time.
他本来能够参加我们的，但是他没有收到我们的请贴。
2、I could have passed, but I did not study hard enough.我本来能及格的，但是没有努力学习。
第四节虚拟语气如果所表示的条件根本不可能实现或实现的可能性很小时，称为虚拟条件句。
考试重点：虚拟语气的基本形式和用法；if的省略形式；含蓄条件句；以wish（that）引导的表示“愿望”的宾语从句；would rather 引导的从句；以as if, as though 引导的从句；以suggest, advise, insist 等词后引导的宾语从句；It is necessary（important）that引导的主语
从句；It is time （that）…句型中。
一、虚拟语气的基本形式和用法：
虚拟（条件）语气中，主句与从句中谓语动词的形式可分为下面三类：
1、I would ask George to lend us the money if I _____ him.
A. had known
B. have known
C. knew
D. know
（答案：C。与现在的事实相反，从句用过去时）（1995年38题）
2、Do you think there would be less conflict in the world if all people _____ the same language?
A. spoke
B. speak
C. had spoken
D. will speak
（答案：A。与现在的事实相反，从句的谓语动词用过去时。）
3、If Bob____ with us, he would have had a good time.
A. would come
B. would have come
C. had come
D. came
（答案为C。与过去的事实相反，从句的谓语动词用过去完成时。）（1995年59题）二、if的省略形式
在虚拟条件句中，如谓语包含were , had, should等词，则可以把这些词放到主语前面，省略if。
1、_____ you were busy, I wouldn't have bothered you with my questions.
A. If I realized
B. Had I realized
C. Did I have realized that
D. As I realized
（答案：B。虚拟条件句有时可以省略if，而将谓语中的过去式were，had，或should等移至主语之前。1996年39题）
2、_____, I should ask them some questions.
A. Should they come to us
B. If they come to us
C. Were they come to us
D. Had they come to us
（答案：A。与将来事实相反。）（1997年30题）
三、含蓄条件句
有时一个假设的情况不用条件从句表示，而用其它方式来表示，这样的句子叫含蓄条件句。常用with，without，but for。
1、Without your help, we _____ so much.
A. didn’t achieve
B. would not have achieved
C. will not achieve
D. don’t achieve
（答案：B。这是一句含蓄条件句，条件暗含在介词短语without your help中，因此要用虚拟语气。）（1996年33题）
2、But for the rain, we _____ a nice holiday.
A. should have
B. would have had
C. would have
D. will have had（答案：B。2003年28题）
四、以wish（that）引导的表示“愿望”的宾语从句
wish后的宾语从句中要用虚拟语气，而在虚拟语气中时态的应用类似在非真实条件中从句时态的应用。表示现在或将来的愿望用：主语＋wish ＋从句（主语＋过去时）；表示一个过去没有实现的愿望用：主语＋wish +从句（主语＋过去完成时）；
1、Peter wishes that he _____ law instead of literature when he was in college.
A. could study
B. studied
C. had studied
D. would study（答案：C）（2000年53题）
2、I didn’t go to the party, but I do wish I _____ there.
A. were
B. would be
C. had been
D. will be（答案：C）（2001年53题）
五、would rather＋句子（过去时）
1、I’d _____ you didn’t touch that, if you don’t mind.
A. rather
B. better
C. happier
D. further（答为案：A）（1998年45题）
2、I am too busy these days. I would rather all of you _____ next month for a dinner.
A. come
B. would come
C. came
D. have come（答案为C）（2002年46题）
六、以as if，as though引导的从句
在as if，as though引导的从句中，如果谈论的是不可能或不真实的情况时，它们所引用的状语从句要用虚拟语气，动词形式和wish 后面的从中动词形式变化相同。
1、He talks as if he _____ everything in the world.
A. knows
B. knew
C. had known
D. would have known
（答案：B。as if（though）从句中非真实性情况用虚拟语气。本句表示说话人对现在的情况有所怀疑，所以用过去时。）
2、You are talking as if you had seen them
你谈的那么起劲，好像你真的见过似的。（表示想象中的过去的动作）
七、以suggest，advise，insist等词后引导的宾语从句中，从句的谓语动词要用should+动词原形，should可以省略。
类似的动词有：propose，insist，suggest，order，demand，require，request等。
1、The doctor advised that Mr. Malan _____ an operation right away so as to save his life.
A. had
B. would have
C. have
D. was going to have（答案：C）（1998年28题）
2、His mother insisted that he _____ the coat when going out.
A. put on
B. puts on
C. to put
D. putting on（答案：A）（1999年58题）
八、It is necessary/important/urgent that引导的主语从句中，从句的谓语动词要用should+原形动词，should可以省略。
1、It’s desired that she _____ to teach us at least twice a week.
A. comes
B. will come
C. come
D. may come（答案：C）（1997年29题）
2、It’s urgent that a meeting _____ before the final decision is made.
A. will be arranged
B. must be arranged
C. be arranged
D. would be arranged （答案：C）（2003年45题）
九、It is time (that)…引导的定语从句中，谓语动词用过去时。
1、It’s high time we _____ something to stop traffic accident.
A. do
B. will do
C. did
D. must do（答案：C）（1996年43题）
2、Don’t you think it is time you _____ smoking?
A. give up
B. gave up
C. would give up
D. should give up（答案：B）（1999年31题）
第五节非谓语动词非谓语动词分三种，即：不定式，动名词和分词。下面分三部分进行介绍。
一、动词不定式
考试重点：动词不定式的基本结构和用法（尤其是复合结构，否定式，被动式，完成式等。）；stop和go on接不定式和动名词的区别；remember，forget接不定式和动名词的区别；have sth done 和have sb do sth。
基本形式主动形式被动形式
一般式（not）to make （not）to be made
完成式（not）to have made （not）to have been made
进行式（not）to be making
在句子中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补足语。
（一）动词不定式的基本结构和用法
动词不定式是一种非谓语动词形式，由不定式符号to加动词原形构成。
1、Good-bye , Mr. Wang. I’m pleased _____ you.
A. to meet B .meeting C. to have been meeting D. to be met（答案：A）（1998年57题）
2、Encouragement through praise is the most effective method of getting people _____ their best.
A. do
B. to do
C. doing
D. done（答案为B）（1996年44题）
（二）动词不定式的被动式
当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的对象时（或动作的承受者时），不定式一般要用被动式。
1、The ability _____ is very important for any speaker.
A. to hear clearly
B. to be clearly heard
C. to hearing clearly
D. to being clearly heard
（答案：B。动词不定式的被动式。）（1999年39题）
2、Mr. and Mrs. Smith didn’t expect the house _____ so well.
A. to be decorated
B. to decorate
C. be decorated
D. decorating（答案：A）（1995年22题）
（三）动词不定式的复合结构
如需指出不定式动作的发出者时（即逻辑主语时）要在不定式前用for加名词（或代词）表示。
1、It was very difficult _____ me to learn Spanish.
A. of
B. to
C. with
D. for（答案：D）
2、It is necessary _____ the papers immediately.
A. for you to hand in
B. that you hand out
C. your hand in
D. for your hand in （答案：A）
（四）动词不定式的完成式
表示不定式的动作发生在句子谓语所表示的动作之前。
1、Judging from his manners at the party, he doesn’t seem _____ much education.
A. to receive
B. to be receiving
C. to have received
D. to have been received
（答案：C。表示发生在主要动词之前的动作，要用动词不定式的完成式。）（1997年45题）
2、The book is said _____ into several foreign languages up to now.
A. to translate
B. to have translate
C. to have been translated
D. to be translated （答案：C）
（五）stop 和go on后面接不定式和动名词的区别
动名词表示停下或继续正在做的事情；不定式表示停下以便做某事或改做另外一件事情。
1、The old man walked slowly, stopping frequently _____.
A. on rest
B. at rest
C. resting
D. to rest
（答案：D。“to rest”作目的状语，意思为“停下来的目的是为了休息”。）（1999年29题）
2、Men will never stop _____ for new ways of getting new energy.
A. search
B. to search
C. searching
D. searched（答案：C）
3、You have been talking for two hours. How long do you intend to go on _____ like that?
A. talking
B. to talk
C. doing talking
D. talk（答案：A）
（六）remember 和forget接不定式和动名词的区别
remember, forget + doing sth：表示动作发生在过去。
remember, forget +to do sth：表示动作尚未发生。
1、Don’t forget _____ the window before leaving the room.
A. to have closed
B. to close
C. having closed
D. closing
（答案：B。to close表示一个在leaving 之后发生的将来的动作）（2001年28题）
2、I remember giving the letter to him.
我记得把信给他了。（giving表示一个在remember之前发生过的动作。）
（七）have sth done 和have sb do sth的用法
1、We are going to have our office _____ to make room for a new engineer.
A. to rearrange
B. rearrange
C. rearranged
D. rearranging
（答案：C。have sth done:表示这个动作由别人来做。）（2002年50题）
2、I’ll _____ that I’m a qualified engineer.
A. have you know
B. have known you
C. have you knowing
D. have you know
（答案：A。表示让某人做某事。）（2003年25题）
考试重点：动名词的逻辑主语，完成式，被动式，否定式；动名词做介词的宾语，有时介词可省略；“to”的作用。
基本形式：主动形式被动形式
一般时doing being done
完成时 having done having been done
在句子中可以充当主语、表语、宾语和定语。
一、动名词的基本用法：
1、We shall appreciate _____ from you soon.
A. being heard
B. hearing
C. to hear
D. having been heard
（答案：B。appreciate后接动名词做宾语。）（1998年42题）
2、John suggested _____ anything about it until they found out more facts.
A. not to say
B. saying not
C. to say not
D. not saying
（答案：D。suggest后接动名词做宾语，否定式要在动名词前加“not”）（1995年53题）
二、动名词的完成时：表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生时，用动名词的完成时。
1、I don’t remember _____. A. ever to be saying B. to have ever said C. having ever said that
D. ever said that（答案：C）
2、I regret having done such a thing.我后悔做了这样的事。
三、动名词的被动式
1、No one avoid _____ by advertisements.
A. influenced
B. influencing
C. to influence
D. being influenced（答案：D）
2、Susan was very unhappy for not _____ to the party.
A. to be invited
B. having been invited
C. inviting
D. to have been invited （答案：B）
四、动名词的逻辑主语
当动名词的逻辑主语是代词时可使用形容词性的物主代词或代词的宾格。
1、He forgot about _____ him to attend my wife’s birthday party.
A. I asking
B. my asking
C. me to ask
D. mine to ask
（答案：B。做介词about 的宾语，物主代词+动名词，构成动名词的复合结构。）（1998年29题）
2、I object to his （him）making private calls on the office phone.
我反对他用办公室的电话打私人电话。
五、动名词做介词的宾语，有时介词可省略。
1、Don’t risk _____ the job which so many people want.
A. losing
B. to lose
C. lost
D. your life to lose（答案：A。risk后接动名词做宾语，risk（in）doing sth.中的介词in常省略。）（1999年57题）
2、I don’t think it is any use _____ this matter any further.
A. discussing
B. to discuss
C. to discussing
D. to be discussed
（答案：A。it is no use （good）doing…做…没有用（好处），动名词做介词in的宾语，常省略。）
六、有的动词后的to 既可以是不定式符号，又可以是介词，使用时要特别注意。
1、You don’t object _____ you by your first name, do you?
A. for me to call
B. me to call
C. to my calling
D. my calling
（答案：C。object to 中的to是介词，故接动名词做宾语。）（1996年21题）
2、The students are looking forward to _____ their parents in winter vacation.
A. see
B. watch
C. seeing
D. being seen（答案：C）
考试重点：分词在句中的作用；现在分词的被动式和过去分词的区别；现在分词和过去分词的区别；分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语是否一致；分词的独立主格；with（without）引导的分词的独立结构。
-ING分词是指由动词原形＋-ING构成的、具有完成时态和被动语态的一种非谓语动词形式，具体形式如下：
主动形式被动形式
现在式doing being done
过去时 done
完成时having done having been done
就其语法功能而言，它可以作表语、补足语、状语和定语。
一、分词在句中的作用
1、She was sitting in an armchair _____ a book.
A. reading
B. to read
C. to be reading
D. to have read
（答案：A。分词短语在句中做伴随状语。）（1995年37题）
2、_____ anything about the accident, he went to work as well.
A. Not know
B. Know not
C. Knowing not
D. Not knowing
（答案：D。分词做原因状语）（2000年28题）
3、They all returned to the village _____ that the danger was over.
A. convincing
B. convinced
C. to convince
D. having convinced
（答案：B。过去分词做伴随状语）（1997年57题）
4、We kept our _____ all night to frighten the wolves.
A. burning fire
B. burnt fire C fire burning D. fire burnt
（答案：C。现在分词作宾补表示动作正在进行）（1997年55题）
二、现在分词和过去分词的区别
1、She told me that it was the most _____ gift her daughter had received.
A. delighting
B. delighted
C. delights
D. delight
（答案：A。现在分词修饰的是事物，常译作“令人……”，具有主动、进行的意思。过去分词修饰人，常译作“感到……”，具有被动、完成的概念。又如：a moved audience：受感动的观众。）（2003年38题）
2、My parents are _____ with my progress.
A. please
B. pleased
C. pleasing
D. being pleased （答案：B。）
三、现在分词的被动式和过去分词的区别。
1、The interviewer should take down notes at the moment the person _____ answers the questions.
A. to be interviewed
B. interviewing
C. being interviewed
D. interviewed
（答案：C。现在分词的被动式。表示动作正在发生）（1997年33题）
2、Standing on the bank, the children watched the ship _____ with all kinds of goods.
A. loading
B. being loaded
C. to be loaded
D. having loaded
（答案：B。现在分词的被动式。）（2000年23题）
3、We found the eggs eaten by the snake. 我们发现鸡蛋被蛇吃了。
（过去分词表示动作的完成和结果。）
四、分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语是否一致。
1、Arriving at the bus stop, _____ waiting there.
A. he found a lot of people
B. a lot of people were
C. he found a lot of people’s
D. people were found（答案：A。分词短语做伴随状语时，和主句共用一个主语。）（1996年37题）
2、_____ tired after a hard work, she fell into bed and went straight to sleep.
A. Felt
B. Feeling
C. Being felt
D. To feel（答案：B）（1998年50题）
五、分词的独立主格：分词短语带有自己的逻辑主语，（一般由名词担任）称为分词的独立主格。
1、The plane crashed, its bombs _____ as it hit the ground.
A. exploded
B. were exploded
C. exploding
D. were exploding（答案：C）（1999年43题）
2、Weather permitting, we’ll go to the Summer Palace.
如果天气允许的话，我们去颐和园。
六、with （without）引导的分词的独立结构。
1、He walked across the meeting room _____ everyone looking at her.
A. with
B. as
C. while
D. when
（答案：A。with或without可以引导分词的独立结构，做伴随状语。）（1997年49题）
2、With the old man _____ the way, we had no trouble in finding that mysterious cave.
A. leading
B. led
C. lead
D. to be led（答案：A）（2000年27题）
第六节各种从句
英语中从句包括：名词从句、定语从句、同位语从句和状语从句。
一、名词从句包括主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句。
（一）主语从句
考试重点：主语从句常用的连词的用法；it is desirable that引导的主语从句的用法。
在句子中担当主语的是一个从句，这个从句就叫主语从句。主语从句可以由下列连词、连接代词和连接副词引导，且不能省略。
连词：that，whether
连接代词：what，whatever，who，whoever等。
连接副词：when，where，how，why
1、由连词that，whether引导的主语从句。
连词that，whether在主语从句中的作用只是引导主语从句，它在从句中不担任成分，不能省略，且由它们引导的主语从句，多用it做形式主语。
（1）_____ was unimportant.
A. Whether he enjoyed our dinner or not
B. No matter how he enjoyed our dinner
C. If he enjoyed our dinner
D. What he enjoyed our dinner（答案：A）（2000年40题）
（2）That the earth is round is true.（It is true that the earth is round.）地球是圆的，是个事实。
2、由连接代词和连接副词引导的主语从句
它们分别在从句中担任主语、宾语和状语，不能省略。注意翻译时不能把它们译为疑问句。由它们引导的主语从句，也可以用形式主语it引导。
（1）Who let out the news remained unknown.（It remained unknown who let out the news.）谁泄露了那个消息仍旧无人知道。
（2）When we’ll start is not clear.（It is not clear when we’ll start.）我们何时出发还不清楚。
3、以关系代词what, whatever, whoever…引导的主语从句。
What有时可以用来表示the thing which这种意思，引导从句，表示一样东西或一件事情。Who，whom，which，what，可以和ever构成合成词，和what一样引导从句，ever起强调作用。此类句子不能用形式主语it引导，它们在句子中担任成份，不能省略，语序为陈述句的语序。
（1）_____ I saw was two men crossing the street.
A. What
B. Whom
C. Who
D. That（答案：A）（2001年38题）
（2）_____ was not the way the event happened.
A. Which the press reported
B. That the press reported
C. what did the press report
D. What the press reported（答案：D。主语从句，what在从句中做宾语。）（1998年24题）
4、句型It is desirable （suggested, necessary, requested, ordered, proposed, urgent）+that+主语+should（可省略）+V（动词原形）。
（1）It’s urgent that a meeting _____ before the final decision is made.
A. will be arranged
B. must be arranged
C. be arranged
D. would be arranged
（答案：C）（2003年45题）
（2）It is highly desirable that a new president _____ for this university.
A. is appointed
B. will be appointed
C. be appointed
D. has been appointed
（答案：C）（1997年52题）
（二）表语从句
考试重点：表语从句的基本用法；含有suggestion，proposal等词的表语从句的用法。
1、在从句中做表语的从句叫表语从句。它位于主句中的系动词之后，常用的关联词和主语从句相同。
（1）This is what he wants. 这就是他想要的东西。
（2）The question is whether we can finish our work by tomorrow morning.
问题是我们明天上午能否完成任务。
2、用suggestion等词表示愿望、建议、命令等情绪时，用虚拟语气，从句中用should （可省略）+动词原形。
（1）The general’s command was that the soldiers _____ their fort and carry out more important tasks.
A. would leave
B. leave
C. left
D. have left
（答案：B）（2002年48题）
（2）His proposal is that they（should）challenge the other groups to a friendly competition.
他提议他们和别的组挑战进行一场友谊竞赛。
（三）宾语从句
考试重点：宾语从句用陈述句的语序；介词后面的宾语从句；suggest，insist，order，demand等动词后接宾语从句时，用虚拟语气；if和whether的区别。
1、宾语从句用陈述句的语序
（1）Can you tell me _____ about the city that makes people love it so much?
A. it is what
B. what it is
C. what is it
D. is it what
（答案：B。宾语从句用陈述句的语序。）（1999年47题）
（2）No one doubts _____ it is true.
A. whether
B. if
C. that d. what
（答案：C。I doubt whether/if…我怀疑。I don’t doubt that …我毫不怀疑。又如：I doubt whether he can speak English. 我怀疑他是否会说英语。）（1997年38题）
2、介词后面的宾语从句
（1）The people at the party were worried about Janet because no one was aware _____ she had gone.
A. where that
B. of where
C. of the place
D. the place
（答案: B。where 引导的从句做介词的宾语。）（1998年48题）
（2）He was a man of fine character in all points _____ he was rather timid.
A. in that
B. except that
C. for that
D. except for（答案：B）（1997年53题）
3、suggest，insist，order，demand等动词后作宾语时，表示欲望、建议、命令等时，用虚拟语气。
①His mother insisted that he _____ the coat when going out.
A. put on
B. puts on
C. to put
D. putting on（答案：A）（1999年58题）
②The doctor advised that Mr. Malan _____ an operation right away so as to save his life.
A. had
B. would have
C. have
D. was going to have（答案：C）（1998年28题）
4、在下列情况下不能用if , 而用whether。
后跟不定式：He didn’t tell me whether to go or stay. 他没有告诉我是走还是留下。
前面有介词：He raised the question of whether we could find the necessary money.
他提出我们能否筹集到必要的资金这个问题。
引导主语从句：Whether they win or lose is all the same to me.
他们胜利也好，失败也好，对我来说都是一样的。
后面直接跟or not：I wonder whether I’ll catch the la st bus or not.
我不知道我能否赶上末班车。
二、定语从句
考试重点：限定性定语从句中关系代词的用法；关系副词when，where，why，引导的定语从句；带介词的定语从句；非限定性定语从句；“名词（代词）+介词+关系代词”引出，一般是非限定性定语从句。
在复合句中起定语作用的从句叫做定语从句。定语从句分为两种：限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。注意关系代词和关系副词在从句中的应用。
（一）关系代词who，whom，whose，which，that引导的定语从句
1、The company official _____ I thought would be fired received a raise.
A. whom
B. whoever
C. who
D. of whom
（答案：A。关系代词whom在定语从句中做宾语，修饰先行词official）（1998年40题）
2、The investigation , _____ will soon be published, was made by John.
A. at which the results
B. the results on which
C. whose results
D. at whose results
（答案：C。关系代词whose 在定语从句中做定语。）（1998年58题）
（二）关系副词when ,where, why, 引导的定语从句
1、The time will come _____ man can fly to outer space freely.
A. that
B. when
C. in that
D. which
（答案：B。when在定语从句中做状语。）（1996年35题）
2、I will never forget the ten years _____ we both spent in the little village.
A. when
B. during which
C. which
D. in which（答案：A）（2001年54
题）
（三）关系代词前带介词的定语从句
1、Before her marriage, she spent a considerable time in that very part of Shanghai, _____ she belonged.
A. which
B. to where
C. to which
D. at which
（答案：C。关系代词which和whom 还可以做“动词词组”后面的前置宾语。这里的动词词组是belong to。）（1998年56题）
2、The United States is composed of fifty states, two of _____ are separated from the others by land or water.
A. them
B. that
C. which
D. those（答案：C）（2003年23题）
（四）非限定定语从句对被修饰的名词起附加说明，或进一步描述或补充。
这种从句有一定的独立性，即使去掉，主句的意思仍然完整，只是内容相对地不够具体。与主句之间常用逗号分开，所用的关系代词与限定性定语从句基本相同，但不能用关系代词that 引导。
（1）An Old friend from abroad, _____I was expecting to stay with, telephoned me from the airport.
A. that
B. whom
C. who
D. which（答案：B）（2000年31题）
（2）His brother had become a teacher, _____he wanted to be.
A. who
B. what
C. which
D. that
（答案：C。which引导的非限定性定语从句，在从句中做宾语，修饰先行词a teacher）（1997年39题）
（3）He has made another wonderful discovery, _____of great importance to science.
A. which I think it is
B. of which I think it is
C. I think which is
D. which I think is
（答案：D。which引导的非限定性定语从句，修饰前面整个句子。）（1995年50题）（五）“名词（代词）+介词+关系代词”引出，一般是非限定性定语从句。
We’ve tested three hundred types of boot, _____is completely water proof.
A. no of which
B. none of which
C. some of which
D. neither of which
（答案：B。“名词（代词）+of+which（whom）”引起的定语从句常表示部分与整体的关系。）（1995年36题）
三、同位语从句
考试重点：同位语从句的基本用法；含有suggestion，proposal等词的同位语从句。
一、同位语从句的基本用法
常跟在fact，idea，news等名词的后面，通常用连词that引导。
1、Would the news _____ he failed to pass the exam bother you?
A. which
B. that
C. of which
D. on which （答案：B。同位语从句。）（2003年58题）
2、I had no idea that you were here. 我没有想到你会在这里。
二、如果同位语从句所修饰的先行词是suggestion，proposal等名词的时候，谓语动词用should+原形动词。should可以省略。
1、My suggestion that we do the experiment again is accepted by them.
我的再做一次实验的建议被他们所接纳。
2、His proposal that they（should）challenge the other groups to a friendly competition is praised by the teacher. 他提议他们和别的组挑战，来一场友谊竞赛。这个提议受到了老师的表扬。
四、状语从句
考试重点：状语从句的种类及一些连词的基本用法；让步状语从句；unless，supposed （that），
whomever，whenever，wherever等连词的含义和用法。
在主从句中起状语作用的从句叫状语从句。常见的状语从句有时间、地点、条件、原因、让步、方式、比较、目的、结果。
一、时间状语从句
常用的连词有：when，whenever（无论什么时候），since，as，until，hardly…when，no sooner…than，as soon as，before，after，the moment，the minute（一…就…）
1、No sooner had they got the goods covered up _____ it started raining hard.
A. when
B. than
C. then
D. after
（答案：B。no sooner…than引导的时间状语从句。）（2002年57题）
2、She has wanted to become a nurse _____ since she was a young girl.
A. long
B. often
C. always
D. ever
（答案：D。时间状语从句，ever since表示从…以后一直。）（1997年56题）
二、条件状语从句
常用if，unless（除非，如果不），as/so long as只要。
1、_____ I’m mistaken, I’ve seen that man before.
A. Unless
B. If
C. Because
D. Provided（答案：A。unless引导条件状语从句）（2001年40题）
2、_____ you return those books to the library immediately you will have to pay a fine.
A. Until
B. Unless
C. If
D. Provided（答案：B）（1998年60题）
三、原因状语从句
常用：because, as, since。如果表示必然的因果关系，一般用because引入；而since表示一种间接或附带的原因；用as 只是提一下。
1、He cannot go to school because he is ill. 他因为生病不能上学。
2、Everyone likes you as you are both kind and honest. 人人都喜欢你，因为你既和气，又诚实。
四、让步状语从句常用though/although，as （尽管），even if/though，however，whatever，wherever，whoever，no matter how/what/who等。
1、In short, _____ he lives, a man belongs to some society.
A. whatever
B. whenever
C. whichever
D. wherever
（答案：D。wherever引导让步状语从句，wherever = no matter where）（1997年44题）
2、_____, you must show your ticket to go into the cinema.
A. No matter whoever you are
B. Whomever you are
C. Whoever you are
D. No matter who are you
（答案：C。whoever,引导让步状语从句，= no matter who）（1997年59题）
3、_____ you disagree with her, her idea is still worth considering.
A. Even if
B. If only
C. Instead of
D. Despite of（答案：A。让步状语从句。）（1998年44题）
4、Young _____ he is, he knows what is the right thing to do.
A. that
B. as
C. although
D. however
（答案：B。as引导让步状语从句，被强调的部分放在句子之前，进行倒装。）（2000年44题）
五、方式状语从句常用as, just as, as if/though 等词。
1、_____ was pointed above, this substance can be used as a substitute.
A. It
B. That
C. What
D. As（答案：D。As引导方式状语从句。）（1999年32题）
2、He talks as if he _____ everything in the world.
A. knows
B. knew
C. had known
D. would have known
成人学位英语考试模拟试题 Part I Dialogue Completion(15 points) Directions：There are 15 Short incomplete dialogues in this part，each followed by 4choices marked A，B，C and D.Choose the best one to complete the dialogue and.mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center. 第1题单选Tommy：Mommy，when will we have dinner?I’m starvin9. Mother：__________.We have to wait for Daddy. A.Soon，honey B.Quickly，honey C.OK，honey D.All right，honey 参考答案：A
第2题单选narta：I like the red shirt than the black one. Allen：Really?__________? Malta：The red one is longer and a little looser SO it will be more comfortable. A.How come B.Why not C.How much D.So what 参考答案：A 第3题单选Jiang：Which do you__________，wine or spirits? Green：I’d like to have a little wine first.
2011年全国成人本科学士学位英语统一考试 北京地区 2011.11.05 注意事项 一、本场考试时间为上午9：00——11：00. 二、考生务必在答题卡上用黑色字迹签字笔填写自己的准考证号、姓名和学校，再 用2B铅笔把对应准考证号码的标号涂黑。 三、请考生仔细阅读题目的说明。 四、答案必须按要求写在答题卡规定的位置上，凡是写在试题册上的答案一律作废。 五、答题时，PartⅠ至Part Ⅳ部分用2B铅笔按示例填涂，如：■[B][C][D]，用 其他符号答题者不记分。修改时，必须先用橡皮擦去原来选定的答案，然后再按要求重 新作答。 六、PartⅤ部分必须用黑色字迹的签字笔在答题卡规定区域内作答，超出黑色矩 形边框区域的答案无效。 PartⅠReading Comprehension （30%） Directions：There are three passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A，B，C and D. You should decide on the best choice and blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet. Passage 1 ： Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage The reflective towers of New York City，which is on the Atlantic migrating （迁徙的）route ，can be deadly for birds. “We live in an age of glass，”said https://www.doczj.com/doc/4311404080.html,urel，an architect.（76）“It can be a perfect mirror in certain lights，and the larger the glass，the more dangerous it is.”About 90，000 birds are killed by flying into building in the city each year. Often，they strike the lower levels of glass towers after searching for food in nearby parks. Such crashes are the second-leading cause of death for migrating birds，after habitat（栖息地）loss，with an estimated number of death ranging up to a billion a year. （77）As glass office and apartment towers have increased in the last decade，so，too，have calls to make them less deadly to birds. San Francisco adopted bird-safety standard for new building in July. The United States Green Building Council， a nonprofit industry group that encourages the creation of environmentally conscious buildings，will introduce a bird-safety credit this as part of its environmental certification process. There are no easy fixes，however. A few researchers are exploring glass designs that use ultraviolet（紫外线的）signals，but they are still in their infancy. Covers，dot patterns，shades and net are the main options available. Often，only one section of a building needs to be changed. “You don‘t necessarily have to treat every window，”https://www.doczj.com/doc/4311404080.html,urel said. “It would be too
学位英语复习资料 ?学位英语词汇练习10题 1. The telegram was based on information from a _________ source. A. recent B. reliable C. rare D. private 2. Mr. Wilson said that he did not want to __________ any further responsibilities. A. take on B. bring on C. get on D. carry on 3. We were __________ for half an hour in the traffic and so we arrived late. A. held up B. put back C. broken down D. taken down 4. We develop trade with that company for our shared _________. A. honour B. reward C. benefit D. prize 5. It is a very popular play, and it would be wise to ________ seats well in advance. A. engage B. book C. isolate D. occupy 6. Apples are ________ in summer and cost a lot. A. rare B. scarce C. common D. unusual 7. I took the medicine, but it didn’t have any _________ on me. A. effect B. relation C. touch D. affect 8. Rapid reading means reading something fast just to __________ the general idea. A. master B. seize C. grasp D. imagine 9. They build strong walls round the town as a __________ against the enemy. A. defense B. defend C. defeat D. depend 10. Who ___________ the workers to take up the struggle? A. called for B. called in C. called on D. called off 练习答案：1-10 BAACB AACAC ?学位英语语法与词汇部分模拟题 1. The teacher’s lecture on American history was three hours long, and Mary felt very _____. A. upset B. bored C. disturbed D. neglected 2. Her mind was so _____ by the disease that she could not remember what she had done. A. acted B. influenced C. effected D. affected 3. Every boy and girl _____ not to swim in the lake, for it is polluted. A. has been warned B. have been warned C. has warned D. have warned 4. She heard a terrible noise, _____ brought her heart into her mouth. A. it B. this C. which D. that
2017 年4 月成人高等教育本科毕业生申请学士学位 外国语水平考试广东) A 英语试卷一 Part I Dialogue completion (15 points) Part II Reading Comprehension (40 points) Part III Vocabulary and Structure (20 points) Part IV Cloze (10 points) 考生须知 1.本试卷分试卷一和试卷二两部分，试卷一满分85分，试卷二满分15分，考试时间共 120分钟。 2. 本试卷一为A型试卷，请将答案用2B铅笔填涂在A型试卷一答题卡上，答在试卷或其他类型答题卡上的无效。答题前请核对试卷一答题卡是否为A型卡，若不是，请要求监考人员予以更换。 3. 答题卡上正确的填涂方法为：在代表答案的字母上划线，如[A] [B] [C] [D] Part I Dialogue Completion (l5 points) Directions: There are I5 short in complete dialogues in this part, each followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best complete the dialogue and mark your answer on the ANSWER Sheet. 1.Speaker A: ______ I guess I’m addicted to the Internet. Speaker B: So you’d better quit surfing the Net deep into the night. A.I knew it. B. Why, it’s a pity! C. I can't help it. D. What seems to be the problem? 2. Speaker A: Don't be sad, I'm sure things will change for the better soon. Speaker B: ______. A. That sounds awful. B. Yes you're probably right. C. I hope not! D. You are welcome! 3. Speaker A: Can I get some information about the training program here? Speaker B: _______ A. Yes, you do B. Go ahead C. You certainly can D. That's fun 4. Speaker A: Tom, would you like to go to a party this Saturday? SpeakerB:______ What kind of party? Speaker A: It's a birthday party. A. Sounds good B. Looks nice C. Seems all right D. Feels OK 5. Waiter: ______? Customer: Yes, I'll have a steak, medium rare, with French fries. A. What do you want to eat B. Have you decided what to do yet C. Excuse me, are you ready to order now D. Sorry, but who'd like to order
一、会话技能(1-15) 1.Eve: ______ Ivy: I am fine, thank you. And you? A. How do you do? B. How are you? C. Are you well again? D. What about your health? [答案]B 【精析】选项A用于初次见面或不熟悉的人之间见面时的问候，而选项C和D在英语中不符合表达习惯，只有选项B用于平时的问候。 2.Dale: ______ Would you please tell me the time? Laura: It's ten past nine. A. I am sorry. B. I beg your pardon. C. Excuse me. D. Hello, how do you do? [答案]C 【精析】选项C(对不起，打扰了)是在请求别人帮忙或打扰别人时使用。选项A用于不小心伤害到别人时;选项B用于请求别人原谅或没听清楚对方所说的话时;选项D用于初次见面或不熟悉的人之间见面时。 3.Linda: ______ I haven't seen you for ages. Lucy: I have just come back from the USA. A. Where have you been? B. Where have you gone? C. Oh, how I miss you!
D. Are you back from the USA? [答案]A 【精析】由答语可知是询问某人去了哪里，可排除选项C、D，选项A“你去了哪里?”(去过又回来了);选项B“你去了哪里?”(去了一直还没回来)。从题中对话可知露西已经回来了，因而选择A。 4.Mary: We're having a few people over for a dinner party Friday. We'd love to have you. Tom: ______ A. Oh, I'd love to. But I’m afraid. B. Oh, really! What time should I come? C. No, I have to prepare for the exam. D. Yes, though I have to take the exam. [答案]B 【精析】Mary邀请Tom出席星期五的宴会。选项A(噢，我愿意，但我恐怕)表达不完全;选项B(噢，真的吗?那我几点钟来?)符合交际语境;选项C(不来，我要准备考试)、选项D(好，虽然我要参加考试)表达不够委婉，过于直接，而且一般不用yes跟no应答别人的陈述句。 5.Son: I'm terribly sorry. Mom, I've broken an Italian vase. Mom: ______ A. Oh, what a shame! B. Oh, dear, how awful it is! C. Oh, that doesn't matter. D. Oh, I'm so sorry to hear that. [答案]C 【精析】儿子告诉母亲说自己打破了一个意大利花瓶，并表示抱歉。这时候母亲应该是原谅他。所以只有选项C(哦，不要紧)符合题意。选项A(真可耻!)、B(太糟糕了!)与D(很遗憾)都不符合语境。 6.Teacher: You're late again!
成人本科学士学位英语考试词汇重点[成人三级英语] 1. abide by（=be faithful to ； obey）忠于；遵守。 2. be absent from…。缺席，不在 3. absence or mind（=being absent-minded）心不在焉 4. absorb（=take up the attention of）吸引…的注意力（被动语态）be absorbed i n 全神贯注于…近be engrossed in ； be lost in ； be rapt in ；be concentrated on ； be focused on ； be centered on 5. （be） abundant in（be rich in； be well supplied with）富于，富有 6. access （to）（不可数名词）能接近，进入，了解 7. by accident（=by chance， accidentally）偶然地，意外。 Without accident（=safely ）安全地， 8. of one's own accord（=without being asked； willingly； freely）自愿地，主动地 9. in accord with 与…一致 . out of one's accord with 同…。不一致 10. with one accord （=with everybody agreeing）一致地 11. in accordance with （=in agreement with）依照，根据 12. on one's own account 1）为了某人的缘故，为了某人自己的利益 2）（=at one's own risk）自行负责 3）（=by oneself）依靠自己 on account 赊账； on account of 因为； on no account不论什么原因也不；of …account 有………重要性。 13. take…into account（=consider）把……考虑进去 14. give sb. an account of 说明，解释（理由） 15. account for （=give an explanation or reason for）解释，说明。 16. on account of （=because of）由于，因为。 17. on no account（=in no case， for no reason）绝不要，无论如何不要（放句首时句子要倒装） 18. accuse…of…（=charge…with； blame sb. for sth. ； blame sth. on sb. ； complain about）指控，控告 19. be accustomed to （=be in the habit of， be used to）习惯于。 20. be acquainted with（=to have knowledge of）了解；（=to have met socially ）熟悉 21. act on 奉行，按照…行动； act as 扮演； act for 代理
A act upon each other 相互作用 adapt oneself to 使自己适应…… a few (表示肯定)有些，几个 a great quantity of (接可数或不可数)大量 a good deal of (接不可数名词)许多，大量 a large amount of (接不可数名词)大量 a little (表示肯定)一些，一点点 a lot of (接可数、可数名词) 大量的，许多 a number of (接可数名词)若干，许多 above all 首先，首要，尤其是 after all 毕竟，终究 ahead of 在…前面，先于 all but 几乎，差一点；除了…都 all of a sudden 忽然 all over 到处，遍及；全部结束。 all right 令人满意的；(健康)良好的；好，行，可以 in all 总共，共计 all the same 仍然，照样地； all the time 一直，始终 and so on 等等 apart from 除…之外(别无)；除…之外(尚有) a plenty of 许多，大量 as…as…像，如同，与…一样 as far as 远到；就…而言，至于 as follows 如下 as for 至于，关于 ask for leave 请假 as long as 只要，如果；既然，由于 as soon as 一…就，刚…便 as though 好像，仿佛 as to 至于，关于 as usual 照例，像平常一样- as well 也，又 as well as 除…之外(也)，既…又 ask for 请求，要求 at a loss 困惑不解，茫然不知所措 at all (用于否定句)丝毫(不)，一点(不) at all costs 不惜任何代价，无论如何 at all events 不管怎样，无论如何 at any rate - 无论如何，至少 at ease 舒适(地)，安逸(地) at first 最初，起先at hand 近在手头，在附近 at last 终于 at least 至少 at most 至多，不超过 at no time 从不，决不。 at once 马上，立刻；同时，一起 at present 目前，现在 at the cost of 以…为代价 at the moment 此刻，目前 at the same time 同时；然而，不过 at the sight of 一看见…就 B back and forth (前后)来回地，反复地 back up 支持；倒退 be described as 被描写成 be in favor of 支持 be made up of 由…组成，由…构成 be short of 缺少，不足；未达到bear．．in mind 记住(某事) because of 因为，由于 before long 不久以后 be worth doing sth 值得做某事 beyond the question 毫无疑问，确定无疑both．．．and．．既…又…，不但…而且break down 损坏，抛锚 break in 破门(窗)而入；打断，插嘴 break into 强行闯进 break off -中断，中止 break one's leave ；超假 break out (战争等)爆发；使逃脱，使逃走break through 突破，突围 break up 打碎；终止，结束 bring about 带来，引起，导致 bring forward 提出(建议等) bring in to effect 使生效，实行 brmgin to operation …实施；使运行 bring out 使…显示出来；出版 bring up 教育，培养 build up 逐步建立、增强，增进 but for 倘没有，要不是 by accident 偶然 by air 通过航空途径；用无线电 by all means 尽一切办法，务必 by and by 不久，迟早
广东省学位英语历年真题及答案 - 百度文库 百度文库 搜索文档或关键词 普通分享 > 广东省学位英语历年真题及答案 VIP专享文档 2020-05-09 66页 用App免费查看 I. 会话技能15道15分15分钟 II. 阅读理解20道40分40分钟 III. 词汇和语法40道20分25分钟 IV. 完形填空10道10分10分钟 V . 短文写作100～120个词15分30分钟 考试总时间：120分钟 2011年广东学位英语考试试题及答案 PartⅠ Vocabulary and Structure (25 points, 30 minutes) Directions: There are 50 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. 1. By 1929, Mickey Mouse was as popular ____ children as Coca Cola. A) for B) with C) to D) in 2. When you buy anything expensive, never forget to ask for the ____ from the shop. A) receipt B) trust C) render D) tale 3. The financial support is decided not only according to your GRE score, but also according to your ____ in college. A) intelligence B) policy C) performance D) statement 4. Professor Smith is also the ____ of the international program office. If you have any problem when you study here, you may go to him for help. A) detective B) president C) manager D) director 5. We do not have a ____ school in our institute. The highest degree we provide for the students is a B. A. and a B. S. .
) 一(学位英语模拟试题及答案． 广东省成人高等教育学士学位外语水平考试模拟试题（一） 英语试卷一
Dialogue Completion (15 points)Part I incomplete are 15 Directions: There short dialogues in this part, each followed by 4 choices to one Choose the best C and marked A, B, D. complete the dialogue and mark
your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center. 1. Jack: Can I help with your luggage? Linda: ______________ A. No, you'd better not. Thank you anyway. B. No, not necessary. Thank you anyway. C. No, thanks. I can manage it. D. No, please. I can do. 2. Customer: ____________ a you have Receptionist: Certainly, do reservation? is Collins, Mr. the Customer: Yes, name and Mrs. Collins.
A. I'd like to rest here, please. B. I'd like to check in, please. ike to rent a room, please. C. I'd l D. I'd like to stay in, please. opera tickets for an got 3. David: We've some
成人本科学士学位英语考试_附答案 Part I Reading Comprehension (30%) Directions: There are three passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet. Passage 1 Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage: Is that 6 a.m. workout getting in the way of good sleep? Don ' t think your fat cells won't notice. A new study published in The Annals of Internal Medicine (a medical journal) finds that inadequate shut-eye has a harmful effect on fat calls, reducing their ability to respond to insulin ( 胰岛素) by about 30 percent. Over the long-term ，this decreased response could set-the stage for type-2 diabetes (a medical condition in which someone has too much sugar in his or her blood), f atty liver disease and weight gain . The study adds to a growing body of evidence that there 's“ an intimate relationship between the amount of sleep we get and our ability to maintain a good ，healthy body weight ” says sleep expert Helene Emsellem ，director of the Center for Sleep and Wake Disorders in Chevy Chase ，Maryland. (76) But Americans don ' t seem to be getting the message that we need seven to nine hours per night. More than 1 in 5 of us ，according to a report form the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ，is getting six or fewer hours of sleep per night ，on average. So how did researchers study fat cells in the Annals paper? Matthew Brady of the University of Chicago and a group of colleagues selected and persuaded seven volunteers to take part in the research project. They were all young ，thin and healthy and agreed to sleep for eight nights in a sleep lab. “ For four nights they were allowed to stay in bed for 8.5 hours a night ，” says Brady. Then ，a month later ，they came back for four additional nights —but this time they were allowed just 4.5 hours of sleep per night. And after each visit ，researchers got a sample of their fat.(77) Brady explains that the fat cells responded significantly to the loss of sleep. “ I was very surprised to be honest ，” he says. Bad things can happen when fat cells become less responsive to insulin. “ Fat cells are actually your friend ，”he says. “They 're there to store lipids( 血脂).” When lipids stay inside the cells ，your body can utilize the fat when you ' re exercising or sleeping or going about your day. “ However ，when fat cells start to become insulin resistant ，the lipids start to leach out of the fat cells and rise in the bloodstream ，” Brady says. 1.According to the passage ，lack of the sleep for a long while can probably lead to all of the following EXCEPT ______ . 第一段最后一句 A.heart disease B. weight gain C. diabetes D. liver disease 2.The main idea of the third paragraph is . 第一句 A.how to write a medical research paper B. how to avoid sleep loss C. how the research was conducted D. how to conduct a medical experiment 3.What does the word “ leach ” in the last paragraph probably mean? A.Leap B. Lead. C. Lead. D. Leak . 泄露
一、时态和语态 1. 如何解答时态问题 例1You’ve already missed too many classes this term. You ______ just last week. A. missed B. would miss C. had missed D. have missed 例2Anne asked Tom ______ the key. A. when he left B. where he had left C. how he left D. why did he left 2. 与完成时 有关的时态 ★现在完成时(have done) since, for/ in the past few months, up to now 例1Collecting toy cars as a hobby becomes increasingly popular during the past fifty years. A B C D 例2English ______ in a new way at my college in the past few years. A. has been taught B. was being taught C. has been taught D. had been taught. ★过去完成时(had done) 例3Anne asked Tom ______ the key. A. when he left B. where he had left C. how he left D. why did he left 例4The chemistry class_____ for five minutes when we hurried there. A. had been on B. had begun C. has been on D. would began ★将来完成时(will have done) by 例5We’re late I expect the film_____ by the time we get to the cinema. A. had already started B. have already C. will already have started D. have already been started. ★现在完成进行时(have been doing) 例6It seems oil ___________ from this pipe for some time. We'll have to take the machine apart to put it right. A. had leaked B. is leaking C. leaked D. has been leaking ★过去完成进行时(had been doing) ★将来完成进行时(will have been doing )
2015年11月1日学位英语考试真题答案（完整版）Part ⅠDialogue completion (10 points) Dialogue one Tom: Do you go to college? Mike: Yes. __1__ Tom: What college do you go to? Mike: I go to Pasadena City College. Tom: Do you like it? Mike: Oh, yes. __2__ Tom: why do you like it? Mike: Because it has great teachers. Tom: __3__ Mike: I like all my classmates, too. Tom: Anything else? Mike: Yes. __4__ A. It’s not expensive! B. You bet.
C. I think I do. D. what else? Dialogue Two Speaker A: I just recently moved into the neighborhood. Speaker B: __5__ How recently? Speaker A: Just last week. Speaker B: What kinds of things have you been doing out there? Speaker A: __6__ Speaker B: why not? Speaker A: I don't know what to do. Speaker B: There're all sort of things to do. Speaker A: __7__ Speaker B: Shopping, or seeing a movie, or even going to the beach. Speaker A: That sounds great. A. I haven't been doing much. B. Really? C. How are you doing? D. Like what? Dialogue Three