考试需知：考试前每一列学生把课本放在第一排。考试时间为2．5个小时，试卷1为闭卷考试，前面40分钟用于完成试卷1。待老师收上试卷1后，发下课本，学生做试卷2，试卷2 为开卷考试。可携带纸质词典进考场，不许携带电子词典及手机进考场。
Test Paper 1
Ⅰ. Filling the blanks:
1.G enerally speaking, in terms of contextuality, the
communication in the West is low-contextual while that in the
East is high-contextual
2.Generally speaking, in terms of world views, the West adopts
Dualistic view, while the East adopt s holistic view
3.Generally speaking, in terms of thought patterns, the West
follows Analytic and abstract thinking, while the East follows
synthetic and concrete thinking
4. Generally speaking, in terms of discourse patterns, the West
uses Deductive pattern, while the East uses inductive pattern 5In the Axial Age, the great thinkers in China are Confucius, Lao Tze, Mo Tze, and the great thinker in India is Siddhartha Gautama, the great figure in Palestine are Hebrew prophets, and the great thinkers in the West are Plato, Homer and Archimedes
Ⅱ. Choose the best answer:
1.Non-verbal messages are classified into two comprehensive
categories: those that are primarily produced by the body, such as_________,________,_______; and those that the individual combines with the setting, such as _______, _______,
A.physical contact, eye contact, paralanguage; space, time, man
B.facial expression, touch, taste; space, time, silence
C.appearance, movement, gesture; surrounding, occasion, man
D.movement, smell, paralanguage; space, time, silence
2.In Chinese writing, there are usually more adjecti ves, proverbs
and allusions than in English writing. Some Western scholars name this style “flowery”, stating that its aim is to give a more fanciful impression than information, and the information is usually of beauty, fragrance, happiness, and any other “goodness” aspects so as to attract people. We may term this style as_______-oriented. Western writing is more direct with objective information. To them, much-repeated words may mean less after a while. We may term the Western writing as
A. adjective, objective
B. Chinese, Western
C. impression, information C. indirect, direct
3. As to the human nature orientation, the traditional Western
belief holds that _______, while the Asian people believe
A. basically good; basically bad
B. evil but perfectible, basically good
C. the mixture of good and evil; the mixture of good and evil;
D. unknown
4. As to the Man-Nature orientation, the traditional Western belief
holds that _______, while the Asian people believe
A. subjugation to nature; harmony with nature
B. harmony with nature; mastery over nature
C. harmony with nature; subjugation to nature
D. mastery over nature; harmony with nature
5. As to time orientation, generally speaking, the US A is______,
the Philippines, Mexico, and Latin America are _____, and Asia, Britain, Greece, France are
A. on-time oriented; in-time oriented; late-time oriented
B. youth-oriented; adult-oriented; elderly-oriented
C. future-oriented; present-oriented; past-oriented
D. present-oriented; future-oriented; past-oriented
6. In terms of activity orientation, the USA is______, the
Philippines, Mexico, and Latin America are _____, and Asia is
A. doing-oriented; playing-oriented, being-oriented
B. playing-oriented; being-oriented; doing-oriented
C. being-oriented; doing-oriented; being-in-becoming oriented
D. doing-oriented; being-oriented; being-in-becoming oriented
7. The dividing worldview is also referred to as me chanistic view.
It goes by the following different names: D
A. reason versus result; religion versus art; objectivity
versus imagination
B. instinct versus intuition; science versus technology;
imagination versus subjectivity
C. tuition versus intuition; region versus religion; subjugation
versus subjectivity
D. reason versus intuition; science versus religion; objectivity
versus subjectivity
8. The Greek thinks in order to _______. It is speculation. The Hindu
thinks in order to _______. It is meditation. The Chinese thinks in order to _______. It is contemplation. C
A. do; die; live
B. spectacle; meddle; contempt
C. understand; think; self-cultivate
D. think; self-cultivate; understand
9. “Your body doesn’t know how to lie” indicates_____B
A. something is wrong with your body and you can only stand.
B. body language is important.
C. body contact is dangerous.
D. we can’t separate mind from body.
10. Generally speaking, in the US, people make friends by sharing
______, while in China, people make friends by sharing
A. personal relationship; activities
B. activities; personal relationship
C. love; blood
D. blood; love
11. In terms of physical contact, the high contact countries are
__________________________________, while the low contact countries are
A. the US, Britain, most Northern European countries; Arab world,
Mediterranean countries, Indonesia
B. the US, Britain, Japan; East European countries, Russia,
Middle East
C. Arab world, Mediterranean countries, Indonesia; the US,
Britain, most Northern European countries
D. Arab world, Mediterranean countries, China; the US, Britain,
most Northern European countries
12. Generally speaking, in terms of contextuality of communication,
the high-contextual people are __________________________________, while the low-contextual countries are ________________________________A
A. Latin Americans, Chinese, Japanese; the Americans, German,
Swiss
B. the Americans, German, Swiss; Latin Americans, Chinese,
Japanese
C. Native Americans, Chinese, Koreans; the Americans, Japanese,
British
D. the Americans, Japanese, British; Native Americans, Chinese,
Koreans
13. Each person has a “bubble”of space (territory). Studies show
that people from ________, ________, ________have a smaller personal territory than do people from ________, ________,
A. South America, Arab countries, and many Asian countries; North
America, Britain, Germany
B. North America, Britain, Germany; South America, Arab countries,
and many Asian countries
C. South America, Britain, Germany; North America, Arab countries,
and many Asian countries.
D. North America, Arab countries, and many Asian countries; South
America, Britain, Germany
14. In ___________ culture, the nuclear family is much more
important to the individual than the extended family, while in ____________, ________, _______, ________ culture, the extended family is very important. C
A. Hispanic; American, Asian, Arabian, African
B. Arabian; American, Asian, African, Hispanic
C. American; Asian, African, Arabian, Hispanic
D. African; American, Asian, Arabian, Hispanic
15. In nuclear-family culture, people rely mainly on ______, ______,
________for help, while in extended-family culture, people rely mainly on ________for help. C
A. families, friends, professionals; families
B. families, friends, professionals; institutions
C. friends, professionals, institutions; families
D. friends, families, institutions; professionals
16. In nuclear-family culture, ______ usually comes first, while
in extended-family culture, _______ usually comes first. B
A. family; individual
B. individual; family
C. husband; wife
D. wife; husband
it comes to friendship, an American friend would feel that they had _______ if the friend gave up a real need to study to go shopping. One’s duties and obligations toward friends, even best friends are understood to ______; one does not expect friends to assume burdensome, ______ responsibilities toward oneself. A close friend in the US is a person that one feels free to ask for help, recognizing, however, that the friend may _____, if they give you a reason. This is maybe that in the West, people prefer to be ______, so they do not feel comfortable in a relationship in which one person is ______ more and the other is dependent on what is being given. For Westerners friendship is mostly a matter of providing ______ support and ______. B
A. depended too much; limitless; s mall; say “OK”; dependent;
receiving; material; get separate
B. imposed too much; have limits; long-term; say “No”;
independent; giving; emotional; spend time together.
C. imposed too little; have limits; short-term; say “Yes”; free;
earning; financial; get involved
D. depended a little; limitless; big; say “Sorry”; independent;
giving; spiritual; get together.
18. In China, the duties and obligations of friendships seem
virtually ________ for all practical purposes. Chinese friends give each other much ________ ________help and assistance than Western friends do. For example, they give each other _______ and might help each other _______for a _______period of time.
A friend in China is someone who, sensing that you are in need
in some way, offers to assist you
A. impossible; more spiritual; things; practically; short; when
being asked
B. enormous; less spiritual; money; financially; long;
unwillingly
C. unlimited; more concrete; money; financially; long; without
waiting to be asked
D. limited; more concrete; things; materially; certain; if
required
19. In times of trouble, both American and Chinese friends give each
other emotional support, but they do it differently. A Chinese friend is more likely to be ________ to give _______ advic e to
a friend, while an American friend will be ________ to give
________ advice, instead she may raise questions to encourage her friend to consider carefully what may happen if she does one thing instead of another. C
A. cautious; detailed; ready; specific
B. ready; ambiguous; cautious; guideline
C. ready; specific; cautious; direct
D. unwilling; direct; ready; specific
20. When it comes to the relationship between parents and married
sons, in China, a man’s relationship with his parents is _______ than that with his wife. Thus in the event of any quarrel between his wife and his mother, a man should ____________. At most he might hope to __________, and this was regarded as ________. In America, a man’s relationship with his parents is _______ th an that with his wife. He would be expected to ______________. He might even be counseled to _______________ the vicinity of his parents’ home to ease the conflict. D
A. more important; side with his mother; side with his father;
honorable; more important; side with no one; move into
B. less important; side with no one; say something; honorable; less
important; side with his father; get away from
C. less important; side with his wife; remain silent; dishonorable;
more important; side with his wife; mov e into
D. more important; side with his mother; remain neutral;
dishonorable; less important; side with his wife; move away Ⅲ. True or false:
1.Generally speaking, China is an equal society, America is a
hierarchy society. ( F )
2.Generally speaking, in Chinese society, the power distance is
small, while in America, the power distance is large. ( F )
3.Both the Asian and Western countries have the concept of “face”,
and “face”has the same social significance for these countries
in that one’s face is also the face of one’s group.( F )
4.The dividing worldview relies strongly on “facts” as opposed
to “opinions”. ( T )
5.A very rough generalization is that thinking for the Greek is
to look upward, for the Hindu is to look inward, for the
Confucians is to look outward. (F )
6.Values are explicitly stored in our mind. We are always aware
of them, and we make judgments according to them. (F )
7.Values are separate from each other. Each one work alone. ( F )
8.Values can be compared on a continuum rather than one of only
two possible choices. People everywhere possess the same values
to different degrees, and the importance of that common value,
how it gets acted out, is a matter of degree. ( T)
9.“Lover” and “爱人”have the same meaning. ( F )
10.In both China and Western countries, it is very common and
usual for adults to fondle other people’s babies and very small
children to show their affection and friendliness. ( F )
Ⅳ.Translation:
1.Translate the following English into Chinese:
1)Nature and Man are blended into one harmonious identity. 天人合
一
2)Nature affects human affairs and human behavior finds response
in Nature. 天人感应
3)Nature accords with human wishes. 天从人愿
4)Your character will be tinted “red”(good) if you are in the
company of “redness”, but “black”(bad) if you are in close contact with ink. 近朱者赤，近墨者黑
5)God helps those who help themselves. 天助自助者
6)Look before you leap. 三思而后行
7)A single arrow is easily broken, but not a bunch.轻霜冻死单根草，
狂风难毁万木林
He who stirs another’s porridge often burns his own. 狗拿耗子，多管闲事
2.Translate the following Chinese into English:
1)容忍tolerance of others
2)中庸之道moderation, following the middle way
3)修养self-cultivation
4)不重竞争non-competitiveness
5)信用trust-worthiness
6)贞节chastity in women
7)寡欲having few desires
服从、孝敬、尊崇、赡养父母filial piety
Ⅴ. Tell the meaning of the following gestures in different countries:
Gesture 1 Gesture 2 Gesture 3
1.In the US, England, Sweden it is used together with the verbal message
“Let’s keep our fingers crossed” to mean that _ the person is hoping
for good luck______________. In Greece and Turkey it means the breaking
of a friendship ________________. In parts of Italy it means _ OK _____.
2.In the US it means Great, perfect, acceptable, OK_______________. In
Belgium and France, it means _ zero_____. In Brazil, Turkey, Greece and
Malta it has _ an obscene _____ meaning. In Japan it means ___ money _______.
In Tunisia, it is used ___ as threat _______.
3.It means ____ Slow down”, “relax”or “wait a second ________________.
Test Paper 2
下列各题请参阅了所指定的课本内容后，用中文回答，可翻译课本的内容作为答案。
Ⅵ. Answer the following questions
1.What are the implications of the individualism in the West and
the collectivism in the East? (P66-68)
2.Offer your interpretations with examples about the Chinese and
the Western modes of thinking. （P93-97）
Ⅶ. Case analysis:
1.Study the following Chinese poem and English statements and see
what messages you can draw from it that are relevant to intercultural communication study. (P28-29)
1)横看成岭侧成峰，远近高低各不同，不识庐山真面目，只缘身在此
山中。
2)You will not know your own culture well until you communicate
with another,
3)If we do not recognize our humanity in others, we will not
recognize it in ourselves.
2.Read the quotation from Abraham Lincoln and work out what value
he expressed. Explain this value.(P59-60)
We do wish to allow the humblest man an equal chance t o get rich with everyone else. When one starts poor, as most do in the race of life, free society is such that he knows he can better his condition; he knows that there is no fixed condition of labor for his whole life.
3.Study the case and then try to answe r the questions that follow.
(P86-92)
Wu had just started working for a Swedish company that had extensive business commitments in China. A large part of his work concerned advising his expatriate colleagues on Chinese business practices. This involved both writing reports and recommendations and addressing meetings.
As he was very anxious to succeed, Wu always researched his topics thoroughly and tried to make his presentations as clear as possible. However, he gradually became aware that somethi ng was wrong. It often seemed that nobody listened to him and his advice was ignored. When he spoke at meetings, he felt that people were impatient and uninterested in what he had to say. He got more and more unhappy and began to feel that his colleagues w ere not interested in his opinions because he was Chinese. This, he thought, was racism.
The company had a policy of annual review, which meant that every staff member met with the managing director once a year to discuss his or her progress. When the time came for Wu’s review, he managing director gave him a copy of the company’s assessment of his performance. The assessment praised his hard work, but made the following, very serious criticisms:① When speaking at meetings, arguments are often unfocused and speeches lack clear direction. ②Written reports contain too much irrelevant material. ③ In both speaking and writing, material is poorly organized, with important recommendations often appearing only at the end of the report. ④Often appears uncertain about the points he wants to make.
Wu was shocked by these criticisms. He could not understand why they had been made and he was not sure what to do about them.
Questions:
1)Why do you think the company criticized Wu in this way?
2)Do you think he is correct to conclude that the problem is
racism?
3)What cultural expectations about presenting information
orally and in writing may account for the negative evaluation of Wu’s work?
4)Give advice to Wu on dealing with each of the specific
criticisms the managing director made.
4.In the 1990s, the return of Hong Kong to China was a heated topic
in many media. But the Chinese term 香港回归has two versions in English. The term which was used in English newspapers pub lished in China was “return”, while in the West the chosen term was “revert”. For example:
1)The report was divided into several parts…ensuring the smooth
return of Hong Kong and promoting the reunification of the motherland. (Beijing Review. Mar. 17-23. 1997. p. 7)
2)He will officially take office on July 1, 1997, the day Hong
Kong reverts to China. (Times. Dec. 23, 1996.
Please use the theory of a word’s denotation and connotation to account for the difference in the choice of words. (P79-80)
《跨文化交际》试题（附答案） Paper 1 Communication Analysis ? The following are three different cases of cross-cultural communication. In each of the cases there is something to be improved upon. Write an analysis on what is to be desired for more successful communication or cultural understanding.? ? Question 1 Case 1: Chen Bing, a Chinese tour guide, is talking to a Canadian tourist, Luke Baines, who has no knowledge of Chinese at all. They are having dinner in a restaurant. Chen: This is Beijing duck, one of China's most famous dishes. You'll love it! Luke: No, thanks. I don't like duck. I prefer chicken.? ? Question 2 Case 2: Feng Li and Tom have been working on a scientific experiment at a British university for some months. It has not been totally successful. They are discussing the situation in the laboratory. Feng Li: I don't know where it went wrong! Tom, Don't feel so bad. Cheer up, you've done your job. Feng Li: But our experiment has turned out to be a failure. Tom: Relax for a couple of days. I'll face the music. Feng Li: Tom, we are not playing children's games here. This is a scientific experiment. Tom, I've never taken the experiment as child’ s play, and I'm playing the game. Feng Li: You say you're playing the game! It's a rather important experiment! Feng Li walks out of the Laboratory angrily. Tom is puzzled.? ? Question 3 Case 3: This is a more complex situation where there are several things that require more informed cultural analysis. Find the cultural problems and explain the cultural differences. Jim and Li Zhen were students together at Leeds University in Britain. A year later, after graduating, Jim went to Shanghai as a visiting scholar on a year’s exchange.
英语知识 一、导论 20 世纪90 年代,语篇分析开始在翻译研究中占主导地位。语篇分析法侧重于描述语言意义交流及建立社会和权力关系的运作方式。翻译研究中, 最具影响力的语篇分析模式当数礼德的系统功能语篇分析。语篇分析模式引入翻译研究后,对翻译研究那种众说纷纭,莫衷一是的混乱局面无疑注入了一塘清水,尤其对中国翻译界挥之不去的语文学式的翻译研究产生了重要影响。西方翻译研究者把语篇分析引入翻译研究后,已经取得了重要进展,出版了几部重要作品,主要有:J uliane House 的《翻译质量评估模式:一种重访模式》( Translation QualityAssessment : A Model Revisited ) ,[ 1 ]Mona Baker 的《换言之: 翻译教程》( In Other Words : A CourseBook on Translation ) ,[ 2 ] Bell 的《翻译的理论与实践》( Translation and Translating ) ,[ 3 ] Basil Hatim和Ian Mason 合著的《语篇与译者》( Discourse andthe Translator ) [ 4 ] 和《作为交际者的译者》(The ranslator as Communicator ) ,[ 5 ] Basil的《跨文化交际—翻译理论与对比篇章语言学》(Communication across Cultures : Translation Theoryand Cont rastive ) 。[6 ] J uliane House 通过对原文和译文进行语域对比分析以确定译作评估模式,并分析了显性翻译(overt translation) 和隐形翻译(coverttranslation) 。显性翻译自称不是翻译,隐形翻译则被定义为在译语文化中享有和源语文本平等的地位。Baker 探讨了翻译中语言各层次尤其是语篇和语用层次上的对等。Basil Hatim 和Ian Mason 将符号层上的语篇融入其翻译研究模式,代表了更广泛意义上的话语观。在我国,将语篇分析模式引入翻译研究的应首推黄国文和美芳二教授。黄国文在《外语与外语
考试需知：考试前每一列学生把课本放在第一排。考试时间为2．5个小时，试卷1为闭卷考试，前面40分钟用于完成试卷1。待老师收上试卷1后，发下课本，学生做试卷2，试卷2 为开卷考试。可携带纸质词典进考场，不许携带电子词典及手机进考场。 Test Paper 1 Ⅰ. Filling the blanks: 1.Generally speaking, in terms of contextuality, the communication in the West is low-contextual while that in the East is high-contextual 2.Generally speaking, in terms of world views, the West adopts Dualistic view, while the East adopt s holistic view 3.Generally speaking, in terms of thought patterns, the West follows Analytic and abstract thinking, while the East follows synthetic and concrete thinking 4.Generally speaking, in terms of discourse patterns, the West uses Deductive pattern, while the East uses inductive pattern 5In the Axial Age, the great thinkers in China are Confucius,
跨文化交际(胡超版)期末试题
Test Paper Ⅰ. Filling the blanks: 1.G enerally speaking, in terms of contextuality, the communication in the West is low-contextual while that in the East is high-contextual 2.G enerally speaking, in terms of world views, the We st adopts Dualistic view, while the East adopts holistic view 3.G enerally speaking, in terms of thought patterns, the West follows Analytic and abstract thinking, while the East follows synthetic and concrete thinking 4.Generally speaking, in terms of discourse patterns, the West uses Deductive pattern, while the East uses inductive pattern 5In the Axial Age, the great thinkers in China are Confucius, Lao Tze, Mo Tze, and the great thinker in India is Siddhartha Gautama, the great figure in Palestine are Hebrew prophets, and the great thinkers in the West are Plato, Homer and Archimedes Ⅱ. Choose the best answer: 1.Non-verbal messages are classified into two comprehensive categories: those that are primarily produced by the body, such as_________,________,_______; and those that the individual combines with the setting, such as _______, _______, _______.D A.physical contact, eye contact, paralanguage; space, time, man B.facial expression, touch, taste; space, time, silence C.appearance, movement, gesture; surrounding, occasion, man D.movement, smell, paralanguage; space, time, silence 2.In Chinese writing, there are usually more adjectives, proverbs and allusions than in English writing. Some Western scholars name this style “flowery”, stating that its aim is to give a more fanciful impression than information, and the information is usually of beauty, fragrance, happiness, and any other “goodness”aspects so as to attract people. We may term this style as_______-oriented. Western writing is more direct with objective inform ation. To them, much-repeated words may mean less after a while. We may term the Western writing as ________-oriented.C A. adjective, objective B. Chinese, Western C. impression, information C. indirect, direct 3. As to the human nature orientation, the traditional Western belief holds that _______, while the Asian people believe that_______.B A. basically good; basically bad B. evil but perfectible, basically good C. the mixture of good and evil; the mixture of good and evil; D. unknown 4. As to the Man-Nature orientation, the traditional Western belief holds that _______, while the Asian people believe that_______.D A. subjugation to nature; harmony with nature B. harmony with nature; mastery over nature
跨文化交际与翻译真题2015.6.5临床专业 一、案例分析(答题说明：每题10分，合计10.0分。) 1. Situation: Two Americans, Bill and Tony, are talking about Tony’s unhappy experience with his Chinese college. Bill: Hi, Tony. How’re you doing? Tony: Fine. Just got back from visiting the home of one of my Chinese colleagues. Bill: Oh, have a good time? Tony: Oh yes, very good. Mind you, I was bit hurt about the way they treated my present. You see, I know they like western music so I brought them back some of the latest tapes from the UK. Had them all wrapped up beautifully and gave them to them as soon as I got inside the door and what do you think happened? Bill: What? Tony: Nothing. Well, more or less, they said thank you but then just put them away in a corner. Didn’t even bother to unwrap them. I must say I felt a bit miffed after all the trouble I’d taken. 参考答案：答题点：Gift giving in the West 三、跨文化单选(答题说明：每题1分，合计15.0分。) C22. Cathy is talking to her friends Bill and Tod outside the cinema. Cathy: Well, what did you think of the film, then? Bill: Oh, I thought it was great. Didn’t you think so?
Part 1 Comprehensive Check （15*2）每课的练习A Part 2 Multiple Choice （25*1）每课的练习E复习题的变体；另外请中看第五章 Part 3 E-C Translation（10*1）每课的练习C Part 4 Term-matching（10*1） Part 5 Multiple function（5*5）其中三道是简答题，两道是案例分析。 Terms/questions: 1. Economic globalization: the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology. 2. Barber system –Farming communities traded their surplus produce in exchange for products and services without the medium of money. –Human society has always traded goods across great distances. 3. Global village：real time events 、the time and space compression –All the different parts of the world form one community linked together by electronic communications, especially the Internet. 4. Melting-pot大熔炉: a socio-cultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationalities. 5. Diversity: refers to the mix of people from various backgrounds in the labor force with a full mix of cultures and sub-cultures to which members belong. 6. Intercultural communication: refer to communication between people whose cultural backgrounds are distinct enough to alter their communication event. Perception 7. Culture: can been seen as shared knowledge, what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given culture. Culture: a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people 8. Enculturation(文化习得): all the activities of learning one’s culture are called enculturation 9. Acculturation(文化适应): the process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures. 10. Ethnocentric(文化中心主义):the belief that your own cultural background is superior. 11. Communication: mean to share with or to make common, as in giving to another a part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge. 12. Components of Communication： Source交际邀请 The source is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate. Encoding编码 Unfortunately (or perhaps fortunately), humans are not able to share thoughts directly. Your communication is in the form of a symbol representing the idea you desire to communicate. Encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol. Message编码信息 The term message identifies the encoded thought. Encoding is the process, the verb; the message is the resulting object. Channel交际渠道 The term channel is used technically to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted. The channel or medium, then, may be print, electronic, or the light and sound waves of the face-to-face communication.
定义题 1. What is “intercultural communication”? P6 refer to communication between people whose cultural backgrounds are distinct enough to alter their communication event. There are three kinds of things you need to learn if you want to be able to communicate effectively with Westerners. First, you need to learn a foreign language, usually English. Second, you should learn as much as possible about Western cultures. However, studying English language and Western culture is not enough. You should also learn something about what happens when people from different cultures try to communicate with each other —in other words, "intercultural communication." 2.What is a culture? P13 A culture is essentially a group of people who carry many of the same ideas in their heads. Culture: can been seen as shared knowledge, what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given culture. Culture: a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people 3.What are stereotypes?P13 Stereotypes means very broad generalizations such as “British people are polite,”“Americans are friendly”, and so forth. It is a derogatory word. It means that image, idea, character that has become fixed or standardized in a conventional form without individuality and is therefore false and shallow. Stereotypes may have a basis in fact, but they are too broad and shallow, and they give us the mistaken idea that a people’s culture can be summed up easily in a few short , simple statements. Stereotypes are also dangerous because they may trick us into believing that knowing a few stereotypes is the same thing as understanding another culture. 4.What does “interpretation” means?P24 A very important aspect of intercultural communication is “interpretation”, t he process of deciding what foreigners’ words and actions mean and why they do what they do. For example, when Xiao Li tries to understand why the taxi driver asked for so much money, she is “interpreting” his behavior. 5.I n dividualist p32 Individualist culture is one in which people tend to view themselves as individuals and emphasize the needs of individuals. In general, Western culture tends to be individualist. They view themselves as independent of collectives; are primarily motivated by their own preferences, needs, rights, and the contacts they have established with others; give priority to their personal goals over the goals of others; and emphasize rational analyses of the advantages and disadvantages to associating with others. 6.Collectivist P32 Collectivist culture is one in which people tend to view themselves as members of groups (families, work units, tribes, nations), and usually consider the needs of the group to be more important than the needs of individuals. Most Asian cultures, including China's, tend to be collectivist. People see themselves as parts of one or more collectives; are primarily motivated by the norms of, and duties imposed by, those collectives; are willing to give priority to the goals of
Intercultural communication paper I.Fill in the blanks to make the statements complete (25%) （共8小题，25个空格，每空1分） 1.There are roughly five types of communication: human communication, （） communication, human-animal communication, human-machine communication and machine-to-machine communication. 2.Past-oriented people tend to believe tradition is important. Present-oriented cultures maintain that the moment is the most significant. If you tend to look to the future and make plans, you are future-oriented. Generally speaking, Chinese are accepted as past-oriented while （）are thought to be future-oriented. … II.Choose one correct answer from the four choices （共20个单选，每个1分，共20分） 6.Socrates together with __________ and Aristotle are thought to be the founder of Western philosophy. Their emphasis is on self instead of on nature. From Socrates’ time, there is division from nature and man. A. Descartes B. Hegal C. Plato D. Archimedes 7.The Chinese Three Character Classics orients human nature as ________. A. good but corruptible B. evil but perfectible C . mixture of good and evil D. evil and corruptible 11. The ______ meditation is the most abstract of all because it is the thinking of thinking. Thinking becomes the subject of its own investigation. A. Hindu B. Chinese C. Greek D. Japanese 12. The ________ tends to use their reason as a spectacle in which to see the world. Hence thinking is the means to understand the world. A. Hindu B. Chinese C. Greek D. Japanese 13. The _________ tend to distinguish mind from body, people from nature, and God from Man, while the Chinese are used to looking at the world as a whole unit. A. Westerners B. Hindus C. Arabs D. Indonesians 17. The ______ discourse style is characterized as laying emphasis on impression rather than on information while the _________ discourse style features laying emphasis on information rather than on impression. A. Western…Chinese B. English…Korean C. American…Japanese D. Chinese…Westerners’ 18. Westerners are direct in expressing ideas while the Chinese are indirect. So the deductive (topic first) pattern is prevalent in _____ and the inductive (topic delayed) pattern is more accepted by the Chinese and other Asians. A. the West B. China C. Korea D. Japan 19. The function of nonverbal signs is sometimes indispensible. For example, placing your index finger to your lips as an alternative to saying “Please calm down so that I can speak” is a case of ________. A. complementing B. repeating C. contradicting D. substituting
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题型： part I, True or False,30% （提醒学生在答题时要正确的画A，错的画B）15x2 （除第八章） part II. Multiple Choices 20%, 20x1.(2,4,5细节) Part III. Cultural Puzzles 10% (与课后习题中的cultrual puzzles 类似，不过是四个选项，范围为课后习题中的cultural puzzles 和我们在每个单元划出的重点案例）5X2. Part IV. Term Matching 15%（名词解释，从备选的terms 中选择与其对应的definitions，要考到的terms 都已经发给大家） 15x1. Part V. Short-Answer Questions 15% (简答题，范围在我们划过的重点内） 5X3. Part VI. Case Study 10% (课外案例分析，阅读一个案例，回答三个小问题，题目不会超出课内讲解的内容）10 x1. 要补充的重点为p114, （E. Discover the meaning of some common gestures in English), p129, (B. What are the characteristics of feminine talk and masculine talk respectively) 另外让学生深入研究unit 5 和Unit 2，Unit 4(culturally-loaded words)，以及每单元的重点案例，以及单元后面的练习A, B(划过的问答题）,C (Euphemism Understanding), 以及E (cultural puzzles) Terms Unit 1 1. Economic globalization:经济全球化 the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology. 2. Global village:地球村 All the different parts of the world form one community linked together by electronic communications, especially the Internet. 3. Melting pot:大熔炉a socio-cultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationalities. 4. Cultural Diversity:文化多样性the mix of people from various backgrounds in the labor force with a full mix of cultures and sub-cultures to which members belong. 5. Intercultural communication:跨文化交际communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event. 6. Culture:文化 a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people. 7. Enculturation:文化适应all the activities of learning one’s culture are called enculturation. 8. Acculturation:文化传入 the process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures. 9. Ethnocentrism:民族优越感the belief that your own cultural background is superior.
第一章跨文化交际 一、什么是跨文化交际——具有不同文化背景的人从事交际的过程 跨文化交际之所以在今天日益引起人们的注意，主要原因是由于交通工具的进步与通讯手段的发展，使得不同国家、不同种族、不同民族的人能够频繁地接触和交往。 L.S.Harms认为，在世界范围内的交际经历了五个阶段：语言的产生；文字的使用；印刷技术的发明；近百年交通工具的进步和通讯手段的迅速发展；跨文化交际。近二十年来的交际是以跨文化为特征的。 二、对跨文化交际的不同理解 有的人认为每个人在文化上都是独特的，所以任何两个人之间的交际都是跨文化交际。 有的人认为，不同国籍人们之间的文化差异与不同职业的人们之间的文化差异并没有什么本质上的区别，只是程度上的差异。 有的人认为，跨文化交际研究应该把重点放在亚文化系统的语篇系统方面。 有的人认为，作大范围的国与国之间的对比对于改进跨文化交际益处不大，应该把眼光放在更具体的文化差异上。跨文化交际研究的范围应该也包括地区、职业、年龄、性别等方面的文化差异的探讨。 文化通常不是指个人的行为，而是指一个群体的生活方式和习惯。作者认为作跨国、跨种族、跨民族研究不仅应该是跨文化交际研究包括的内容，而且应该是放在首位的。至于地区、阶级、阶层、职业、性别、年龄等不同层次的差异也应该给予关注。至于个人之间的差异的研究只是在我们把他们当做群体的代表时才有意义。在研究一个国家的文化特点时，我们的眼光首先应集中在它的主流文化上，其次才注意它的亚文化和地区文化的特点。 主流文化亚文化地区文化小群体文化 （不同年龄、职业、性别群体的文化）第二章跨文化交际学 一、跨文化交际学在美国Intercultural Communication 与人类学、心理学、传播学关系密切 1.首先在美国兴起。美国有来自各个国家的移民，有各自的文化系统和风俗习惯，逐渐在美国社会形成了多元文化的格局；美国与各国交往频繁。 2.Edwar Hall 《无声的语言》跨文化交际学的奠基之作。认为不同文化背景的人们在使用时间、空间表达意义方面表现出明显的差异。（对时间、空间、交际的关系作了深入探讨） 3.1970年是具有重要意义的一年，在这一年，国际传播学会承认跨文化交际学是传播学的一个分支，成立了跨文化交际学分会。1972年，第一届跨文化交际学国际会议，日本东京。 4.70年代，影响最大的书籍。《跨文化交际学选读》 5.跨文化交际学内容：