二〇一五届学生毕业论文（设计）
题目：THE ANALYSIS ON THE TRANSLATORS’ SUBJECTIVITY FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE POSTCOLONIAL TRANSLATION THEORY
系别：外国语学院
专业：英语
班级：11级5班
学号：110511
姓名：李阳
指导教师：周金凤
完成时间：2015 年 5 月 10 日
后殖民主义翻译理论视角下译者主体性分析
摘要
译者主体性的问题是后殖民主义翻译理论要探讨的重要话题。尤其在当下，经济全球化和民族文化多元化已是时代的主要特征，并将继续得到发展，不同主体间的文化交往也将不断得到加强，因此关注后殖民主义翻译理论下译者的主体性，将使我们能够在文化多元化，经济全球化的今天，找到一条解决后殖民主义翻译理论下译者主体性之困境的新的有效途径。
本文是从后殖民主义翻译理论视角下看译者的主体性，后殖民主义翻译理论认为原作与译者处于相互依存的共生关系之中，翻译所必然涉及到的文化上的差异和表述上的困境，使得任何翻译都注定不同程度的存在着对原作的再创造。
本文在第一部分中主要阐述了后殖民主义翻译理论的基本概况以及对中国翻译的影响。第二部分着重对译者主体性的分析，译者主体地位的隐与显及影响译者主体性发挥的因素。本文最后一部分主要结合前两部分内容对后殖民主义翻译理论视角下译者主体性进行剖析，主要从殖民译者主体性和被殖民译者主体性两方面阐述了后殖民主义翻译理论视角下译者主体性的困境及其出路。
关键词：后殖民主义；译者主体性；归化；异化；困境
THE ANALYSIS ON THE TRANSLATORS’ SUBJECTIVITY FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE POSTCOLONIAL
TRANSLATION THEORY
ABSTRACT
The problem of the translators' subjectivity is the main topic to explore under the postcolonial translation theory. Especially in the present, the economic globalization and the pluralism of national culture are the main characteristics of the times, and they will continue to develop. The cultural exchanges between different subjects will also be continuously strengthened, which allow us to find a solution by examining the postcolonial translation theory of socialism under the new effective ways of dilemma of translators' subjectivity in the cultural diversity, economic globalization today.
This article studies the subjectivity of the translator from the perspective of postcolonial translation theory.Postcolonial translation theory thinks that the original work and translator is in an interdependent symbiotic relationship. Translation makes any translation is destined to exist different degrees of re-creation of the original work and that?s because of the cultural and expression difference.
In the first part of this paper mainly expounds the basic situation of the postcolonial translation theory and its influence on Chinese translation. The second part focuses on the analysis of the subjectivity of the translator, explicitation and implicitation of translator's subjectivity and the influence factors of the translator's subjectivity. The last part is to analyse the translators? subjectivity from the perspective of the postcolonial translation theory which bases on the previous two part, and it mainly elaborates predicament and the solution of translators? subjectivity from the perspective of the postcolonial translation theory.
Key words：postcolonial;Translators'subjectivity;domestication;foreignization; predicament
CONTENTS
摘要 ......................................................................................................................................... I Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... II Contents .................................................................................................................................... I II Introduction .. (1)
1 Postcolonial translation theory (2)
1.1 Outline of postcolonial translation theory (2)
1.1.1 The rise and development of postcolonial translation theory (2)
1.1.2 Power relations under the postcolonial translation theory (2)
1.1.3 Politics in postcolonial translation theory (3)
1.2 Domestication and foreignization in postcolonial translation theory (3)
1.2.1 Domestication and foreignization in the postcolonial translation (3)
1.2.2 Different choices of translation strategies: domestication and foreignization (4)
1.3 The significance of postcolonial translation theory (5)
1.4 Effect of postcolonial translation theory to translation study in the Chinese (6)
2 Analysis of translators' subjectivity (7)
2.1 The definitions of translators' subjectivity (7)
2.2 Explicitation and implicitation of Translator's Subjectivity (7)
2.2.1 Invisibility of translator and the translator's subjectivity (7)
2.2.2 Cultural turn and visibility of translator's subjectivity (8)
2.3 The factors influencing translator's subjectivity (8)
2.3.1 Language Proficiency (8)
2.3.2 Ethics and Moral Values (8)
2.3.3 Social and Cultural Stance (9)
2.3.4 Translation Motivation. (10)
2.4 Translator's subjectivity in China (10)
3 An Analysis on the Translators? Subjectivity from the Perspective of th e Postcolonial Translation Theory (11)
3.1 The performance of the translators? subjectivity from the perspective of the
postcolonial translation theory (11)
3.1.1 Translator's subjectivity decides the choice of translation text (11)
3.1.2 The reflection of translators' subjectivity reflect in the choice of translation
methods (12)
3.1.3 The reflection of translators' subjectivity reflect in the translation of “cultural
hybridity” (13)
3.2 Predicamen and the solution of translators? subjectivity from the perspective of the
postcolonial translation theory (13)
3.2.1 The subjectivity of the colonial translator (13)
3.2.2 The subjectivity of the colonized translator (14)
3.2.3 The solution the predicament of translators' subjectivity (15)
3.3 The influence to Chinese translation from translators? subjectivity from the perspective
of the postcolonial translation theory (16)
Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 18 Bibliography
Acknowledgements
Introduction
Translation as a kind of social activity of human beings has existed for thousands of years, the study on it is a relatively new discipline. At the early stages of translation study, more attention was paid to the activity itself. Such questions “what is the criteria of translation”, “what kind of approaches should be adopted in translating” and etc.were the focus of discussion. The role of the translator was totally ignored.Translation is a complicated communicative art, no one doubts the importance of it. It is well known that translators subjectivity in translation in translating practice of part of the indispensable and irreplaceable.
In the west after 1970 years, influenced by the "cultural turn", pay attention to the subject of translation has been more and more. The translator is no longer considered inferior to the original author, but as a creative theme and original works of translation in the afterlife. The status of translators and translated works has been greatly enhanced. Therefore, translators have moved to the forefront and assumed some subjective roles.
Translators' subjectivity is abstract, it reflected in the decision making process, especially in the about strategy should be taken to the choice of the translator in the translation. There are two main translation strategies: foreignization and domestication. The former is source culture-oriented and the latter is target culture-oriented. The translator?s individual difference and different motivation influence the choice of translation strategy.
Postcolonial translation theory is in the post colonial Criticism in the context of the construction of a series of concepts, judgment and metaphors about translation. In the post colonial context, the any identity translator has to be able to through text and the source text writer launches the equality, consultation, mutual understanding and respect, dialogue. The translators' subjectivity of postcolonial translation theory can better conform to the tide of globalization, display the characteristics of Chinese culture and make Chinese culture more international, more social influence.
1 Postcolonial translation theory
1.1 Outline of postcolonial translation theory
Postcolonial translation theory is in the post colonial criticism in the context of the construction of a series of concepts, judgment and metaphors about translation. In the postcolonial translation theory, translation should pay attention to the process of dissemination in the colonization of the power mechanism and a series of the subsequent history of resistance, misappropriation of history, the clearance space, space division space, which is indispensable cultural criticism discourse in translation studies. Postcolonial translation studies involved, directly contributed to the cultural turn in translation studies, translation studies from the traditional linguistic paradigm turn to cultural paradigm, which influence the translation activities of external environmental factors such as social and cultural history, politics, power and ideology, etc.
1.1.1 The rise and development of postcolonial translation theory
Postcolonial translation theory refers to a series of concepts, build in translation in the postcolonial context reasoning and analogy. In general, it can be traced back to the work of the veteran critics Edward Said, Homi Bhabha, and Gayatri Spivak. The theory of conscious and mature is based on the publication of Sey d?s “Orientalism”. But as a proposition, it owns much to the work of D.Robinson, S.Bassnett and H.de Compos in the 1900s. Then, the structure of power and resistance, provoke clearance and space division is its focus. Postcolonial translation theory is therefore one of the indisepensible discourses for cultural criticism.
1.1.2 Power relations under the postcolonial translation theory
The core focus of translation studies and post colonialism is the relationship of power. The unequal relationship between translation in language and the target language, the original text and the translated text is a reflection of colonial hegemony thought. Because of the existence of differences between languages is absolute, translation is a kind of practice,
created or in which reflects the asymmetrical power relations under the control of colonialism.In translation studies, power was firstly introduced by Friedrich Nietzsche as "translation was a form of conquest”. In this case, conquest ref ers to competing between the source text and its translation, only the later conquering over the former This kind of conquering or competing is based on the asymmetrical powers between the source culture and the target culture.
The core focus of translation studies and post colonialism is power relation. The unequal relationship between the language and the target language translation of the Central Plains, the source text and the target text is a reflection of the colonial hegemony thought. Due to the differences between language is absolute, translation as a kind of practice, creation and embodies the colony under the control of asymmetric power relations.
1.1.3 Politics in postcolonial translation theory
As a branch of the post-colonial translation theories in recent years, the politics of translation attaches great importance to the inequality between languages caused by cultural and power differences. Among the references of politics of translation, there are some crossovers with interpretation of foreign affairs, which happens to be the vacuum of studies.
Post colonialism is a continuation of the colonial, in the west, says the study after colonialism. Antonio Gramsci, Italy theorist, proposed "cultural hegemony" controversy. Some cultures are likely to gain the power to dominate other cultures, just as some ideas are more influential than others. This dominant culture is called cultural hegemony. About the ruling class hegemonism can organize their domination and control class. The concept of cultural hegemony exerts a profound influence on the later studies of postcolonialism.
1.2 Domestication and foreignization in postcolonial translation theory
1.2.1 Domestication and foreignization in the postcolonial translation
Domestication and foreignization are strategies in translation, regarding the degree to which translators make a text conform to the target culture. Domestication is the strategy of making text closely conform to the culture of the language being translated to, which may involve the loss of information from the source text. Foreignization is the strategy of retaining information from the source text, and involves deliberately breaking the
conventions of the target language to preserve its meaning. These strategies have been debated for hundreds of years, but the first person to formulate them in their modern sense was Lawrence Venuti, who introduced them to the field of translation studies in 1995 with his book The Translator's Invisibility: A History of Translation. Venuti's innovation to the field is his view that the dichotomy between domestication and foreignization is an ideological one; he views foreignization as the ethical choice for translators to make.
Whether the translation is used for colonization or decolonization,translation strategy is one of the most important topics and up to now, nounified opinion is reached.
Generally speaking, in order to gradually erase the characteristics of “other” cultures, different translation strategy changes the language structure and paraphrasing the “inapproriate” ethic breakdown sharply, and charged these phenomenon onto the rapid development of the capitalist society.
1.2.2 Different choices of translation strategies: domestication and foreignization
Domestication is the strategy of making text closely conform to the culture of the language being translated to, which may involve the loss of information from the source text,namely it refers to the target culture translation in which unusual expressions to the target culture are exploited and turned into some familiar ones so as to make the translated text appreciable and easy for the target readers.
Foreignization is the strategy of retaining information from the source text, and involves deliberately breaking the conventions of the target language to preserve its meaning.It is a source culture translation which strives to preserve the foreign flavor as much as possible in order to transfer the source culture and language into the target one.
Because of the subjectivity of the translator exists objectively, different choices are made by different translators in the translation process, leading to different versions of the same original text and especially due to different strategies.
1.2.2.1 Individual difference influence the choice of translation strategy
On one hand, human beings, as a special group in society, share many common characteristics; on the other hand, no two totally identical persons can be found although there are about 65 billion people living on our planet. Human beings are different from each
other due to the different nature and nurture, or heredity and environment.
Translation is an integral part of human society, and translation is a human behavior. On the basis of the above theory, in fact, no two translators can share the same nature and culture, and it explains why different translators even have different versions of the same source text.
1.2.2.2 Different translation motivations influence the choice of translation strategy
According to functionalists, translation is a purpose-oriented activity. Nord once says that: h uman actions or activities are carried out by …agents?, indi viduals playing roles. When the people playing the role of senders in communication, they have communicative purpose and try to put into practice by means of texts. Communicative purposes are aimed at other people who are playing the role of receivers.
According to this theory, we can draw the conclusion: translators have the translate purpose whether they admit it or not. The purpose of translation works on the choice of the translation strategy. If the translator makes up his mind to introduce something from the source culture to the target culture, or we say if he is source language oriented, he tends towards foreignization. If the translator minds to delight the target readers, or we say he is target language, he tends towards domestication.
1.3 The significance of postcolonial translation theory
The previous translation theories are mostly based on language analysis, which post colonial translation theory has got rid of the bondage of single language research,Using the research achievements in the field of political science, sociology, cultural studies, anthropology, literature, philosophy, history and psychological analysis, from different cultures through the analysis of the text and behavior, to build a new paradigm of translation criticism.Its view on the more prominent power, ideology and other factors on the impact of projected to translation studies.At the same time, through the study of the cultures of translation practice archaeological fieldwork, post-colonial translation theory found the important factors that affect translation practice - power differences. It advocates the equality between national culture and language, so that the western translation theories system of dominant position in the translation theory system has got the unprecedented challenges, also makes the West change the prejudice against the East long; It makes the translation studies no
longer constrained by the western powerful culture on translation studies, not only conducive to the promotion of all countries to reflect on their own culture and history of translation, but also conducive to the expansion of the scope of translation studies.
However, on the postcolonial translation theory itself, there are still some limitations. First of all, it has not yet formed a complete set of translation theory system, only put forward the power differences from the perspective of colonialism emphasizes on the eastern and western cultural hegemony. But the formation of power differences are various, not only for historical reasons, at the same time, the economy, politics and culture are closely linked. Postcolonial translation theory for these reasons are not comprehensive and systematic exposition. Secondly, the postcolonial translation theory in practice is not universal high. It advocates changing the oriental culture repressed and silent status, highlighting the cultural characteristics and rewriting of its cultural identity. Finally, too much emphasis on the power difference, it?s easy to make people in the third world have hostile to western culture, which is disadvantageous to the East West cultural exchange friendship and common development, the original intention of departure from the post colonial translation theory.
1.4 Effect of postcolonial translation theory to translation study in the Chinese
Post colonial translation theory brings a new perspective to the study of translation in China. In China, many translation scholars have contributed outstanding papers concerning this theory. They have introduced the theories proposed by Said, Spivak and Bhabha, and tried to apply them to improve the translation study in China. The scholars of translation study in China only copy the western ideas rather than try to create the original translation theories with Chinese characteristics. It should be noted that the post-colonial translation study in China, compared with the western counterpart, is still at the stage of introducing and learning the western theories. Though a large amount of papers have been contributed concerning this topic, there are few books published in China to employ this theory to analyze the colonial situation of Chinese culture by the western counterpart. The severe situation China is facing concerns many Chinese scholars, and that?s one of the reasons that post-colonialism began to catch on in the 1990s. Chinese translation researchers should make
its own study field of vision. Only in this way can we save the position and properties of Chinese language and culture.
2 Analysis of translators' subjectivity
2.1 The definitions of translators' subjectivity
Translator's subjectivity is the prescription of the translator as the subject of translation. It is mainly refers to the practicability and creativity in the translation activities of translator.Based on the analysis of subjectivity in the field of philosophy, many scholars give different definitions of the translators' subjectivity. The translators' subjectivity refers to his personal characteristics shown in the course of translating, in another word, he brings his subjective forceful into full play in the process of his understanding and representing the source text, and his personal characteristics are more or less apparented in the translation. As a subject of translation, the translator shows his subjective dynamics in the course of his reading and representing, and his personal characteristics are to some extent reproduced in his version .
2.2 Explicitation and implicitation of Translator's Subjectivity
To the author's understanding, implicitation and explicitation are a pair of translation universals which is complementary to each other. And in translated text, explicitation takes places more frequently than implicitation does. But through prudent examination of the present study, the author finds that though not so pervasive as explicitation, implicitation can also be located widely in C-E translation.
2.2.1 Invisibility of translator and the translator's subjectivity
Translation enjoys a long history. It has been playing an important part in communication between different languages and cultures. However, the translator has long been put on the marginalized cultural status, being considered as "matchmaker","servants of the author and the reader", etc., even though his work has made indubitable contribution to human civilization. People paid much attention to the original text and its author as well as
the demand and expectation of the target readers. Either other people or the translators themselves neglected the crucial role they play in the translation activities.
2.2.2 Cultural turn and visibility of translator's subjectivity
In the process of translation, the translator is not only the original recipient and manipulator, is more of a producers or recreator of translated text, which is crucial to the subject of translation. Translator and translator's subjectivity have played an invisible role in translation activities for a long time. But fortunately, in 1970s a crucial revolution, "cultural turn",emerged in western academic circle of translation, which has broken new ground for translation studies, drawing close attention to translator. Many scholars think over translation and try to describe it in a broad context of culture, in which translation activities are considered cultural activities, especially literary activities, and a communication process of two cultures and literatures. In this process, the subject—man, namely the translator in a specific cultural context, is indispensable. Antoine Berman pointed out that translation criticism should start from the awareness of the translator, regarding it as the translation subject. Moreover, he brought forth a canorous catchword "walking to all translators". From then on, the vital role translator plays in translation is gradually recognized and the translator's subjectivity appeals to extensive concern.
2.3The factors influencing translator's subjectivity
The translator's subjectivity depends on success or failure of the translated work, Translator's subjectivity refers to the initiative manifested in the translating activities with the influential personalities of the translator. However, the exertion of subjectivity is restricted by various inner and outer factors. There are four important factors: Language Proficiency, Ethics and Moral Values, Social and Cultural Stance, Translation Motivation.
2.3.1 Language Proficiency
For a translator, his language proficiency, is obviously the basis to perform the translation activity because translation is bound to involve the transformation of two languages. It decides the visage of the ultimate product of translating process. Hence we can say the translator's language competence affects the exertion of his subjectivity .
2.3.2 Ethics and Moral Values
Different regions hold different ethics and moral value systems. For example, western society values equality while Chinese society respect ranks; westerners pursue nature whereas Chinese people stress human restraint; westerners pay more attention to individuals but Chinese people lay much emphasis on collective and selfless sacrifice to the rulers.Ethics and moral values which are ingrained in the deep souls of people can subconsciously affect the translator's actual operation in translation practice. Therefore, such a manipulation will result in more careful diction and more prudent rendering.
The translator's cultural identity has a great influence on the cultural identity of the translator's translation process ,and it is usually regarded as a unique attribute of a particular culture, but it also the inherent characteristics of a particular nation. On the cultural identity of individuals, usually attributed to the historical accumulation and the inherent property of my own, and personal and cultural identity also depends on the individual's life background, culture and religion. With the acceleration of global integration, the East West cultural exchange, fusion, which has a certain cultural background of the translators must keep their cultural identity in their translation works, reflect their own national culture.
2.3.3 Social and Cultural Stance
Translation can not be done in vacuum; it should be imprinted by the historical remarks. Every translator's life with its special social background and the power system in a particular society, the social environment including politics, economy, cultural factors play an important role in the translator's choice.
Translation is not a superficial transference of cultural communication. Essentially, it must be "rooted in a specific space-time and produced in cultural paradigms of a specific national tradition". And as a human being, the sociality of the translator determines that he or she will unavoidably depend on the present social environment as well as cultural and historical background when translating. As a result, the translator shall "be engaged in translation activities abiding by the paradigms of translation studies which are derived from the correspondent cultural paradigms ". The translator's cultural stance can influence his choice of original text at a macro level and translation strategies and methods at a micro level. For instance, a translator manipulated by cultural power tends to consciously or
subconsciously "rewrite" the original text to manifest the status of the weak culture.
2.3.4 Translation Motivation.
If translator's social and cultural standpoint can influence how to exert his initiative, then his translation motivation can decide his choosing of original text and translation strategies to a large degree. For example, a translator may translate a work just out of his deep love for it, while another may choose a typical work to render so as to achieve his political purpose. If the major motivation of a translator is to entertain the target readers, he may adopt the translation strategy of domestication which centers on the reader, rendering natural and fluent target language.
2.4 Translator's subjectivity in China
In recent years, research on the subjectivity becomes a hot topic of common concern of Chinese translation theory. Many scholars on the study of the translator's subjectivity have carried out analysis, multiple levels of discussion, and formed a series of research results. Translation studies in China have long neglected the key element in translation, namely translator's subjectivity, Nowadays, translation subjectivity has fortunately become the highlight of translation studies at home, intriguing many translation scholars. In recent years, a number of famous scholars such as Yang Wuneng, Xu Jun, Zha Mingjian, Yuan Li and so on have achieved marvelous accomplishments in the study of translator's subjectivity.
Xu Jun thought that the translator's subjectivity, refers to a kind of conscious personality consciousness embodied in the translator in the translation process and create awareness. Translator's subjectivity, and many factors by the translator in translation theory, translation strategy, cultural background are closely related. That is a manifestation of the subjectivity of the translator is to give full play to the translator's creative;
Tu Guoyuan pointed out that the translator in the affected by the edge of the main body or the external environment have its own field of constraints, in order to meet the target culture needs a kind of subjective initiative shown in the process of translation, it has autonomy, initiative, creative purpose, etc.;
Wang Yuliang from the angle of philosophy to clarify their views, he said that in the final analysis, subjective initiative and passivity of the dialectical unity of subjectivity, that is
to say, it can only be realized in the object relation object in. Therefore, we should avoid the two extremes in understanding the meaning of Subjectivity: one is restricted to ignore the object, exaggerate the subjective initiative; two is too much emphasis on the restriction of the object, completely exclude subjectivity;
Cha Mingjian and Tian Yu pointed out that the translator's subjectivity refers to the translator in the premise of respecting the translation object, the subjective initiative to realize the purpose of translation in translation activity showed, its basic characteristic is the translator's conscious cultural awareness, cultural character and culture, aesthetic creativity.
3 An Analysis on the Translators’ Subjectivity from the
Perspectiveof the Postcolonial Translation Theory
3.1 The performance of the t ranslators’ subjectivity from the perspective of the postcolonial translation theory
Postcolonial translation theory from the perspective of colonialism discuss the translator's translation practice behavior under different historical conditions, as the political and translation is inseparable component, focus on the translators? rights between the source culture and the culture. The eye especially in the study in target-language generation after text outside the restricting factors and target-language generation after subversion of cultural translation. To disclose the essence of translation practice by describing the differences between different language, different culture, different national and asymmetry. The translator as the subject in the translation process, its basic features are the translation subject consciousness of cultural awareness, cultural character and aesthetic culture.It is not only embodied in the translator's understanding of the work, to create this solution and the language level of art, is also reflected in the translation text selection, the purpose of translation cultural and translation strategies etc.
3.1.1 Translator's subjectivity decides the choice of translation text
In the postcolonial translation theory, translation is a process of choice and decision
making. Choice of the source text is the first step in the process of translation. America famous translation theorist Andre Lefevere said that translation does not happen in a vacuum, the translator is to play a role in a specific time, specific culture, their understanding of themselves and their own culture way is to influence their translation mode factor.
Lin Yutang devoted all his life to the "Chinese and Western cultural fusion" theory and practice, his greatest achievement lies in the translation was to spread Chinese classical culture in compiled form to the west.After the Opium War, the Western powers invaded, China was gradually reduced to a semi colonial and semi feudal society, the national domestic trouble and foreign invasion, the Chinese culture at the beginning of a weak culture, Many patriotic righteous one realize that the behind political system, science and technology, especially the traditional culture of ignorance is the root cause of China's backwardness,So Hu Shi, Chen Duxiu and so on, the righteous patriotic set off a new culture movement in the China, against all the traditional culture, even grass "down hole store" slogan.Some of the patriotic pioneers such as Yan Fu, Liang Qichao, translation, Lin Xian and other translators realize through the translation of Western works to enlighten the people, and the importance of the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.They translated a large number of western social science and literary works, spreading the western capitalist countries of democracy, freedom, equality, fraternity thought to China, enrich and develop the China language
3.1.2 The reflection of translators' subjectivity reflect in the choice of translation methods
In the postcolonial translation theory, translation is a cross-cultural communication, from the subjectivity of the translator, the translator's thoughts and emotions, personality, aesthetic taste ,etc, play an important role in translation, thus affecting the specific translation skills and methods of selection, which embodies the translator's role in translation activity.
Lin Yutang in the translation of Confucian classics, considerd the greatest difficulty of westerners to read "the Analects of Confucius" is the Western readers reading habits, so he reorganizated the text .In "the wisdom of Confucius" translation, Lin yutang didn?t translate the entire content of the "four books" and the "five classics", only select some content. Moreover, he also just translated excerpts of some but not all content.And the most important
is that he reorganize the original work.As the people see yan fu's "faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance" as translation of the highest standards of era, Lin yutang change traditional faithful translation, compiling the Confucian classics, and named as "the wisdom of Confucius".
3.1.3 The reflection of t ranslators' subjectivity reflect in the translation of “cultural hybridity”
In the postcolonial translation theory, hybridity theory give the translation of new enlightenment. Hybridity means intermingle of different races, ethnic groups, ideologies, cultures and languages. Bhabha applies this concept to the postcolonial study with a view to be against the traditional methodology of dual opposite. The post colonial theory in the context of the heterozygous with the inevitability and necessity. The performance of necessity: translation is the conversion of two kinds of language and culture and communication, however, the two kinds of language and culture is not completely corresponding, there are differences between them. This determines that both components are reserved in the target text, the translation must also be heterozygous. Generally speaking, the reader in the translation, always want to see the language and culture of the "novelty" and "exotic", always want to see the culture of imprinting, translation therefore becomes a heterozygote like" You and me are intertwined”
3.2 Predicamen and the solution of transl ators’ subjectivity from the perspective of the postcolonial translation theory
3.2.1 The subjectivity of the colonial translator
3.2.1.1 Western cultural hegemony under the influence of Modern rational
Postmodernism master derrida thinks that in the western history, dominating people's thoughts are mainly traditional thinking mode of binary opposition. And Derrida further pointed out that forms of the Western tradition of two opposite thinking models the parties themselves are not equal in status. Here the main part is the relation between the subject and the others, of which the main means ration, authority, center, advantage, is the leading force of all.And the others, relative and subjectivity, which is representative of all the non rational, marginalized, disadvantaged, directed, oppression, or even the looting of the individual.
Therefore, on the one hand the imperialist hegemony is established through direct military aggression, On the other hand, in the postcolonial translation theory,it is mainly through the imperialist “Cultural Representation "to be established, they makes the eastern appears as an inferior "others" image, and the Western appear as a subject of civilization, in order to establish the Western cultural hegemony.
3.2.1.2 The colonial translators' subjectivity under the cultural hegemony consciousness
The imperialismto establish its global cultural hegemony by "cultural representation" , and the translation is indispensable to have played a very important role.The translation in the description and construction of the colonizers and the colonized image, and to seek the role in the maintenance of colonial rule and the formation of colonial ideology so as to strengthen the global imperial cultural hegemony and cultural imperialism has characterized. In other words, the process of constructing a translation status of their subjectivity in western white plays the role of conspiracy. The colonial translators' subjectivity are expressed in the translated text which they have translated, in these translations, they put all the colonists and the colored people described as corrupt or negative.The translation of the text shows the inequality discourse power relations in the post colonial context, and further strengthen the subjectivity of translators of the Colonial. In addition, the translator's subjectivity is also reflected in the colonial colonial translator applies domestication when foreign language text or oriental language text translated into the western colonists countries. In the colonial and post colonial context, in translation, domestication further demonstrates the inequality discourse of power relations of the colonizers and the colonized. These are further reflects the colonial translator in the translation by strengthening the position of the self subject to maintenance of Western cultural hegemony
3.2.2 The subjectivity of the colonized translator
3.2.2.1 Deconstruction of the modern rational and the subversion of Western cultural hegemony
History of w hite settlers? colonial is also the process of anti-colonial of other color. The methods of oppression and anti-pression are the same, either through direct war way, or through other non-war way like culture, art and others means.And the resistance of the arts
and culture is mainly to be implemented by translation strategies. As Foucault puts it: "Where there is oppression, where there is resistance." Especially in the second half of the 20th century, the post-colonial logic of consciousness became popular.in the Late 20th century, people began to suspect the rational foundation of Western modernity strongly. Under the influence of post-modern translation theory, like the postcolonialism and deconstruction and the rising of subjective consciousness, the postcolonialism translators primarily use alienation, cannibalism, hybrid and other post-modern translation ways to fight and even to subvert the West colonialism its cultural hegemony.
3.2.2.2 Colonisation of the translators' subjectivity under the influence of the post colonial logical consciousness
Postcolonialism logic is emphasized in the vigilance and resistance of the context of post-colonial Western cultural hegemony of global awareness. Therefore, in order to confront the West naturalization translation strategy, a postcolonialism translator Lawrence Venuti proposed foreignization translation strategy , in which translators and target readers are no longer bounded by Western cultural hegemony. According to postcolonialism translation theory, translation is a cultural and political activity, and it reflects the relationships between the power of discourse in different cultures.Domesticating translation strategy reflects the Western cultural hegemony in The East West Cultural Exchange.As a resistance to Western cultural hegemony translation strategy, alienation translation is retained Source "heterogeneous" elements of the culture of the language in the target text, in order to break through the target language cultural hegemony,For example, the translation retain some non-standard language intentionally, so the translation is no longer such smooth, in order to highlight the difference between the two cultures
3.2.3 The solution the predicament of translators' subjectivity
As some scholars have pointed out, it is the reason based on the principle of subjectivity that caused the plight of modern life.In the rational guidance, we are accustomed to or from the angle of pure subjectivity, or look at the problem from the angle of pure objectivity. In this paper, as mentioned earlier, whether the colonial translator or the colonized translator to see each other as "other" to be conquered or object.That is to say, when the content of
功能翻译理论述评 摘要：本文对功能翻译理论的来龙去脉及其发展进行了介绍，对功能翻译理论的代表人物及其核心思想进行阐述，目的在于说明，功能翻译理论以翻译目的为总则，把原文作者、译者、译文读者都纳入了研究的范畴，从而为文学翻译批评提供了一个多角度、动态的视野。 关键词：功能翻译理论；翻译目的论 一、引言 二十世纪五十年代至六十年代，主要是从语言学角度来研究翻译，特别是结构主义语言学，把语言看成了语码，翻译则成了语言操作。七十年代，功能翻译理论开始兴起，领军人物有K.赖斯、H.J.费米尔、C.诺德、J.H.曼塔利等。 何为功能翻译理论，诺德的解释是：“功能主义，指的是功能或者是文本和翻译的功能的研究。”它涵盖了多种理论方法，主要以德国功能翻译学派为主，还包括其他国家理论家的观点。如英国学者纽马克的文本功能类型和美国学者奈达的功能对等论。 以功能方法来研究翻译的源头可以追溯到圣经翻译。当时不少译者发现在不同的情况下需要采取不同的翻译。但那时“适当的翻译”强调“字对字”翻译和对原文的忠实，即使译文与想要达到的意图不一致。当时的圣经翻译者认为翻译应包含两个过程：一是对原文本的忠实再现，二是使译文适应于目标读者。马丁?路德主张在翻译圣经时在部分文章采取“字对字”翻译，其他部分文章应使译文与读者的需要和期望一致。同样，尤金?奈达区分了两种翻译中的对等：形式对等与动态对等。奈达特别强调翻译目的、译者和接收者的作用以及翻译过程的文化含意。但奈达的翻译仍是关注原文，与德国功能翻译学派的观点不完全一致。
二、功能翻译理论概述 功能翻译理论的提出得益于交际理论、行为理论、话语语言学、语篇学说以及文学研究中趋向于接受理论的一系列研究活动所取得的成果。它的出现反映了翻译的全面转向,即由原先占主导地位的语言学及侧重形式、强调等值的翻译理 论转向更加注重功能和社会文化因素的翻译观。功能派认为翻译是一种行为。其理论的重点表现在如下三方面: (1)对翻译实质的阐释(2)对翻译过程参与者的角 色分析(3)功能翻译原则的提出。 K.赖斯是功能翻译理论的奠基人，她首次将语言功能与翻译结合，将文本按不同功能分类，使译者对交际功能的语言标记和功能翻译的组成单位感觉更敏锐，帮助译者为特定的翻译目的将对等标准明确为恰当的形式。. 之后，费米尔和诺德等提出“目的论”（Skopos theory），成为了功能翻译理论的核心理论。即翻译策略必须根据翻译要达到的目的决定，原文只起到提供信息的作用，为适应新交际环境和目标读者的需求，译者在翻译过程中的参照系不应是“对等”理论中所注重的原文及其功能，而是译文在目标语环境中所期望达到的交际功能。 J.H.曼塔利借鉴交际理论与行为理论中的概念，提出“翻译行为”（Translatio nal Action），把翻译看成目标驱动、结果导向的人们间的互动，关注翻译的过程，将翻译过程看作信息传送的过程。翻译行为及翻译的实质是一种有目的的跨文化交际。 功能翻译理论不再在等值理论的基础之上,进行直译与意译的无休止的争辩,而是从翻译的功能和目的出发,强调某一具体翻译目的要求相应的翻译策略、翻 译方法。即不同的翻译目的对应不同的翻译方法；为达到某一翻译目的可以采取多种翻译方法,从而回避了诸如直译和意译的两难处境。 三、功能翻译理论观点
德国功能翻译理论 苏珊·巴斯内特和安德烈·勒菲弗尔（2001：l）认为，西方翻译研究发展史的显着特点之一就是对等，这一曾经至关重要的概念，逐渐淡化，并最终消解。20世纪70年代后期，随着经济全球化的发展，翻译活动更加频繁，各种文本类型的翻译需求迅速增加，非文学文本成为翻译研究的重要考察对象，德国功能翻译学派应运而生。这个学派的主要代表人物是：卡塔琳娜·赖斯（Katharina Reiss）、汉斯·弗米尔（Hans J. Vermeer）、贾斯特·赫尔兹-曼塔利（Justa Holz-M?ntt?ri）和克里斯蒂安·诺德（Christiane Nord）。德国功能翻译学派为翻译理论研究提供了崭新的视角，其代表理论有：的功能主义翻译批评理论（functional category of translation criticism），即文本类型理论（text typology）；弗米尔的目的论（skopos theory）；赫尔兹-曼塔利的翻译行为理论（theory of translation action）和诺德的功能加忠诚理论（function plus loyalty）。由于多元体系翻译观的影响，与原文文本至高无上观念紧密相关的等值标准逐步被侧重目标系统（target system）的观念所取代。 １．２．１功能翻译学派的理论基础 卡尔·布勒于1934年提出了语言功能“工具模式”，对功能翻译理论有深远的影响，为赖斯的文本类型学和弗米尔的目的论奠定了基础。 １．２．１．１布勒的语言功能工具模式 布勒的语言功能“工具模式”包含以下组成因素： 语境（context）：语言的“表现功能”，涉及符号与世界的关系； 说话者（speaker）：语言的“表达功能”，涉及符号和说话者的关系； 受话者（hearer）：语言的“感染功能”，涉及符号与受话者的关系； 符号（sign）。 布勒根据语言工具模式中的组成成分及其关系，区分了三种语言功能：信息功能（the information function）、表达功能（the expressive function）、感染功能（the appellative function）。他进而提出依据文本主要功能对文本进行分类（张美芳2005：65）。有一些文本明显试图影响读者的观念，一些文本意在产生某种美学效果，另一些则只是传达信息。布勒据此区分出三大文本类型：意动型文本（conative）、表达型文本（expressive）和信息型文本（representative）（周桥2006：81）。 １．２．１．２雅各布逊的语言功能模式 雅各布逊发展了布勒的语言工具模式，提出了语言功能模式。这个模式有六个组成要素：信息、语境、信息发送者、信息接收者、接触渠道、代码和话语功能。他根据各个组成要素之间的关系，把话语功能分成五类：信息功能、表情功能、感染功能、寒暄功能和诗学功能（张美芳2005：67）。 １．２．２译功能翻学派的主要理论 赖斯的文本类型理论将文本功能列为翻译批评的一个标准，即从原文、译文两者功能之间的关系来评价译文。弗米尔则以文本目的（skopos）为翻译过程的第一准则，发展了功能派最主要的理论：目的论（the skopos theory）。而曼塔利比弗米尔更进一步地拓展了功能主义翻译理论适用的领域。她的理论以行为理论为基础，针对包括文本转换在内的所有跨文化转换形式，而重点放在翻译过程的行为、参与者的角色和翻译过程发生的环境三个方面。 １．２．２．１赖斯的文本类型学
语言文学 解读小说语言应用 ● 黄 滔 徐刚 赵婉彤 后殖民视域下的翻译 ——读《翻译与帝国：后殖民理论解读》 黄滔 将翻译置于后殖民理论视域之下，这是近十几年的翻译文化转向理论研究的新角度。道 格拉斯用独到的角度展示了第三世界国家在脱离其宗主国后面临的新问题—即在文化和翻译 上不知不觉又不可避免的受前殖民者文化的影响。本文通过分析他的《翻译与帝国:后殖民 理论解读》一书,一来介绍他对后殖民翻译理论的研究,二来阐释翻译不单指语言文字著述在 不同语种间的传播和流布,更重要的是包括著述在内的诸种思想、观念、礼俗和制度等通过 何种渠道、采取怎样的方式,被不同的文化所认识、选择、重组和阐释。后殖民主义翻译研 究正是以这种权力差异为基础,来研究权力差异语境下不同价值取向的译者在自觉或不自觉 间所采用的翻译策略。 一、后殖民翻译研究概况 后殖民理论是一种多元文化理论，通常被认为发端于19世纪后半叶欧洲殖民体系的瓦 解，在印度独立之后逐渐演变成一种崭新的意识，然后揉合葛兰西（AntonioGramsci）的 “文化领导权”理论、法侬（Frantz Fanon）的反殖民主义写作理论，最后发展为声势浩大 的文化批评话语。后殖民理论主要研究殖民时代结束之“后”宗主国与殖民地之间的文化话 语权力的关系，以及有关种族主义、文化帝国主义等新问题。 后殖民翻译研究始于20 世纪80 年代。“后殖民翻译研究”这一术语由道格拉斯?罗宾逊 （Douglas Robinson）于1997 年首先提出。近年来，后殖民主义翻译理论在国内受到追捧。 国内专门研究后殖民翻译理论的两本本专著分别是孙会军的《普遍与差异——后殖民批评 视域下的翻译研究》和吴文安的《后殖民翻译研究——翻译和权力关系》。随着研究的深 入，一些研究者开始进行个案研究，用后殖民翻译理论分析我国的翻译现象及译作，如，陈 历明《从后殖民主义视角看〈红楼梦〉的两个英译本》（《四川外语学院学报》2004 年第 6 期）、王辉的论文《后殖民视域下的辜鸿铭〈中庸〉译本》（《解放军外国语学院学报》 2007 年第1 期）、严晓江《理性的选择人性的阐释——从后殖民翻译理论视角分析梁实秋翻 译〈莎士比亚全集〉的原因》（《四川外语学院学报》2007 年第5 期）等。 二、后殖民主义系统分析 道格拉斯（1997）在《翻译与帝国:后殖民理论的解释》中对后殖民系统分析并归类为 以下三个方面:一是研究欧洲殖民统治结束之后,在20 世纪下半叶殖民地怎样适应、抵抗和超 越殖民主义的文化残余,因此,后殖民指殖民主义结束以后的文化状态; 二是研究欧洲殖民统 治开始之后,从16世纪起到现在殖民地怎样适应、反抗和超越殖民主义文化,因此,后殖民指殖 民主义开始之后的文化状态;三是研究20 世纪末期所有的国家、社会和民族之间的文化权力 关系,主要指弱势文化对强势文化的反应、冲突和抵抗,因此,后殖民也包含当代的政治和文化 的权利关系。罗宾逊认为翻译作为殖民的渠道到翻译作为避雷针为殖民主义崩溃后拯救文化 的不平等性，再到翻译作为非殖民化的渠道阶段，这些阶段在叙事上与过去，现在和将来有 关：在过去，翻译被用来控制教育和塑造殖民地人，现在，翻译依然在后殖民性的政治和文 化的多样性中保持着急剧上升的趋势。罗宾逊认为翻译在目前阶段在殖民和非殖民化方面的 作用依然很明显。 三、理论局限性 本书堪称后殖民翻译理论的开山之作。作者将着眼点放在翻译在帝国主义控制美国、印 度和菲律宾过程中的作用，所选论著也是以英国和印度后殖民关系为主要题材。关于亚洲其 他国家和非洲的后殖民翻译状况鲜有关注。对西方世界内部的殖民与被殖民关系及其对翻译68
德国的翻译功能主义学派 马梦琪 一、功能派翻译理论 如果我们谈论当代德国的翻译学派，特别是自70年代以来德国最具影响的翻译学派，首先想到的一定是翻译的功能学派，也就是深具德国特色的翻译目的派。这是20世界70年代末发展起来的一个学派，功能主义学派认为，翻译是一种有目的行为，单靠语言学不能解决翻译的所有问题。翻译目的决定翻译实践中采用的翻译策略和方法，译者应优先考虑的是文本的功能和译文所要达到的功能预期。翻译功能学派代表人物有赖斯、汉斯·威密尔等。 二、功能派翻译理论提出的背景 从20世纪50年代起，西方翻译理论基本上是与语言学同步发展的。翻译理论家倾向于从语言学角度来看待翻译。在六七十年代盛行的是尤金?奈达(EugeneA．Nida)的对等理论。1964年奈达提出了翻译过程三阶段的模式：分析、转换和重组。他还详尽地论述了自己提出的与形式对等相对立的“动态对等”概念，指出:“动态对等是指译文中的信息接受者对译文的反应应该与原文接受者对原文信息的反映基本相同。”虽然在80年代奈达又修正了“动态对等”论并提出了“功能对等”概念，以达到内容与形式的兼顾，但是奈达在解释翻译的性质时说:“翻译是在译入语中用最切近、最自然的对等语再现原语的信息，首先是语义上的对等，其次是风格上的对等。可见，尽管奈达主张内容第一，形式第二，并把这种翻译方法叫做社会语言学方法，却依然是把翻译圈定在语言层次的范围之内，而没有认识到翻译的本质不仅是纯语
言方面的转换，而是建立在语言形式上的不同文化间的交流。然而,20世纪60-70年代的语言学理论一统天下，欧洲翻译理论界并没有充分重视上述问题的解决。随着翻译实践和研究的发展，语言学派也逐渐意识到其内在的弱点。出于对这种纯语言学翻译理论的不满，70年代西方已经出现了面向译语文化的翻译研究趋向，打破了以前文本中心论的翻译研究传统，使译者更多地关注译文和译文读者，更多地关注译文的社会效应和交际功能。以新的视角重新审视翻译活动，德国功能派翻译理论摆脱了当时盛行的对等翻译理论的束缚，拓宽了翻译理论研究的领域，赋予了翻译更多的涵义。 三、功能主义翻译理论发展的四个阶段 功能派翻译理论是20世纪70年代德国学者凯瑟林娜?赖斯(KantharinaReiss)、汉斯·威密尔(HansVermeer)、贾斯塔?赫兹?曼塔利(JustaHolzMantari)和克里斯蒂安?诺德(ChristianeNord)等提出的翻译理论。它的形成大体经历了四个阶段，其颇具里程碑意义的理论是赖斯的功能主义翻译批评理论(functionalcategoryoftranslationcriticism)，汉斯·威密尔的目的论及其延伸理论(Skopostheorieandbeyond)，曼塔利的翻译行为理论(theoryoftranslationaction)和诺德的功能加忠诚理论(functionplusloyalty)。 第一阶段：凯瑟林娜.赖斯（KatharinaReiss,1923-），毕业于海德尔博格大学翻译学院。在她1971年出版的论着《翻译批评的可能性与限制—翻译质量评价的类型及标准》中首次提出了功能派理论思想，把“功能类型”这个概念引入翻译理论，并将文本功能列为翻译批评的一个标准。她提出翻译应有具体的翻译要求(translationbrief)和基于原语和译语功能关系的功能批评
方梦之主编：《译学词典》，上海外语教育出版社，第29页 功能翻译理论functionalist translation theory 又称“功能目的论”（Skopos theory）。1971年，德国的莱斯（K. Reiss）首先提出“把翻译行为所要达到的特殊目的”作为翻译评价的新模式。1984年她在与费米尔（H. J. Vermeer）合写的General Foundation of Translation Theory一书中声称：译者在整个翻译过程中的参照系不应是“对等”翻译理论所注重的原文及其功能，而应是译文在译语文化环境中所预期达到的一种或若钟交际功能。20世纪90年代初，德国学者克利斯蒂安·诺德（Christiane Nord）进一步拓展了译文功能理论。她强调译文与原文的联系，但这种联系的质量与数量由译文的预期功能确定。这就是说，根据译文语境，原文中的哪些内容或成分可以保留，哪些需调整或改写，该由译文的预期功能确定。 功能目的理论的两项基本原则是：1. 翻译各方面的交互作用受翻译目的所决定；2. 目的随接受对象的不同而变化。按照这两项原则，译者可以为了达到目的而采用任何他自己认为适当的翻译策略。换句话说，目的决定方式（The end justifies the means）。 作为受文化制约的语言符号，原文语篇和译文语篇受到各自交际环境的影响，译文功能与原文功能可相似或保持一致，也可能完全不同。根据不同的语境因素和预期功能，选择最佳的处理方法，这是功能翻译理论比以对等为基础的翻译理论或极端功能主义的翻译理论更为优越之处。翻译功能理论指导下的翻译方法表现出较大的灵活性，较高的科学性和易操作性。Toury 把“功能目的论”看作是“译
摘要：文体学的语言学派认为：文体即变异。本文以功能主义目的（Skopostheorie）为理论框架，对世界名著the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn的两个中译本的文体进行分析和比较，发现由于译者所处时代不同，翻译目的各异，在文体的传译上采用了不同的策略和方法。本文的结论是：在文体翻译方面应打破固有的对等观念，代之以译文是否满足特定翻译目的作为评判文体翻译好坏的标准，允许和鼓励不同风格类型译本的存在。 关键词：变异；功能主义；翻译目的；等值；合适翻译 一﹑《哈克贝利·芬历险记》的文体 《哈克贝利·芬历险记》是美国19世纪杰出作家马克·吐温的现实主义代表作。小说伟大之处在于作者大胆运用了大量美国下层人民的日常用语、俚语、方言土话，包括黑人英语。作为现实主义的先驱者，马克·吐温这一开创性文风至今还深深影响着美国文学的创作。美国作家海明威（Earnest Hemingway）称赞说：“所有的现代美国文学源于马克·吐温的一本叫《哈克贝利·芬历险记》的小说?这是我所拥有的最棒的书”[1] 。英国著名诗人艾略特（E.T.Eliot）则评论说：“《哈克贝利·芬历险记》开一代文风，乃英语的一项新的发现”[2]。说到《哈克贝利·芬历险记》的文体，首先要明确的是文体的定义。事实上，文体的概念可以从多种角度加以阐发：它既可指一个时代所流行的风格，比如19 世纪的“现实主义”，也可以指一个作家的独特风格，譬如“莎士比亚风格”。利奇（G. Leech）和索特（M. Short）在其合著的《英语诗歌的语言学指导》（A linguistic Guide to English Poetry，1969）一书中则从语言学的角度把文体定义为“对常规的变异”(deviation from norm)，并列出语音变异、词汇变异、语法变异等八种变异类型[3]。秦秀白认为“常规”与“变异”是相比较而存在的两个概念，并指出：“如果我们把语音、词汇和语法等方面的规则看作是语言的常规，那么违背这些规则的表达方式就是变异”[4]。“人们既然认为RP(Received Pronunciation)是英国英语的标准发音，那么伦敦方言(Cockney)当然就是对常规的一种变异，…伦敦佬?的风格自然也体现在这种变异之中”[5]。由此可见，变异来自于违反语言常规，而文体则产生于变异之中。经过分析, 我们发现《哈克贝利·芬历险记》中大量出现的黑人英语(BEV)主要在语音、词汇以及语法三方面存在违反标准美国英语(SAE)通用规则的现象，从而构成三个层面的变异，即：语音变异、词汇变异和语法变异。这三大变异也是《哈克贝利·芬历险记》独特文体的重要组成部分。本文文体翻译实例分析将在这三个层面上展开。 二﹑功能主义目的论 功能主义目的论(Skopostheorie)由德国学者弗米尔（Hans J. Vermeer）等人创立。目的论主要体现为四大法则和一个标准。其中，最高的法则是“目的法则”。目的论认 为“决定任何翻译过程的首要原则是整个翻译行为的目的”（theprimeprincipledetermininganytranslationprocessisthe purpose (Skopos) of the overall translational action）[6]。翻译目的的具体化即翻译要求（translation brief），理论上由翻译的发起人(initiator)根据自身需要给出，但在实际操作中往往由发人和译者共同商定[7]。目的论第二法则是“语内连贯”（intratextual coherence）。所谓语内连贯是指译文不能造成读者理解上的困难, 并且必须在译入语文化以及使用译文的交际环境中具有意义[8]。目的论的第三法则是“语际连贯”。语际连贯指的是原文与译文之间的连贯性，或者互文性，有点类似传统的“忠实”（fidelity）或者“信”（faithfulness），但是不同的是，语际连贯不是独立的原则，而是受制于“语内连贯”以及“目的法则”。也就是说，译文忠实的程度和形式既不能影响读者的理解，又不能违背翻译行为的目的[ 9 ] 。目的论的第四法则是“忠诚法则”（loyalty）。作为补充性的法则，“忠诚”指的是译者必须有责任心，当好翻译各参与方的协调人。忠诚法则的提出是为了避免译文受翻译目的的盲目驱使而无限制背离原文[10]。此外，目的论还提出评价译文质量的标准应该是“合适翻译”(adequa cy)。合适是一个动态的概念，传统的“对等”
功能翻译理论于二十世纪中期兴于德国，以赖斯，弗米尔，曼塔里和诺德为代表，对当代翻译界产生了巨大的影响。事实上，纵观历史，可以发现，功能翻译理论在很早的时候就有源头了。西塞罗翻译《圣经》的时候就注意到逐字翻译会是译文显得笨拙，如果作适当的语序和措辞方面的变动，就会有更好的效果。奈达提出“功能对能”或“动态对等”理论，强调翻译的目的，译者和译文接受者的作用以及翻译过程的文化意涵，实现了翻译理论上的一大飞跃。厄廷格将翻译解释为一种语码转换的过程。威尔斯认为翻译是要实现语篇转换。到此为止，翻译理论都是原文至上的。一九七一年赖斯提出，理想的翻译是“目标语语篇和原语语篇在思想内容，语言形式以及交际功能等方面实现对等”，从而创立了基于原语语篇和目标语语篇功能关系的翻译批评模式。而后赖斯的学生弗米尔提出著名的目的论，认为翻译（包括口译）是一种语言的和非语言的交际符号从一种语言转换成另一种人类行为。这里的行为指的是带有目的或意图的行为。翻译目的决定翻译策略。原文的功能在于想翻译接受者只提供信息。翻译再也没有必要格地再现原文，译者只需要根据译文接受者的需要提供相应的信息即可。这就意味着译者在整个翻译活动过程中有了更大的处理原文
的自由。曼塔里则借用行为理论，特别强调翻译过程是一种行为，注重对行为的参与者（行为发起者，译者，译文使用者，信息接受者等）和环境条件（时间，地点，媒介等）进行分析。这有助于我们对翻译的过程进行深层次的剖析。当然，弗米尔的目的论容易让译者感到激进而拥有过多的自由，结果反而对翻译没有好处，为了平衡目的论，诺德后来提出功能加忠诚理论。所谓忠诚是指译者，原文作者，译文接受者及翻译发起者之间的人际关系。忠诚原则在某种程度上限制了译者的自由度。当翻译活动的涉及者出现冲突的时候，译者有责任协调各方关系，平衡各方利益，实现对各方的忠诚。需要指出的是，这里的忠诚与忠实是不同的。翻译研究中的忠实指的是译者不能背叛原文。 [摘要]功能翻译理论派以德国功能翻译理论为其主流。其中，费米尔的“目的论”是功能翻译理论的主导理论。纽马克和奈达也把翻译研究与语言功能结合起来，从文本功能的角度探讨翻译，打破了传统语言学研究的框架，开拓了翻译研究的视野。
?国外翻译理论? 德国的功能派翻译理论 仲伟合 钟 钰 翻译早在公元前就已成为人们争论不休的话题。从公元前罗马帝国的翻译学家们对“词对词”翻译与“意义对意义”翻译展开辩论至今,翻译理论领域可以说是“百花齐放,百家争鸣”,特别是近代,随着人类认知能力的发展,新的翻译理论不断涌现。二十世纪七十年代,德国就出现一派翻译理论———功能派翻译理论。功能派认为翻译(包括口、笔译)是一种行为。其理论的重点表现在如下三方面:(1)对翻译实质的阐释(2)对翻译过程参与者的角色分析(3)功能翻译原则的提出。本文拟从这三方面入手,介绍功能派翻译理论。1.功能派的形成及重要理论谈到功能派,就不得不提及三位功能派翻译理论杰出的贡献者凯瑟林娜?雷斯(K atharina Reiss )、汉斯?威密尔(Hans.Vermeer )、贾斯塔?赫滋?曼塔利(Justa H olz Manttari )。雷斯首先于1971年在她的著作《翻译批评的可能性与限制》(Po ssibilities and L imitation of Translation Criticism )一书中将文本功能列为翻译批评的一个标准,即从原文、译文两者功能之间的关系来评价译文。当时,雷斯的理论建立在对等理论基础之上。因此,这种关系实际上指的是原文与译文的功能对等。雷斯的学生威密尔则突破了对等理论的限制,以文本目的(skopos )为翻译过程的第一准则,发展了功能派的主要理论:目的论(skopostheory )。威密尔所提出的目的论(sko 2postheory )是功能派翻译理论中最重要的理论。skopos 是希腊词,意思是“目的”。根据目的论,所有翻译遵循的首要法则就是“目的法则”:翻译行为所要达到的目的决定整个翻译行为的过程,即结果决定方法。这个目的有三种解释:译者的目的(如赚钱);译文的交际目的(如启迪读者);和使用某种特殊翻译手段所要达到的目的(如为了说明某种语言中语法结构的特殊之处而采用按其结构直译的方法)。通常情况下,“目的”是指译文的交际目的。那么目的从何而来?“目的论”认为翻译过程的发起者(initiator )决定译文的交际目的。发起者出于某个特殊原因需要译文。在理想状况下,他会给出需要译文的原因,译文接受者、使用译文的环境、译文应具有的功能以及与原因有关的细节等。所有这些构成了翻译要求(translation brief )。翻译要求向译者指明了需要何种类型的译文,而译者并非被动接受一切。他可以参与决定译文的目的,特别是当发起者因专业知识不足或其它原因对译文目的不甚明了的时候,译者可 以与发起者协商,从特殊的翻译情况中得出译文目的。除了目的法则之外,目的论还有两个法则:连贯性法则(coher 2ence rule )和忠实性法则(fidelity rule )。连贯性法则指的是译文必须符合语内连贯(intratextual coherence )的标准。所谓语内连贯是指译文必须能让接受 者理解,并在目的语文化以及使用译文的交际环境中有意义。忠实性法则指原文与译文间应该存在语际连贯一致(intertextual coherence )。语际连贯类似于通常所说的忠实于原文,而忠实的程度和形式则由译文目的和译者对原文 的理解决定。而曼塔利比威密尔更进一步地拓展了功能主义翻译理论适用的领域。她的理论以行为理论为基础。针对包括文本转换在内的所有跨文化转换形式,而重点放在翻译过程的行为、参与者的角色和翻译过程发生的环境三个方面。2.翻译的基本概念与实质在以上对功能派翻译理论的形成、主要人物和目的论的介绍中,我们可以看出功能派将目的放在头等重要的位置。这一点也体现在功能派对翻译概念的定义和对翻译实质的阐释中。 功能派认为翻译行为(translational action )和翻译(translation )是两个不同概念。翻译行为这个概念是由曼塔利提出的。功能派赋予行为(action )以特殊的涵义:行为具有目的性。功能派沿用了学者莱特(G eory Henrik Von Wright )对行为的定义:“行为是有目的地把事物的一种状态改变或转化到另一种状态。如果涉及到两个或两个以上的人,行为也可被称为相互行为(interaction )。曼塔利将“翻译行为”定义为“为实现信息的跨文化、跨语言转换而设计的复杂行为。”“而翻译只是以原语文本为基础的一种翻译行为。”具体一点说,翻译是一种转换,在这种转换中,交际性的语言符号或非语言符号(或两者兼有)从一种语言转换成另一种语言。如果说翻译行为指译者在跨文化交际中可做的工作,那么翻译就是他转换文本时所做的工作。例如,一名译者建议他的德国顾客不要把寄给新加坡一家小公司的信翻译成英文,而是译成中文,因为该译者知道新加坡虽然是个双语国家,但小公司里的人不一定熟识英文。他的行为属于翻译行为,而当他具体把这封信转换成中文时,他的行为就称为翻译。 7 4《中国翻译》1999年第3期 C hines e T r anslato rs Jo u rnal
后殖民主义翻译理论代表人物 后殖民主义理论“三巨子” 斯皮瓦克的后殖民主义理论 印度裔美国学者伽亚特里·斯皮瓦克的论文《殖民地民族也能讲话吗？》成为后殖民主义的纲领性文件。在其著作中，斯皮瓦克认为，在修辞和逻辑之间获得认知的条件和效应之间存在着不协调关系，这种关系为能动者构建世界的关系，如此能动者才可有伦理的行为、政治的行为并有可能在世界上以人的方式生存。不为另一种语言构建这样的一个模式就不可能有真正的翻译。后殖民主义理论认为处理这种模式的方式在殖民者语言和前殖民地语言中是不同的，从英语到第三世界语言和从第三世界语言到英语的翻译是两种不同的政治活动，在前者的活动中往往会不自觉地接受殖民者的态度，而在后者的活动中民主法则往往会变为强权法则。 赛义德的东方主义理论 巴勒斯坦裔美国学者赛义德通过对文学文本的解读，揭示了文学与权力的同谋关系。他在其著作《东方学》中指出“如果我们同意历史上的任何事物，像历史本身一样，都是人所创造的，那么，我们就会明白，对许多物体、地点或时代而言，人们赋予它的角色和意义，为什么只有在其被赋予之后才可能获得客观有效性”。赛义德在一系列后殖民理论中坚持了对于西方中心主义的批判及对于文化霸权的揭露。意识形态总是与特殊利益联系在一起，或者说意识形态之所以为“颠倒意识”、“虚假意识”，根本原因在于特殊利益被当做普遍的痛惜加以辩护。无疑，西方作家在描绘涉及东方的文学文本中存在着民族阶级意识的偏见。 巴巴的后殖民主义理论 波斯裔美国学者霍米·巴巴著有《民族和叙述》《文化的定位》和《全球的尺度》等后殖民主义研究著作。其后殖民主义理论代表了当代西方后殖民主义理论批评发展的最新阶段，即全球化时代的后殖民批评。这种批评的特征在于通过其混杂策略消解了西方帝国的文化霸权，实现了第三世界批评从边缘向中心的运动，导致了文化多样性的真正实现。巴巴的批评理论的建树主要体现在：（1）将马克思主义和后结构主义糅为一体，发展了一种颇具挑战性和解构性的后殖民文化批判风格；（2）他的混杂理论影响了当前国际学术界对文化身份认同和少数族裔的研
德国功能派翻译理论简介 一功能派翻译理论提出的背景 从20世纪50年代起，西方翻译理论基本上是与语言学同步发展的。翻译理论家倾向于从语言学角度来看待翻译。在六七十年代盛行的是尤金?奈达(Eugene A．Nida)的对等理论。1964年奈达提出了翻译过程三阶段的模式：分析、转换和重组。他还详尽地论述了自己提出的与形式对等相对立的“动态对等”概念，指出:“动态对等是指译文中的信息接受者对译文的反应应该与原文接受者对原文信息的反映基本相同。”虽然在80年代奈达又修正了“动态对等”论并提出了“功能对等”概念，以达到内容与形式的兼顾，但是奈达在解释翻译的性质时说:“翻译是在译入语中用最切近、最自然的对等语再现原语的信息，首先是语义上的对等，其次是风格上的对等。可见，尽管奈达主张内容第一，形式第二，并把这种翻译方法叫做社会语言学方法，却依然是把翻译圈定在语言层次的范围之内，而没有认识到翻译的本质不仅是纯语言方面的转换，而是建立在语言形式上的不同文化间的交流。然而,20世纪60-70年代的语言学理论一统天下，欧洲翻译理论界并没有充分重视上述问题的解决。随着翻译实践和研究的发展，语言学派也逐渐意识到其内在的弱点。出于对这种纯语言学翻译理论的不满，70年代西方已经出现了面向译语文化的翻译研究趋向，打破了以前文本中心论的翻译研究传统，使译者更多地关注译文和译文读者，更多地关注译文的社会效应和交际功能。以新的视角重新审视翻译活动，德国功能派翻译理论摆脱了当时盛行的对等翻译理论的束缚，拓宽了翻译理论研究的领域，赋予了翻译更多的涵义。 二功能派翻译理论的形成和发展 功能派翻译理论是20世纪70年代德国学者凯瑟林娜?赖斯(Kantharina Reiss)、汉斯?费米尔(HansVermeer)、贾斯塔?赫兹?曼塔利(Justa Holz Mantari)和克里斯蒂安?诺德(Christiane Nord)等提出的翻译理论。它的形成大体经历了四个阶段，其颇具里程碑意义的理论是赖斯的功能主义翻译批评理论(functional category of translation criticism)，费米尔的目的论及其延伸理论(Skopostheorie and beyond)，曼塔利的翻译行为理论(theory of translation action)和诺德的功能加忠诚理论(function plus loyalty)。 1. 凯瑟林娜?赖斯(Kantharina Reiss)的翻译标准的功能分类说(the Functional Category of Translation Criticism) 1971年凯瑟林娜?赖斯在《翻译批评的可能性与限制》(Possibilities and Limitations in Translation Criticism)中首次提出翻译功能论(functional approach)，把“功能类型”这个概念引入翻译理论，并将文本功能列为翻译批评的一个标准。她提出翻译应有具体的翻译要求(translation brief) 和基于原语和译语功能关系的功能批评模式，有时因特殊需要，要求译文与原文具有不同的功能。理想的翻译应该是：原文本与目标文本在内容、语言形式和交际功能等几个层面与原文建立起对等关系。这本《翻译批评的可能性与限制》也被认为是德国功能学派翻译理论形成的起点。值得强调的是她的这种理
1 20世纪70年代，功能主义翻译理论兴起于德国，其四大代表性人物及其理论是：凯瑟琳娜·赖斯（Katharian Reiss）功能主义翻译批评理论，即文本类型理论，汉斯·弗米尔（Hans Vermeer）的功能主义翻译目的论，赫尔兹-曼塔利（Holz-Manttri）的翻译行为理论，诺德（Christiane Nord）的翻译功能加忠实理论 9 凯瑟琳娜·赖斯（Katharian Reiss）1923 年出生于德国, 著名的学者, 翻译理论家。精通德语和西班牙语。曾执教于海德堡大学、维尔茨堡大学和美茵茨大学。赖斯于1971 年首次出版的《翻译批评: 潜力与制约》被认为是功能翻译理论形成的前奏吴艾玲。在这本书中她首次将文本功能列为翻译，批评的一个标准提出了文本类型学。 赖斯在1984年和弗米尔合作出版的《翻译理论基础》 4 二、赖斯文本类型翻译理论的形成 20世纪60年代, 比较有名的有德国的奥陀# 凯德(K ade, 1964) , 他研究的是实用性文本的翻译1, Rudo lfW a lter Jumpe lt ( 1961) 研究的是科技翻译, 尤金# 奈达(N ida, 1964) 研究的是5圣经6 翻译, Ro lf K loepfer ( 1967) 研究的是文学) ) ) 散文和诗歌的翻译?, Ra lph -Ra inerWutheno ( 1969) 研究的是古代文献的翻译?。赖斯经过对他们的作品和翻译理论进行认真研究后发现, 他们的共同缺点是: 把自己在某一方面研究所得出的结论推广到其它的文本翻译当中去了, 把它说成是唯一的、通用的翻译标准。这是以偏概全, 很不科学的。她认为,能够解决所有类型文本的方法并不存在, 所以翻译必须首先分清文本类型, 以文本类型选择翻译手段。文本类型学不仅仅是译者在选择翻译策略的前提和依据, 而且也是评论翻译的标准。其实, 在当时已经有学者开始注意到了分类翻译的问题。W1 E1 Suskind就提倡应用文和文学翻译的分类?, 这显然太粗化了。西班牙学者希亚莱丽( E lsa Tabern ig de Pucciare ll,i1964) 提出三分法?: ( 1) 科技文献; ( 2)( 2) 哲学文献; ( 3)
赖斯的功能翻译主义理论 1 20世纪70年代，功能主义翻译理论兴起于德国，其四大代表性人物及其理论是：凯瑟琳娜·赖斯（Katharian Reiss）功能主义翻译批评理论，即文本类型理论，汉斯·弗米尔（Hans Vermeer）的功能主义翻译目的论，赫尔兹-曼塔利（Holz-Manttri）的翻译行为理论，诺德（Christiane Nord）的翻译功能加忠实理论 9 凯瑟琳娜·赖斯（Katharian Reiss）1923 年出生于德国, 著名的学者, 翻译理论家。精通德语和西班牙语。曾执教于海德堡大学、维尔茨堡大学和美茵茨大学。赖斯于1971 年首次出版的《翻译批评: 潜力与制约》被认为是功能翻译理论形成的前奏吴艾玲。在这本书中她首次将文本功能列为翻译，批评的一个标准提出了文本类型学。 赖斯在1984年和弗米尔合作出版的《翻译理论基础》 4 二、赖斯文本类型翻译理论的形成 20世纪60年代, 比较有名的有德国的奥陀# 凯德(K ade, 1964) , 他研究的是实用性文本 的翻译1, Rudo lfW a lter Jumpe lt ( 1961) 研究的是科技翻译, 尤金# 奈达(N ida, 1964) 研究的是5圣经6 翻译, Ro lf K loepfer ( 1967) 研究的是文学) ) ) 散文和诗歌的翻译?, Ra lph -Ra inerWutheno ( 1969) 研究的是古代文献的翻译?。赖斯经过对他们的作品和翻译理论进行认真研究后发现, 他们的共同缺点是: 把自己在某一方面研究所得出的结论推广到其它的文本翻译当中去了, 把它说成是唯一的、通用的翻译标准。这是以偏概全, 很不科学的。她认为,能够解决所有类型文本的方法并不存在, 所以翻译必须首先分清文本类型, 以文本类型选择翻译手段。文本类型学不仅仅是译者在选择翻译策略的前提和依据, 而且也是评论翻译的标准。其实, 在当时已经有学者开始注意到了分类翻译的问题。W1 E1 Suskind就提倡应用文和文学翻译的分类?, 这显然太粗化了。西班牙学者希亚莱丽( E lsa Tabern ig de Pucciare ll,i1964) 提出三分法?: ( 1) 科技文献; ( 2)( 2) 哲学文献; ( 3) 文学作品。赖斯对这种/ 哲学文献0 分类不满, 她认为, 了解哲学家的哲学理念只能算是一般性翻译的策略。也就是说, 无论什么类型的文本, 译者都必须吃透作者的思想, 所以不能把它说成是翻译哲学文献的专利。 另外, 还有Peter B rang ( 1963 ) 也主张三分法à, 他借鉴苏联有名的翻译理论家A1 Fedorov 的理论, 把文本分成: ( 1) 新闻、评论、正规体的文本、科技文献; ( 2) 组织和政治文件(包括经典马克思著作、社论和演说) ; ( 3) 文学作品。在第一类里, Brang 认为关键在于掌握专业术语, 而赖斯却认为这是任何文本都需要的, 换句话来说, 要想让译文能被看懂, 就必须解决术语问题。赖斯很不赞成把组织和政治文件单独列成一类, 认为这类文本只能算是第一类和第三类的混合。比如说, 演讲辞, 它既要像第一类文本一样重在信息的传递, 又要像第三类文本那样保留修辞的艺术性和文学性。对于第三类, Brang 认为, 这类文本除了可以用于口头语外, 还可以表现为各种各样的文体和句法形式; 可是赖斯认为, 新闻报道也具备这几个要点, 所以这种分类是片面的。再者, 文学是一个大概念, 它包含散文、戏剧、抒情诗等, 它们各自有自己的特色, 不该混为一谈。 奥陀# 凯德á 和R1 W1 Jumpelt? 认为翻译除了分实用型文本翻译和文学作品翻译之外,还应该进一步分类。他们接受了美国语言学家 J1B1Casagrande 的四分法: 实用类、审美- 艺术类、语言类、人种志类。Karl Thieme 根据文本接受群的不同作出四分法: 宗教类、文学类、官方类、商业类。法国语言学家穆南( G eorgesM oun in, 1967 ) 根据文本的功能把它分成七类?lv: 宗教翻译和科技翻译(根据内容)、
功能翻译理论（functional translation theory）简述 功能翻译理论（functional translation theory）诞生在20世纪70年代的德国，形成这一理论有三个杰出贡献者：Katharine Reiss, Hans J. Vermeer and Christiane Nord。 根据杂志上发表的论文、学术会议上宣读的论文、学术报告和出版的专著，功能翻译理论（functional translation theory）的要点简述如下：1、分析概念段（conceptual paragraph，具有明确主题意义一个或多个自然段）和句子的修辞功能，使修辞功能的形式重现，从形式的等同中求得功能的等值，意义的等值，这种翻译叫做功能翻译。翻译应该是在修辞功能等值的前提下，遵守“信、达、X”规范；文体不同，翻译的目的不一样，X不一样。（张梅岗，《中国科技翻译》，1994，（3）；刘重德，《三湘译论》，湖南出版社，1995；周笃宝，《中国翻译》，2000，（2）） 2、功能翻译理论（functional translation theory）强调修辞形式等同和功能等值的一致性，修辞是手段，是形式；功能是修辞产生的结果或达到的目的，是内容的总和。修辞包括概念段内和句内的修辞，即语言语境的修辞，也包括情景语境、文化语境、语用语境的修辞。（《科技英语修辞》，1998）换句话说，在概念段和句子中，语义、语法和语用三者合为一体表达修辞功能。 3、功能是靠结构（structures）来体现的，任何一种语言都是由四种符号元素（词、词标识、词序和语调）构成。语言结构（constructions）的认知图式与其他认知领域的认知图式类似，由简单到复杂，由具体
·国外翻译理论· 德国的功能派翻译理论 仲伟合 钟 钰 翻译早在公元前就已成为人们争论不休的话题。从公元前罗马帝国的翻译学家们对“词对词”翻译与“意义对意义”翻译展开辩论至今,翻译理论领域可以说是“百花齐放,百家争鸣”,特别是近代,随着人类认知能力的发展,新的翻译理论不断涌现。二十世纪七十年代,德国就出现一派翻译理论———功能派翻译理论。 功能派认为翻译(包括口、笔译)是一种行为。其理论的重点表现在如下三方面:(1)对翻译实质的阐释(2)对翻译过程参与者的角色分析(3)功能翻译原则的提出。本文拟从这三方面入手,介绍功能派翻译理论。 1.功能派的形成及重要理论 谈到功能派,就不得不提及三位功能派翻译理论杰出的贡献者凯瑟林娜·雷斯(Katharina Reiss)、汉斯·威密尔(Hans. Vermeer)、贾斯塔·赫滋·曼塔利(Justa Holz M anttari)。雷斯首先于1971年在她的著作《翻译批评的可能性与限制》(Pos sibilities and Limitation of Translatio n Criticism)一书中将文本功能列为翻译批评的一个标准,即从原文、译文两者功能之间的关系来评价译文。当时,雷斯的理论建立在对等理论基础之上。因此,这种关系实际上指的是原文与译文的功能对等。 雷斯的学生威密尔则突破了对等理论的限制,以文本目的(skopos)为翻译过程的第一准则,发展了功能派的主要理论:目的论(skopostheory)。威密尔所提出的目的论(sko-po stheory)是功能派翻译理论中最重要的理论。skopos是希腊词,意思是“目的”。根据目的论,所有翻译遵循的首要法则就是“目的法则”:翻译行为所要达到的目的决定整个翻译行为的过程,即结果决定方法。这个目的有三种解释:译者的目的(如赚钱);译文的交际目的(如启迪读者);和使用某种特殊翻译手段所要达到的目的(如为了说明某种语言中语法结构的特殊之处而采用按其结构直译的方法)。通常情况下,“目的”是指译文的交际目的。那么目的从何而来?“目的论”认为翻译过程的发起者(initiator)决定译文的交际目的。发起者出于某个特殊原因需要译文。在理想状况下,他会给出需要译文的原因,译文接受者、使用译文的环境、译文应具有的功能以及与原因有关的细节等。所有这些构成了翻译要求(translation brief)。翻译要求向译者指明了需要何种类型的译文,而译者并非被动接受一切。他可以参与决定译文的目的,特别是当发起者因专业知识不足或其它原因对译文目的不甚明了的时候,译者可以与发起者协商,从特殊的翻译情况中得出译文目的。除了目的法则之外,目的论还有两个法则:连贯性法则(co her-ence rule)和忠实性法则(fidelity rule)。 连贯性法则指的是译文必须符合语内连贯(intra tex tual coherence)的标准。所谓语内连贯是指译文必须能让接受者理解,并在目的语文化以及使用译文的交际环境中有意义。忠实性法则指原文与译文间应该存在语际连贯一致(intertextual coherence)。语际连贯类似于通常所说的忠实于原文,而忠实的程度和形式则由译文目的和译者对原文的理解决定。 而曼塔利比威密尔更进一步地拓展了功能主义翻译理论适用的领域。她的理论以行为理论为基础。针对包括文本转换在内的所有跨文化转换形式,而重点放在翻译过程的行为、参与者的角色和翻译过程发生的环境三个方面。 2.翻译的基本概念与实质 在以上对功能派翻译理论的形成、主要人物和目的论的介绍中,我们可以看出功能派将目的放在头等重要的位置。这一点也体现在功能派对翻译概念的定义和对翻译实质的阐释中。 功能派认为翻译行为(translational action)和翻译(translation)是两个不同概念。翻译行为这个概念是由曼塔利提出的。功能派赋予行为(action)以特殊的涵义:行为具有目的性。功能派沿用了学者莱特(G eory Henrik Von Wrig ht)对行为的定义:“行为是有目的地把事物的一种状态改变或转化到另一种状态。如果涉及到两个或两个以上的人,行为也可被称为相互行为(interaction)。曼塔利将“翻译行为”定义为“为实现信息的跨文化、跨语言转换而设计的复杂行为。”“而翻译只是以原语文本为基础的一种翻译行为。”具体一点说,翻译是一种转换,在这种转换中,交际性的语言符号或非语言符号(或两者兼有)从一种语言转换成另一种语言。如果说翻译行为指译者在跨文化交际中可做的工作,那么翻译就是他转换文本时所做的工作。例如,一名译者建议他的德国顾客不要把寄给新加坡一家小公司的信翻译成英文,而是译成中文,因为该译者知道新加坡虽然是个双语国家,但小公司里的人不一定熟识英文。他的行为属于翻译行为,而当他具体把这封信转换成中文时,他的行为就称为翻译。 47 《中国翻译》1999年第3期 Chines e Translato rs J o urnal