American culture test
Direction: Answer the following questions.
1. In the United States, immigrants fall into several categories, each with its own label such as “ the early immigrants,”“ the old immigrants,”“ the new immigrants,” and “the most recent immigrants.”Describe these immigrants in the historical context and point out their distinctive features in national origins and religious beliefs.
(1)The early immigrants (the colonial period) The English 1607 Virginia, New England settlers: Pilgrim and Puritans, Protestant faith. Gentry class, religious tolerance, political egalitarianism. The Germans. The Scotch-Irish. Other Ethnic Groups: diversity.
(2)The old immigrants (the mid-nineteenth century)The mid-nineteenth century saw mainly an influx from northern Europe.The Industrial Revolution .Overpopulation in Europe. Religious persecution combined with transportation revolution. Poverty. American fever. Immigration wave.
(3)The new immigrants (the early twentieth-century) The early twentieth-century immigrants are mainly from Southern and Eastern Europe. Between 1880 and 1920,southern and eastern Europeans, total of 27 million immigrants.1920-1930 : immigration restriction laws and a major depression put barriers in their way.
(4)The most recent immigrants (post-1965)Post-1965 immigrants are mostly from Latin America and Asia. Immigration Act of 1924 virtually closed the door. Quota system. Refugees: Hungarians, Cubans, Vietnamese and Cambodians. The new immigration law of 1965, family reunification, occupation and refugees.1999 Census, 7million immigration most Latinos and Asians. From 1991 to 2000: 10-11 million new immigrants.population from 249 million to 281.The most Recent Immigrants:Latino,Chinese,The Filipinos,The Vietnamese,The Koreans.
2. Being a nation of immigrants, the United States has been compared to a “ melting pot,” a “ salad bowl,” or even a “pizza.”How do you understand the complex nature of the ethnic groups in the United States?
The United States is compared to a big pot of soup that has bits of flavor from each
different culture.But it still has the mainstream culture and the non-mainstream culture. The early immigrants from Europe are mostly the white,and they easily assimilate into the culture.Now, immigrants are from different culture and race,so it is difficult for them to assimilate into the mainstream culture.It resulted that different ethnical immigrants still owned their traditional habits and characteristics of the original.The racial integration is a complicated, painful process along with the progress of the times.During the period,the racial discrimination gradually faded,and various people integrated into the sciety in different ways.They changed things in American.Each race are also influenced by the American culture.Today,America has the absorption characteristics of all kinds of family. USA has become the super country by making good use of these characteristics. Ethnic diversity makes American prosperity. The immigrants not only brought a variety of culture and lots of work for USA, but also embody the openness and freedom of the American.
3. Examine the experience of Chinese immigrants in the United States, noting, in particular, the maltreatment, indeed discrimination, Chinese immigrants encountered there. Additionally, explain how recent Chinese immigrants differ from old Chinese immigrants.
Contract laborers: work cheaply and lived frugally. Gold rush 1849 west coast. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882.Non-white, non-Christian, incapable of being assimilated into the mainstream culture.They were feared as competitors.Their hard work and long hours for low pay were said to drive down the standard of living of American labor. The early immigrants people had the purpose of making a living across the ocean.They cannot well integrate into the local community.While the new immigrants received higher education at home, and they want to accept more education in USA.Old settlers think that Chinese culture cannot be lost, especially the traditional culture.Howeever,the new immigrants integrate into Western society, accept the mainstream culture,absorb in western culture.
4. Read the “Bill of Rights” and comment on it.
“Bill of Rights"is of great influence on the American history. Especially,the first rule in the bill of rights has the profound and lasting influence for the development of America. It becomes personal freedom’s unshakable talisman. A major flaw--"bill of rights" didn’t amend the constitution, namely to confirm the slavery. The bill of rights is to protect citizens against the federal government’s involvement. The first amendment for the most famous goal is to protect the freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of religion and other rights. The bill of rights is the most imposing restrictions on government, and it provided the things that the federal government cannot do so as to protect the individual freedom from government persecution.The fundamental purpose is to ensure that the state power is from the national people.It advised to establish the government by people,and eliminate the government’s restrictions on personal freedom.The country is based on personal rights,in order to prevent the generation of authoritarian regime. The bill of rights reflects the people’s requirements in the nation,and provides the basic rights of citizens, embodies the thought of people's sovereignty and the declaration of independence of spirit.
5. Read the “Declaration of Independence” and comment on it.
“The Declaration of Independence ”mainly absorbed the thinker John Locke’s thinking—natural rights.The declaration uses the simple words,but has the significant meanings.It is the incomparable documents in the history of America. The Declaration of Independence includes three parts: the first part expounds the nation, political philosophy, that is the democracy and freedom of philosophy; the second part lists the king on the colony's brutal rule, states the practical reason for the colonies from England; the third part solemnly declared independence. The Declaration of Independence not only declared the birth of a new nation,but also expressed political demands of the bourgeoisie for the first time.The form of political program played a powerful role in the west bourgeois revolution. The declaration analyses of the human rights--the theory of rights in the people,and reflects the period of bourgeois revolution spirit. The declaration is the first the Universal Declaration of human rights in human history.It
encouraged the North American people's struggle for independence and liberation of the Chinese nation spirit.We can call it as a programmatic document of the war of independence and the banner of revolution. The declaration of independence had a major impact on the American future’s development,and it also promoted the development of world history. Freedom equal rights in the declaration can only be bourgeois power, and it reflects the essence of the bourgeois class.So it is served for capitalist system.
2018春《美国文学》作业1．第1题 Among the following novels, only one was not written by Herman Melville. It is _____________. A.The Confidence-Man B.The PIlot C.Moby Dick 答案:B 您的答案：B 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 2．第2题 The Author of the short story "A Gift for Maggie" is ---. A. O. Henry B. Mark Twain C.Jack London 答案:A 您的答案：A 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 3．第3题 Of Mice ａnd Men is a novel written by ---. A. John Steinbeck B.Sherwood Anderson C.Sinklair Lewis 答案:A 您的答案：A 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0
4．第4题 “by nature’s self in white arrayed\ she bade thee shun the vulgar eye,\ ａnd planted here the guarding shade,\ ａnd sent soft waters murmuring by; \ thus quietly thy summer goes,\ thy days declining to repose.” the rhyme scheme of the lines above is ______________. A.ababab B.ababcc C.aabbcc 答案:B 您的答案：B 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 5．第5题 when we say that a poor young man ｆrom the west tried to make his fortune in the east but was disillusioned in the quest of an idealized dream, we are probably discussing about ______’s thematic concern in his fiction writing. A.Henry James B.Scott Fitzgerald C.Hemingway D.William Faulkner 答案:B 您的答案：B 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 6．第6题 ____ Bryant’s best-known poem, was written when
小学生心理测试题 LG GROUP system office room 【LGA16H-LGYY-LGUA8Q8-LGA162】
小学生心理健康状况测试题一、测试说明：以下40道题，感到“常常是”，划√号；“偶尔”是，划△号；“完全没有”，划×号。 1.平时不知为什么总觉得心慌意乱，坐立不安。 2.上床后，怎么也睡不着，即使睡着也容易惊醒。 3.经常做恶梦，惊恐不安，早晨醒来就感到倦怠无力、焦虑烦躁。 4.经常早醒1-2小时，醒后很难再入睡。 5.学习的压力常使自己感到非常烦躁，讨厌学习。 6.读书看报甚至在课堂上也不能专心一致，往往自己也搞不清在想什么。 7.遇到不称心的事情便较长时间地沉默少言。 8.感到很多事情不称心，无端发火。 9.哪怕是一件小事情，也总是很放不开，整日思索。 10.感到现实生活中没有什么事情能引起自己的乐趣，郁郁寡欢。 11.老师讲概念，常常听不懂，有时懂得快忘得也快。 12.遇到问题常常举棋不定，迟疑再三。 13.经常与人争吵发火，过后又后悔不已。 14.经常追悔自己做过的事，有负疚感。 15.一遇到考试，即使有准备也紧张焦虑。 16.一遇挫折，便心灰意冷，丧失信心。 17.非常害怕失败，行动前总是提心吊胆，畏首畏尾。 18.感情脆弱，稍不顺心，就暗自流泪。 19.自己瞧不起自己，觉得别人总在嘲笑自己。 20.喜欢跟自己年幼或能力不如自己的人一起玩或比赛。 21.感到没有人理解自己，烦闷时别人很难使自己高兴。 22.发现别人在窃窃私语，便怀疑是在背后议论自己。 23.对别人取得的成绩和荣誉常常表示怀疑，甚至嫉妒。 24.缺乏安全感，总觉得别人要加害自己。 25.参加春游等集体活动时，总有孤独感。
湖州师范学院外国语学院2008— 2009学年第二学期 《美国文学》期末考试试卷（A卷）答案暨评分标准 I. Write the names of the authors. (10%) ①Walt Whitman ②Edgar Allen Poe ③Wallace Stevens ④Franklin Norris ⑤Stephen Crane ⑥William Faulkner ⑦Sinclair Lewis ⑧John Steinbeck ⑨Langston Hughes ⑩Tennessee Williams II. Fill in the following blanks with appropriate information.（10%） ①New England ②Regionalism or Local color writing ③semi-autobiographical ④anti-realism ⑤Imagist ⑥Santiago ⑦multiple narrations or points of view ⑧1930 ⑨Harlem Renaissance ⑩Eugene O’Neill III. Choose only one answer form the four choices as the most appropriate answer. （20%） 1－5. A D C B B 6－10. D B E B A IV. Identify the author and the title of the work from which each of the following excerpts is taken. And then answer the question after each excerpt. (20%) Passage 1 the author: Walt Whitman (1%) the title of the work : Songs of Myself (1%) Question: What is the poet celebrating? (2%) The poet is celebrating individualism and nationalism, singing of all those people who form the American nationality.
美国文学期末考试复习必备（精） 1. What’s Puritanism? A religious and political movement which appeals to the right of the individual to political & religious independence. It includes three parts: a code of values, a point of view & a philosophy of life 2. What are the basic Puritan beliefs? 1). Total Depravity 2). Unconditional Election 3). Limited Atonement 4). Irresistible Grace 5). Perseverance of the "saints" 3. What are American Puritan values? Sobriety thrift, Self-reliance Diligence, Struggle, simple tastes 4. What are the features of American literature in the Colonial Period? A. Humble origins: diaries, journals, histories, letters. Its various forms, occupy a major position in the literature of the early colonial period. B. in content: serving either god or colonial expansion or both C. in form: imitating English literary traditions. D. in style: tight and logic structure, precise and compact expression, avoidance of rhetorical decoration, adoption of homely imagery and simplicity of diction. E. Symbolism formed in this period ------To the pious Puritan, the physical, phenomenal world was nothing but a symbol of God. F. Simple, fresh and direct style
本心理测试是由中国现代心理研究所以著名的美国公司(战略研究所)拟制的一套经典心理测试题为蓝本，根据中国人心理特点加以适当改造后形成的心理测试题，目前已被一些著名大公司，如联想、长虹、海尔等公司作为对员工心理测试的重要辅助试卷，据说效果很好。现在已经有人建议将来作为对公务员的必选辅助心理测试推广使用。 注意：每题只能选择一个答案，应为你第一印象的答案，把相应答案的分值加在一起即为你的得分。 1、你更喜欢吃那种水果？ a、草莓2分b、苹果3分c、西瓜5分d、菠萝10分 e、橘子15分 2、你平时休闲经常去的地方 a、郊外2分b、电影院3分c、公园5分d、商场10分e、酒吧15分f、练歌房20分 3、你认为容易吸引你的人是？ a、有才气的人2分b、依赖你的人3分c、优雅的人5分d、善良的人10分e、性情豪放的人15分 4、如果你可以成为一种动物，你希望自己是哪种？ a、猫2分b、马3分c、大象5分d、猴子10分e、狗15分f、狮子20分 5、天气很热，你更愿意选择什么方式解暑？ a、游泳5分b、喝冷饮10分c、开空调15分 6、如果必须与一个你讨厌的动物或昆虫在一起生活，你能容忍哪一个？ a、蛇2分 b、猪5分 c、老鼠10分 d、苍蝇15分 7、你喜欢看哪类电影、电视剧？ a、悬疑推理类2分b、童话神话类3分c、自然科学类5分d、伦理道德类10分e、战争枪战类15分 8、以下哪个是你身边必带的物品？a、打火机2分b、口红2分c、记事本3分d、纸巾5分e、手机10分 9、你出行时喜欢坐什么交通工具？ a、火车2分b、自行车3分c、汽车5分d、飞机10分e、步行15分 10、以下颜色你更喜欢哪种？ a、紫2分b、黑3分c、蓝5分d、白8分e、黄12分f、红15分 11、下列运动中挑选一个你最喜欢的(不一定擅长)？ a、瑜珈2分b、自行车3分 c、乒乓球5分 d、拳击8分 e、足球10 f、蹦极15分
大四美国文学期末考试题型及例题： 1.选择/对错60分（40道选择，20个对错） 2.名词解释10分（5个） 3.选段配对10分（5个） 4.问答20分（10/2） 1．历史：Father / poetess… 2. 名作家：Hemingway, Faulkner, Poe, Hawthorne, Emerson 3．作品：The W asteland/Moby Dick/Scarlet Letter 1.a)选择题（40个，40分） 1. At the age of reason and revolution, Americans were influenced by the European movement called the ________. A. Chartist Movement B. Romanticist Movement C. Enlightenment Movement D. Modernist Movement 2. Which is NOT connected to Benjamin Franklin? ________ A. He was born in a poor family. B. He was a pious puritan. C. He was phrased as “Jack of all trades”. D. He was a master of diplomacy. 3. Ernest Hemingway is noted for the following EXCEPT ________. A. Lost Generation B. Iceberg theory C. American Dream D. Code Heroes 4. Which character is NOT from The Scarlet Letter? ________ A. Hester Prynne B. Roger Chillingworth C. Captain Ahab D. Pearl 5. Jack London’s semi-biographical novel ________well presents the disillusionment of American Dream. A. The American Tragedy B. The Call of the Wild C. Martin Eden D. The Grapes of Wrath b)判断对错题（20个，20分） 1. Poe’s masterpiece “To Helen” is written to memorize his deceased wife. (F) 2. The tone of “Annabel Lee” is optimistic and hopeful. (F) 3. Mark Twain's novel Jumping Frog was an artistic failure, but it gave its name to the America of the postbellum period which it attempts to satirize. (F) 4. Sister Carrie ended up in tragedy because she could not control her fate. (F)
《美国文学》期末考试试卷（B卷） 1.Poor Richard’s Almanac ( ) 2.The House of the Seven Gables ( ) 3.“Raven”( ) 4.My Antonia ( ) 5.Babbitt ( ) 6.A Streetcar Named Desire ( ) 7.Maggie: A Girl of the Streets ( ) 8.A Farewell to Arms ( ) 9.The Call of the Wild ( ) 10.Long Day's Journey into Night ( ) https://www.doczj.com/doc/493720367.html,mon Sense ( ) 12. “Rip Van Winkle”( ) 13. Walden( ) 14. The Song of Hiawatha( ) 15. Uncle Tom’s Cabin( ) 16.The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn( ) 17.Sister Carrie( ) 18.The Waste Land( ) 19. A Farewell to Arms( ) 20.The Great Gatsby( ) 1.defined poetry as the rhythmical creation of beauty. 2.While working for the Virginia City Territorial Enterprise, Samuel Langhorne Clemens adopted the pseudonym , the way of a boatman taking soundings, and meaning two fathoms. 3.Ezra Pound initiated a campaign for , which emphasized the direct treatment of an object or situation. He also advocated the language of common speech, but always the exact word. 4.Fitzgerald summarized the experiences and attitudes of the 1920s decade in his masterpiece novel _________. 5.is the first American to win the Nobel Prize for Literature for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humor, new types of characters. 6.The first of American literature was not written by an American, but by ___________________, a British captain, who thus became the first American writer. 7._________________ has been considered the “Father of modern American Poetry.\
Young Goodman Brown is one of the best short fictions written by Nathaniel Hawthorne in 1835. It tells us a story that Young Goodman Brown, a religious element, left his wife Faith and ventured deep into the forest to attend the assembly of evil in order to satisfy his curiosity. However, as an eyewitness of the congregation, both sinners and saints and including his faithful wife Faith had converted the devil, young Goodman Brown broke down and became a zombie. Owing to the closeness of short stories and the features of Hawthorne’s novels (symbolism and indirectness), only when we do deep analysis on it, the whole world of the story can be stretched out.And this paper analyses the inner meaning of some words and phrases of Young Goodman Brown from three aspects: Firstly, what’s the inner meaning of some words in this story. Secondly, why Hawthorne wrote this story, which including the satire at politics, society, racial discrimination and the introspection on Salem Witch Trials. Thirdly, how to see the good and evil. What’s the inner meaning of some words in Young Goodman Brown? Salem: ①H awthorne’s hometown. ②It was where the Salem Witch Trials of 1692 happened. ③It means a city of peace. ④It is the latter part of Jerusalem, which shows the strong belief in Christianism of early colonist Young: ①Goodman Brown was in a young age. ②He just established his faith of God and just married with Faith. ③He has the curiosity to learn about the world. Goodman:①Good man, good-hearted person. ②It is a given name, which was given by families rather than born with. ③Irony. Brown is not actually a good man for he cheated on his wife (my journey is forth and back again), himself (felt himself justified in making more haste on his present evil purpose), the devil (they never spoke theses matters) and also Goody Cloyse (cut through the woods until left her behind). Brown:①a common last name. ②average person, everyman, every man. ③brown is a color that generated by mixing black, red and white. It also reflects that Brown is not totally a sinner nor a saint. ④Brown is a last name passed down from generation to generation which cannot be changed and it also reflects that everyone has the original sin. ⑤Something tires somebody. It indicates the death of Brown. Faith: ①Strong religious belief in God ②Loyal to love.
1，Question：请选择你的爱情果:1柚子2石榴3苹果4西瓜5柠檬6菠萝7火龙果8樱桃9香蕉10椰子.(只能选择一个哦) Answer：1初恋式的爱2童话般的爱情3情人式4老土式的爱情5同性恋6丑却甜的爱情7贵族式8一夜情9常人式的爱情10暴力式的爱（超准心理测试题） 2，Question：用第一感觉:我在你心中像哪种冰淇淋?1巧克力口味2奶油口味3香草口味4香芋口味5草莓口味6蓝莓口味7荔枝口味8红豆口味9咖啡口味. Answer：1心爱的人2依赖的人3知己4暗恋的人5亲密好友6牵挂的人7普通朋友8讨厌的人9尊敬的人（超准心理测试题） 3，Question：如果你参加一个吃西红柿比赛你认为怎么吃会获胜:(1)西红柿夹蜜饯(2)西红柿炒蛋(3)光吃(4)西红柿色拉(5)番茄汁(6)糖拌西红柿 Answer：婚后偷情率:(1)60%(2)40%(3)0%(4)20%(5)99%(6)200%（超准心理测试题） 4，Question：给你做个测试:你现在想想自己想到的第一个异性是谁,再给"日"字添一笔成为另一个字,想好这个字 Answer：甲:崇拜的人目:未来老婆或老公田:没关系白:最爱的人电:暗恋者申:讨厌的人旧:普通朋友由:不信赖的人旦:喜欢的人.（超准心理测试题） 5，Question：在冬日的下午，你一个人在散步，这时你最希望看到什么景色？A在沙滩上晒太阳的螃蟹B风中摇曳的红枫C美丽善良的采茶姑娘D在空中飞行的一对黑鹤 Answer：A白痴B弱智C智障D傻瓜因为这些景象不会在冬天出现（超准心理测试题） 6，Question：测验:以下几种方便面你最喜欢哪种1.鲜虾鱼板面 2.红烧牛肉面3香菇炖鸡面 4.梅菜扣肉面 5.番茄牛肉面 6.红烧排骨面 Answer：1不太成熟,爱吃醋,占有欲强2见异思迁3感情专一,始志不渝4看破红尘,遁入空门 5.占有欲强6专喜欢做第三者!（超准心理测试题） 7，Question：当你赶路累了,一好心的女巫说送你到以下哪或者谁家里休息,你选哪个1红磨坊2七个小矮人3美人鱼4一休5饼屋6茱利叶7附近亲戚家8不理她 Answer：1花心2纯情3对爱充满幻想4心如止水5实在6渴望浪漫悲壮的爱情7顺从父母之命媒妁之言8暂时不想谈恋爱（超准心理测试题） 8，Question：给你做一个?情人节那天你与男(女)友在公园遇到了海洋动物义买.请你选择一个你喜欢的海洋动物1海星2花斑鱼3海龟4海葵5海马6鲸7珊瑚
1.C aptain John Smith became the first American writer. 2.T he puritans looked upon themselves as a chosen people. collection of proverbs written by Benjamin Franklin. 4.T homas Paine’s famous pamphlet Common Sense boldly advocated a “Declaration for Independence”.
5.T homas Jefferson drafted the Declaration of Independence with John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert Livingston. has been called the “Father of American Poetry”. 7.I n Washington Irving’s appeared the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature.
8.C ooper’s enduring fame rests on his frontier stories, especially the five novels that comprise the is perhaps the peak of William Cullen Bryant’s wok. “father of American detective stories and American gothic stories”.
1．第6题 The novel Sister Carrie opens with a description of Carrie on a train trip to the city of _______ looking for a factory job. A.New York B.Beijing C.Boston D.Chicago 答案:D 2．第7题 Among the following titles, only one is not among the Leather-Stoking Tales series. It is__________. A.The Last of the Mohicans B.The Prairie C.The Pathfinder D.Moby Dick 答案:D 3．第8题 The last finished novel written by Fitzgerald is __________. A.This Side of Paradise B.All the Sad Young Men C.The Great Gatsby D.Tender Is the Night 答案:D 4．第9题 "Two roads diverged in a yellow woods" is a line in a poem written by ---. A.T. S. Eliot B.Wallace Stevens C.Robert Frost 答案:C 5．第10题 In Hawthorne’s novel The Scarlet Letter,the central character Hester Prynne had a secret affair with _____________. A.Chillingworth B.Pearl C.Dimmesdale D.Hester Prynne 答案:C 6．第11题
2012-2013学年第二学期 《美国文学》期末考试试卷（A卷） 专业：英语年级：2010级考试方式：闭卷学分：2 考试时间：110分钟 I．Multiple Choices(每小题 1分，共20分) Directions: Select from the four choices of each item the one that best answers the question. II．Explain the Following Literary Terms Briefly (每小题7分，共14分) Directions: Please write down the answers on the Answer Sheet. Local Colorism Transcendentalism III．Identification of Fragments (每小题7分，共21分) Directions: Please give the name of the author and the title of the literary work from which it is taken and then briefly comment on it in English. Please write down the answers on the Answer Sheet. 23. “…That?s right.? He said; …I?m no good now. I was all right. I had money. I?m going to quit this,? and, with death in his heart, he started down toward the Bowery. People had turned on the gas before and died; why shouldn?t he? He remembered a lodging house where there were little, close rooms, with gas-jet in them, almost pre-arranged, he thought, for what he wanted to do, which rented for fifteen cents. Then he remembered that he had no fifteen cents.” 25. “Her skeleton was small and spare; perhaps that was why that would have been merely plumpness in another was obesity in her. She looked bloated, like a body long submerged in motionless water, and of that pallid hue. 24. “…Mr. Gatz, I thought you might want to take the body West.?
作业 1．第1题 When we say that a poor young man from the West tried to make his fortune in the East but was disillusioned in the quest of an idealized dream, we are probably discussing about ______’s thematic concern in his fiction writing. A.Henry James B.Scott Fitzgerald C.Hemingway D.William Faulkne 答案:B 您的答案：B 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 2．第2题 ___ did not ever show his/her concern for the Indians. A.Anne Bradstreet B.Philip Freneau C.Roger Williams D.John Eliot 答案:A 您的答案：A 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 3．第3题 ____ made many translations, among which, Dante’s Divine Comedy was the best. A.William C. Bryant B.Henry W. Longfellow C.Emerson D.Hawthorne 答案:B 您的答案：B 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 4．第4题 The Declaration of Independence was the product of the joint efforts by ___, A.George Washington
名词解释： Imagism: It’s a poetic movement of England and the U.S. flourished from 1909 to 1917.The movement insists on the creation of images in poetry by “the direct treatment of the thing” and the economy of wording. The leaders of this movement were Ezra Pound and Amy Lowell. Beat generation: The term was coined by Jack Kerouac in 1948 to refer to a group of disillusioned writers following World War Two. Later, this literary and cultural movement continued into the 1960s. The Beat Generation must not be confused with the Lost Generation of writers. Spokesmen and representatives of the Beat Generation were Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg and others. They revolted against an America that was materialistic, belligerent and frustrating. Social, intellectual and sexual freedom was advocated. Traditional culture and normal social behavior were attacked and violated. Many of them were drug addicts wearing long hair and dirty clothes. They were fond of slangs and jazz. Masterpieces created by writers of this g roup include Kerouac’s On the Road and Ginsberg’s Howl and Other Poems, which were regarded as pocket Bibles of that generation. Other prominent Beats include William S. Burroughs, Lawrence Ferlinghetti, Gregory Corso, Michael McClure, and Neal Cassady. The Beat Generation, had greatly influenced the countercultural movements of the 1960s and the adolescents and adults in other countries. In England, the “angry young men” made an echo and imitated the American “beatnik.” 二、1. Ralph Waldo Emerson: Nature: it is generally regarded as the Bible of New England Transcendentalism. The American Scholar:it has been regarded as “America’s Declaration of Intellectual Independence”. 2. Henry David Thoreau: Walden 3. Nathaniel Hawthorne: The Scarlet Letter: 主题：Hawthorne focuses his attention on the moral, emotional, and psychological effects or consequences of the sin on the people in general and those main characters in particular, so as to show us the tension between society and individuals. To Hawthorne, everybody is potentially a sinner, and great moral courage is therefore indispensable for the improvement of human nature. 4. Herman Melville: Moby Dick A. 作品分析： （1）Moby Dick represents the sum total of Melville’s bleak view of the world in which he lived. It is at once godless and purposeless. The loss of faith and the sense of futility and meaningless which characterize modern life of the West were expresse d in Melville’s work so well that the twentieth century has found it both fascinating and great. (2) One of the major themes of this novel is alienation, which exists in the life of Melville on different levels, between man and man, man and society, and man and nature. Melville also criticizes New England Transcendentalism of its emphasis on individualism and Oversoul. Another theme of this novel is “rejection and quest.” (3) The novel is highly symbolic. The voyage itself is a metaphor for “search and discovery, the search for the ultimate truth of experience.” Moby Dick is the most conspicuous symbol in the book and it is capable of many interpretations. It is a symbol of evil to some, one of goodness to others, and both to still others. Its whiteness is a paradoxical color, signifying as it does death and corruption as well as purity, innocence, and youth. It represents the final mystery of the universe which man will do well to desist from pursuing. (4) Melville manages to achieve the effect of ambiguity through employing the technique of multiple views of his narratives. He tends to write periodic sentences. His rich rhythmical prose and his poetic power have been profusely commented upon and praised. B. what does the white whale in Moby Dick symbolize? Why do you think so? For Captain Ahab, the white whale represents evil. After the loss of his leg in his encounter with the white whale, Ahab begins to hate Moby Dick and tries his best to kill the whale. It seems that he embodies all of the evil he once consigned to the white whale. For other members on the whaling ship, the white whale symbolizes the unknown, mysterious natural force of the universe. For the readers, the white whale is capable of many interpretations, for it is “paradoxically benign an d malevolent, nourishing and destructive,” “massive, brutal, monolithic, but at the same time protean, erotically beautiful, infinitely variable.” C. Major themes: obsession, religion, and idealism versus pragmatism, revenge, racism, sanity, hierarchical relationships, and politics. D. the Pequod is the microcosm of human society and the voyage becomes a search for truth. Moby Dick is a mystery, an ultimate mystery of the universe, and the voyage of the mind will forever remain a search, not a discovery, of the truth. The whole story turns out to be a symbolic voyage of the mind quest of the truth and knowledge of the universe, a spiritual exploration into man’s deep reality and psychology. 5. Walt Whitman: Leaves of Grass.It has been praised as “Democ ratic Bible”, and as American Epic. 主题：(1)he shows concern for the whole hard-working people and the burgeoning life of cities. (2) realization of the individual value. (3) pursuit of love and happiness. (4) Before and during the Civil War, Whitman expressed much mourning for the sufferings of the young lives in the battlefield and showed a determination to carry on the fighting dauntlessly until the final victory. 写作风格：(1) Whitman wrote “free verse”, that is, poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme. (2) There is a strong sense of the poems being rhythmical. Parallelism and phonetic recurrence at the beginning of the lines contribute to the musicality of his poems. (3) Most of the pictures he painted with words are honest, undistorted images of different aspects of America of the day. (4) Whitman’s language is relatively simple and even rather crude. Another characteristic in Whitman’s language is his strong tendency to use oral English. Whitman’s vocabulary is amazing. He would use powerful, colorful, as well as rarely-used words. Leaves of Grass的分析： (1). Grass, the most common thing with the greatest vitality, is an image of the poet himself, a symbol of the then rising American nation and an embodiment of his ideals about democracy and freedom. (2). In this giant work, openness, freedom, and above all, individualism are all that concerned him. (3). In this book he also praises nature, democracy, labor and creation, and sings of man’s dignity and equality, and of th e brightest future of mankind. Most of the poems in Leaves of Grass sing of the “en-masse” and self as well. 6. Emily Dickinson: 诗歌的主要内容：love, nature, death and immortality. 7. Edgar Allen Poe: 短篇小说家和诗人。 Poe is the father of psychoanalytic criticism and the father of detective story. 主题：death of one’s beloved lover of great intelligence and beauty. He also writes about horror (Gothic) stories, murder, and insanity. 8. Henry James: The turn of the screw The founder of psychological realism. He was the first American writer to conceive his artistic work in international themes. 9. Mark Twain:The adventures of Huckleberry Finn Hemingway described it as the book from which “all modern American literature comes”. The style of this book is quite simple. The book is written in the colloquial style. Though a local book, it touches upon the human situation in a general, indeed universal way: humanitarianism ultimately triumphs. It tells a story about the United States before the Civil War, around 1850, when the great Mississippi Valley was still being settled. Here lies an America, wit its great national faults, full of violence and even cruelty, yet still retaining the virtues of “some simplicity, some innocence, some peace.” 10. Stephen Crane, Frank Norris, Theodore Dreiser: 自然主义的代表人物。 11. F. Scott Fitzgerald:The Great Gatsby 迷惘一代的代表人物 12. Ernest Hemingway: A Farewell to Arms; For Whom the Bell Tolls; The Old Man and the Sea The title of For Whom the Bell Tolls comes from John Donne’s Meditation. 13. William Faulkner: stream of consciousness的写作手法 14. Ezra Pound: 意象派代表人物。 意象派基本主张： (1) Direct treatment of the “thing”, whether subjective or objective. (2) To use absolutely no word that does not contribute to the presentation (3) As regarding rhythm, to compose in the sequence of the musical phrase, not in the sequence of a metronome. 15. Robert Frost: natural poet. 16. Eugene Glastone O’Neill: Desire Under the Elms Long Days Journey into Night: Mark Twain H. L. Mencken considered "the true father of our national literatu re” Adventures of Huckleberry Finn(1884) and Life on the Mississippi(1883) Twain shaped the world's view of American and made a more extensive combination of American folk humor and serious literature than previous writers had ever done. Mark Twain’s sty le 1) Twain is also known as a local colorist, who preferred to present social life through portraits of the local characters of his regions 2) Another fact that made Twain unique is his magic power with language, his use of vernacular. His words are colloquial, concrete and direct in effect, and his sentence structures are simple, even ungrammatical, which is typical of the spoken language 3) Mark Twain's humor is remarkable, too. Most of his works tend to be funny, containing some practical jokes, comic details, witty remarks. 4) Paid more attention to the "life" of the Americans, Concerned with the life of a small, well-defined region and the lower-class people 5) Nostalgic in a vanishing way of life and recorders of a present that faded before their eyes Adventures of Huckleberry Fin The character analysis and social meaning of Huck Finn Huck is a typical American boy with “a sound heart and a deformed conscience”. He appears to be vulgar in language and in manner, but he is honest and decent in es sence. His remarkable raft’s journey down on the Mississippi river can be regarded as his process of education and his way to grow up. Huck is the son of nature and a symbol for freedom and earthly pragmatism. Through the eye of Huck, the innocent and reluctant rebel, we see the pre-Civil War American society fully exposed. Twain contrasts the life on the river and the life on the banks, the innocence and the experience, the nature and the culture, the wilderness and the civilization. Ernest Hemingway A Nobel Prize winner for literature His style, the particular type of hero in his novels, and his life attitudes have been widely recognized, not only in English-speaking countries but all over the world Hemingway shot himself with a hunting gun In Our Time (1925)is the first book to present a Hemingway hero--Nick Adams The Sun Also Rises(1926) is Hemingway's first true novel. A vivid portrait of "The Lost Generation," -- a group of young Americans who left their native land and fought in the war and later engaged themselves in writing in a new way about their own experiences. Hemingway's second big success is A Farewell to Arms, telling us a story about the tragic love affair of a wounded American soldier with a British nurse -- emphasizes his belief that man is trapped both physically and mentally, but goes to some lengths to refute the idea of nature, man is doomed to be entrapped For Whom the Bell Tolls clearly represents a new beginning in Hemingway's career as a writer, which concerns a volunteer American guerrilla Robert Jordan fighting in the Spanish Civil War, this work Caps his career and leads to his receipt of the Nobel Prize The Old Man and the Sea, Men Without Women(1927), Death in the Afternoon(1932), The Snows of Kilimanjaro, To Have and Have Not (1937) Hemingway develops the style of colloquialism initiated by Mark Twain Hemingway was highly praised by the Nobel Prize Committee for "his powerful style-forming mastery of the art" of creating modern fiction. Indian Camp The title indicates that the material is contemporary and to some extent, representative of the early twentieth-century experience A reference to the well-know phrase from the Book of Common Prayer:" Give us peace in our time, O Lord," the title is very ironic because there is no peace at all in the stories In a chronological order, introduces Nick Adams to readers from his childhood to adolescence and manhood Nick watches his father deliver an Indian woman of a baby by Caesarian section, with a Jack-knife and without anesthesia. This incident brings the boy into contact with something that is perplexing and unpleasant, and is actually Nick's initiation into the pain and violence of birth and death. Most of Hemingway's later works are merely variations of the Nick Adams stories in In Our Time The Hemingway code heroes and grace under pressure They have seen the cold world, and for one cause, they boldly and courageously face the reality. They have an indestructible spirit for his optimistic view of life. Whatever the result is, they are ready to live with grace under pressure. No matter how tragic the ending is, they will never be defeated. Finally, they will be prevailing because of their indestructible spirit and courage. The iceberg technique Hemingway believes that a good writer does not need to reveal every detail of a character or action. The one-eighth is presented will suggest all other meaningful dimensions of the story. Thus, Hemingway’s language is symbolic and suggestive.